Search

Diglyphus Walker, 1844 (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is an economically important genus including species acting as biocontrol agents against agromyzid leafminer pests. A new species of Diglyphus, Diglyphus difasciatus Liu, Hansson & Wan, sp. nov., was discovered during the identification of agromyzid leafminers and their associated parasitoid wasps collected from 2016 to 2022 in China, based on morphological characteristics and molecular analyses of COI, ITS2 and 28S genes. Diglyphus difasciatus is similar to D. bimaculatus Zhu, LaSalle & Huang, distinguished by two interconnected infuscate vertical bands on the fore wing and the color of the scape. Molecular data support D. difasciatus and D. bimaculatus as two different species. The mean genetic distances between D. difasciatus and D. bimaculatus were 11.33%, 8.62%, and 0.18%, based on the COI, ITS2, and 28S genes, respectively.

Five species of five genera in Tetrastichinae (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from China are reviewed, including one new species, Mestocharella qingdaoensissp. nov., and three new country record species: Nesolynx thymus (Girault, 1916), Holcotetrastichus rhosaces (Walker, 1839), and Peckelachertus diprioni Yoshimoto, 1970. New distributional data for Ceratoneura indi Girault, 1917 are provided.

This study is dedicated to the late Dr. John LaSalle, and reviews the world species of Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae); fourteen species are treated, of which two are newly described: P. dactylispae Cao & Zhu sp. nov. from China and P. peukscutella Cao & Zhu sp. nov. from Malaysia. On the basis of morphological characters, tentative relationships among genera allied to Pleurotroppopsis are discussed. A revised definition of Pleurotroppopsis is presented based on study of type specimens of all species and a critical review of previous studies on the genus. In addition, parsimony analyses were conducted to infer a phylogeny of Pleurotroppopsis species based on a unique data matrix of morphological characters. Keys to genera allied to Pleurotroppopsis and to known species of Pleurotroppopsis are provided.

In this paper, a new species of Entedon Dalman, E. flavifemur sp. nov. is described from Tibet and three species, E. albifemur Kamijo, E. crassiscapus Erdös, and E. nomizonis Kamijo are reported from China for the first time. A detailed description and illustrations of the new species are provided, as well as diagnoses and illustrations of the three newly recorded species.

Carpenter, James M. (2023): A Catalogue of the Pacific Eumeninae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). Zootaxa 5315 (5): 401-455, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5315.5.1, URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.5315.5.1

A new genus of a Neotropical gall inducing tetrastichine eulophid on Araceae is described and confirmed using Ultraconserved Elements (UCE) phylogenomic data. Arastichus Gates, Hanson, Jansen-González & Zhang, gen. nov., includes two new species and one species transferred from Aprostocetus Westwood: A. capipunctata Gates, Hanson, Jansen-González & Zhang, sp. nov., A. gallicola (Ferrière), comb. nov., and A. gibernau, Gates, Hanson, Jansen-González & Zhang, sp. nov.

Two new species of Deutereulophus Schulz, D. felixsp. nov. and D. daguisiensissp. nov., are described from China. A key to species of Deutereulophus known from China is provided.

Grotiusomyia azofeifai sp. nov. Figs 5, 25, 26, 53, 54, 80, 97 Diagnosis. Mandibles yellowish-brown with a row of small teeth at apex (as in Fig. 112); flagellum dark brown, 1.0× as long as width of mesoscutum, F4 1.1× as long as wide, apex of clava pointed (Figs 5, 53); frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation (Fig. 97); occipital margin with a sharp edge behind ocellar triangle (Fig. 80); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with same reticulation (Fig. 25); mesoscutum black with metallic tinges and mesoscutellum golden-purplish; mesoscutellum convex; dorsellum flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin evenly rounded; fore wing with 4–8 setae in apico-dorsal part of costal cell, completely hyaline (Fig. 5); fore coxa pale brown, mid coxa yellowish-brown (Fig. 5); gaster (Fig. 25) 2.4× as long as wide; Gt 1 0.4× as long as length of gaster, dorsal surface smooth, posterior margin curved slightly forwards; Gt 6 0.2× as long as length of gaster with anterior part 2.1× as wide as width of posterior part, posterior margin curved backwards with sharp edge. Male: gaster with a pale spot in medio-basal part (Fig. 26). Description (female holotype). Length 1.6 mm. Frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation, scrobes smooth. Mandibles with a row of small teeth at apex. Occipital margin with a sharp edge behind ocellar triangle. Dorsellum flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin evenly rounded. Propodeal callus with seven setae. Fore wing with six setae on dorsal surface of submarginal vein; with 14 admarginal setae; costal cell with 30 setae on ventral surface in two rows, apico-dorsal margin with five setae; speculum distinct and closed below. Gaster long ovate; Gt 1 smooth and shiny without sculpture, remaining tergites with weak reticulation; Gt 1 with posterior margin curved slightly forwards, Gt 6 with posterior margin curved backwards. Colour. Frons and vertex metallic bluish-green, scrobes black with metallic tinges. Mandibles yellowish-brown. Antennae with scape yellowish-brown, pedicel pale brown, flagellum dark brown. Mesoscutum and propodeum black with metallic tinges, mesoscutellum golden-purplish. Legs with fore coxa pale brown, mid coxa yellowish-brown, hind coxa black with metallic tinges; hind femur dark brown, remaining parts of legs yellowish-white. Gaster with Gt 1 metallic bluish-green, remaining tergites black with metallic purple tinges. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 19; head length, frontal view 28; head width 39; POL 7; OOL 4.5; mouth width 10; malar space 5; eye length 22; lateral ocellus diameter 4; scape length 13; scape width 3.5; pedicel length 5; pedicel width. dorsal view 3; flagellum length 33; F1 length 5; F1 width 4; F2 length 5.5; F2 width 4; F3 length 5; F3 width 4.5; F4 length 5; F4 width 4.5; clava length 11; clava width 4.5; pronotum length 12; pronotum width 25; mesosoma length 52; mesosoma width 32; midlobe of mesoscutum length 17; mesoscutellum length 17; mesoscutellum width 15.5; propodeum length 10; hind tibia length 33; hind tibial spur1 length 6; hind tibial spur2 length 3; hind tarsus length 25; hind basitarsus length 6; fore wing length 92; fore wing width 38; costal cell length 24; costal cell width 3; marginal vein length 28; postmarginal vein length 12; stigmal vein length 7.5; Gt 1 length 20; Gt 6 length 10; Gt 6 width at base 21; Gt 6 width at apex 10; gaster length 52; gaster width 22. Variation. Length 1.1–1.6 mm. Costal cell with 4–8 setae in apico-dorsal part. Propodeal callus with 4–8 setae. Male. Length 1.4 mm. Gt 1-2 yellowish-white with lateral margins dark brown. Otherwise as in female. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 17; head width 38; eye length 19; scape length 12; scape width 3.5; flagellum length 35; F1 length 5.5; F1 width 4; F2 length 5; F2 width 4; F3 length 6; F3 width 5; F4 length 6; F4 width 5; clava length 10.5; clava width 5; Gt 1 length 16; gaster length 44; gaster width 22. Distribution. Costa Rica. Etymology. Named in honor of Antonio (Tonio) Azofeifa, one of the collectors of type material. Material. Holotype female: COSTA RICA, Heredia, Estación Biológica La Selva, 10º26′N, 84º01′W, 50m, 22.i-2.ii.1991, J.S.Noyes (NHMUK). Paratypes (15♀ 1♁, MZLU, MZUCR, NHMUK): 2♀ with same label data as holotype; following from same locality as holotype but collected x.1995 (1♀), 28-29.ii.2008 (3♀), 24-25.ii.2011 (2♀); 1♀ COSTA RICA, Heredia, Reserva Privada Selva Verde, 10º27′N, 84º04′W, 75m, 13.iii.2005, C. Hansson; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Reserva Privada Karen Mogensen, 9º52′N, 85º03′W, 305m, 11-21.ii.2005, C. Hansson; following from same locality as previous but collected 23-24.ii.2007 (3♀), 23-24.ii.2013 (1♀); 1♀ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Golfito, Estación Agujas. LS 526550 _276750, 250- 350m, 2-22.x.1999, J. Azofeifa; 1 ♁ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, San Vito, Las Cruces, Wilson Botanico, 8º47′N, 82º58′W, 1000–1300m, 7-19.ii.2007, C. Hansson., Published as part of Hansson, Christer, 2023, Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species, pp. 39-77 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on page 46, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7894979

Grotiusomyia nicoyae sp. nov. Figs 12, 34, 61, 87, 104 Diagnosis. Mandibles yellowish-white, with a row of small teeth at apex (as in Fig. 112); flagellum pale brown, 0.7× as long as width of mesoscutum, F4 0.7× as long as wide, apex of clava pointed (Figs 12, 61); frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation (Figs 87, 104); occipital margin with an edge behind ocellar triangle (Fig. 87); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with same colour and reticulation (Fig. 34); mesoscutellum convex; dorsellum ±flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin ±evenly rounded; fore wing with 2–4 setae in apico-dorsal part of costal cell, completely hyaline (Fig. 12); fore coxa white, mid coxa yellowish-brown (Fig. 12); gaster (Fig. 34) 1.6× as long as wide; Gt 1 0.4× as long as length of gaster, dorsal surface smooth, posterior margin curved slightly forwards; Gt 6 0.1× as long as length of gaster with anterior part 1.8× as wide as width of posterior part, posterior margin straight with sharp edge. Description (female holotype). Length 1.8 mm. Frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation, scrobes smooth. Mandibles with a row of small teeth at apex. Occipital margin with a sharp edge behind ocellar triangle. Dorsellum weakly concave medially, smooth and shiny, posterior margin ±evenly rounded with a few small dents medially. Propodeal callus with 14 setae. Fore wing with five setae on dorsal surface of submarginal vein; with 14 admarginal setae; costal cell with a row of 12 setae on ventral surface, apico-dorsal margin with two setae; speculum distinct and closed below. Gaster long ovate; Gt 1 smooth and shiny without sculpture, remaining tergites with weak reticulation; Gt 1 with posterior margin curved slightly forwards, Gt 6 with posterior margin straight. Colour. Head black with metallic green tinges, scrobes black. Mandibles yellowish-white.Antennae pale brown. Mesosoma black with metallic tinges. Fore coxa white, mid coxa yellowish-brown, hind coxa black with metallic tinges; remaining parts of legs yellowish-white. Gt 1 black with metallic blue tinges, remaining tergites black with metallic tinges. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 17; head length, frontal view 35; head width 46; POL 11.5; OOL 5; mouth width nm; malar space 7; eye length 22; lateral ocellus diameter 4; scape length 16; scape width 3.5; pedicel length 5.5; pedicel width. dorsal view 3.5; flagellum length 26; F1 length 4; F1 width 5; F2 length 3.5; F2 width 5; F3 length 3.5; F3 width 5; F4 length 3.5; F4 width 5; clava length 8; clava width 5; pronotum length 17; pronotum width 34; mesosoma length 61; mesosoma width 40; midlobe of mesoscutum length 23; mesoscutellum length 19.5; mesoscutellum width 21; propodeum length 12; hind tibia length 39; hind tibial spur1 length 5; hind tibial spur2 length 3; hind tarsus length 28; hind basitarsus length 7; fore wing length 100; fore wing width 44; costal cell length 32; costal cell width 3; marginal vein length 30; postmarginal vein length 15; stigmal vein length 10; Gt 1 length 22; Gt 6 length 9; Gt 6 width at base 20; Gt 6 width at apex 11; gaster length 62; gaster width 39. Variation. Costal cell with 2–4 setae in apico-dorsal part. Propodeal callus with 10–14 setae. Male. Unknown. Distribution. Costa Rica. Etymology. Referring to type locality. Karen Mogensen Private Reserve is situated on the Nicoya Peninsula. Material. Holotype female: COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Reserva Privada Karen Mogensen, 9º52′N, 85º03′W, 305m, 23-24.ii.2007, J.S. Noyes (NHMUK). Non-type material: 1♀ COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Pailas, Pailas Dos PL12-3, 10.7631°N 85.3344°W, 820m 11-18.xii.2014, D. Janzen, W. Hallwachs (BIOUG44129 -D07) (MZLU). This specimen is barcoded, but because of bad fragmentation with parts missing it is not included as type material., Published as part of Hansson, Christer, 2023, Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species, pp. 39-77 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on pages 52-53, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7894979

Grotiusomyia reticulata sp. nov. Figs 16, 41, 42, 62, 69, 91, 108 Diagnosis. Female: mandibles yellowish-brown with a row of small teeth at apex (as in Fig. 112); flagellum brown, 1.3× as long as width of mesoscutum, F4 1.3× as long as wide, apex of clava pointed (Figs 16, 62); vertex with weak reticulation (Fig. 91); occipital margin with a sharp carina throughout (Fig. 91); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with same colour and reticulation (Fig. 41); mesoscutellum convex; dorsellum flat, smooth and shiny, medio-posterior part slightly protruding with small dents; fore wing with 2–4 setae in apico-dorsal part of costal cell, completely hyaline (Fig. 16); fore coxa white, mid coxa pale brown (Fig. 16); gaster (Fig. 41) 1.7× as long as wide with apex pointed; Gt 1 0.4× as long as length of gaster, dorsal surface reticulate with anterior ¼ smooth, meshes elongate, posterior margin curved forwards; Gt 6 0.1× as long as length of gaster with anterior part 1.5× as wide as width of posterior part, posterior margin straight with sharp edge. Male: gaster entirely dark brown, reticulation on Gt 1 weak and superficial, or without reticulation (Fig. 42). Description (female holotype). Length 1.4 mm. Frons with strong reticulation, scrobes smooth. Vertex with weak reticulation. Mandibles with a row of small teeth at apex. Occipital margin with a sharp carina throughout. Dorsellum ±flat, smooth and shiny, medio-posterior part slightly protruding with small dents. Propodeal callus with eight setae. Fore wing with six setae on dorsal surface of submarginal vein; with 12 admarginal setae; costal cell with 11 setae on ventral surface, in one row, apico-dorsal margin with two setae; speculum small and closed below. Gaster long ovate with pointed apex; Gt 1 reticulate with anterior ¼ smooth, remaining tergites with weak reticulation; Gt 1 with posterior margin curved forwards, Gt 6 with posterior margin straight. Colour. Head metallic bluish-green, scrobes and part inside ocellar triangle black with metallic tinges. Mandibles yellowish-brown. Antennae with scape and pedicel yellowish-brown, flagellum brown. Mesosoma black with metallic greenish tinges. Legs with fore coxa white, mid coxa pale brown, hind coxa black with metallic tinges; trochanters yellowish-white; femora, tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown. Gaster with Gt 1 with smooth parts metallic bluish and reticulate parts dark brown with metallic tinges, remaining tergites dark brown with metallic tinges. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 18; head length, frontal view 26; head width 36; POL 7.5; OOL 3.5; mouth width 9; malar space 4.5; eye length 21; lateral ocellus diameter 3.5; scape length 14; scape width 3; pedicel length 5.5; pedicel width. dorsal view 3; flagellum length 35; F1 length 6.5; F1 width 3; F2 length 6; F2 width 3.5; F3 length 6; F3 width 4; F4 length 5; F4 width 4; clava length 9.5; clava width 4; pronotum length 13; pronotum width 22; mesosoma length 46; mesosoma width 28; midlobe of mesoscutum length 16; mesoscutellum length 16; mesoscutellum width 14.5; propodeum length 10; hind tibia length 31; hind tibial spur1 length 5.5; hind tibial spur2 length 2.5; hind tarsus length 25; hind basitarsus length 7.5; fore wing length 84; fore wing width 37; costal cell length 24; costal cell width 1.5; marginal vein length 25; postmarginal vein length 11; stigmal vein length 7.5; Gt 1 length 22; Gt 6 length 5.5; Gt 6 width at base 15; Gt 6 width at apex 10; gaster length 55; gaster width 32. Variation. Length of body 1.2–1.7 mm. Costal cell with 2–4 setae in apico-dorsal part. Propodeal callus with 6–8 setae. Male. Length 0.9–1.3 mm. Fore coxa white to pale brown. Reticulation on Gt 1 weak and superficial, or missing. Otherwise as in female. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 13; head width 27.5; eye length 15; scape length 11; scape width 2.5; flagellum length 34; F1 length 6.5; F1 width 3.5; F2 length 5.5; F2 width 3.5; F3 length 5.5; F3 width 3.5; F4 length 5.5; F4 width 4; clava length 10; clava width 3.5; Gt 1 length 13.5; gaster length 36; gaster width 20. Distribution. Costa Rica. Etymology. Name referring to reticulate first gastral tergite. Material. Holotype female: COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, 300,.SE-8-C, 8.ii-2.iii.1986, D.H. Janzen & I.D. Gauld (NHMUK). Paratypes (34♀ 21♁, CNC, MZLU, MZUCR, NHMUK): 1♀ with same label data as holotype; following from same locality as holotype but collected 13.vii-3.viii.1985 (1♀), 3-24.viii.1985 (3♁), 5-26.x.1985 (1♀ 4♁), 26.x-16.xi.1985 (1♀ 2♁), 16.xi-7.xii.1985 (1♀), 7-28.xii.1985 (2♀ 1♁), 18.i-8.ii.1986 (1♀), 8.ii-2.iii.1986 (1♁), 2-23.iii.1986 (3♀ 2♁), 23.iii-13.iv.1986 (5♀ 3♁), 13.iv-4.v.1986 (5♀), 14.viii-6.ix.1986 (2♀), 27.ix-18.x.1986 (1♁), 21.ii-4.iii.1987 (4♀ 1♁), 14.iii-4.iv.1987 (2♀), 4-25.iv.1987 (2♀), 25.iv-16.v.1987 (1♁), 16.v-6.vi.1987 (2♁); 1♀ COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, Bagaces, Parque Nacional Palo Verde, Sector Catalina, Fila Catalina, LN 257400_400000, 250m, 11.x.-9.xi.1999, I. Jiménez. Barcoded specimens (2♀): 1♀ COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Pailas, Pailas Dos PL12-3, 10.7631°N 85.3344°W, 820m, 16-23.vi.2016, D. Janzen, W. Hallwachs (BIOUG 49968 - E 04); 1♀ COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Pailas, Pailas, Dos PL12-3, 10.7631°N 85.3344°W, 820m, 06-13.viii.2015, D. Janzen, W. Hallwachs (BIOUG 52666 - G 03)., Published as part of Hansson, Christer, 2023, Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species, pp. 39-77 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on pages 57-58, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7894979

Grotiusomyia noyesi sp. nov. Figs 13, 35, 36, 63, 64, 88, 105 Diagnosis. Mandibles yellowish-brown with a large tooth at apex and with a row of small teeth above large tooth (as in Fig. 111); flagellum dark brown, 1.5× as long as width of mesoscutum, F4 1.1× as long as wide, apex of clava pointed (Figs 13, 63); frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation (Figs 88, 105); occipital margin with an edge behind ocellar triangle (Fig. 88); mesoscutum with strong reticulation with large meshes compared to mesoscutellum that has weak reticulation and small meshes (Fig. 35); mesoscutum metallic bluish-green, mesoscutellum golden-purple; mesoscutellum convex; dorsellum flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin rounded with median part slightly pointed; fore wing with 3–4 setae in apico-dorsal part of costal cell, completely hyaline (Fig. 13); fore and mid coxae yellowish-white (Fig. 13); gaster (Fig. 35) 2.3× as long as wide; Gt 1 0.3× as long as length of gaster, dorsal surface smooth, posterior margin straight; Gt 6 0.2× as long as length of gaster with anterior part 1.6× as wide as width of posterior part, posterior margin straight with sharp edge. Male: gaster with a pale spot in medio-basal part (Fig. 36). Description (female holotype). Length 1.3 mm. Frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation, scrobes smooth, frons with ±evenly scattered setae between scrobes and eyes. Mandibles with a large tooth at apex and with a row of small teeth above large tooth. Occipital margin with an edge behind ocellar triangle. Mesoscutellum with weak reticulation and small meshes compared to mesoscutum. Dorsellum flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin rounded with median part slightly pointed. Propodeal callus with six setae. Fore wing with five setae on dorsal surface of submarginal vein; with nine admarginal setae; costal cell with 16 setae on ventral surface, partly in two rows, apico-dorsal margin with three setae; speculum closed below. Gaster elongate; Gt 1 smooth and shiny, remaining tergites with very weak reticulation; Gt 1 and Gt 6 with posterior margin straight. Colour. Head metallic bluish-green. Mandibles yellowish-brown.Antennae with scape yellowish-white, pedicel pale yellowish-brown, flagellum dark brown. Mesoscutum metallic bluish-green, mesoscutellum golden-purple, propodeum golden-green. Legs with hind coxa dark brown, remaining parts of legs yellowish-white. Gaster with Gt 1 dark brown with metallic blue tinges, remaining tergites dark brown. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 16; head length, frontal view 23; head width 32; POL 6.5; OOL 4; mouth width 10; malar space 4.5; eye length 17.5; lateral ocellus diameter 3.5; scape length 17; scape width 3; pedicel length 4.5; pedicel width. dorsal view 3; flagellum length 37; F1 length 4; F1 width 3.5; F2 length 4.5; F2 width 4; F3 length 4.5; F3 width 4; F4 length 4.5; F4 width 4; clava length 8.5; clava width 4.5; pronotum length 9; pronotum width 19.5; mesosoma length 40; mesosoma width 24; midlobe of mesoscutum length 11.5; mesoscutellum length 12; mesoscutellum width 12.5; propodeum length 8.5; hind tibia length 23; hind tibial spur1 length 4.5; hind tibial spur2 length 3; hind tarsus length 18; hind basitarsus length 4.5; fore wing length 68; fore wing width 32; costal cell length 20; costal cell width 2; marginal vein length 21; postmarginal vein length 9; stigmal vein length 5.5; Gt 1 length 13; Gt 6 length 11; Gt 6 width at base 13; Gt 6 width at apex 8; gaster length 46; gaster width 20. Variation. Length 1.1–1.3 mm. Costal cell with 3–4 setae in apico-dorsal part. No variation in number of setae on propodeal callus. Male. Length 1.1 mm. Fore coxa dark brown. Gt 1-2 yellowish-white with lateral margins dark brown. Otherwise as in female. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 16; head width 33; eye length 17; scape length 11; scape width 3; flagellum length 30; F1 length 4.5; F1 width 3; F2 length 4.5; F2 width 3.5; F3 length 5; F3 width 4; F4 length 4.5; F4 width 4; clava length 9; clava width 4; Gt 1 length 11; gaster length 35; gaster width 20. Distribution. Costa Rica. Etymology. Named in honor of John S. Noyes, collector of the type series. Material. Holotype female: COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Reserva Privada Karen Mogensen, 9º52′N, 85º03′W, 305m, 23-24.ii.2007, J.S. Noyes (NHMUK). Paratypes (2♀ 1♁, (MZLU, NHMUK): 1♁ from same locality as holotype but collected 14-15.ii.2005; 2♀ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Reserva Absoluta Cabo Blanco, 9º35′N, 85º06′W, 30m, 16-17.ii.2009, J.S. Noyes., Published as part of Hansson, Christer, 2023, Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species, pp. 39-77 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on pages 53-54, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7894979

Grotiusomyia albiclava sp. nov. Figs 3, 21, 22, 49, 50, 78, 95 Diagnosis. Female: mandibles yellowish-brown with a row of small teeth at apex (as in Fig. 112); flagellum 1.3× as long as width of mesoscutum, F4 1.8× as long as wide, apex of clava pointed, F1–F4 dark brown, clava white (Figs 3, 50); frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with weak and engraved reticulation (Fig. 95); occipital margin with a sharp carina throughout (Fig. 78); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with same colour and reticulation (Fig. 21); mesoscutellum convex; dorsellum flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin evenly rounded with small dents; fore wing with 3–6 setae in apico-dorsal part of costal cell, completely hyaline (Fig. 3); fore coxa white, mid coxa yellowish-brown with median part black (Fig 3); gaster (Fig. 21) 1.7× as long as wide; Gt 1 0.6× as long as length of gaster, dorsal surface with strong reticulation, meshes elongate, posterior margin curved slightly forwards; Gt 6 0.1× as long as length of gaster with anterior part 1.4× as wide as width of posterior part, posterior margin straight with sharp edge. Male: entire antenna and gaster dark brown (Figs 22, 50); Gt 1 with strong reticulation (Fig. 22). Description (female holotype). Length 1.8 mm. Frons and vertex with weak and engraved reticulation and shiny, scrobes smooth, frons with a few scattered setae between scrobes and eyes. Mandibles with a row of small teeth at apex. Occipital margin with a sharp carina throughout. Dorsellum flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin ±evenly rounded with small dents. Propodeal callus with nine setae. Fore wing with five setae on dorsal surface of submarginal vein; with 17 admarginal setae; costal cell with 14 setae on ventral surface, in a single row, apico-dorsal margin with five setae; speculum small and closed below. Gaster long ovate; Gt 1 with strong reticulation, meshes elongate, remaining tergites with weak reticulation; Gt 1 with posterior margin curved slightly forwards, Gt 6 with posterior margin straight. Colour. Head metallic green, scrobes and part below level of toruli black with metallic tinges. Mandibles yellowish-brown. Antennae with scape yellowish-brown, pedicel pale brown, F1–F4 dark brown, clava white. Mesosoma black with metallic tinges. Legs with fore coxa white, mid coxa yellowish-brown with median part black, hind coxa black with metallic tinges; trochanters yellowish-white; femora, tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown. Gaster with Gt 1-3 black with metallic tinges, remaining tergites brown. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 19; head length, frontal view 29; head width 44; POL 9.5; OOL 5; mouth width 19; malar space 4; eye length 23; lateral ocellus diameter 3; scape length 18; scape width 4; pedicel length 7; pedicel width. dorsal view 3; flagellum length 47; F1 length 8.5; F1 width 3; F2 length 8; F2 width 4; F3 length 9; F3 width 4.5; F4 length 8; F4 width 4.5; clava length 14; clava width 4; pronotum length 16; pronotum width 28; mesosoma length 60; mesosoma width 37; midlobe of mesoscutum length 14; mesoscutellum length 20; mesoscutellum width 19; propodeum length 14; hind tibia length 41; hind tibial spur1 length 8; hind tibial spur 2 length 3.5; hind tarsus length 31; hind basitarsus length 8.5; fore wing length 107; fore wing width 44; costal cell length 30; costal cell width 1.5; marginal vein length 35; postmarginal vein length 13; stigmal vein length 9.5; Gt 1 length 35; Gt 6 length 5; Gt 6 width at base 14; Gt 6 width at apex 10; gaster length 62; gaster width 37. Variation. Length of body 1.4–1.8 mm. Costal cell with 3–6 setae in apico-dorsal part. Propodeal callus with 8–10 setae. Male. Length 1.1–1.6 mm. Entire antennal flagellum dark brown. Otherwise as in female. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 16; head width 39.5; eye length 20; scape length 18; scape width 4; flagellum length 62; F1 length 11; F1 width 5; F2 length 11; F2 width 5.5; F3 length 12; F3 width 6; F4 length 11.5; F4 width 6; clava length 17; clava width 5; Gt 1 length 32; gaster length 50; gaster width 30. Distribution. Costa Rica. Etymology. From the Latin albus = white, and clava = club, referring to the white antennal clava in female. Material. Holotype female: COSTA RICA, Heredia, Estación Biológica La Selva, 50m, 10º26′N, 84º01′W, x.1995 (NHMUK). Paratypes (13♀ 9♁, MZLU, MZUCR, NHMUK): 1♀ with same label data as holotype; following from same locality as holotype but collected 22.i-2.ii.1991 (2♁), 14.ix.1995 (1♀), xi.1995 (1♀), iii.1996 (1♀), 15.iv.1996 (1♁), 22-24.ii.2012 (1♀ 1♁); 1♀ COSTA RICA, Alajuela, 5km W San Ramón on Route 1, 1200m, iv.1997, P. Hanson; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Cartago, Turrialba, CATIE, 700m, 21.ii.1991, J.S. Noyes; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, Estación Cacao, 10º55′N, 85º30′W, 1100m, 19-20.ii.2005, J.S. Noyes; 1♀ from same locality as previous but collected 1-9.iii.1996; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, Parque Nacional Guanacaste, below Pitilla, 500m, 7-8.iii.1990, J.S. Noyes; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Limón, Reserva Biológica Hitoy Cerere, 9º40′N, 83º02′W, 100m, 24–25.ii.2004, J.S. Noyes; following from same locality as previous but collected 24-26.ii.2008 (1♀ 1♁), 22-23.ii. 2010 (1♁); 2♁ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Estación Altamira, Sendero Los Gigantes, 9º02′N, 83º00′W, 1450–1700m, 7.ii–5.iii.2002, C. Hansson & Parataxonomos; 1♁ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, San Vito, Las Cruces, Wilson Botanico, 8º47′N, 82º58′W, 1000–1300m, 7-19.ii.2007, C. Hansson; 1♀ from same locality as previous but collected 19–22.ii.2008., Published as part of Hansson, Christer, 2023, Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species, pp. 39-77 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on pages 43-44, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7894979

Grotiusomyia flavimacula sp. nov. Figs 6, 28, 55, 81, 98 Diagnosis. Mandibles yellowish-brown with base brown, with a row of small teeth at apex (as in Fig. 112); flagellum dark brown, 1.1× as long as width of mesoscutum, F4 1.3× as long as wide, apex of clava pointed (Figs 6, 55); frons dark with two white spots lateral to toruli and close to eye margin (Fig. 98); frons between scrobes and vertex with strong reticulation (Figs 81, 98); occipital margin with a sharp edge behind ocellar triangle (Fig. 81); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with same colour and reticulation (Fig. 28); mesoscutellum convex; dorsellum ±flat, with weak reticulation, medio-posterior part protruding, with postero-lateral parts incised; fore wing with ten setae in apico-dorsal part of costal cell, completely hyaline, speculum small (Fig. 6); fore and mid coxae yellowish-brown (Fig. 6); gaster (Fig. 28) 1.7× as long as wide; Gt 1 0.4× as long as length of gaster, dorsal surface smooth and shiny, posterior margin straight; Gt 6 0.1× as long as length of gaster with anterior part 1.6× as wide as width of posterior part, posterior margin straight with sharp edge. Description (female holotype). Length 1.8 mm. Frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation, scrobes smooth. Mandibles with a row of small teeth at apex. Occipital margin with a sharp edge behind ocellar triangle. Dorsellum ±flat, with weak reticulation, medio-posterior part protruding, with postero-lateral parts incised. Propodeal callus with eight setae. Fore wing with five setae on dorsal surface of submarginal vein; with 18 admarginal setae; costal cell with 25 setae in two rows on ventral surface, apico-dorsal margin with ten setae; speculum small and closed below. Gaster ovate; Gt 1 smooth and shiny, remaining tergites with weak reticulation; Gt 1 and Gt 6 with posterior margin straight. Colour. Head metallic bluish-green, scrobes black with metallic tinges, frons with two white spots lateral to toruli and close to eye margin. Mandibles yellowish-brown with base brown.Antennae with scape yellowish-brown, pedicel pale brown, flagellum dark brown. Mesosoma black with metallic green tinges; dorsellum metallic purple. Fore and mid leg yellowish-brown, hind leg yellowish-brown with coxa black with metallic tinges. Gaster with Gt 1 metallic bluish-green, remaining tergites dark brown to black with metallic tinges. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 19; head length, frontal view 30; head width 44; POL 9; OOL 5.5; mouth width 10.5; malar space 7; eye length 21; lateral ocellus diameter 5; scape length 15; scape width 3.5; pedicel length 6; pedicel width. dorsal view 4; flagellum length 38; F1 length 7; F1 width 4; F2 length 5.5; F2 width 5; F3 length 6; F3 width 5; F4 length 6; F4 width 4.5; clava length 11; clava width 4.5; pronotum length 18; pronotum width 29; mesosoma length 65; mesosoma width 35; midlobe of mesoscutum length 18; mesoscutellum length 20; mesoscutellum width 19; propodeum length 14; hind tibia length 36; hind tibial spur1 length 9; hind tibial spur2 length nm; hind tarsus length 30; hind basitarsus length 9.5; fore wing length 105; fore wing width 50; costal cell length 30; costal cell width 3; marginal vein length 33; postmarginal vein length 15.5; stigmal vein length 11; Gt 1 length 23; Gt 6 length 5.5; Gt 6 width at base 21; Gt 6 width at apex 13; gaster length 60; gaster width 35.5. Male. Unknown. Distribution. Costa Rica. Etymology. From the Latin flavus = yellow, and macula = spot, referring to yellowish spots on frons. Material. Holotype female: COSTA RICA, Alajuela, Estación Biológica San Ramón, 10°13'N, 84°37'W, 900m, viii-ix.1997, P. Hanson (NHMUK)., Published as part of Hansson, Christer, 2023, Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species, pp. 39-77 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on pages 47-48, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7894979

Grotiusomyia flavicornis Girault Figs 1, 27, 46, 76 Grotiusomyia flavicornis Girault, 1917:95. Syntypes in USNM, not examined. Diagnosis. Mandibles yellowish-brown with a row of small teeth at apex; flagellum yellowish-brown, 0.6× as long as width of mesoscutum, F4 0.6× as long as wide, apex of clava pointed (Figs 1, 46); frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex (Fig. 76) with strong reticulation; occipital margin with an edge behind ocellar triangle (Fig. 76); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with same reticulation (Fig. 27); mesoscutellum convex with purplish tinges; dorsellum slightly convex with very lateral parts and medioposterior part concave, smooth and shiny; fore wing with five setae in apico-dorsal part of costal cell, completely hyaline (Fig. 1); fore and mid coxae black (Fig. 1); gaster (Fig. 27) 1.7× as long as wide with apex pointed; Gt 1 0.4× as long as length of gaster, smooth, posterior margin slightly curved forwards; Gt 6 0.2× as long as length of gaster with anterior part 1.7× as wide as width of posterior part, posterior margin straight with sharp edge. Distribution. U.S.A. (District of Columbia (Girault 1917), North Carolina (Peck 1963), Iowa (new record). Hosts. Unidentified Pyralidae (Lepidoptera) on Quercus (Girault 1917). Material. Non-type material (1♀, in NHMUK): USA, Iowa, Audubon Co., 16.viii.1952 (det. Burks 1953)., Published as part of Hansson, Christer, 2023, Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species, pp. 39-77 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on page 43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7894979, {"references":["Peck, O. (1963) A catalogue of the Nearctic Chalcidoidea (Insecta; Hymenoptera). Canadian Entomologist Supplement, 30, 1 - 1092. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / entm 9530 fv"]}

Grotiusomyia septentrionalis sp. nov. Figs 17, 45, 71, 72, 93, 110 Diagnosis. Mandibles yellowish-brown with base dark brown, with a row of small teeth at apex (as in Fig 112); antenna dark brown, flagellum 0.6× as long as width of mesoscutum, F4 0.7× as long as wide, apex of clava pointed (Figs 17, 71); frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation (Figs 93, 110); occipital margin with an edge behind ocellar triangle (Fig. 93); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with same colour (Fig. 45); mesoscutellum convex and with weaker reticulation than mesoscutum; dorsellum convex, smooth and shiny, posterior margin ±smoothly curved with medio-posterior part slightly protruding; fore wing with four setae in apico-dorsal part of costal cell, completely hyaline (Fig. 17); fore and mid coxae black (Fig. 17); gaster (Fig. 45) 1.7× as long as wide; Gt 1 0.4× as long as length of gaster, dorsal surface smooth and shiny, posterior margin straight; Gt 6 0.1× as long as length of gaster with anterior part 1.6× as wide as width of posterior part, posterior margin straight with sharp edge. Description (female holotype). Length 1.9 mm. Frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation, scrobes smooth. Mandibles with a row of small teeth at apex. Occipital margin with an edge behind ocellar triangle. Dorsellum convex, smooth and shiny, posterior margin ±smoothly curved with medio-posterior part slightly protruding. Propodeal callus with 20 setae. Fore wing with seven setae on dorsal surface of submarginal vein; with 12 admarginal setae; costal cell with 12 setae in a single row on ventral surface, apico-dorsal margin with four setae; speculum large and closed below. Gaster ovate; Gt 1 smooth and shiny, remaining tergites with weak reticulation; Gt 1 and Gt 6 with posterior margin straight. Colour. Head black and shiny. Mandibles yellowish-brown with base dark brown. Entire antenna dark brown. Mesosoma black and shiny. Coxae black and shiny, remaining parts of legs dark brown. Gaster black and shiny. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 19; head length, frontal view 34; head width 44.5; POL 12; OOL 5.5; mouth width 18; malar space 8.5; eye length 21; lateral ocellus diameter 4; scape length 16.5; scape width 4; pedicel length 5; pedicel width. dorsal view 3.5; flagellum length 27.5; F1 length 5; F1 width 4.5; F2 length 4; F2 width 5; F3 length 4; F3 width 5.5; F4 length 4; F4 width 6; clava length 11; clava width 6; pronotum length 19; pronotum width 35; mesosoma length 65; mesosoma width 44; midlobe of mesoscutum length 19; mesoscutellum length 22; mesoscutellum width 22; propodeum length 12; hind tibia length 39; hind tibial spur1 length 4.5; hind tibial spur2 length 3; hind tarsus length 29; hind basitarsus length 9; fore wing length 118; fore wing width 51; costal cell length 38; costal cell width 4; marginal vein length 32; postmarginal vein length 17.5; stigmal vein length 11.5; Gt 1 length 25; Gt 6 length 10; Gt 6 width at base 26; Gt 6 width at apex 16; gaster length 69; gaster width 40. Variation. Length of body 1.7–2.0 mm. Costal cell with 3–4 setae in apico-dorsal part. Propodeal callus with 19–22 setae. Mesosoma in paratypes with very weak metallic blue or golden tinges. Male. Length 1.9 mm. Very similar to the female. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 19; head width 43; eye length 19.5; scape length 17.5; scape width 4.5; flagellum length 28; F1 length 5.5; F1 width 4.5; F2 length 4.5; F2 width 5; F3 length 4; F3 width 5.5; F4 length 4; F4 width 5.5; clava length 9.5; clava width 5.5; Gt 1 length 25; gaster length 57; gaster width 38. Distribution. Canada (Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan). Hosts. Reared from an unidentified leaf roller on Populus sp. Etymology. From the Latin septentrionalis = northern, referring to the northern distribution of this species. Material. Holotype female: CANADA, Ontario, Ottawa, Nepean, 12.vi.1989, Z. Bouček (NHMUK). Paratypes (2♀ 1♁, in NHMUK): 1♀ CANADA, Saskatchewan, White Fox, 1.vii.1941, O. Peck; 1♀ 1♁ CANADA, Quebec, Parke Reserve, Belleville Lab., 27.iii.1944, ex leaf roller on Poplar., Published as part of Hansson, Christer, 2023, Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species, pp. 39-77 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on pages 59-76, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7894979

Grotiusomyia leucaena sp. nov. Figs 11, 33, 60, 86, 103 Diagnosis. Mandibles yellowish-brown with a large tooth at apex and with a row of small teeth above large tooth (as in Fig. 111); flagellum 1.4× as long as width of mesoscutum, F4 1.5× as long as wide, apex of clava pointed, F1–F4 dark brown, F5 white with base brown, F6 white (Figs 11, 60); frons and vertex with weak reticulation (Figs 86, 103); occipital margin with a sharp carina throughout (Fig. 86); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with same colour and reticulation (Fig. 33); mesoscutellum convex; dorsellum flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin evenly rounded with small dents; fore wing with 5–6 setae in apico-dorsal part of costal cell, completely hyaline (Fig. 11; fore coxa white, mid coxa yellowish-brown with median part black (Fig. 11); gaster (Fig. 33) 1.9× as long as wide; Gt 1 0.4× as long as length of gaster, dorsal surface smooth, posterior margin curved slightly forwards; Gt 6 0.2× as long as length of gaster with anterior part 1.9× as wide as width of posterior part, posterior margin straight with sharp edge. Description (female holotype). Length 1.9 mm. Frons and vertex with weak reticulation and shiny, scrobes smooth, frons with a few scattered setae between scrobes and eyes. Mandibles with a large tooth at apex and with a row of small teeth above large tooth. Occipital margin with a sharp carina throughout. Dorsellum flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin ±evenly rounded with small dents. Propodeal callus with ten setae. Fore wing with six setae on dorsal surface of submarginal vein; with 16 admarginal setae; costal cell with 25 setae on ventral surface, partly in two rows, apico-dorsal margin with six setae; speculum distinct and closed below. Gaster long ovate; Gt 1 smooth and shiny without sculpture, remaining tergites with weak reticulation; Gt 1 with posterior margin curved slightly forwards, Gt 6 with posterior margin straight. Colour. Head metallic bluish-green, scrobes black. Mandibles yellowish-brown.Antennae with scape yellowish-white, pedicel pale brown, F1–F4 dark brown, F5 white with base brown, F6 white. Mesosoma golden-green. Legs with fore coxa white, mid coxa yellowish-brown with median part black, hind coxa black with metallic tinges; trochanters yellowish-white; femora, tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown. Gaster with Gt 1 metallic bluish-green, remaining tergites black with metallic tinges. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 21; head length, frontal view 34; head width 46; POL 9; OOL 5.5; mouth width 14; malar space 5; eye length 26; lateral ocellus diameter 4; scape length 18; scape width 4.5; pedicel length 5.5; pedicel width. dorsal view 4; flagellum length 53; F1 length 9; F1 width 4; F2 length 8.5; F2 width 4.5; F3 length 10; F3 width 5.5; F4 length 9; F4 width 6; clava length 12; clava width 6; pronotum length 19; pronotum width 29; mesosoma length 62; mesosoma width 37; midlobe of mesoscutum length 22; mesoscutellum length 21; mesoscutellum width 19; propodeum length 14.5; hind tibia length 43; hind tibial spur1 length 8; hind tibial spur2 length 4; hind tarsus length 33; hind basitarsus length 8; fore wing length 110; fore wing width 45; costal cell length 32; costal cell width 3; marginal vein length 35; postmarginal vein length 15; stigmal vein length 12; Gt 1 length 22; Gt 6 length 10; Gt 6 width at base 21; Gt 6 width at apex 11; gaster length 62; gaster width 33. Variation. Length 1.6–1.9 mm. Costal cell with 5–6 setae in apico-dorsal part. Propodeal callus with 8–10 setae. Male. Unknown. Distribution. Costa Rica. Etymology. From the Greek leukos = white, referring to the predominantly white antennal clava. Material. Holotype female: COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Reserva Privada Karen Mogensen, 9º52′N, 85º03′W, 305m, 23-24.ii.2007, J.S. Noyes (NHMUK). Paratypes (3♀, MZLU, NHMUK): 2♀ from same locality as holotype but collected 14-15.ii.2005; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Peninsula Osa, Puerto Jimenez, 8º32′N, 83º19′W, 10m, viii.1991, P. Hanson., Published as part of Hansson, Christer, 2023, Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species, pp. 39-77 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on page 52, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7894979

Grotiusomyia flavicoxa sp. nov. Figs 113–115 Diagnosis. Mandibles yellowish-brown with a large tooth at apex and with a row of small teeth above large tooth (as in Fig. 111); flagellum dark brown, 1.2× as long as width of mesoscutum, F4 1.1× as long as wide, apex of clava pointed (Figs 114, 115); frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation (Fig. 115); occipital margin with a sharp carina throughout (Fig. 114); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with same colour (Fig. 113); mesoscutellum convex, meshes on median part smaller than on lateral parts (Fig. 113); dorsellum flat, with very weak reticulation and shiny, posterior margin evenly curved; fore wing (Fig. 113) with six setae in apico-dorsal part of costal cell, completely hyaline; fore and mid coxae yellowish-brown with base pale brown; gaster (Fig. 113) 2.1× as long as wide; Gt 1 0.3× as long as length of gaster, dorsal surface smooth, posterior margin straight; Gt 6 0.2× as long as length of gaster with anterior part 2.1× as wide as width of posterior part, posterior margin curved backwards with sharp edge. Description (female holotype). Length 1.7 mm. Frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation, scrobes smooth, frons with ±evenly scattered setae between scrobes and eyes. Mandibles with a large tooth at apex and with a row of small teeth above large tooth. Occipital margin with a sharp carina throughout. Dorsellum flat, with very weak reticulation and shiny, posterior margin evenly curved. Propodeal callus with nine setae. Fore wing with five setae on dorsal surface of submarginal vein; with 12 admarginal setae; costal cell with 25 setae on ventral surface, in two rows, apico-dorsal margin with six setae; speculum small and closed below. Gaster elongate; Gt 1 smooth and shiny, remaining tergites with weak reticulation; Gt 1 with posterior margin straight, Gt 6 with posterior margin curved backwards. Colour. Head golden-green. Mandibles yellowish-brown. Antennae with scape and pedicel yellowish-brown, flagellum pale brown. Mesosoma golden-green. Legs with fore and mid coxae yellowish-brown with base pale brown, hind coxa black with metallic tinges; trochanters, femora, tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown. Fore wing hyaline. Gaster with Gt 1 metallic bluish-green, remaining tergites dark brown with metallic tinges. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 18; head length, frontal view 28; head width 40; POL 7.5; OOL 4.5; mouth width 12; malar space 5; eye length 21; lateral ocellus diameter 4; scape length 14; scape width 3.5; pedicel length 6; pedicel width. dorsal view 3.5; flagellum length 38; F1 length 6; F1 width 4.5; F2 length 5.5; F2 width 4.5; F3 length 5.5; F3 width 5; F4 length 5.5; F4 width 5; clava length 10; clava width 5; pronotum length 12; pronotum width 26; mesosoma length 55; mesosoma width 32.5; midlobe of mesoscutum length 14; mesoscutellum length 17.5; mesoscutellum width 17.5; propodeum length 11; hind tibia length 32; hind tibial spur1 length 5; hind tibial spur2 length 3; hind tarsus length 23; hind basitarsus length 5; fore wing length 92; fore wing width 41; costal cell length 26; costal cell width 2; marginal vein length 27; postmarginal vein length 11.5; stigmal vein length 8.5; Gt 1 length 17; Gt 6 length 14; Gt 6 width at base 22; Gt 6 width at apex 10.5; gaster length 60; gaster width 28.5. Male. Unknown. Distribution. Costa Rica. Etymology. From the Latin flavus = yellow and coxa, named after the yellowish-brown fore and mid coxae. Remarks. The head has become detached from the body but is glued to same card. Material. Holotype female: COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Pailas, Pailas Dos PL12-5, 10.7632°N 85.3338°W, 831m 16-23.iii.2017, D. Janzen, W. Hallwachs (BIOUG57030 -E05) (MZLU)., Published as part of Hansson, Christer, 2023, Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species, pp. 39-77 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on page 47, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7894979

Grotiusomyia jimenezi sp. nov. Figs 9, 31, 57, 84, 102 Diagnosis. Mandibles yellowish-brown, with a large tooth at apex and with a row of small teeth above large tooth (as in Fig. 111); flagellum dark brown, 0.8× as long as width of mesoscutum, F4 0.7× as long as wide, apex of clava pointed (Figs 9, 57); frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation (Figs 84, 102); occipital margin with an edge behind ocellar triangle (Fig. 84); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with same colour and reticulation (Fig. 31); mesoscutellum convex; dorsellum flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin with postero-median part slightly protruding and with parts lateral to median part slightly incised; fore wing completely hyaline, with six setae in apico-dorsal part of costal cell (Fig. 9); fore and mid coxae dark brown (Fig. 9); gaster (Fig. 31) 1.6× as long as wide; Gt 1 0.3× as long as length of gaster, dorsal surface smooth, posterior margin straight; Gt 6 0.1× as long as length of gaster with anterior part 2.4× as wide as width of posterior part, posterior margin straight with sharp edge. Description (female holotype). Length 1.6 mm. Frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation, scrobes smooth. Mandibles with a large tooth at apex and with a row of small teeth above large tooth. Occipital margin with an edge behind ocellar triangle. Dorsellum flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin with postero-median part slightly protruding and with parts lateral to median part slightly incised. Propodeal callus with ten setae. Fore wing with six setae on dorsal surface of submarginal vein; with 17 admarginal setae; costal cell with 16 setae on ventral surface, partly in two rows, apico-dorsal margin with six setae; speculum distinct and closed below. Gaster long ovate; Gt 1 smooth and shiny without sculpture, remaining tergites with weak reticulation; Gt 1 with posterior margin straight,Gt 6 with posterior margin pointing slightly backwards. Colour. Head black with metallic blue tinges, scrobes black. Mandibles yellowish-brown. Antennae with scape yellowish-brown, pedicel pale brown, flagellum dark brown. Mesosoma black with metallic bluish tinges. Legs with fore and mid coxae dark brown, hind coxa black with metallic tinges, trochanters yellowish-brown, fore femur yellowish-brown, mid and hind femora dark brown, tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown. Gt 1 black with metallic blue tinges, remaining tergites dark brown to black with metallic tinges. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 18; head length, frontal view 31; head width 41; POL 9.5; OOL 4.5; mouth width 12; malar space 5.5; eye length 23; lateral ocellus diameter 4; scape length 14; scape width 3; pedicel length 5; pedicel width. dorsal view 3.5; flagellum length 26.5; F1 length 4; F1 width 4; F2 length 4; F2 width 5; F3 length 4.5; F3 width 6; F4 length 4; F4 width 6; clava length 9; clava width 6; pronotum length 14; pronotum width 29; mesosoma length 56; mesosoma width 35; midlobe of mesoscutum length 20; mesoscutellum length 17; mesoscutellum width 17.5; propodeum length 10; hind tibia length 31; hind tibial spur1 length 5; hind tibial spur2 length 3; hind tarsus length 22; hind basitarsus length 5.5; fore wing length 88; fore wing width 40; costal cell length 27; costal cell width 2; marginal vein length 27; postmarginal vein length 12; stigmal vein length 9.5; Gt 1 length 19; Gt 6 length 8; Gt 6 width at base 20; Gt 6 width at apex 8.5; gaster length 57; gaster width 35. Male. Unknown. Distribution. Costa Rica. Etymology. Named in honor of Iván Jimenez, collector of holotype. Material. Holotype female: COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, Bosque Nacional Diriá, Retallano, Alrededores Torre de Control de Incendio, LN 238550_358650, 600-700m, 16.xii.2001 - 16.i.2002, I. Jiménez (NHMUK)., Published as part of Hansson, Christer, 2023, Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species, pp. 39-77 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on pages 50-51, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7894979

Grotiusomyia guanacastensis sp. nov. Figs 7, 29, 56, 82, 99 Diagnosis. Mandibles dark brown with apex yellowish-brown, with a row of small teeth at apex (as in Fig. 112); flagellum dark brown, 0.7× as long as width of mesoscutum, F4 0.6× as long as wide, apex of clava pointed (Figs 7, 56); frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation (Figs 82, 99); occipital margin with an edge behind ocellar triangle (Fig. 82); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with same colour and reticulation (Fig. 29); mesoscutellum convex; dorsellum ±flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin ±evenly rounded; fore wing with 4–5 setae in apico-dorsal part of costal cell, completely hyaline (Fig. 7); coxae black with metallic tinges (Fig. 7); gaster (Fig. 29) 1.8× as long as wide; Gt 1 0.3× as long as length of gaster, dorsal surface smooth, posterior margin sinuate; Gt 6 0.1× as long as length of gaster with anterior part 1.7× as wide as width of posterior part, posterior margin straight with sharp edge. Description (female holotype). Length 2.1 mm. Frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation, scrobes smooth. Mandibles with a row of small teeth at apex. Occipital margin with an edge behind ocellar triangle. Dorsellum ±flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin ±evenly rounded. Propodeal callus with 18 setae. Fore wing with seven setae on dorsal surface of submarginal vein; with 16 admarginal setae; costal cell with 18 setae on ventral surface in a single row, apico-dorsal margin with five setae; speculum distinct and closed below. Gaster long ovate; Gt 1 smooth and shiny without sculpture, remaining tergites with weak reticulation; Gt 1 with posterior margin sinuate, Gt 6 with posterior margin straight. Colour. Head black with metallic tinges. Mandibles dark brown with apex yellowish-brown. Antennae with scape yellowish-brown, pedicel and flagellum dark brown. Mesosoma black with metallic tinges. Legs with coxae black with metallic tinges, trochanters and femora dark brown, tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown. Gaster black with metallic tinges. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 20; head length, frontal view 35; head width 47; POL 11.5; OOL 4.5; mouth width 13; malar space 10; eye length 23; lateral ocellus diameter 4; scape length 17; scape width 4; pedicel length 5.5; pedicel width. dorsal view 3.5; flagellum length 31; F1 length 4.5; F1 width 4; F2 length 4; F2 width 5; F3 length 4; F3 width 6; F4 length 4; F4 width 6.5; clava length 10; clava width 6; pronotum length 18; pronotum width 38; mesosoma length 66; mesosoma width 45; midlobe of mesoscutum length 23; mesoscutellum length 20; mesoscutellum width 22; propodeum length 10; hind tibia length 41; hind tibial spur1 length 5; hind tibial spur2 length 3; hind tarsus length 26; hind basitarsus length 8.5; fore wing length 106; fore wing width 48; costal cell length 36; costal cell width 3.5; marginal vein length 29; postmarginal vein length 14; stigmal vein length 11.5; Gt 1 length 22; Gt 6 length 9; Gt 6 width at base 26; Gt 6 width at apex 15; gaster length 80; gaster width 44. Variation. Length of body 1.6–2.1 mm. Costal cell with 4–5 setae in apico-dorsal part. Propodeal callus with 10–18 setae. Male. Unknown. Distribution. Costa Rica. Etymology. Named for type area, the province Guanacaste. Material. Holotype female: COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, Parque Nacional Santa Rosa, 300m, SE-6-C, 7- 28.xii.1985, D.H. Janzen & I.D. Gauld (NHMUK). Paratypes (3♀, MZLU; NHMUK): 1♀ from same locality as holotype but collected 8.ii-2.iii.1986; barcoded specimens: 1♀ COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, Sector Pailas, Pailas Dos PL12-5, 10.7632°N 85.3338°W, 831m 16-23.iii.2017, D. Janzen, W. Hallwachs (BIOUG57030 -G11); 1♀ from same locality as previous but collected 23.ii-2.ii.2017 (BIOUG60816 -C11). Non-type material: 1♀ COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, Area de Conservacion Guanacaste; Sector Pailas, Pailas Dos PL12-3, 10.7631°N 85.3344°W, 820m, 23-30.iv.2015, D. Janzen W. Hallwachs, (strongly fragmented specimen) (BIOUG 44761 -D10) (MZLU). This specimen is barcoded, but because of bad fragmentation with parts missing it is not included as type material., Published as part of Hansson, Christer, 2023, Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species, pp. 39-77 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on pages 48-49, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7894979

Grotiusomyia nigricans (Howard) Figs 2, 19, 20, 47, 48, 77, 94 Miotropis nigricans Howard, 1894:95. Lectotype female in NHMUK, designated by Bouček (1977:13), examined. Derostenus violaceus Howard, 1897:166–167. Holotype male in NHMUK, examined. Synonymized by Bouček (1977:13). Grotiusomyia nigricans (Howard), Girault (1918:126). Diagnosis. Mandibles yellowish-brown with a row of small teeth at apex; flagellum pale brown, 0.6× as long as width of mesoscutum, F4 0.6× as long as wide, apex of clava blunt (Fig. 47); frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation (Figs 77, 94); occipital margin with an edge behind ocellar triangle (Fig. 77); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with same colour and reticulation (Fig. 19); mesoscutellum convex; dorsellum flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin ±evenly rounded with several sharp dents; fore wing with 3–5 setae in apico-dorsal part of costal cell, completely hyaline (Fig. 2); fore and mid coxae black with metallic tinges (Fig. 2); gaster (Fig. 19) 1.8× as long as wide; Gt 1 0.3× as long as length of gaster, dorsal surface smooth, posterior margin curved slightly forwards; Gt 6 0.2× as long as length of gaster with anterior part 2.7× as wide as width of posterior part, posterior margin straight with sharp edge. Variation. Length 1.3–2.0 mm. Costal cell with 3–5 setae in apico-dorsal part. Propodeal callus with 10–13 setae. The specimens from Costa Rica have antennal flagellum darker (dark yellowish-brown to pale brown) than specimens from the West Indies (yellowish-brown). Distribution. Bahamas (Bouček 1977), Costa Rica (new record), Cuba (Thompson 1955), Dominican Republic (De Santis 1989), Grenada (Howard 1897), Puerto Rico (Thompson 1955), St. Vincent & Grenadines (Howard 1894). Hosts. Hedylepta indicata (Fabricius) (Pyralidae) and Urbanus proteus (L.) (Thompson, 1955). Material. Type material: Lectotype ♀ of Miotropis nigricans (NHMUK), holotype ♁ of Derostenus violaceus (NHMUK). Non-type material (21♀ 5♁, in MZLU, MZUCR, NHMUK): BAHAMAS, San Andros, 15.ix.1975, ex leaf roller on soybean (1♀ 1♁). COSTA RICA: Heredia, Santo Domingo, INBio Parque, 9º59′N, 84º06′W, 1100m, 13.ii.2016 (1♀); Heredia, Estación Biológica La Selva, 50m, 10º26′N, 84º01′W, iv.1994 (1♀), 1♀ from same locality as previous but collected 30-31.iii.2003; Limón, Reserva Biológica Hitoy Cerere, 9º40′N, 83º02′W, 100m, 14-18.i.1991 (1♀); Limón, Parque Nacional Cahuita, 9º43′N, 82º49′W, 10m, 24.ii.2010 (8♀ 3♁). GRENADA: Lake Antoine Est., Windward side, [no date] (1♀); Mirabeau Est., Windward side, [no date] (1♀). St. VINCENT: St. David, Richmond Beach, 10.vii.1976 (1♀ 1♁); St. George, Belmont, 6.vii.1976 (2♀); Charlotte, Mesopotamia, 8.vii.1976 (1♀); St. Andrew, Kingstown, Botanical Garden, 1-3.x.1991 (1♀). TRINIDAD, St. Patrick, Coora, 14.viii.1976 (1♀)., Published as part of Hansson, Christer, 2023, Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species, pp. 39-77 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on pages 42-43, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7894979, {"references":["Howard, L. O. (1894) Report on the Chalcididae of the subfamilies Chalcidinae, Eucharinae, Perilampinae, Encyrtinae, Aphelininae, Pireninae, Elasminae, and Elachistinae. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 25, 79 - 108.","Boucek, Z. (1977) Descriptions of two new species of Neotropical Eulophidae (Hymenoptera) of economic interest, with taxonomic notes on related species and genera. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 67 (1), 1 - 15. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300010841","Howard, L. O. (1897) On the Chalcididae of the Island of Grenada. Journal of the Linnean Society, Zoology, 26, 129 - 178. https: // doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1096 - 3642.1897. tb 00244. x","Girault, A. A. (1918) New and old West Indian and North-American chalcid-flies. Entomological News, 29, 125 - 131.","Thompson, W. R. (1955) s. n. In: A catalogue of the parasites and predators of insect pests. Section 2. Host parasite catalogue, Part 3. Hosts of the Hymenoptera (Calliceratid to Evaniid). Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, The Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Ottawa, Ontario, pp. 191 - 332.","De Santis, L. (1989) Catalogue of the Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) of America south of the United States, second supplement. Acta Entomologica Chilena, 15, 9 - 89."]}

Grotiusomyia hansoni sp. nov. Figs 8, 30, 58, 83, 100 Diagnosis. Mandibles yellowish-brown with a large tooth at apex and with a row of small teeth above large tooth (as in Fig. 111); flagellum dark brown, 1.0× as long as width of mesoscutum, F4 1.1× as long as wide, apex of clava pointed (Figs 8, 58); frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation (Figs 83, 100); occipital margin with a sharp carina throughout (Fig. 83); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with same colour and reticulation (Fig. 30); mesoscutellum convex; dorsellum flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin medially produced to a point; fore wing with 9–12 setae in apico-dorsal part of costal cell, completely hyaline (Fig. 8); fore and mid coxae dark brown to black (Fig. 8); gaster (Fig. 30) 2.1× as long as wide; Gt 1 0.4× as long as length of gaster, dorsal surface smooth, posterior margin straight; Gt 6 0.2× as long as length of gaster with anterior part 2.9× as wide as width of posterior part, posterior margin curved forwards with sharp edge. Description (female holotype). Length 2.0 mm. Frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation, scrobes smooth, frons with ±evenly scattered setae between scrobes and eyes. Mandibles with a large tooth at apex and with a row of small teeth above large tooth. Occipital margin with a sharp carina throughout. Dorsellum flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin medially produced to a point. Propodeal callus with ten setae. Fore wing with five setae on dorsal surface of submarginal vein; with 15 admarginal setae; costal cell with 30 setae on ventral surface, in 2–3 rows, apico-dorsal margin with 12 setae; speculum small and closed below. Gaster elongate; Gt 1 smooth and shiny, remaining tergites with weak reticulation; Gt 1 with posterior margin straight, Gt 6 with posterior margin curved forwards. Colour. Head metallic blue. Mandibles yellowish-brown. Antennae with scape yellowish-white, pedicel yellowish-brown, flagellum dark brown. Mesosoma golden-green. Legs with fore and mid coxae dark brown to black, hind coxa black with metallic tinges; trochanters, femora, tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown. Fore wing hyaline with an infuscate spot just below stigmal vein. Gaster with Gt 1 metallic bluish-purple, Gt 2 metallic blue in anterior ½ black with metallic tinges in posterior ½, remaining tergites black with metallic tinges. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 22.5; head length, frontal view 24; head width 47.5; POL 9.5; OOL 4.5; mouth width 15; malar space 6; eye length 25.5; lateral ocellus diameter 5; scape length 16.5; scape width 4; pedicel length 5.5; pedicel width. dorsal view 3.5; flagellum length 40; F1 length 8; F1 width 4; F2 length 6.5; F2 width 4; F3 length 7; F3 width 5; F4 length 6; F4 width 5.5; clava length 12; clava width 6; pronotum length 20; pronotum width 30; mesosoma length 71; mesosoma width 41; midlobe of mesoscutum length 22; mesoscutellum length 22; mesoscutellum width 22; propodeum length 15; hind tibia length 39; hind tibial spur1 length 9; hind tibial spur2 length 5; hind tarsus length 32; hind basitarsus length 8.5; fore wing length 110; fore wing width 53; costal cell length 30; costal cell width 3; marginal vein length 37; postmarginal vein length 18; stigmal vein length 12; Gt 1 length 25; Gt 6 length 14.5; Gt 6 width at base 23; Gt 6 width at apex 8; gaster length 67; gaster width 32. Variation. Length 1.8–2.0 mm. Costal cell with 9–12 setae in apico-dorsal part. Propodeal callus with 9–10 setae. Male. Unknown. Distribution. Costa Rica. Etymology. Named in honor of Paul E. Hanson, collector of the paratypes. Material. Holotype female: COSTA RICA, Heredia, Santo Domingo, INBio Parque, 9º59′N, 84º06′W, 1100m, 9.ii.2018, J.S. Noyes (NHMUK). Paratypes 2♀ COSTA RICA, Cartago, 2km NE Cachí, 1200m, vii-ix.1996, P. Hanson (MZLU, MZUCR)., Published as part of Hansson, Christer, 2023, Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species, pp. 39-77 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on pages 49-50, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7894979

Grotiusomyia rubii sp. nov. Figs 18, 44, 70, 92, 109 Diagnosis. Mandibles black with apex yellowish-brown, with a large tooth at apex and with a row of small teeth above large tooth (as in Fig. 111); flagellum dark brown, 0.9× as long as width of mesoscutum, F4 0.7× as long as wide, apex of clava pointed (Figs 18, 70); frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation (Figs 92, 109); occipital margin ±rounded (Fig. 92); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with same colour and reticulation (Fig. 44); mesoscutellum convex; dorsellum flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin ±evenly rounded with postero-median part slightly protruding with a few small dents; fore wing with seven setae in apico-dorsal part of costal cell, completely hyaline (Fig. 18); fore and mid coxae black with metallic green tinges (Fig. 18); gaster (Fig. 44) 2.1× as long as wide; Gt 1 0.4× as long as length of gaster, dorsal surface smooth, posterior margin straight; Gt 6 0.1× as long as length of gaster with anterior part 2.1× as wide as width of posterior part, posterior margin straight with sharp edge. Description (female holotype). Length 2.0 mm. Frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation, scrobes smooth. Mandibles with a large tooth at apex and with a row of small teeth above large tooth. Occipital margin without edge or carina. Dorsellum flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin ±evenly rounded with postero-median part slightly protruding with a few small dents. Propodeal callus with 12 setae. Fore wing with seven setae on dorsal surface of submarginal vein; with 16 admarginal setae; costal cell with 24 setae on ventral surface, partly in two rows, apico-dorsal margin with seven setae; speculum distinct and closed below. Gaster long ovate; Gt 1 smooth and shiny without sculpture, remaining tergites with weak reticulation; Gt 1 and Gt 6 with posterior margin straight. Colour. Head metallic green to greenish-blue, scrobes black. Mandibles black with apex yellowish-brown. Antennae with scape yellowish-brown with apex brown, pedicel and flagellum dark brown. Mesosoma black with metallic green tinges. Legs with coxae black with metallic green tinges, trochanters and femora dark brown, tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown, T4 dark brown. Gaster black with metallic tinges. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 22; head length, frontal view 33.5; head width 46; POL 10; OOL 5.5; mouth width 16; malar space 6; eye length 24; lateral ocellus diameter 4; scape length 18; scape width 3.5; pedicel length 6.5; pedicel width. dorsal view 3.5; flagellum length 39; F1 length 7; F1 width 4.5; F2 length 5.5; F2 width 5; F3 length 5; F3 width 6; F4 length 4.5; F4 width 6.5; clava length 11.5; clava width 7; pronotum length 20; pronotum width 33; mesosoma length 69; mesosoma width 42; midlobe of mesoscutum length 25; mesoscutellum length 22; mesoscutellum width 22; propodeum length 14; hind tibia length 40; hind tibial spur1 length 4.5; hind tibial spur2 length 3; hind tarsus length 29; hind basitarsus length 8; fore wing length 112; fore wing width 51; costal cell length 36; costal cell width 3.5; marginal vein length 32; postmarginal vein length 14; stigmal vein length 12; Gt 1 length 28; Gt 6 length 8; Gt 6 width at base 20; Gt 6 width at apex 9.5; gaster length 74; gaster width 36. Male. Unknown. Distribution. Costa Rica. Etymology. Named in honor of Didier Rubí, one of the collectors of the holotype. Material. Holotype female: COSTA RICA, Heredia, Santo Domingo, INBio-Parque, 1-12.iv.2002, J.S. Noyes & D. Rubí (NHMUK)., Published as part of Hansson, Christer, 2023, Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species, pp. 39-77 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on pages 58-59, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7894979

Grotiusomyia pilosa sp. nov. Figs 15, 39, 40, 43, 67, 68, 73, 90, 107 Diagnosis. Female: mandibles yellowish-brown with a row of small teeth at apex (as in Fig 112); flagellum dark brown, 1.0× as long as width of mesoscutum, F4 0.9× as long as wide, apex of clava pointed (Figs 15, 68); frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation (90, 107); occipital margin with a sharp edge behind ocellar triangle (Fig. 90); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with same colour and reticulation (Fig. 39); mesoscutellum convex; dorsellum ±flat, smooth and shiny, medio-posterior part protruding, with postero-lateral parts incised (Fig. 43); fore wing with 8–18 setae in apico-dorsal part of costal cell, speculum very small and completely hyaline (Fig. 15); fore coxa yellowish-brown, mid coxa black with metallic tinges (Fig. 15); gaster (Fig. 40) 2.5× as long as wide and narrow; Gt 1 0.4× as long as length of gaster, dorsal surface smooth and shiny, posterior margin straight; Gt 6 0.3× as long as length of gaster with anterior part 1.8× as wide as width of posterior part, posterior margin curved slightly backwards with sharp edge. Male: diagnostic features of dorsellum and pilosity as in female. Description (female holotype). Length 2.3 mm. Frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation, shiny, scrobes smooth. Mandibles with a row of small teeth at apex. Occipital margin with a sharp edge behind ocellar triangle. Dorsellum ±flat, smooth and shiny, medio-posterior part protruding, with postero-lateral parts incised. Propodeal callus with 17 setae. Fore wing with eight setae on dorsal surface of submarginal vein; with 25 admarginal setae; costal cell with 35 scattered setae on ventral surface, apico-dorsal margin with 18 setae; speculum very small and closed below. Gaster long ovate, narrow; Gt 1 smooth and shiny, remaining tergites with weak reticulation; Gt 1 with posterior margin straight, Gt 6 with posterior margin curved slightly backwards. Colour. Head metallic bluish-green, scrobes black with metallic tinges. Mandibles yellowish-brown. Antennae with scape yellowish-brown, pedicel and flagellum dark brown. Mesosoma golden-green. Legs with fore coxa yellowish-brown, mid coxa black with metallic tinges, hind coxa golden-green; remaining parts of legs yellowish-brown. Gaster with Gt 1 metallic bluish-green, remaining tergites black with metallic tinges. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 22; head length, frontal view 38; head width 52; POL 11.5; OOL 5.5; mouth width 17; malar space 5; eye length 28; lateral ocellus diameter 5; scape length 18.5; scape width 5; pedicel length 6; pedicel width. dorsal view 4; flagellum length 49; F1 length 10.5; F1 width 6; F2 length 8; F2 width 7; F3 length 8; F3 width 8.5; F4 length 7.5; F4 width 8.5; clava length 14.5; clava width 8; pronotum length 20; pronotum width 34; mesosoma length 80; mesosoma width 47; midlobe of mesoscutum length 27.5; mesoscutellum length 26.5; mesoscutellum width 23; propodeum length 17; hind tibia length 48; hind tibial spur1 length 11; hind tibial spur2 length 6; hind tarsus length 38; hind basitarsus length 10; fore wing length 143; fore wing width 70; costal cell length 43; costal cell width 3; marginal vein length 46; postmarginal vein length 24; stigmal vein length 14; Gt 1 length 30; Gt 6 length 23; Gt 6 width at base 28; Gt 6 width at apex 16; gaster length 84; gaster width 34. Variation. Length 1.5–2.3 mm. Costal cell with 8–18 setae in apico-dorsal part. Propodeal callus with 7–17 setae. Male. Length 1.7 mm.Antennal scape and femora dark brown, tibiae and tarsi brown, coxae black with metallic tinges. Mesoscutum, mesoscutellum and Gt 1 metallic purple. Otherwise as in female. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 16; head width 39; eye length 19; scape length 14; scape width 4; flagellum length 34; F1 length 6.5; F1 width 5; F2 length 6; F2 width 5.5; F3 length 5.5; F3 width 5.5; F4 length 4.5; F4 width 5.5; clava length 10.5; clava width 5; Gt 1 length 16; gaster length 57; gaster width 26. Distribution. Belize, Costa Rica. Etymology. From the Greek pilos = hair, referring to the hairy basal part of the fore wing. Material. Holotype female: COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Estación Altamira, Sendero Los Gigantes, 9º02′N, 83º00′W, 1450–1700m, 7.ii–5.iii.2002, C. Hansson & Parataxonomos (MZLU). Paratypes (34♀ 22♁, CNC, MZLU, MZUCR, NHMUK): 4♀ 4♁with same label data as holotype; 1♁ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Estación Altamira, Sendero Casa Coca, 9º02′N, 83º00′W, 1450–1700m, 7.ii–5.iii.2002, C. Hansson & Parataxonomos; 1♀ 3♁ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, San Vito, Las Cruces, Wilson Botanico, 8º47′N, 82º58′W, 1150m, 18-22.iii.1990, J.S. Noyes; following from same locality as previous but collected 15-16.ii.2006 (1♁), 7-19.ii.2007 (2♀ 5♁), 15-16.ii.2012 (3♀); 1♀ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Golfito, Parque Nacional Corcovado, Quebrada La Bonanza, LS 524800 _ 275700, 500m, x.2000, J. Azofeifa; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Parque Nacional Corcovado, Estación Agujas, Cerro Quebraditos, LS 274300 _ 521400, 782m, 15.v-15.vi.2000, J. Azofeifa; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Golfito, Parque Nacional Corcovado, Cerro Rincón, La Tigrilla, LS 523600 _ 274500, 600m, 20.ii-15.iii.2001, J. Azofeifa; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Los Charcos de Osa, 8º40'N, 83º36'W, 50m, 15-16.ii.2010, J.S. Noyes; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Alajuela, Parque Nacional Arenal, 10°28'N, 84°45'W, 617m, 21-28.ii.2005, C. Hansson; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Alajuela, San Carlos, Parque Nacional Arenal, Sendero Pilón, LN 269200_ 458050, 600m, 15.iii-5.iv.2001, G. Carballo; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Alajuela, 7km N Boca Tapada, Laguna Lagerta Lodge, 10º41'N, 84º11'W, 55m, 18-19.ii.2018, J.S. Noyes; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Cartago, Humo, El Copal, 9°47'N, 83°45'W, 1050-1250m, 29.ii-6.iii.2008, C. Hansson; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Cartago, Parque Nacional Tapantí, 9º45′N, 83º47′W, 1200-1550m, 20.iii-10.iv.2000, C. Hansson & D. Rubí; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, Estación Pitilla, ACG, LN330200_380200, iv.1991, P. Rios; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, Estación Pitilla, ACG, LN329950_380450, ii.1995, P. Rios; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Heredia, Estación Biológica La Selva, 50m, 10º26′N, 84º01′W, 22.i-2.ii.1991, J.S.Noyes; following from same locality as previous but collected i.1996 (1♀), 28-29.ii.2008 (3♁), 24-25.ii.2011 (1♀), 22-24.ii.2012 (1♁); 1♀ COSTA RICA, Heredia, Santo Domingo, INBio-Parque, iii.2002, J.S. Noyes & J. Azofeifa; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Heredia, Parque Nacional Braulio Carrillo, 25.iii.1990, J.S. Noyes; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Limón, Reserva Biológica Hitoy Cerere, 9º40′N, 83º02′W, 100m, 14-18.i.1991, J.S. Noyes; following from same locality as previous but collected 24-25.ii.2004 (1♀ 1♁), 20-21.ii.2006 (1♀ 3♁); 1♀ COSTA RICA, Limón, 16km W Guápiles, 400m, i-iv.1991, P. Hanson; 1♀ COSTA RICA, San José, Zurqui de Moravia, 10º02'58''N, 84º00'57''W, 1600m, ii.1995, P. Hanson; following from same locality as previous but collected v.1992 (1♀), x.1995 (1♀). 1♀ BELIZE, Las Cuevas, iii.1995, T. King & A. Howe., Published as part of Hansson, Christer, 2023, Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species, pp. 39-77 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on page 56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7894979

Grotiusomyia phalaros sp. nov. Figs 14, 37, 38, 65, 66, 89, 106, 111 Diagnosis. Female: mandibles yellowish-brown with a large tooth at apex and with a row of small teeth above large tooth (Fig. 111); flagellum dark brown, 1.1× as long as width of mesoscutum, F4 1.5× as long as wide, apex of clava pointed (Figs 14, 65); frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with weak reticulation (Figs 89, 106); occipital margin with a sharp carina throughout (Fig. 89); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with same colour and reticulation (Fig. 37); mesoscutellum convex; dorsellum flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin evenly rounded with small dents; fore wing with 4–5 setae in apico-dorsal part of costal cell, completely hyaline (Fig. 14); fore coxa yellowish-white with base brown, mid coxa yellowish-white (Fig. 14); gaster (Fig. 37) 2.0× as long as wide; Gt 1 0.4× as long as length of gaster, dorsal surface smooth and shiny, posterior margin curved slightly forwards; Gt 6 0.2× as long as length of gaster with anterior part 2.0× as wide as width of posterior part, posterior margin straight with edge blunt. Male: mesoscutum and mesoscutellum metallic purple (Fig. 38); gaster with a pale spot in medio-basal part (Fig. 38). Description (female holotype). Length 1.6 mm. Frons and vertex with weak reticulation and shiny, scrobes smooth, frons with ±evenly scattered setae between scrobes and eyes. Mandibles with a large tooth at apex and with a row of small teeth above large tooth. Occipital margin with a sharp carina throughout. Dorsellum flat, smooth and shiny, posterior margin evenly rounded with small dents. Propodeal callus with six setae. Fore wing with five setae on dorsal surface of submarginal vein; with 16 admarginal setae; costal cell with 20 setae on ventral surface, in two rows, apico-dorsal margin with four setae; speculum small and closed below. Gaster long ovate; Gt 1 smooth and shiny, remaining tergites with weak reticulation; Gt 1 with posterior margin curved slightly forwards, Gt 6 with posterior margin straight. Colour. Frons golden-green, vertex metallic bluish-green. Mandibles yellowish-brown. Antennae with scape and pedicel yellowish-brown, flagellum dark brown. Mesosoma golden-green. Legs with fore coxa yellowish-white with base brown, mid coxa yellowish-white, hind coxa black with metallic tinges; trochanters yellowish-white; femora, tibiae and tarsi yellowish-brown. Gaster with Gt 1 metallic blue, remaining tergites golden-purple. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 22; head length, frontal view 32; head width 42; POL 8; OOL 4.5; mouth width 14; malar space 3.5; eye length 24.5; lateral ocellus diameter 4.5; scape length 25; scape width 3.5; pedicel length 5; pedicel width. dorsal view 3; flagellum length 37; F1 length 6; F1 width 4; F2 length 6; F2 width 4; F3 length 6; F3 width 4; F4 length 6; F4 width 4; clava length 11; clava width 4.5; pronotum length 14; pronotum width 26; mesosoma length 54; mesosoma width 34; midlobe of mesoscutum length 20; mesoscutellum length 19; mesoscutellum width 18; propodeum length 12; hind tibia length 34; hind tibial spur1 length 8; hind tibial spur2 length 3.5; hind tarsus length 27; hind basitarsus length 7; fore wing length 100; fore wing width 42; costal cell length 30; costal cell width 2; marginal vein length 32; postmarginal vein length 12; stigmal vein length 8; Gt 1 length 19; Gt 6 length 11; Gt 6 width at base 19; Gt 6 width at apex 9.5; gaster length 56; gaster width 28. Variation. Length of body 1.2–1.7 mm. Costal cell with 4–5 setae in apico-dorsal part. Propodeal callus with 6–7 setae. Male. Length 0.9–1.3 mm. Mesoscutum and mesoscutellum metallic purple. Fore and hind coxae dark brown. Gt 1-2 yellowish-white to yellowish-brown with lateral margins dark brown, Gt 2 also with posterior margin dark brown. Otherwise as in female. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 15; head width 30; eye length 17; scape length 11; scape width 3; flagellum length 28; F1 length 3.5; F1 width 2.5; F2 length 4; F2 width 3; F3 length 4; F3 width 3.2; F4 length 4; F4 width 3.5; clava length 10; clava width 4; Gt 1 length 13; gaster length 40; gaster width 16. Distribution. Belize, Costa Rica. Etymology. From the Greek phalaros = having a white patch, referring to the mediobasal pale patch on male gaster. Material. Holotype female: COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Reserva Privada Karen Mogensen, 9º52′N, 85º03′W, 305m, 23-24.ii.2013, J.S. Noyes (NHMUK). Paratypes (76♀ 120♁, CNC, MZLU, MZUCR, NHMUK): 15♀ 11♁ with same label data as holotype; following from same locality as holotype but collected 11-21.ii.2005 (6♀ 12♁), 14-15.ii.2005 (4♀ 12♁), 23-24.ii.2007 (4♀ 5♁), 19-20.ii.2009 (15♀ 1♁), 17-18.ii.2011 (3♀ 2♁), 19-20.ii.2016 (2♀), 11-12.ii.2018 (1♀); 1♀ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, San Vito, Las Cruces, Wilson Botanico, 8º47′N, 82º58′W, 1000–1300m, 15-16.ii.2012, J.S. Noyes; following from same locality as previous but collected 18-22.iii.1990 (3♁), 7-19.ii.2007 (1♁); 3♀ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Reserva Absoluta Cabo Blanco, 9º35′N, 85º06′W, 30m, 16- 17.ii.2009, J.S. Noyes; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Los Charcos de Osa, 8º40′N, 83º36′W, 50m, 18-19.ii.2008, J.S. Noyes; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Golfito, Estación Agujas. LS 526550 _276750, 250- 350m, 15.viii-15.ix.1999, J.Azofeifa; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Estación Los Patos, Sendero a Sirena, LS 509200 _275700, 18.iii-5.v.2001, J. Azofeifa; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Golfo Dulce, 10km W Piedras Blancas, 100m, iii-v.1989, P. Hanson; 1♀ COSTA RICA, Puntarenas, Golfo Dulce, 24km W Piedras Blancas, 8º46′N, 83º24′W, 200m, ix.1991, P. Hanson; 2♀ 1♁ COSTA RICA, Heredia, Estación Biológica La Selva, 50m, 10º26′N, 84º01′W, 14.ix.1995; following from same locality as previous but collected 21.i-2.ii.1991 (7♁); 29.ix.1995 (1♁), x.1995 (3♀), 15.iii.1996 (1♀), 27-28.ii.2001 (1♁), 30-31.iii.2002 (2♁), 27-28.ii.2003 (2♁), 23-24.ii.2005 (1♀ 2♁), 23.ii.2006 (1♁), 28-29.ii.2008 (1♀ 8♁), 24- 25.ii.2011 (1♀ 6♁); 6♁ COSTA RICA, Limón, PuertoViejo, 3km E Hotel Punta Cocles 27.ii.1991, J.S. Noyes; 1♀ 10♁ COSTA RICA, Limón, Reserva Biológica Hitoy Cerere, 9º40′N, 83º02′W, 100m, 14-18.i.1991, J.S. Noyes; following from same locality as previous but collected 17.ix-10.x.1999 (1♀), 24-25.ii.2004 (1♀ 12♁), 20-22.ii.2006 (2♀ 10♁), 24-26.ii.2008 (1♀ 3♁), 22-23.ii.2010 (1♁); 1♀ COSTA RICA, Limón, Parque Nacional Cahuita, 9º43′N, 82º49′W, 24.ii.2010, J.S. Noyes. 1♀ BELIZE, Las Cuevas, iv.1995, T. King & A. Howe., Published as part of Hansson, Christer, 2023, Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species, pp. 39-77 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on pages 54-55, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7894979

The genus Grotiusomyia Girault is reviewed based mainly on material from Costa Rica. Grotiusomyia is an exclusively New World genus now represented by 19 species, of which 17 are new species described here: G. albiclava, G. annesmithae, G. azofeifai, G. flavicoxa, G. flavimacula, G. guanacastensis, G. hansoni, G. jimenezi, G. lascrucensis, G. leucaena, G. nicoyae, G. noyesi, G. phalaros, G. pilosa, G. reticulata, G. rubii, G. septentrionalis. The two previously described species are G. nigricans (Howard) and G. flavicornis Girault. An identification key for the species is included. Two of the species, G. flavicornis and G. septentrionalis are found in North America (USA and Canada respectively), while the remaining species are from Central America and the West Indies. The biology is known for three of the species, acting as ectoparasitoids on caterpillars of various Lepidoptera groups.

Grotiusomyia annesmithae sp. nov. Figs 4, 23, 24, 51, 52, 74, 75, 79, 96 Diagnosis. Mandibles yellowish-white, with a row of small teeth at apex (as in Fig. 112); flagellum dark brown, 0.7× as long as width of mesoscutum, F4 0.7× as long as wide, apex of clava pointed (Figs 4, 51); frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation (Figs 74, 96); occipital margin with an edge behind ocellar triangle (Fig. 79); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum with same colour and reticulation (Figs 23, 75); mesoscutellum convex; dorsellum flat, with weak reticulation, posterior margin evenly rounded; fore wing completely hyaline, with 4–6 setae in apico-dorsal part of costal cell (Fig. 4); fore and mid coxae dark brown with apex yellowish-brown (Fig. 4); gaster (Fig. 23) 1.8× as long as wide; Gt 1 0.3× as long as length of gaster, dorsal surface smooth, posterior margin straight; Gt 6 0.2× as long as length of gaster with anterior part 2.2× as wide as width of posterior part, posterior margin straight with edge ±blunt. Description (female holotype). Length 1.9 mm. Frons between scrobes and eyes and vertex with strong reticulation, scrobes smooth. Mandibles with a row of small teeth at apex. Occipital margin with an edge behind ocellar triangle. Dorsellum flat, with weak reticulation, posterior margin ±evenly rounded. Propodeal callus with ten setae. Fore wing with six setae on dorsal surface of submarginal vein; with 12 admarginal setae; costal cell with 12 setae on ventral surface in a single row, apico-dorsal margin with four setae; speculum distinct and closed below. Gaster long ovate; Gt 1 smooth and shiny without sculpture, remaining tergites with weak reticulation; Gt 1 and Gt 6 with posterior margin straight. Colour. Head metallic bluish-green, scrobes black. Mandibles yellowish-white.Antennae with scape yellowish-brown, pedicel pale brown, flagellum dark brown. Mesosoma black with metallic tinges. Legs with fore and mid coxae dark brown with apex yellowish-brown, hind coxa black with metallic tinges, trochanters, tibiae and tarsi pale yellowish-brown, fore and mid femora yellowish-brown, hind femur yellowish-brown in basal ½ and dark brown in apical ½. Gaster black with metallic tinges. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 17.5; head length, frontal view 34; head width 44; POL 9.5; OOL 6; mouth width 14; malar space 9; eye length 21.5; lateral ocellus diameter 4; scape length 16; scape width 3.5; pedicel length 5.5; pedicel width. dorsal view 4; flagellum length 28; F1 length 4.5; F1 width 4.5; F2 length 4.5; F2 width 5; F3 length 4.5; F3 width 6; F4 length 4; F4 width 6; clava length 9.5; clava width 6; pronotum length 14; pronotum width 34; mesosoma length 60; mesosoma width 41; midlobe of mesoscutum length 23; mesoscutellum length 20; mesoscutellum width 20; propodeum length 10; hind tibia length 35; hind tibial spur1 length 6; hind tibial spur2 length 3; hind tarsus length 24; hind basitarsus length 7; fore wing length 104; fore wing width 47; costal cell length 32; costal cell width 3; marginal vein length 30; postmarginal vein length 12; stigmal vein length 9; Gt 1 length 21; Gt 6 length 12; Gt 6 width at base 27; Gt 6 width at apex 12.5; gaster length 73; gaster width 40. Variation. Length of body 1.6–1.9 mm. Costal cell with 4–6 setae in apico-dorsal part. Propodeal callus with 10–16 setae. Male. Length 1.3 mm. Fore and mid coxae dark brown, femora predominantly brown to dark brown. Otherwise as in female. Relative measurements: head length, dorsal view 14; head width 35; eye length 16; scape length 12.5; scape width 3.5; flagellum length 21.5; F1 length 3.5; F1 width 3.5; F2 length 3.5; F2 width 3.5; F3 length 3.5; F3 width 4; F4 length 4; F4 width 4.5; clava length 7.5; clava width 4; Gt 1 length 17; gaster length 43; gaster width 29. Distribution. Costa Rica. Hosts. Reared as primary parasitoid from Herpetogramma salbialis (Hampson) and Ategumia lotanalisDHJ09 (Lepidoptera: Crambidae), and from Calpodes ethlius (Stoll) (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae). Etymology. Named in honor of Mrs. Anne Smith of Arlington, Virginia, an international lawyer in recognition of her professional base in theories and principles put forward by Hugo Grotius (1583-1645) who established modern international law, and in recognition of her years of vigorous defense of Área de Conservación Guanacaste as a new UNESCO World Heritage Site. Material. Holotype female: COSTA RICA, Alajuela, San Cristobal, LN 318056_383200, 600-620m, 17.viii-17.ix.1996, F.A. Quesada (NHMUK). Paratypes (6♀ 2♁, MZLU, NHMUK): 2♀ COSTA RICA, Alajuela, ACG, Sector Rincón Rain Forest, Estación Llanura, 323744N 399223E, 135m, 27.v.2009, C. Umaña, ex Ategumia lotanalisDHJ09 on Miconia lacera (Melastomataceae) (09-SRNP-44363); 3♀ 2♁ COSTA RICA, Guanacaste, ACG, Sector Pitilla, Medrano, 332938N 385347E, 380m, 18.i.2010, D. Martinez, ex Herpetogramma salbialis on Baccharis trinervis (Asteraceae) (10-SRNP-70327); 1♀ COSTA RICA, Guanacaste,ACG, Sector Santa Rosa, Cafetal, 315575N 360101E, 280m, 15.viii.1992, R. Moraga, ex Calpodes ethlius on Marantha arundinacea (92-SRNP-4937)., Published as part of Hansson, Christer, 2023, Review of Grotiusomyia Girault (Chalcidoidea: Eulophidae), an exclusively New World genus, including 17 new species, pp. 39-77 in Zootaxa 5278 (1) on page 45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5278.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/7894979

Lautaroderus Gumovsky, gen. n. Figs 1–3 Type species. Lautaroderus malalcahuello sp. n., by present designation and monotypy. Diagnosis (female). Calcar short and bifid (Fig. 3D); tarsi of all legs 4-segmented (Figs 3C‒F); flagellum 9-segmented, with first anellus (Fig. 2E: an1) tiny, ring-like, and second anellus (Fig. 2E: an2) larger, funicle 4- segmented, and club 3-segmented; face with X-shaped pattern of grooves (Figs 2B, 3G); clypeus delimited by sutures dorsally between tentorial pits and laterally, its anterior margin incurved (Figs 2B–E); occipital carina absent (Fig. 2A); mesothoracic spiracle exposed (Figs 3A, G); propleura diverging posteriorly (Fig. 3A: pl 1); prepectus large (Fig. 3C: pp); mesoscutum with anterior one-half of midlobe and lateral parts of sidelobes with scattered bristles, and notauli sulcate anteriorly but shallower, slightly fading posteriorly (Fig. 2A); mesoscutellum with two pairs of setae (Fig. 2A); metascutellum (Fig. 2A: mtsc) wide and triangular, about one-third as long as mesoscutellum; fore wing (Figs 1A–C) with basal cell densely setose, speculum absent, basal vein present as a pigmented fold, subcosta of SMV broken at junction with parastigma, and PMV and STV long, of about same length; hind wing with distinct spur vein in shape of a sclerotized process (Figs 1A–C); gaster with Gt 1 not swollen, Gt 7 present as syntergum (Fig. 3B). Description. Face with distinct tentorial pits (Figs 2D, E); clypeus delimited by sutures, its anterior margin incurved (Figs 2B–E); facial grooves X-shaped (Figs 2B, 3G), the scrobal grooves disconnected and transfacial sulcus very short (Fig. 3G: sg), with arms of frontal sulcus V-shaped (Figs 2B, 3G: fs) and extending toward posterior ocellus but ending between compound eye and median ocellus (Fig. 3G: fs). Flagellum with second anellus 1.5× smaller than any of F1–F4; club 3-segmented (Figs 2D, E). Malar sulcus present (Figs 2B–E). Mandible bidentate, with two equal acute teeth and with exposed and visible muscle, which extends into broad incision (Fig. 2C). Occiput not margined, evenly curved, without occipital carina (Fig. 2A). Pronotum relatively wide, its collar with about 10 bristles and with isolated large bristle on each posterolateral corner, its collum short, evenly sloping, with sparse, short setae (Fig. 2A). Propleura diverging posteriorly, prosternum with sulcate discrimen medially (Fig. 3A). Mesothoracic spiracle exposed (Fig. 3A: msp). Prepectus (Fig. 3C: pp) large, over 10× longer dorsally than narrow acropleuron (Fig. 3C: ar), and about as wide as lateral panel of pronotum (Fig. 3A). Mesoscutum with numerous short setae anteriorly and on sidelobes; notauli sulcate anteriorly but shallower, slightly fading posteriorly; posterior part of midlobe with two pairs of long bristles and some smaller setae between them (Fig. 2A). Mesoscutellum with two pairs of strong bristles (Fig. 2A), frenal area not marked off (Figs 1D, E, 2A). Mesopleuron with distinct femoral depression and straight transepimeral suture (Fig. 3A). Metascutellum (Fig. 2A: mtsc) wide and triangular, about 1/3 as long as mesoscutellum, lateral panels of metanotum as wide as metascutellum (Figs 1D, E, 2A). Propodeum with wide median carina fading posteriorly (Fig. 1E); propodeal spiracle small and round, separated from metanotal margin by about its own diameter (Figs 1D, E: psp). Legs with 4-segmented tarsi (Figs 3C–F); fore leg with short, nearly straight, bifid calcar (Fig. 3D: ca) and longitudinal basitarsal comb (Fig. 3D: bc); mid and hind legs with spurs simple, needle-like (Figs 3C, E, F). Fore wing (Figs 1A–C) with basal cell densely setose dorsally and ventrally; fore wing disc without speculum; SMV broken, with subcosta abruptly joining parastigma; basal vein traceable as a dark fold; PMV about as long as STV, both elongate; fore wing disc densely setose, with setae not arranged in rows. Hind wing with distinct spur vein (Fig. 1A). Petiole short, transverse. Gaster ovate (Figs 1C, 3B) with posterior margins of tergites straight (Fig. 1B); Gt 1 not swollen compared to following tergites (Fig. 3B); Gt 7 present as syntergum, short, with membranous apical tip; ovipositor sheaths short, ovipositor comparatively robust (Fig. 3B); hypopygium not reaching apex of metasoma, mucro short (Fig. 3B). Biology. Not known. Distribution. Neotropical region (Chile). Etymology. The genus name is derived from Lef-Traru (known as ’Lautaro’, a young Mapuche toqui known for leading the indigenous resistance against Spanish conquest in Chile) and -derus (from Euderus). Gender masculine., Published as part of Gumovsky, Alex, 2023, A new genus of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) from Chile with challenging taxonomic position, pp. 133-141 in Zootaxa 5254 (1) on pages 134-135, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7711015

Lautaroderus malalcahuello Gumovsky, sp. n. Figs 1–3 Description. FEMALE. Length 3.2 mm. Body green-bronze with violet tint on posterior parts of notauli and on lower face; gaster brownish; legs (including tarsi) and antennae dark metallic (Figs 1–3). Fore wing widely darkened, veins of wings dark brown (Figs 1A‒C). Head in dorsal view about 2.2× as wide as long; POL nearly 2.0× OOL, and OOL about 2.3× MDO. Head in frontal view (Figs 2B, 3G) about 1.4× as wide as high; toruli with ventral margins situated 1/2 diameter of torulus above virtual line connecting lower margins of eyes (Fig. 2B). Face faintly reticulate, with area above clypeus smooth (Fig. 2C). Eyes with inner margins subparallel (Fig. 2B). Gena evenly curved (Fig. 2C). Malar sulcus complete (Figs 2B‒D). Mouth opening about 1.8× as wide as malar space. Anterior margin of clypeus and labrum both with four setae (Fig. 2C). Antenna (Fig. 2E) with scape about 3.5× as long as wide; pedicel about 2.0× as long as wide; an1 very thin, strongly transverse; an2 1.7× as wide as long, and about 3.0× shorter and 1.5× narrower than F1; F1–F4 about 1.3× as long as wide; club about 2.8× as long as wide and 2.6× as long as F4, with segments separated by sutures and deep constrictions, and terminal spine long, about ¼ length of club. Mesosoma about 1.5× as long as wide, shallowly reticulate (Fig. 2A). Pronotum in dorsal view (Figs 2A, 3G) short, conical, its collar present as a narrow strip, collum short, evenly sloping (Figs 1B, 3G). Mesoscutum (Fig. 2A) nearly 2.0× as wide as long; mesoscutellum slightly longer than wide and slightly longer than mesoscutum, its surface alutaceous except its extreme margin smoother (Fig. 2A). Axilla with 3 bristles. Mesopleuron with deep femoral depression and straight, sulcate transepimeral sulcus (Figs 3A, C). Metanotum wide, with metascutellum about 0.35× (1/3) as long as mesoscutellum (Figs 1D, E, 2A). Metapleuron subrectangular, coarsely reticulate. Fore wing approximately 2.0× as long as wide, slightly longer than body (Figs 1A–C); subcosta of SMV broken at juncture with parastigma, with 5 dorsal bristles; MV about 1.4× as long as costal cell and about 0.7× wing width; STV with long petiole, drop-shaped stigma, and relatively long uncus; PMV about 1.3× as long as STV; marginal fringe short, about 0.5× as long as STV and about 1.5× as long as width of MV at its widest part. Calcar about as long as width of fore tibia (Fig. 3D); midtibial spur about 2.0× as long as width of mid tibia; hindtibial spur about as long as width of hind tibia (Figs 3C–F). Propodeum (Figs 1D, E) coriaceous-reticulate, its submedian areas elevated, with robust median carina which fades posteriorly and with wide supracoxal flange bearing septae; propodeal callus with 12 setae. Metasoma as long as mesosoma (Figs 1A–C); petiole transverse, reduced. Gaster in dorsal view about 1.5× as long as wide (Fig. 1C); Gt 1 with slightly elevated anterior areas bearing about 10 sparse setae; posterior margin of tergites straight (Fig. 3B) and with bristles starting from Gt 3 (Fig. 3B); syntergum (Gt 7) with a membranous lobe apically, with cercus short and with 3 setae. MALE. Unknown. Biology. Unknown. Distribution. Chile, Malleco Province. Material examined. HOLOTYPE ♀ (NHMUK), Chile: Malleco Province, 6 km, E Malalcahuello, 1080 m., xii.1982, A. Newton & M. Thayer (also, ‘aberrant EULOPH[ID]’ with Zdeněk Bouček’s handwriting). Etymology. The species name is in honor of the collection area, the Malalcahuello national reserve situated in the pre-Andean plain in the La Araucania region of Chile., Published as part of Gumovsky, Alex, 2023, A new genus of Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera) from Chile with challenging taxonomic position, pp. 133-141 in Zootaxa 5254 (1) on page 135, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5254.1.8, http://zenodo.org/record/7711015

An enigmatic chalcid wasp (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from Chile is described as a new genus and species, Lautaroderus malalcahuello gen. et sp. n. The taxon is classified in the family Eulophidae based on possession of a short, straight calcar and 4-segmented tarsi of female. However, a densely setose basal cell of fore wing, X-shaped pattern of facial grooves, and an incurved anterior margin of the clypeus are similar to representatives of the subfamily Tetracampinae of Tetracampidae. Although L. malalcahuello does not fit readily in the current concept of Eulophidae, it is assigned to this family though not further placed to subfamily or tribe. The proposed classification and possible relationships of the new taxon are discussed.

Tetrastichus sp. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is a primary parasitoid of the Metisa plana (Lepidoptera: Psychidae), an oil palm bagworm. The sensilla on the surface of the antenna and ovipositor of Tetrastichus sp. were examined using a scanning electron microscope. The antennae of both male and female Tetrastichus sp. are geniculate in shape and hinged at the scape-pedicel joint. The female antenna is about 200 µm longer than the male antenna. However, the male antenna has an additional flagellomere compared to the female antenna. In total, eight different types of antennal sensilla were observed on the antenna of Tetrastichus sp.: trichoid sensilla type 1, 2, 3, 4, placoid sensilla type 1 and 2, basiconic sensilla, and campaniform sensilla. The antenna of the female Tetrastichus sp. lacks placoid sensilla type 2 and campaniform sensilla. The distribution and abundance of the antennal sensilla were compared between the male and female Tetrastichus sp. and discussed. On the ovipositor stylet of Tetrastichus sp., coeloconic sensilla, styloconic sensilla and campaniform sensilla were observed. Trichoid sensilla were observed at the medial part of the distal extremity of the ovipositor.

Maternal care is common in spiders, but the effects of egg protection by mothers on offspring survival remains understudied for most species, especially against parasitoids. Parasitoid incidence can also be modulated by host clutch size (since larger egg masses provide the opportunity of producing larger clutches for the parasitoids) and urbanization (by creating conditions that may restrict the occurrence of less tolerant species). In this study, we conducted field experiments with the brown widow spider Latrodectus geometricus to investigate the following hypothesis: (1) females are effective in the defense of eggs against parasitoids; (2) large clutch sizes are attacked more often by parasitoids than the smaller ones; and (3) the incidence of parasitoids in egg sacs decreases in a gradient from a preserved area to an urbanized one. The presence of caring females reduced by three times the incidence of two parasitoids, Baeus latrodecti (Hymenoptera, Scelionidae) and an unidentified Eulophidae wasp, compared to unattended egg sacs, but this distinction did not differ from a random distribution. Parasitoids were most often found in egg sacs containing few eggs. The incidence of B. latrodecti in egg sacs was highest in the area with an intermediate degree of urbanization, but Eulophidae wasps were unaffected by the urbanization gradient. We concluded that (1) females are generally ineffective at protecting their egg sacs against parasitoids, that (2) egg sacs containing small clutch sizes are usually more vunerable to parasitoid attacks, and that (3) urbanization does not reduce the incidence of the egg parasitoids identified here. Our study provides an important step towards our understanding of the interactions between spiders with parental care and egg parasitoids, suggesting new aspects to be investigated in future studies.

Aprostocetus fukutai (Miwa & Sonan) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is the only known egg parasitoid of the citrus longhorned beetle Anoplophora chinensis Forster (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae), a high-risk invasive pest of hardwood trees. Native to East Asia, A. fukutai has been accidentally introduced in northern Italy, where it has 1–2 generations per year, overwinters as diapausing mature larvae within host eggs, and adults emerge in early summer in synchrony with the egg deposition of its host. As part of the efforts to develop a biological control program using this specialist parasitoid, this study investigated some of its key reproductive traits, including egg maturation dynamics, host egg age preference, clutch size, and lifetime fecundity under quarantine laboratory conditions. Newly emerged adult females after winter diapause had a substantial proportion (43.7%) of their lifetime complement of mature eggs and matured additional eggs rapidly, reaching a peak 4–8 days post-emergence. The parasitoid preferred to attack 1–3 day old over 4–7 or 7–10 day old host eggs. Adults of the first (overwintering) generation were more fecund than those of the second (summer) generation. Females of the first and second generations parasitized 3.6 and 2.8 hosts, produced 11.2 and 9.6 offspring per parasitized host for a total of 37.5 and 24.7 offspring with sex ratio of 85.3 and 82.8% females over their lifetime, respectively. These results provide novel information that may help improve protocols for future rearing, study, or field-release of this parasitoid against A. chinensis.

The genus Eulophinusia Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), previously known from Australia and India, is newly recorded from the Americas (Canada, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic). The morphological diagnosis of the genus is enhanced through the discovery of an unnoticed and unique feature - an intricate jigsaw-like microsculptural pattern on the mesoscutellum. The new species described here, Eulophinusia andreamezae Hansson, is a hyperparasitoid. The majority of the Costa Rican specimens of this species were reared from pupae of Hypomicrogaster largus Valerio (Braconidae: Microgastrinae) that had parasitized a caterpillar of Anadasmus Janzen11 (Lepidoptera: Depressariidae) feeding on Ocotea insularis (Lauraceae).

Parasitic wasps of the genus Tamarixia represent important biological control agents of members of the true bug group, Psylloidea, and are host specific; therefore, they can be used to control insect pests. In this study we report, for the first time, the presence of the parasitoid Tamarixia dahlsteni in Mexico and its mitochondrial barcode region of the cytochrome oxidase I gene (COI). We also review the species diversity of the genus Tamarixia in Mexico.

Pleurotroppopsis lankensis (Kerrich, 1974) (Fig. 10) Cotterellia lankensis Kerrich, 1974: 678. Holotype ♀, NHMUK (B.M. TYPE HYM. 5.2347, examined). Pleurotroppopsis lankensis (Kerrich, 1974), Bouček, 1988: 711. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna brown except scape predominantly white,brown in apical 1/4.Protibia predominantly dull metallic, mesotibia predominantly white with dusky base, and metatibia entirely whitish; all tarsomeres white except for blackish claws (Fig. 10a). Fore wing broadly infuscate below MV, with speculum reduced. Frontovertex with raised reticulation, and with a very fine median groove extending from anterior ocellus to frontal carina. Face between frontal carina and toruli weakly depressed; upper margin of scrobes not incised in the middle and hence frontal carina straight. Ocelli in a slightly obtuse-angled triangle. MLM with engraved transverse reticulation, and with a broad median groove extending nearly to pronotal collar (Fig. 10b). Scutellum with engraved transverse striation in anterior 1/2 and engraved reticulation in posterior 1/2; scutellum with sublateral and posterior grooves expressed as punctures (Fig. 10b). Axilla polished anteriorly and with only one seta (Fig. 10b). Dorsellum polished. Propodeum with submedian areas polished in anterior 1/2 and with raised reticulation in posterior 1/2; spiracular areas smooth even along posterior margin (Fig. 10b). Gt 1 dorsal surface polished (Fig. 10a). Metafemur without teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Differs from female in the following characters. Scape dark brown and swollen. Wings hyaline. Mid and hind legs with tibiae entirely white, fore leg with tibia brown. Mesoscutum and scutellum with very weak reticulation. Scutellum with posterior groove reduced, almost absent. Propodeum with submedian areas smooth, without reticulation along posterior margin. Gastral tergites with a few setae only, and not punctate. Material examined. Type material. Holotype ♀, Sri Lanka, 6.VI.1972, ex. larva or pupa Promecotheca cumingi (NHMUK, B.M. TYPE HYM. 5.2347); paratypes 3♀, same data as holotype (NHMUK). Other material examined. 1♂, same data as holotype (NHMUK); 1♀, CHINA, Hainan, det. Bouček (NHMUK); 1♀, Sri Lanka, 7°57’N 80°46’E, Sigiriya, 21.III.1999, coll. C.J. Burwell (QMB). Biology. The type specimens of P. lankensis were recorded from Promecotheca cumingi Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Hispinae). Distribution. China: Hainan (new distribution record); Sri Lanka. Remarks. Pleurotroppopsis lankensis is characterized by the hind legs having completely white tibiae. The result of the parsimony analysis groups this species with the clade formed by P. japonica, P. maculatipennis, and P. nitifrons, with a high bootstrap value, thus supporting their possible close relationship. However, because of insufficient nonhomplasious changes between these branches, the putative relationship requires testing with molecular data (Fig. 19). In addition to its white hind tibiae, P. lankensis is differentiated from the other three species by having a distinct median groove on the MLM and a posterior groove on the scutellum. See also remarks under P. nitifrons., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on pages 467-468, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Kerrich, G. (1974) Systematic studies on Eulophidae of economic significance (Hymenoptera, Chalcidoidea). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 63, 629 - 639. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300047866","Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C. A. B. International Institute of Entomology, Wallingford, 832 pp."]}

Key to species of Pleurotroppopsis 1 Female............................................................................................. 2 - Male.............................................................................................. 15 2(1) Mesoscutum covered with dense setae (e.g. Figs 6d, 18a)...................................................... 3 - Mesoscutum with 4 pairs of setae: one pair on MLM, one pair on triangular notaular depressions, and remaining 2 pairs on LLM (one pair on the prominent shoulder of mesoscutum) (e.g. Fig. 10b)............................................. 4 3(2) Upper margin of scrobes deeply incised in the middle (Fig. 18b and figs 5, 6 in Kamijo 1977); lateral ocelli moderate in size (OOL as long as maximum width of lateral ocellus); scape whitish in basal 1/2; fore leg with tarsomeres 1–3 white and tarsomere 4 brown (Fig. 18b); East Asia.................................................. P. tischeriae (Kamijo) - Upper margin of scrobes shallowly incised in the middle (Fig. 6c); lateral ocelli small (OOL much longer than maximum width of lateral ocellus (5: 3), Fig. 6a); scape entirely blackish (Fig. 6c); fore leg with tarsomeres dark brown with blue tinge (Fig. 6b); Japan.............................................................................. P. hirta (Kamijo) 4(2) Metafemur without teeth along ventral margin (e.g. Fig. 7c).................................................... 5 - Metafemur with teeth along ventral margin (e.g. Fig. 5b)..................................................... 11 5(4) Scutellum with broad foveae (Figs 14a, 15b); Malaysia................................... P. peukscutella Cao & Zhu - Scutellum without foveae (e.g. Fig. 2b).................................................................... 6 6(5) Propodeum with about 13 setae on each submedian area (Fig. 11a); Japan........................... P. lunata (Kamijo) - Propodeum with submedian areas bare, without setae......................................................... 7 7(6) Metatibia completely and mesotibia mainly whitish (Fig. 10a); frontovertex with distinct raised polygonal reticulation, individual meshes shallow with flat bottom; Sri Lanka......................................... P. lankensis Kerrich - All tibiae predominantly or completely dark brown; frontovertex with different sculpture............................ 8 8(7) Frontovertex shiny, with engraved reticulation only vaguely indicated; in anterior view width of upper face up to 0.35× width of head; ocellar triangle distinctly acute, with OOL less than largest width of lateral ocellus (4: 5); Malayan Peninsula........................................................................................... P. nitifrons Bouček - Frontovertex slightly dull, with very fine engraved reticulation or conspicuous piliferous punctation; in anterior view width of upper face relatively greater than in alternate, more than 0.4× width of head; ocellar triangle right-angled or slightly obtuse, with OOL at least as long as largest diameter of lateral ocellus.................................................. 9 9(8) MLM with a distinct median groove in at least posterior 2/3 (Figs 16a, 16b); scape brown with ventral area paler in basal 1/3 (Fig. 16d); pronotal collar with dense setae (Fig. 16b) compared to alternate; dorsellum sculptured; gaster stout and distinctly piliferous-punctate (Figs 16d, 16e); East Africa and Madagascar................................... P. pilosa (Risbec) - MLM with a reduced median groove, indicated posteriorly only (e.g. Fig. 8b); scape whitish with brown apex; pronotal collar with less dense setae compared to alternate; dorsellum smooth; gaster slender and less piliferous-punctate than in alternate (e.g. Fig. 7a)............................................................................................ 10 10(9) Scutellum with nearly uniform engraved reticulation, without distinct transverse striation (Fig. 8b); MLM faintly sculptured and smooth only along posterior margin (Fig. 8b); lateral margin of dorsellum straight (Fig. 8b); Asia.. P. japonica (Kamijo) - Scutellum with transverse engraved striation in middle 1/3; MLM with a distinct smooth apex (Fig. 12c); lateral margin of dorsellum rounded (Fig. 12a); Australia................................................. P. maculatipennis Girault 11(4) MLM with a median groove posteriorly (e.g. Fig. 17b), though sometimes irregular and ill-defined (Fig. 11a)........... 12 - MLM without any trace of a median groove (e.g. Fig. 4b).................................................... 13 12(11) Frontovertex with a median groove extending from anterior ocellus to straight frontal carina (Fig. 3c); posterior 1/2 of MLM with a narrow median groove that is narrower than 1/2 the width of a notaular depression (Fig. 2b); scutellum with sublateral grooves narrow because of small punctures (Fig. 2b) and row of punctures outside sublateral grooves distinct (Fig. 2b); China................................................................................ P. dactylispae Cao & Zhu - Frontovertex without a median groove and face with frontal carina sinuate; posterior 1/2 of MLM with a broad median depression that is wider than 1/2 the width of a notaular depression (Fig. 17b); scutellum with sublateral grooves broad because of broad punctures and row of punctures outside sublateral grooves indistinct (Fig. 17b); Africa.... P. podagrica (Waterston) 13(11) Scutellum with numerous setae (Fig. 5a), and without sublateral grooves and transverse posterior groove (Fig. 5a); India............................................................................ P. femorata (Surekha & Narendran) - Scutellum with one pair of setae (e.g. Fig. 9b), and with sublateral grooves and transverse posterior groove (e.g. Fig. 9b).. 14 14(13) Face between frontal carina and toruli distinctly depressed; Gt 6 with a horn at each posterolateral corner (Figs 4a, 4b); South Asia...................................................................... P. dentata (Surekha & Narendran) - Face between frontal carina and toruli not depressed; posterior margin of Gt6 straight, without horns posterolaterally (Fig. 9a); Indonesia............................................................................... P. javana Bouček 15(2) Mesoscutum covered with dense setae (Fig. 18f); Japan...................................... P. tischeriae (Kamijo) - Mesoscutum with 4 pairs of setae: one pair on mid lobe, one pair on triangular notaular depressions, and remaining 2 pairs on LLM (one pair on the prominent shoulder of mesoscutum) (e.g. Fig. 2j)......................................... 16 16(15) Metafemur with teeth along ventral margin (e.g. Fig. 3f)..................................................... 17 - Metafemur without teeth along ventral margin............................................................. 19 17(16) Mesoscutum with a median groove posteriorly (e.g. Figs 2h, 17d); scutellum with one pair of setae................... 18 - Mesoscutum without any trace of a median groove; scutellum with numerous setae; India. P. femorata (Surekha & Narendran) 18(17) Legs with tibiae white, in contrast to metallic coxae (Fig. 3f); China.......................... P. dactylispae Cao & Zhu - Legs with tibiae dark brown (Fig. 17e); Africa........................................... P. podagrica (Waterston) 19(16) Propodeum with one seta on each submedian area; Japan........................................ P. lunata (Kamijo) - Propodeum without setae on submedian areas.............................................................. 20 20(19) Scutellum with broad foveae (Fig. 15g); Malaysia....................................... P. peukscutella Cao & Zhu - Scutellum without foveae (e.g. Fig. 2h)................................................................... 21 21(20) Axilla with numerous setae; tibiae dark brown; fore wing infuscate below MV; scutellum with distinct engraved reticulation and a distinct groove posteriorly; East Africa and Madagascar..................................... P. pilosa (Risbec) - Axilla with one seta; tibiae whitish to pale brown; fore wing hyaline; scutellum with weak engraved reticulation, and without posterior groove..................................................................................... 22 22(21) MLM with a reduced median groove that is distinct in posterior 1/5 (Fig. 7f); metatibia dark brown; Asia................................................................................................... P. japonica (Kamijo) - MLM with a distinct narrow median groove in posterior 2/3; metatibia entirely whitish; Sri Lanka...... P. lankensis Kerrich, Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on pages 455-456, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Kamijo, K. (1977) Five new species of Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from Japan. Kontyu, 45 (2), 253 - 261."]}

Pleurotroppopsis tischeriae (Kamijo, 1977) (Fig. 18) Cotterellia tischeriae Kamijo, 1977: 258–260. Holotype ♀, HUMJ (examined). Pleurotroppopsis tischeriae (Kamijo, 1977), Bouček, 1988: 710. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna brown with scape predominantly whitish, infuscate only apically. Fore wing broadly infuscate below MV, with speculum reduced (Fig. 18c). Upper margin of scrobes incised medially, hence frontal carina sinuate (Fig. 18b). Ocelli in a right-angled triangle. Mesoscutum with numerous setae evenly distributed over surface, including notaular depressions; MLM without a trace of a median groove (Fig. 18a). Axilla evenly tuberculate with numerous setae (Figs 18a, 18c). Scutellum with posterior groove. Dorsellum smooth with posterior margin weakly carinate (Fig. 18a). Propodeum with plicae angled inwards in the middle, and with a transverse weak carina usually extending from the angulation to the median carina (Fig. 18a, fig. 6 in Kamijo 1977). Gt 1 smooth with a row of setae posteriorly (Fig. 18c). Metafemur with teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Differs from female in the following characters. Vertex transverse with ocelli in an obtuse-angled triangle (Fig. 18f). Face between frontal carina and toruli weakly depressed, and frontal carina not raised or incised. Antenna with scape metallic in apical 2/5, and white in basal 3/5; funiculars stalked apically, with long, erect, white setae (Fig. 18e). Fore and mid legs white except for metallic blue coxae and infuscate claws; hind leg with coxa and femur metallic blue, tibia and tarsomeres white but claws infuscate (Fig. 18e). Gastral tergites almost smooth. Wings hyaline (Fig. 18e). Material examined. Type material. Holotype ♀, Bibai, Hokkaido, ex. Tischeria sp. on Quercus mongolica, em. 17.VIII.1975, coll. K. Kamijo (HUMJ); paratypes: 1♀, Bibai, Hokkaido, 10.VIII.1975, coll. Kamijo, ex. Tischeriae sp. on Quercus mongolica (HUMJ); 1♀ 3♂, Sapporo, Hokkaido, ex. Tischeria sp. on Quercus dentata, em. 28.I– 16.II.1956, coll. T. Kumata; 1♀ 1♂, ex. Tischeria sp., em. 1–15.VII.1959 (HUMJ). Other material examined. 1♀, CHINA: Jilin, Jilin Agricultural University, the Department of Biological Control, 5.VI–12.VI.2015, coll. Huan-Xi Cao (IZCAS). Biology. The type specimens were recorded from a lepidopteran leaf-miner species, a Tischeria sp. (Lepidoptera: Tischeriidae), mining leaves of Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb and Quercus dentata Thunb. (Kamijo 1977). Distribution. China: Jilin (new distribution record); Japan; Korea. Remarks. See remarks under P. hirta., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on pages 478-480, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Kamijo, K. (1977) Five new species of Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from Japan. Kontyu, 45 (2), 253 - 261.","Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C. A. B. International Institute of Entomology, Wallingford, 832 pp."]}

Pleurotroppopsis podagrica (Waterston, 1925) (Fig. 17) Cotterellia podagrica Waterston, 1925: 389. Holotype ♀, NHMUK (B.M. TYPE HYM. 5.1340, examined). Pleurotroppopsis podagrica (Waterston, 1925), Bouček, 1988: 711. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna including scape dark brown. Fore wing broadly infuscate below MV, with speculum reduced (Fig. 17a). Frontovertex without a median groove below anterior ocellus. Face between frontal carina and toruli moderately depressed, with frontal carina sinuate (fig. 3E in Gumovsky 2007). Ocelli in a slightly acute (almost right-angled) triangle (Fig. 17a). MLM with weakly raised transverse reticulation in about anterior 1/2 and engraved reticulation elsewhere; MLM with a broad median groove that is a little more than 1/2 as broad as posterior margin of MLM (Fig. 17b). Scutellum with engraved reticulation between sublateral grooves, which are expressed as broad punctures; with a row of indistinct punctures outside sublateral grooves resulting in a narrow carina between the row of punctures and sublateral grooves (Fig. 17b). Axilla with numerous setae in posterior nonmetallic part. Dorsellum almost smooth but with longitudinal carinae medially and laterally (Fig. 17b). Propodeum with submedian areas with irregular transverse carinae. Gt 1 polished with dorsal surface having only one row of setae posterolaterally. Metafemur with teeth along ventral margin (fig. 3D in Gumovsky 2007). MALE. Differs from female in the following characters. Fore wing hyaline. Upper margin of scrobes and frontal carina not incised or sinuate. Median depression of MLM reduced (Fig. 17e). Gt 1 polished, without setae posterolaterally in dorsal view (Fig. 17d). Material examined. Type material. Holotype ♀, Africa, Gold Coast, Aburi, 8.XII.1925, G. S. Cotterell. No. 11, Pres. by. I.B.E, ex. pupa of Coelaenomenodera elaeidis, Maul. var. (pupa) (NHMUK, B.M. TYPE HYM. 5.1340); paratypes 2♀ 1♂, same data as holotype (NHMUK). Other material examined. 1♀, South Africa, Port St. Johns, Pondoland, XII.1923, coll. R. E. Turner (NHMUK); 2♀, W. Ghana: Pretsea ex. Coel. elaeidis, 30. I. 1967, G. Bernon, Bouček 1988 det. (NHMUK); 1♀, Cameroun, Ndian dist, Lobe Estate, 30.XI.1988, ex. larva of oil palm, leaf miner sp. 11 CIE A20112, det. Z. Bouček 1988 (NHMUK). Biology. A total of two host species records are known for P. podagrica —a primary parasitoid of Coelaenomenodera elaeidis Maulik and Dorcathispa bellicosa (Guérin-Méneville) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). Distribution. Benin; Cameroon; Ghana; Ivory Coast; South Africa (Bouček 1976). Remarks. There is a variation in body color for the examined specimens, predominantly metallic blue or metallic green, but always with more or less violet or purple tinges. Usually, metallic blue individuals have a stronger purple tinge. Most examined specimens have a broad and distinct posterior median depression on the MLM, occasionally slightly narrowing posteriorly but always at least 1/2 as broad as the posterior margin of the MLM. This breadth of the median depression distinguishes P. podagrica from P. dactylispae. In P. podagrica, the median depression is usually as long as or slightly longer than the notaular depressions, but sometimes it is reduced to a sub-rounded fovea posteriorly that is slightly shorter than the notaular depressions. In the examined specimens there is also a variation in the color of the tarsi, the first 3 tarsomeres being white in most specimens or occasionally slightly infuscate, but some specimens have tarsomeres 1–3 of the fore leg brown. See also remarks under P. dactylispae., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on page 477, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Waterston, J. (1925) On some Eulophid Parasites (Hym., Chalcidoidea) of the Oil Palm Hispid Beetle. Bulletin of Entomological Research, 15, 385 - 395. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 000748530004640 X","Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C. A. B. International Institute of Entomology, Wallingford, 832 pp.","Gumovsky, A. (2007) Taxonomic notes on genera allied to Pleurotroppopsis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Entedoninae) with description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region. Zootaxa, 1415 (1), 1 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1415.1.1","Boucek, Z. (1976) The African and Asiatic species of Trichospilus and Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 65, 669 - 681. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300006362"]}

Pleurotroppopsis hirta (Kamijo, 1977) (Fig. 6) Cotterellia hirta Kamijo, 1977: 260–261. Holotype ♀, HUMJ (examined). Pleurotroppopsis hirta (Kamijo, 1977), Bouček, 1988: 711. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna entirely bluish black. Fore wing broadly infuscate below MV, with speculum reduced (Fig. 6b). Upper margin of scrobes slightly incised medially and frontal carina broadly sinuate medially (Figs 6a, 6c). Ocelli in a right-angled triangle. Mesoscutum with numerous setae evenly distributed over entire surface, including notaular depressions; MLM without a median groove or a trace of median groove (Figs 6d, 6e). Axilla tuberculate with numerous setae (Figs 6d, 6e). Scutellum with sublateral and posterior grooves (Figs 6d, 6e). Dorsellum smooth. Propodeum with plicae angled inwards in the middle, and with a transverse, weak carina running from the angulation to median carina (Fig. 6e). Gt 1 smooth with 2 irregular rows of setae posteriorly (Fig. 6d). Metafemur with teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Unknown. Material examined. Type material. Holotype ♀, Utonai, near Tomakomai, Hokkaido, ex. Tischeria sp., em. 1.VI.1970, T. Kumata (HUMJ); paratype ♀, same data as holotype (HUMJ). Biology. The type specimens of P. hirta were reared from Tischeria sp. (Lepidoptera: Lyonetiidae) attacking Sanguisorba tenuifolia Fisch. (Rosaceae). Distribution. China: Hainan (Bouček 1988); Japan (Kamijo 1977). Remarks. Besides the features given in the key, P. hirta differs from P. tischeriae in the following characters: Gt 1 with 2 irregular rows of setae near the posterior margin (one row in P. tischeriae); frontovertex with only a trace of a median groove (distinct in P. tischeriae); dorsellum with posterior margin more weakly carinate; propodeum more weakly reticulate in posterior part of submedian areas. Its setose mesoscutum indicates a close relationship between P. hirta and P. tischeriae, as suggested by Bouček’s (1988) species group assignment. Our phylogenetic analysis supports the species group because P. hirta and P. tischeriae differ in only one character in the matrix of morphological characters (Table 2). However, contrary to the discussion of Bouček (1988), the phylogenetic analysis (Fig. 19) does not support the remaining known species of Pleurotroppopsis forming a monophyletic species group. Among the species, P. dentata clusters with P. hirta and P. tischeriae in the tree generated by parsimony analysis, though because of few autapomorphies (Fig. 19, Tables 2, 3) it is still uncertain whether they are closely related. Pleurotroppopsis dentata is easily distinguished from P. hirta and P. tischeriae by the characters given in the key to species., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on page 463, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Kamijo, K. (1977) Five new species of Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from Japan. Kontyu, 45 (2), 253 - 261.","Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C. A. B. International Institute of Entomology, Wallingford, 832 pp."]}

Pleurotroppopsis dactylispae Cao & Zhu, sp. nov. (Figs 2, 3) Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna with base of scape whitish ventrally, pedicel metallic blue, and other parts dark brown. Fore wing broadly infuscate below MV, with speculum reduced (Fig. 3d). Frontal carina almost straight. Ocelli in a strongly acute-angled (equilateral) triangle. Postorbital groove strong and broad, forming a distinct carina along upper part of temple, visible on vertex (Fig. 2e). MLM with a narrow median groove posteriorly not reaching mid-length (Figs 2a, 3b). Scutellum with sublateral and posterior (narrowly interrupted in the middle) grooves expressed as broad punctures, and with a row of punctures outside sublateral grooves resulting in a narrow carina between row of punctures and sublateral groove (Fig. 3b). Axilla with numerous setae mainly in anterior metallic part and with transverse carinae in posterior dull part. Dorsellum entirely punctate and with a median carina (Fig. 2c). Propodeum with submedian areas sculptured with irregular transverse carinae and small fine punctures (Fig. 2c); spiracular areas setose posteriorly. Metafemur with teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Differs from female in the following characters. Funiculars subequal in length, with distinctly long setae, and stalked apically. Fore wing hyaline. Tibiae and tarsomeres white with claws brown. Median groove of MLM in posterior 2/3 (Figs 2h, 3f). Dorsellum almost smooth (Fig. 2j). Metafemur with a few weak teeth along ventral margin. Description. FEMALE. Body length 2.3–3.0 mm. Body metallic blue with strong violet tinge, especially on mesoscutum and scutellum. Scape (except for whitish ventral base) and pedicel with metallic tinge similar to body, flagellum brown with slightly metallic blue tinge. Legs, except for tarsomeres, similar in color to body; three basal tarsomeres whitish and the fourth tarsomere brown. Fore wing disc broadly infuscate below MV, hind wing slightly infuscate (Figs 2a, 2d). Antenna with 3-segmented funicle and 2-segmented clava, funicle not clearly separated from clava; pedicel more than 2× as long as broad and almost as long as the first funicular; each funicular much longer than broad, weakly decreasing in length towards clava (1.0: 0.8: 0.7). Face between frontal carina and toruli weakly depressed and strongly reticulate; frontal carina straight and weakly raised (Fig. 3c). Frontovertex piliferous-punctate, with a median groove extending from anterior ocellus to frontal carina (Fig. 3c). Head in dorsal view transverse, 3× as broad as its median length (6: 2), almost as broad as mesoscutum. Postorbital groove broad with distinct carina except in anterior 1/3. Ocelli in a distinctly acuteangled (equilateral) triangle. POL longer than OOL (0.8: 0.5). Occiput weakly margined between eyes, with short longitudinal carinae above transoccipital ridge (Figs 2a, 3b). Pronotal collar sharply margined, with many evenly distributed short setae in addition to 6 long bristles; collar impressed in anterior 2/5 because of broad punctures, and smooth in posterior 3/5, and with sides diverging caudad so that lateral angle attached closely to side of mesoscutum (Fig. 2a). Mesoscutum with 4 pairs of setae: one pair on MLM, one pair on notaular depressions, and remaining 2 pairs on outer corners of LLM. MLM with weakly raised reticulation in anterior 1/3 and engraved reticulation in posterior 2/3; MLM with a distinct but narrow median groove in roughly posterior 2/5; notauli distinct and complete, with posterior 2/3 developed as inner margin of triangular and polished notaular depression. LLM with engraved reticulation transversely elongate (Figs 2a, 2b). Scutellum wider than long (4.8: 3.8), with engraved reticulation on disc surrounded by sublateral and posterior grooves expressed as distinct broad punctures, and with a row of punctures outside sublateral groove, resulting in a narrow carina between sublateral groove and row of punctures (Fig. 2b). Axilla with weak engraved reticulation and numerous setae in anterior metallic part, and with irregular short carinae in posterior dull part. Dorsellum entirely punctate, with a median carina and distinct lateral up-turned tooth. Propodeum with distinct plicae diverging posteriorly, forming obtuse angle with posterior margin (Fig. 2c); submedian areas of propodeum sculptured with irregular transverse carinae and small fine punctures, and with broad punctures along posterior margin; spiracular areas with irregular transverse carinae; spiracular area delimited by the plica and a carina lateral to spiracle; callus setose (Fig. 2c). Petiole transverse (Fig. 2c). Gaster subcircular, slightly longer than broad (8.0: 7.3) and longer than mesosoma (8.0: 6.3), with obtuse but pointed apex (Fig. 2d). Gt 1 longer than other tergites, comprising about 0.36× gaster length; with distinct median groove in inclined part, with most of dorsal surface smooth, but piliferous-punctate laterally and with setae much longer than those on other tergites; and with an incomplete row of setae near posterior margin, interrupted in the middle; with an eye-like patch on each side close to base (Fig. 2d). Gt 2–6 distinctly piliferous-punctate, and Gt 7 almost smooth. Gt 5 with posterior margin distinctly arched, and Gt 5–6 with punctures much stronger than the other tergites. Fore wing densely setose with a large infuscate area below MV, apex of fore wing hyaline distad STV; speculum reduced, quite small (Fig. 3d); relative length of SMV: MV: PMV: STV = 3.1: 9.5: 1.4: 0.7. Legs strong, metafemur broad and with distinct teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Besides sexual characters, the male differs from the female in the following characters. Body length 1.6–1.9 mm. Body less metallic. Tibiae and tarsomeres white with claws brown (Fig. 3f). Wings hyaline. Funiculars subequal in length, with distinctly long setae, and stalked apically (Fig. 2i). Occiput with carina between eyes. Collar of pronotum less setose, especially in smooth posterior 3/5 (Fig. 2j). MLM with a median groove in posterior 2/3 (Fig. 3f). Axilla less setose. Scutellum longer than broad. Dorsellum without lateral up-turned teeth and distinct punctures. Submedian areas of propodeum with superficial carinae or rugosity, almost smooth (Fig. 2j). Gt 1 polished, Gt 2–7 without punctures and less setose (Fig. 2k). Metafemur with a few weak teeth along ventral margin. Type material. Holotype ♀, CHINA: Guangxi, Guangxi Agricultural College, coll. Yang, ex. Dactylispa setifera (Chapuis) (IOZ(E)221446, IZCAS). Paratypes: 3♀ 3♂, same data as holotype (IOZ(E)221447–IOZ(E)221452, IZCAS). Etymology. From the host genus name “ Dactylispa ”. Biology. Type specimens were reared from Dactylispa setifera (Chapuis) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Hispinae) attacking Zea mays L. (Poaceae). Distribution. China: Guangxi. Remarks. Pleurotroppopsis dactylispae runs to P. podagrica using Bouček’s (1976) key to the Asiatic and African species. Besides the features given in the key above, P. dactylispae differs from P. podagrica in the following characters: mesoscutum and scutellum with smaller meshes of engraved reticulation; dorsellum mainly punctate; and submedian areas of propodeum with more rugosity. Pleurotroppopsis dactylispae, P. javana and P. podagrica are the only known species having the scutellum punctate outside the sublateral grooves. In these three species, 2 rows of punctures on each side of scutellum form a narrow carina, which is much narrower and less distinct in P. dactylispae than in P. javana and P. podagrica. Additionally, the row of punctures outside sublateral groove is more distinct in P. dactylispae than in the other two species. Pleurotroppopsis javana is readily distinguished from the other two species by having no median groove on the MLM. The three species form a clade in the most parsimonious tree (MPT) of this study, though with low bootstrap support, which indicates they may have a close relationship (Fig. 19). See also remarks under P. podagrica., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on pages 457-460, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Boucek, Z. (1976) The African and Asiatic species of Trichospilus and Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 65, 669 - 681. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300006362"]}

Pleurotroppopsis maculatipennis Girault, 1913 (Fig. 12) Pleurotroppopsis maculatipennis Girault, 1913: 149. Holotype ♀, QMB (Hy. 1651, examined). Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna brown except scape with proximal part white. Fore wing with a large dusky round spot below apex of MV and STV, with small speculum (Fig. 12c). Legs with white tarsomeres and blackish claws, and tibiae whitish apically (Figs 12b, 12c). MLM almost smooth posteriorly, with a reduced median groove that is difficult to discern. Scutellum between sublateral grooves with engraved transverse striation medially. Gt 1 with eye-like patches brown. MALE. Unknown. Material examined. Type material. Holotype ♀: card-mounted mesosoma and metasoma with labels “ Pleurotroppopsis maculatipennis Girault, Type, Bouček 1976 ”; slide-mounted antennae and head with labels “1651” (QMB, Hy. 1651). Biology. Unknown. Distribution. Australia: Queensland, Nelson (Cairns) (Girault 1913). Remarks. Pleurotroppopsis maculatipennis was described based on a single female collected by sweeping and has not been recorded since. The mesosoma and metasoma of the holotype are card-mounted, and the broken antennae (without the basal 1/2 of the scape) and head fragments are slide-mounted. Head features could not be discerned due to the fragmentation of the head of the holotype. Thus, it is unknown whether there are differences in the head characters between P. japonica and P. maculatipennis. Pleurotroppopsis maculatipennis is very similar to females of P. japonica, and additional material is required to establish if they are separate species. In the meantime, we have included differences based on the holotype of P. maculatipennis in the above diagnosis and the key to species for reference. See remarks under P. japonica., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on page 470, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Girault, A. A. (1913) Australian Hymenoptera Chalcidoidea-IV. The Family Eulophidae with descriptions of New Genera and Species. Memoirs of the Queensland Museum, 2, 140 - 296.","Boucek, Z. (1976) The African and Asiatic species of Trichospilus and Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 65, 669 - 681. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300006362"]}

Pleurotroppopsis nitifrons (Bouček, 1976) (Fig. 13) Cotterellia nitifrons Bouček, 1976: 677–678. Holotype ♀, NHMUK (B.M. TYPE HYM. 5.2397, examined). Pleurotroppopsis nitifrons (Bouček, 1976), Bouček, 1988: 711. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna with scape predominantly white, brown in apical 1/3 only. Fore wing weakly infuscate, with small speculum. Tibiae brown without metallic tinge; all tarsomeres white except for brown claws. Frontovertex with a median groove below anterior ocellus. Face between frontal carina and toruli weakly depressed; upper margin of scrobes not incised medially, and frontal carina straight. Ocelli in a strongly acute-angled (equilateral) triangle. MLM with transverse rugosity anteriorly and engraved reticulation posteriorly, without a median groove (Fig. 13b). Scutellum with punctures along sublateral grooves but without posterior transverse groove (Fig. 13b). Axilla with superficial reticulation, almost smooth, with one seta (Fig. 13b). Dorsellum polished. Submedian areas of propodeum with superficial reticulation, almost smooth (Fig. 13b). Gt 1 with polished dorsal surface (Fig. 13a). Metafemur without teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Unknown. Material examined. Type material. Holotype ♀, 20873, Malaysia Barat: Ptg. Bendahari, Province Wellesley, ex. within mines of Promecotheca cumingi, 21.III.1973, coll. Jabatan Pertanian (NHMUK, B.M. TYPE HYM. 5.2397); paratype ♀, same data as holotype (NHMUK). Other material examined. 1♀, India: Calicut Dist., Kerala, ex. leaf miner of Piper nigrum, det. Bouček (NHMUK). Biology. The type series were recorded from the coleopteran leafminer Promecotheca cumingii Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Hispinae) (Bouček 1976). Distribution. India (new distribution record); Malaysia (Bouček 1976). Remarks. Pleurotroppopsis nitifrons is likely close to P. maculatipennis and P. japonica based on the lack of a posterior groove on the scutellum, dorsellum polished, and metafemur smooth without teeth along the ventral margin. The possible close relationship between these three species is supported by the parsimony analysis based on morphological characters (Fig. 19) but requires further molecular evidence because the phylogeny is not well resolved based only on morphological characters. Females of P. nitifrons can be distinguished from those of P. japonica and P. maculatipennis by their sculptured posterior dull part of the axilla. In addition, P. nitifrons females have the mesoscutum with engraved reticulation that is much less transverse and the scutellum has denser and more distinct engraved reticulation that is weakly longitudinal. See also remarks under P. japonica., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on pages 471-472, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Boucek, Z. (1976) The African and Asiatic species of Trichospilus and Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 65, 669 - 681. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300006362","Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C. A. B. International Institute of Entomology, Wallingford, 832 pp."]}

Pleurotroppopsis japonica (Kamijo, 1977) (Figs 7, 8) Cotterellia japonica Kamijo, 1977: 257–258. Holotype ♀, HUMJ (examined). Pleurotroppopsis japonica (Kamijo, 1977), Bouček, 1988: 710. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Scape white with apical 1/4 to 2/5 infuscate. Fore wing disc weakly to distinctly infuscate below MV, with small speculum. Tibiae blackish brown, sometimes paler apically. Frontovertex with a median groove extending from anterior ocellus to frontal carina (Fig. 8a). Face between frontal carina and toruli hardly depressed; frontal carina straight. Ocelli in a nearly right-angled triangle. Collar of pronotum piliferous and depressed in anterior 1/2, smooth in posterior 1/2. MLM with engraved transverse reticulation, with a median groove reduced and only distinct posteriorly. Scutellum with a row of small punctures along sublateral grooves and without posterior groove. Axilla smooth and with one seta. Dorsellum polished. Propodeum with submedian areas and spiracular areas smooth and shiny; spiracular areas bare (Fig. 8b). Gaster slender, 1.5–1.7× as long as broad, weakly to distinctly acute apically (Figs 7a, 8c). Metafemur without teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Differs from female in the following characters. Scape dark brown and swollen, and flagellomeres stalked apically and with long, erect setae (Fig. 7f). Wings hyaline. Tibiae entirely white or brown, occasionally white with an infuscate line on dorsal surface. Gastral tergites piliferous but not punctate. Material examined. Type material. Holotype ♀, Kozagawa, Wakayama-Ken, Honshu, ex. Aristae sp. On Aster sp., 5.X.1973, em. Spring of 1974, coll. T. Kumata (HUMJ). Paratypes: 1♀, Sapporo Hokkaido, 17.VIII.1959, S. Nomoi, with an identification label “ Cotterellia japonica Kamijo ” (HUMJ); 1♀, Kii-Osima, em. 15.VI.1964, Honshu, T. Kumata, ex. Lithocolletis eyoniae Kumata, with an identification label “ Cotterellia japonica Kamijo ” (HUMJ); 1♀, Morioka Honshu, 12.V.1967, T. Uiiie, ex. Lithocolletis ringoniella Mat., with an identification label “ Cotterellia japonica Kamijo ” (HUMJ); 1♂, Futagoyama Shikawa. Ken Honshu, 3-3, 3hrs, 27 July 1975, coll. I. Togashi (HUMJ); 1♂, Morioka Honshu Japan, 11.V.1972, T. Ujiye, ex. Lithocolletis ringoniella Maisumura (HUMJ); 1♂, Zyozankei Hokkaido, 19.IX.1958, T. Kumata, ex. Lithocolletis tiliae Kumata (HUMJ). Other material examined. 1♀ 1♂, China, Hunan, Changsha, ex. larva of Gracilariidae attacking Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chow, 28.VII.1979, coll. Xinwang Tong (IZCAS); 6♀ 4♂, China, Hunan, Changsha, ex. larva of Gracilariidae attacking Ziziphus jujuba Mill. Var. spinosa (Bunge) Hu ex H. F. Chow, 10.VIII.1979, coll. Xinwang Tong (IZCAS); 1♀, China, Sichuan, Qingchengshan, 20.X.1983, coll. Changfang Li (IZCAS); 2♀, Philippines, Davao del Sur Digos, Nov. 1974 ex. Lep, det. Bouček 1985 (NHMUK). Biology. Pleurotroppopsis japonica has mainly been recorded attacking lepidopteran leafminers, especially Gracillariidae, and has occasionally been recorded from the weevil Rhynchaenus takabayashii Kôno (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and dipteran leafminers (Kamijo 1977; Kamijo 1990). Two females were reared from the larva-pupa of a species of Lyonetiidae (Lepidoptera) attacking Sophora japonica Linn. (Papilionaceae) in China. Distribution. China (new distribution record); Japan; Korea; Philippines (new distribution record). Remarks. Pleurotroppopsis japonica, along with P. maculatipennis, P. nitifrons and P. lankensis, has all tarsomeres white except for brown or blackish claws. Moreover, P. japonica, P. maculatipennis and P. nitifrons cluster together to form a branch with relatively high bootstrap support near P. lankensis (Fig. 19). The result of the parsimony analysis indicates a possible close relationship between P. nitifrons and the other two species, but this requires confirmation. Pleurotroppopsis nitifrons is readily distinguished from P. japonica and P. maculatipennis by the axilla being sculptured in its posterior dull part (see also remarks under P. nitifrons). However, P. japonica and P. maculatipennis are so similar that they share the same character states in the matrix used for the phylogenetic analysis; the branch including these two species is characterized by having the MLM almost smooth along its posterior margin and the axilla polished with only one seta (Figs 8b, 19, Table 2). In addition, these two species are characterized by the submedian areas of the propodeum being polished, although those of P. nitifrons can be considered as smooth but with very weak sculpture (but listed as smooth in the matrix, see Table 2). The holotype of P. japonica is differentiated from that of P. maculatipennis by the following characters: body bright bluish with green tinge (metallic blue-green in P. maculatipennis); antenna more slender (e.g. pedicel distinctly more than 2× as long as broad in P. japonica, vs distinctly less than 2× in P. maculatipennis); tibiae blackish brown without whitish apex (with whitish apex in P. maculatipennis); gaster more slender, about 2× as long as broad (about 1.8× in P. maculatipennis), and more acute, with Gt 6 converging in an angle of about 65° apically (about 75° in P. maculatipennis); Gt 1 eye-like patches whitish (brown in P. maculatipennis). However, the paratype series of P. japonica and Chinese specimens of P. cf. japonica show more variation in the above characters than originally described by Kamijo (1977), and the holotype of P. maculatipennis falls within what is interpreted as intraspecific variation of P. japonica. Because P. maculatipennis is only known from the holotype, the validity of P. japonica is uncertain based on morphology. However, until molecular data for material from Japan, Australia and other zoological regions is available, we treat P. japonica and P. maculatipennis as separate species and determine the Chinese specimens as P. japonica., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on pages 464-466, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Kamijo, K. (1977) Five new species of Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) from Japan. Kontyu, 45 (2), 253 - 261.","Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C. A. B. International Institute of Entomology, Wallingford, 832 pp.","Kamijo, K. (1990) Notes on Pleurotroppopsis (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae) and its allied genera, with descriptions of four new species from Japan. Japanese Journal of Entomology, 58, 816 - 826."]}

Pleurotroppopsis dentata (Surekha & Narendran, 1988) (Fig. 4) Atullya dentata Surekha & Narendran, 1988: 195. Holotype ♀, DZUC (not examined). Pleurotroppopsis dentata (Surekha & Narendran, 1988), Gumovsky, 2007: 10. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna predominantly dark brown. Fore wing infuscate below STV and apical part of MV to broadly infuscate below MV, with speculum reduced (Fig. 4b). Frontovertex without a median groove below anterior ocellus; frontal carina sinuate because upper margin of scrobes incised in the middle (Fig. 4d). Ocelli in an obtuse-angled triangle. Occiput with irregular longitudinal carinae above transverse transoccipital ridge (Fig. 4b). MLM with raised reticulation, without a median groove (Figs 4a, 4b). Scutellum with sublateral and posterior grooves expressed as narrow punctures; posterior groove slightly incised medially (Figs 4a–4c). Axilla with numerous setae, mainly in anterior metallic part. Dorsellum with a row of punctures along anterior margin in anterior 1/2 (Fig. 4c). Propodeum with submedian areas with distinct punctures and some short transverse carinae except for depressed and irregularly sculptured anterolateral corners (Fig. 4c); spiracular areas setose and sculptured posteriorly. Gt 1 posteriorly with setae arranged in about 2 irregular rows and sculptured anteriorly (Fig. 4a); Gt 6 with a distinct horn in each posterolateral corner (Figs 4a, 4b). Metafemur with teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Unknown. Material examined. Type material. Paratype: 1♀, India, Kerala, Calicut University, coll. Narendran Party, 10.II.1987, labeled with ‘ Atullya dentata sp. N., det. Surekha & Narendran, 1988 ’ (NHMUK). Other material examined. 1♀, India, Ut. Pr.: Dehra Dun 20.X.1979, Bouček, Bouček det. 1989 (NHMUK). 1♀, India, Ut. Pr.: Dehra Dun 21.X.1979, Bouček, Bouček det. 1989 (NHMUK); 1♀, India, Tamil N., Madras, 2.XI.1979, Bouček, Bouček. Det. 1989 (NHMUK); 1♀, India, Hyderabad, Patancheru, ICRISAT, VII-IX, 1980, M. Trap, coll. Bernays & Woodhead, det. Z. Bouček, 1988 (NHMUK); 1♀, India, Hyderabad, Patancheru, ICRISAT, VII-IX, 1980, M. Trap, coll. Bernays & Woodhead, with an identification label “ Pleurotroppopsis javana, det. Bouček ”, det. Huan-Xi Cao 2017 (NHMUK); 1♀, China, Yunnan, Malipo, Babuxiang, Jiangdong, 2.XI.2016, coll. Xue-Mei Yang (IZCAS). Biology. Unknown. Distribution. China: Yunnan (new distribution record); India. Remarks. Females of Pleurotroppopsis dentata are uniquely differentiated by having distinct horns in the posterolateral corners of Gt 6. Females also have distinct longitudinal carinae on the occiput, which are also characteristic of 5 other species (P. dactylispae, P. hirta, P. peukscutella, P. podagrica and P. tischeriae), but in these latter species the carinae are weak and short and difficult to discern under the light of a stereomicroscope. There is, however, currently no other evidence supporting a possible close relationship between these species. In the parsimony analysis based on morphological characters, P. dentata was clustered with the clade of P. hirta and P. tischeriae, though the low bootstrap value indicates unreliable phylogenetic relationships between these 2 branches, each of which has 4 nonhomplasious characters (autapomorphies for the branch of P. dentata, and synapomorphies for the other branch) (Fig. 19). This is possibly because of insufficient taxon sampling, and further sampling might reveal other undescribed species between these 2 branches. For now, the relationship between P. dentata and P. hirta and P. tischeriae remains uncertain., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on page 460, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Surekha, K. & Narendran, T. (1988) A new genus and two new species of Eulophidae (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea) from India. Uttar Pradesh Journal of Zoology, 8, 191.","Gumovsky, A. (2007) Taxonomic notes on genera allied to Pleurotroppopsis (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae, Entedoninae) with description of a new genus from the Afrotropical region. Zootaxa, 1415 (1), 1 - 16. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1415.1.1","Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C. A. B. International Institute of Entomology, Wallingford, 832 pp."]}

Pleurotroppopsis javana (Bouček, 1976) (Fig. 9) Cotterellia javana Bouček, 1976: 679. Holotype ♀, NHMUK (B.M. TYPE HYM. 5.2398, examined). Pleurotroppopsis javana (Bouček, 1976), Bouček, 1988: 711. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna with base of scape white, otherwise brown. Fore wing infuscate except apex hyaline, with speculum reduced (Fig. 9a). Frontovertex with a median groove extending from anterior ocellus to frontal carina. Face between frontal carina and toruli hardly depressed; upper margin of scrobes weakly incised in the middle, and frontal carina slightly sinuate and raised. Ocelli in a right-angled triangle. MLM with engraved reticulation and without a median groove. Scutellum with sublateral and posterior grooves formed by narrow punctures; with a row of punctures outside sublateral grooves, resulting in a narrow carina between this row of punctures and sublateral grooves (Fig. 9b). Axilla with one seta in anterior metallic part and setose in posterior dull part (Fig. 9b). Dorsellum with deep foveae and a longitudinal median carina (Fig. 9b). Propodeum with submedian areas with fine reticulation and some irregular transverse carinae; spiracular areas setose posteriorly and with irregular sculpture (Fig. 9b). Metafemur with indistinct teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Unknown. Material examined. Type material. Holotype ♀, Java, Buitenzorg, II.1932, coll. T. H C Taylor, ex. Hispine “E” in bamboo, with an identification label “ HOLOTYPE ♀, Cotterellia javana sp. N., det. Z. Bouček, 1975” (NHMUK, B.M. TYPE HYM. 5.2398); paratype ♀, same data as holotype (NHMUK). Other material examined. 1♀, India: Tamil N. Jawad Pills, 14.XII.1978, JAP-IND Co TR (HUMJ). Biology. The type specimens were reared from an unidentified hispine leaf-miner (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Hispinae) on bamboo (Bouček 1976). Distribution. India (new distribution record); Indonesia: Java. Remarks. See remarks under P. dactylispae., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on page 467, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Boucek, Z. (1976) The African and Asiatic species of Trichospilus and Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 65, 669 - 681. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300006362","Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C. A. B. International Institute of Entomology, Wallingford, 832 pp."]}

Pleurotroppopsis pilosa (Risbec, 1952) (Fig. 16) Eurycranium pilosum Risbec, 1952: 327. Lectotype ♀, MNHN (not examined), designated by Bouček, 1976: 678–679. Cotterellia pilosa (Risbec, 1952), Bouček, 1976: 678–679. Pleurotroppopsis pilosa (Risbec, 1952), Bouček, 1988: 711. Diagnosis. FEMALE. Scape brown with basal 1/3 whitish ventrally (Fig. 16d). Fore wing broadly infuscate below MV, with speculum reduced (Fig. 16a). Tibiae, especially metatibia, progressively paler towards apex; fore leg with tarsi infuscate, mid and hind legs with tarsomeres 1–3 pale yellow, and tarsomere 4 dark brown (Fig. 16e). Frontovertex with a median groove below anterior ocellus and extending to frontal carina (Fig. 16f). Face between frontal carina and toruli hardly depressed, upper margin of scrobes not incised medially, and frontal carina straight (Fig. 16f). Ocelli in a nearly right-angled (slightly obtuse) triangle. MLM with a narrow median groove, distinct at least in posterior 2/3 (Fig. 16a). Scutellum with sublateral and posterior grooves expressed as punctures and with engraved reticulation between scutellar grooves (Figs 16a, 16b). Axilla weakly sculptured with 5 or 6 setae. Dorsellum with longitudinal carinae as in P. podagrica. Propodeum with submedian areas sculptured with irregular transverse carinae and weakly engraved reticulation. Gt 1 with dorsal surface polished and with numerous setae laterally. Metafemur without teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Differs from female in the following characters. Ocelli in an obtuse-angled triangle. Dorsellum with a row of punctures along anterior margin. Legs with whitish tarsomeres. Gaster without punctures. Material examined. 1♀, Abyssinia: Edge of Djem-Djem Forest. circa 9,000 ft. 4.X.1926, coll. Dr. H. Scott, det. Z. Bouček (NHMUK); 1♂, NE. Madagascar: Sambava, VIII.1974, per D. Mariau (IRHO), ex. Coelaenomenodera perrieri on Balyana sp., with identification label “ Cotterellia pilosa (Risbec) det. Z. Bouček, 1975” (NHMUK); 1♀, S. Africa. R. E. Turner. Brit. Mus. 1924-109. Port St. John, Pondoland, 29.I–5.II.1924, Z. Bouček (NHMUK). Biology. A male identified as P. pilosa by Bouček was recorded from Coelaenomenodera perrieri Fairmaire (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Hispinae), which represents a new host record. However, this host record needs to be verified by confirming the conspecificity with the lectotype (see remarks under this species). Distribution. Ethiopia; Madagascar; South Africa (Bouček 1976). Remarks. As noted by Bouček (1976), P. pilosa resembles P. podagrica in the following characters: ocelli forming an acute triangle, pronotal collar pilose, MLM with a distinct median groove, and stout gaster distinctly piliferous-punctate. However, a key difference, the absence of teeth along the ventral margin of the metafemur, directs P. pilosa away from P. podagrica in the key to species (see couplet 4). In the large clade comprising the bottom half of the most parsimonious tree in Fig. 19, P. pilosa and P. peukscutella are the only ones without metafemoral teeth, whereas the other six species have ventral teeth on the metafemur. Bouček (1976) used the lateral angles of the pronotum to distinguish P. podagrica from P. javana and P. pilosa, but this character is not very useful to distinguish Pleurotroppopsis species because almost all have the lateral angles closely attached to mesoscutal sides, with only slight interspecific differences. Bouček (1976) mentioned that intra- versus interspecific morphological variation in P. pilosa and P. podagrica was uncertain because of insufficient sampling. Nevertheless, a female collected in South Africa, and deposited in NHMUK, which has similar scutellum sculpture to Parahorismenus, was identified as P. pilosa by Bouček. This specimen probably belongs to an undescribed species based on the sculpture of the scutellum, which has punctures and engraved reticulation on a large disc between lateral and posterior grooves. This indicates that the female is likely closely related to P. peukscutella. This potentially new species is not described here because of insufficient number of specimens. The relationship between P. pilosa and P. podagrica as well as their relationship to other Pleurotroppopsis species is uncertain because of the lack of specimens and evidence other than morphology, as is indicated by the results of the parsimony analysis. The differences between male and female P. pilosa are based on a single male deposited in NHMUK and identified by Bouček as listed in the material examined. Based on its morphology and Bouček’s identification we considered this male to be conspecific with the known females of P. pilosa, but this remains to be confirmed., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on pages 475-476, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395, {"references":["Risbec, J. (1952) Contribution a l'etude des chalcidoides de Madagascar. Institut scientifique de Madagascar, Paris, 449 pp.","Boucek, Z. (1976) The African and Asiatic species of Trichospilus and Cotterellia (Hymenoptera, Eulophidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research, 65, 669 - 681. https: // doi. org / 10.1017 / S 0007485300006362","Boucek, Z. (1988) Australasian Chalcidoidea (Hymenoptera). A biosystematic revision of genera of fourteen families, with a reclassification of species. C. A. B. International Institute of Entomology, Wallingford, 832 pp."]}

Pleurotroppopsis peukscutella Cao & Zhu, sp. Nov. (Figs 14, 15) Diagnosis. FEMALE. Antenna brown except base of scape white (Fig. 14d). Fore wing weakly infuscate below MV, with speculum reduced (Fig. 14c). Upper margin of scrobes weakly incised and frontal carina weakly sinuate (Fig. 14e). Ocelli in a nearly right-angled triangle. Postorbital groove distinct but narrow, forming a distinct carina along upper part of temple, invisible on vertex (Fig. 14a). MLM with raised reticulation before broad median depression; median depression as broad as posterior margin of MLM and almost as broad as a notaular depression; rim of MLM median depression distinctly carinate (Figs 15a, 15b). Scutellum disc with strong foveae (Fig. 15b). Axilla with 5 setae on metallic part and transverse carinae on dull part. Dorsellum with 2 large lateral foveae (Fig. 15b). Propodeum submedian areas with short transverse carinae, one more distinct that connects plica and anterior part of median carina (Fig. 15b). Metafemur without teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Differs from female in the following characters. Funiculars subequal in length, with distinctly long setae, and stalked apically. Fore wing hyaline. Upper margin of scrobes and frontal carina not incised or sinuate. Median depression of MLM and notaular depressions reduced. Propodeum with transverse carinae on submedian areas weak (Figs 14g, 15g). Description. FEMALE. Body length 2.5–3.0 mm. Body metallic blue with violet tinge (Figs 14a, 14b).Antenna brown except scape predominantly white, infuscate apically only (Figs 14c, 14d). Legs, except for tarsomeres, brown with slight metallic tinge; tarsi with first three tarsomeres white, the fourth brown with claws dark brown. Fore wing disc weakly infuscate below MV, hind wing hyaline (Figs 14a, 14c). Antenna with 3-segmented funicle and 2-segmented clava, funicle not clearly separated from clava; pedicel more than 2× as long as broad, the first funicular slightly longer than pedicel (1.0: 0.9); funiculars subequal in length, each longer than broad. Face between frontal carina and toruli weakly depressed and finely reticulate, frontal carina weakly incised (Fig. 14e). Frontovertex with dense setae, with distinct punctures above frontal carina, with a median groove extending from anterior ocellus to frontal carina (Fig. 14e). Head in dorsal view transverse (6.5: 2.5), slightly longer than mesoscutum (6.5: 6.0). Vertex with dense setae and distinct punctures. Ocelli in a nearly right-angled triangle. POL more than 2× as long as OOL (0.8: 0.3). Occiput margined between eyes, with longitudinal carinae above distinct transoccipital ridge. Pronotal collar sharply margined, with many evenly distributed short setae in addition to 6 long bristles; collar depressed in anterior 1/2 because of broad punctures, and with sides diverging caudad so lateral angle attached closely to side of mesoscutum (Figs 15a, 15b). Mesoscutum with 4 pairs of setae: one pair on MLM, one pair on notaular depressions, remaining 2 pairs on LLM (Fig. 15a). MLM with raised reticulation; MLM with a broad median depression in posterior 1/2, as broad as posterior margin of MLM and almost as broad as a notaular depression, and with rims of median depression distinctly carinate; notaular depression in posterior 1/2 distinct, triangular, and polished (Figs 15a, 15b). LLM with irregular broad foveae and transverse carinae; a row of foveae along notaulus resembles depression (Figs 15a, 15b). Scutellum wider than long (4.0: 3.6), with disc almost full of strong, irregular, broad foveae, with foveae along lateral margins in a column and along posterior margin in a row, and therefore sublateral and posterior grooves not discernable (Fig. 15b). Axilla irregularly rugose, with 4 setae just below small metallic area. Dorsellum with 2 lateral foveae, resulting in median area resembling a broad median carina, without punctures, with lateral up-turned teeth distinct (Fig. 15b). Propodeum with strong plicae angled inwards in anterior 1/3, and with a transverse carina usually extending from angulation to base of median carina (Fig. 15b); submedian areas smooth above transverse carina, and rugose with transverse carinae below transverse carina; spiracular area with a connected transverse and lateral carina, and with numerous setae posteriorly; callus setose (Fig. 15b). Petiole transverse and whitish. Gaster short oval, almost as long as broad and shorter than mesosoma (6.0: 7.0), with apex obtuse. Gt 1 longer than other tergites, comprising about 0.36× gaster length; with distinct median groove in inclined part, predominantly bare but with setae on sides visible in dorsal view, with posterior margin slightly protruding medially and a whitish eye-like patch on each side close to base. Gt 2–7 piliferous-punctate (Fig. 15c). Fore wing setose with disc weakly infuscate below MV, without speculum; relative length of SMV: MV: PMV: STV = 3.2: 7.8: 1.8: 0.6. Legs strong, metafemur broad and without teeth along ventral margin. MALE. Besides sexual characters, the male differs from the female in the following characters. Body smaller and more slender than female, 2 mm in length. Body less metallic, only scutellum and Gt 1 with distinct metallic purple or blue-green tinge (Fig. 14g). All tibiae whitish (Fig. 14g). Wings hyaline. Head transverse, more than 3× as long as broad. Broad median depression on MLM absent and LLM without distinct punctures (Fig. 15g). Scutellum with fewer foveae and more engraved reticulation, particularly laterally and posteriorly (Fig. 15g). Dorsellum with lateral foveae reduced in size, broad median area smooth without punctures; lateral up-turned teeth indistinct. Gastral tergites smooth without punctures dorsally (Figs 14g, 15g). Type material. Holotype ♀, Malaysia: Bt. Bauk Terengganu, em. 27.VIII.1990, coll. T. Kumata, ex. unknown Lepidoptera on Ficus chartacea (HUMJ) . Paratypes: 1♀ 1♂, Malaysia H. R., Beserah Kuantan, Paham, em. 23.VIII.1990, coll. T. Kumata, ex. unknown Lepidoptera on Ficus sertechinis (HUMJ); 1♀, Malaysia, Borneo Jungle Girl Camp, 24.IV–02.V.2016, coll. Feng Yuan & Yong Wang (IOZ(E)221453, IZCAS). Etymology. From Proto-Indo-European root “ peuk ” and Latin “ scutella ”, in reference to the punctate scutellum. Biology. The holotype female was reared from an unknown moth attacking Ficus chartacea Wall. ex King (Moraceae). The paratypes were reared from an unknown moth attacking Ficus sertechinis based on the labels, which may be spelled incorrectly since this plant name is not indexed in any database. Remarks. Pleurotroppopsis peukscutella is uniquely characterized by having distinct, broad foveae on the disc of the scutellum in both sexes. In females the median groove of the MLM is developed as a broad, round, and smooth depression (Fig. 15a), whereas in males it is reduced to an almost smooth flat area (Fig. 15g). In addition, the MLM of females has distinct raised reticulation before the median broad depression and the LLM has irregular foveae and carinae. Compared to the female, the male has the LLM with more distinctly engraved reticulation and without punctures except for a large puncture at the base of the posterior seta. Because of these unique characters, the phylogenetic position of this species within Pleurotroppopsis is still uncertain, as indicated by its long branch represented by several homoplasious changes and an extremely low bootstrap support value as shown in the tree inferred by parsimony analysis (Fig. 19). See also remarks under P. pilosa., Published as part of Cao, Huan-Xi, Dale-Skey, Natalie, Burwell, Chris J. & Zhu, Chao-Dong, 2022, Review of the genus Pleurotroppopsis Girault (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) with interspecific phylogenetic relationships based on morphological characters, pp. 451-484 in Zootaxa 5190 (4) on pages 472-475, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5190.4.1, http://zenodo.org/record/7138395

Research aimed at studying the control of the number of pests of many agricultural crops – Halyomorpha halys Stål, was carried out during 2018-2020 on the territory of the Central zone of Krasnodar Krai. In the experiments, there were used individuals of a brown marmorated stink bug, caught by hand and using a pheromone trap at different stations (tree and shrub vegetation, soybean crops). In 2020, the dynamics of the abundance of the brown marmorated stink bug was monitored since the end of May (the time of the appearance of the first individuals of H. halys) to the third decade of October. Among the natural entomophages in Krasnodar Krai, two species of parasitic insects were found: Pediobius cassidae Erdos. (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) and Anastatus bifasciatus Geoffroy (Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae), infecting about 5-10 % of H. halys eggs in the field, which did not significantly affect the abundance of the brown marmorated stink bug. In the laboratory, essential oils from several botanical families were tested: Umbelliferae, Compositae, Abies. Essential oils of wormwood, coriander and Siberian fir showed a toxic effect against the brown marmorated stink bug; the death of adults on the tenth day was 100, 95.0 and 93.7 %, respectively. Also, on the soybean crops of the Arleta variety, field tests were carried out to study the efficacy of bio-rational preparations Biostop, P and an experimental preparation developed at the Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Federal Research Center of Biological Plant Protection" (FSBSI FRCBPP). The experimental preparation of FRCBPP caused the death of 64.2 % of individuals of H. halys, Biostop, P – 70.1 %.

Tetrastichus brontispae Ferriere (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae) is an important pupae parasitoid of Brontispa longissima (Gestro) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae). This study observed the adult reproductive ...

In 2013, cereal leaf beetle was reported for the first time in California. Most likely it moved south from Oregon into the state’s northern region. In response, the gregarious larval endoparasitoid...