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Despite extensive research in the field of human-induced vibration in the last twenty years, there is still lack of reliable load and response models to assess vibration serviceability of footbridg...

RESUMEN En las últimas décadas, numerosos puentes peatonales experimentaron vibraciones excesivas en la dirección lateral, casos como el Millenniun, Solferino y Toda entre los más conocidos, causando en los peatones dificultades para cruzarlos y muy frecuentemente requiriendo caras reparaciones. Esta investigación estudia el problema de las vibraciones laterales producidas por el cruce de peatones en puentes peatonales conocido como Fenómeno de excitación sincrónica lateral a través del análisis de vibración lateral de la pasarela adyacente al puente peatonal “Rayitos de Sol”, que cruza el rio Rímac, cerca al centro de Lima. Este puente en particular presentaba excesivas vibraciones laterales desde su construcción en 2006 hasta el momento que fue desarrollada este estudio en 2016. Esta situación particular constituyó un estado ideal para el desarrollo del trabajo experimental. Durante esta investigación fueron encontrados detalles particulares del fenómeno de excitación sincrónica lateral, el primero que la densidad peatonal es directamente proporcional a la probabilidad de ocurrencia del fenómeno, el segundo que el fenómeno es de naturaleza cíclica y la ocurrencia de una aceleración máxima a partir de la cual el peatón rompe su paso y el fenómeno decae. ABSTRACT In the last decades, numerous footbridges experienced excessive displacements in the lateral direction of passage, cases such as Millennium, Solferino and Toda among the most known, which caused that the pedestrian have difficulties in using these structures and often requiring expensive repairs. This research studies the problem of the lateral vibrations produced by the pedestrian crossing in footbridges known as the phenomenon of synchronous lateral excitation through the lateral vibration analysis of the walkway adjacent to the “Rayitos de Sol” footbridge, which crosses the Rímac river, near the center of Lima. This particular footbridge had presented excessive lateral vibrations from its construction in 2006, until 2016 when this research was developed. This particular situation constituted an ideal state for the development of experimental work. Particular details of the phenomenon of synchronous lateral excitation were found during this research. first, that the pedestrian density is directly proportional to the probability of occurrence of the phenomenon, second, that the phenomenon is cyclic in nature and the occurrence of a maximum acceleration from which the pedestrian breaks its path and the phenomenon decays.

This paper discusses the serviceability assessment of footbridges considering the uncertainties in definition of their structural and loading parameters. Application of the Taylor Series Expansion ...

The dynamic response of modern slender footbridges is usually sensitive to both the pedestrian actions and the uncertainties associated with their inherent structural behavior. Thus, tuned mass dampers have been widely integrated in the design of these structures to guarantee the fulfillment of the vibration serviceability limit state during their overall life cycle. Three different techniques of tuned mass dampers (active, semi-active and passive) are usually considered for this purpose. Although there are algorithms for the robust design of each particular technique, however, this specificity makes difficult the implementation of all these techniques in practical en gineering applications. Herein, the motion-based design method under uncertainty conditions is proposed and further implemented to create a common framework for the robust design of all these techniques when they are employed to mitigate pedestrian-induced vibrations in slender footbridges. According to this method, the design problem may be transformed into the combination of two sequential sub-problems: (i) a reliability multi objective optimization sub-problem; and (ii) a decision-making sub-problem. Subsequently, the performance of this proposal has been validated through a numerical case study in which the dynamic response of a steel footbridge has been controlled by three different tuned mass damper techniques designed according to the proposed common framework. Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad ( España) RTI2018-094945-B-C21 Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España) RTI2018-099639-B-I00

This study presents a stochastic model of near-periodic walking force signals featuring variable walking speed on the step-by-step basis as the key input modelling parameter. This is a notable departure from traditional deterministic and periodic Fourier series models where the key modelling parameter is the average pacing rate in a walking trial. Walking speed instead of pacing rate is a more natural choice since human nervous system adopts speed of successive steps to the surrounding environment, including vibrations of the supporting structure. Starting from the previously developed models of variable walking speed and spatiotemporal parameters in a walking trial, this study derived a complementary model of variable dynamic loading factors (DLFs) corresponding to the first five dominant harmonics and subharmonics of the walking force. Both the mean and coefficient of variation of DLFs are described as the products of two factors. The first represents the deterministic dependence on the step speed and is modelled as a second-order polynomial. The second factor reproduces the random inter-pedestrian variability of the DLFs which is defined by a Beta distribution. Extensive vibration simulations of virtual footbridges due to measured and simulated walking forces showed a reliable performance of the model. Moreover, the results provided a strong evidence that the step-by-step variability of gait in a single-pedestrian walking trial yields up to 22% relative error in the simulated vibration response.

The use of advanced fibre composite materials in bridge engineering offers alternative solutions to structural problems compared to traditional construction materials. Advanced composite or fibre reinforced polymer (FRP) materials have high strength to weight ratios, which can be especially beneficial where dead load or material handling considerations govern a design. However, the reduced weight and stiffness of FRP footbridges results in generally poorer dynamic performance, and vibration serviceability is likely to govern their design to avoid the footbridge being “too lively”.This study investigates the dynamic behaviour of the 51.3m span Wilcott FRP suspension footbridge. The assessment is performed through a combination of field testing and finite element analysis, and the measured performance of the bridge is being used to calibrate the model through an updating procedure. The resulting updated model allowed detailed interpretation of the results. It showed that non-structural members such as the parapets can influence the dynamic behaviour of slender, lightweight footbridges, and consequently their contribution must be included during the dynamic assessment of a structure. The test data showed that the FRP footbridge is prone to pedestrian induced vibrations, although the measured response levels were lower than limits specified in relevant standards.

PubMed ID: 31862044 Introduction: This study investigated the pedestrian crossing behavior at midblock crosswalks, in Istanbul. Method: Data were compiled from field studies at four selected crosswalks that were on one-way streets. Three of the crosswalks were located on three-lane streets while the other one was on a two-lane street. By using two-hour video recordings at each crosswalk, information was collected about pedestrian crossing preferences, pedestrian platoons both at curbside and during the crossing, traffic characteristics including volume, crosswalk occupancy and illegal parking, and pedestrian characteristics comprising age, gender and distraction status. These data were stratified with respect to the number of lanes and two multinomial logit models for platooning and individual crossing behavior was estimated for each stratum. Results: The results showed that the likelihood of platooning increases as the traffic volume and platoon size increase. Moreover, pedestrians who waited for little or no at the curbside and started to cross when one or more lanes were occupied generally lost time during the crossing. In terms of policy, the formation of platoons should be prevented by enforcement or demand-responsive traffic signals with push-to-walk buttons, etc. Overall, the study revealed that the presence of midblock crosswalks is questionable. Publisher's Version

This paper describes the experimental and numerical lateral vibration assessment of La Paz footbridge (LPF) as part of a research project of pedestrian structures located in Madrid. LPF is a cable-stayed structure with main span of 85m and total length of 127.8m. A preliminary analysis predicted a first lateral mode close to 0.9Hz, which is within the critical range and, consequently, a further analysis was required. The numerical assessment was performed in the frequency domain and the pedestrian action was defined using the HIVOSS guide. The experimental evaluation consisted in both the modal testing of the structure to validate the numerical model, and interaction pedestrian tests. The numerical model is in accordance with the tests and thus the footbridge dynamics is accurately determined. However, the interaction pedestrian tests are not sufficient to evaluate the LPF performance under dense traffic conditions. The authors acknowledge the financial support provided by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities through the project SEED-SD (RTI2018-099639-B-I00).

El presente proyecto tiene como objetivo la definición a nivel constructivo de un nuevo puente de hormigón armado sobre vías de ferrocarril en la Avenida Puig de Jorba, tanto para el transito de coches como de peatones, debido al estado de deterioro en el que se encuentra el actual puente y a la falta de seguridad que presenta

In this study, the human-induced dynamic performance of modern footbridges equipped with either classical reinforced concrete (RC) or innovative glass fiber-reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite deck slabs were investigated and compared. The numerical studies were carried out for two bridges: a three-span cable-stayed footbridge and a three-span continuous beam structure. Two variants of both bridges were taken into consideration: the footbridges equipped with traditional RC slabs and the structures benefitted with GFRP slabs. The risk of resonance as well as the vibration serviceability and the comfort criteria assessment of the footbridges with different slab materials were assessed. The investigation revealed that the footbridges, both cable-stayed and beam, benefitted with the GFRP slabs had higher fundamental frequency than those with the traditional RC slabs. The footbridges with the GFRP slabs were less exposed to the resonance risk, having fundamental frequencies above the limit of the high risk of resonance. The effect of shifting up the natural frequencies by introducing GFRP slabs was more remarkable for the lightweight beam structure than for the cable-stayed footbridge and resulted in a more significant reduction of the resonance risk. The calculated maximum human-induced accelerations of the footbridges benefitted with the GFRP slabs were meaningfully higher than those obtained for the footbridges with the RC slabs. The study proved that, with the same GFRP slab, meeting vibration serviceability and comfort criteria limits in the case of very lightweight beam structures may be more problematic than for cable-stayed footbridges with more massive structural systems. In the research, particular attention was paid to examining the impact of higher harmonics of the moving pedestrian force on the structures benefitted with the GFRP composite slabs. It occurred that in the case of footbridges, both cable-stayed and beam, equipped with the RC slabs higher harmonics of human force did not play any role in the dynamic performance of structures. However, in the case of the footbridges benefitted with the GFRP slabs, the impact of higher harmonics of the pedestrian force on the dynamic behavior of structures was clearly visible. Higher harmonics excited accelerations comparable to those executed by the first harmonic component. This conclusion is of great importance for footbridges equipped with GFRP slabs. The fundamental frequency may place a footbridge in the low or even negligible risk resonance range and the higher frequencies corresponding to vertical modes may be located above the limit of 5 Hz that ensures avoiding resonance. Nevertheless, the fact that fundamental modes are so responsive to higher harmonics significantly increases the risk of resonance. The amplification of the dynamic response may occur due to frequencies related to second or third harmonics (i.e., being half or a third of the natural frequencies). In such cases, full dynamic analysis of a footbridge at the design stage seems to be of crucial importance.

Obtaining pedestrian trajectories by a vision-based methodology is receiving increasing attention in the literature over recent decades. Within the field of study of human-induced vibrations on footbridges, practical challenges arise when collecting the trajectories of high-density crowds during measurement campaigns. A cheap and robust methodology tackling these issues is presented and applied on a case study consisting of a real-life footbridge occupied with many pedestrians. A static camera setup consisting of low-cost action cameras with limited installation height is used. In addition, a drone camera was employed to collect a limited amount of footage. Pedestrians are equipped with colored hats and detected using a straightforward color-segmenting approach. The measurements are subjected to both systematic and random measurement errors. The influence of the former is theoretically investigated and is found to be of limited importance. The effect of the latter is minimized using a Kalman filter and smoother. A thorough assessment of the accuracy results reveals that the remaining uncertainty is in the order of magnitude of 2 to 3 cm, which is largely sufficient for the envisaged purpose. Although the methodology is applied on a specific case study in the present work, the conclusions regarding the obtained accuracy and employability are generic since the measurement setup can be extended to a footbridge with virtually any length. Moreover, the empirically obtained results of the presented case study should find use in the calibration of pedestrian dynamic models that describe the flow of high-density crowds on footbridges and the further development of load models describing crowd-induced loading. ispartof: Infrastructures vol:5 issue:6 status: published

The design of Tuned Mass Dampers (TMD) to satisfy serviceability requirements is becoming more and more usual in the current design of footbridges. This paper analyzes the TMD design for the mitigation of pedestrian-induced vibrations with three main objectives: the introduction of a specific TMD optimization criterion for pedestrian-induced vibrations of footbridges, a critical analysis of the applicability to this specific loading scenario of classic literature optimization criteria, and a quantification of the TMD efficiency in the reduction of the footbridge acceleration. A numerical optimization criterion is proposed, based on the maximization of an efficiency factor, defined as the ratio between the uncontrolled acceleration standard deviation and the controlled one. Optimum TMD parameters are compared with classic criteria given by the literature. A possible modification of TMD parameters that permits to keep the TMD relative displacement within prescribed limits (aspect that is often a technical requirement in the TMD design) is also discussed. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out in order to confirm the validity of the standard deviation-based optimization for the reduction of the maximum dynamic response of the bridge. An application to a real footbridge is finally presented.

This paper proposes a generalized equivalent spectral model of pedestrian-induced forces on footbridges that can be applied in serviceability analysis, from unrestricted traffic to crowded conditions. The model is based on experimental relationships among pedestrian density, step velocity, and step frequency taken from the literature. A suitable physically based expression for the coherence function is introduced that is dependent on pedestrian density and distance among pedestrians; it reduces to perfect uncorrelation for spatially unrestricted traffic and to perfect correlation for crowded conditions. Furthermore, the harmonic content of pedestrian-induced forces is defined as a function of the pedestrian density. Based on the proposed spectral model of the loading, the classic methods of linear random dynamics can be adopted for vibration serviceability analysis of footbridges. Similar to in the wind engineering field, simple closed-form expressions are provided for the evaluation of the maximu...

This article describes the results of extensive full-scale experiments carried out on two lively footbridges recently built in Milan, Italy. The objective of the study was to assess the dynamic characteristics of the bridges and the expected vibration level induced by pedestrians. A preliminary vibration analysis of the bridges revealed their potential sensitivity to human-induced vibrations in the vertical direction. Two sets of experiments were carried out, one before and one after the installation of tuned mass dampers. Furthermore, bridge vibrations during a marathon event were recorded and analyzed. Experimental and analytical results were compared for several loading scenarios.

Modern footbridges can be very sensitive to walking-induced vibrations. The assessment of footbridge vibrations due to normal unrestricted pedestrian traffic is a topical problem in the serviceability analysis of these structures. In this paper real pedestrian traffic conditions are modeled probabilistically, considering several sources of randomness among which pedestrian arrivals, step frequencies and velocities, force amplitudes and pedestrian weights. Based on such a probabilistic model and on the analysis of peculiar non-dimensional parameters, a spectral model for the modal force induced by pedestrian groups, modeled as a stationary random process, is analytically deduced under suitable simplifying assumptions. Fully probabilistic numerical simulations with different values of the involved parameters are performed, in order to assess the validity and the limits of the proposed model. Starting from the proposed analytical spectral model of the loading, vibration serviceability analysis can be dealt with the classic methods of linear random dynamics. Simple closed-form expressions for the evaluation of the maximum dynamic response are provided. Comparisons with numerical and experimental results seem very promising, also when the step frequency is not in resonance with the dominant mode of the structure. A simple step-by-step flow-diagram is proposed in order to assist the designer in the calculation of the maximum expected acceleration.

Motivated by the existing models of wind and earthquake loading, speech recognition techniques and a method of replicating electrocardiogram (ECG) signals, this paper presents a mathematical model to generate synthetic narrow band lateral force signals due to individuals walking. The model is fitted to a database comprising many directly measured walking time series, yielding a random approach to generating their artificial - yet realistic counterparts. This multi-disciplinary modelling strategy offers a radical departure from traditional Fourier-based representations of lateral walking loads towards more reliable and more realistic vibration serviceability assessment of footbridges.

This article contains a computer - aided analysis of bearing capacity under wind load for a standard attachment fixture which one is most frequently used for mounting transparent structures. The analysis results of peak positive and negative wind loads acting on the enveloping structure are presented. The stress-strain state of the skywalk facade fixture unit in the elastic strain stage is analyzed. Maximal values of force influence on the plastic deformation of the fixture unit components arise. They are determined on the basis of a nonlinear analysis. The object of the research is a skywalk between the Hyatt Regency hotel building and the Iset Tower high-rise building in Ekaterinburg that is being designed currently. Simulation models and computational experiments were made in ANSYS CFX software complex. © Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd. The work was supported by Act 211 Government of the Russian Federation, contract № 02.A03.21.0006.

This paper deals with the vibration serviceability analysis of footbridges subjected to realistic pedestrian traffic conditions, based on a probabilistic characterization of pedestrian-induced forces. The dynamic response to three different loading conditions is analysed through a non-dimensional approach, which permits the identification of the essential non-dimensional parameters governing the dynamic behaviour. Two simplified procedures are then proposed, founded on the sound definition of two coefficients, the Equivalent Amplification Factor and the Equivalent Synchronization Factor, which allow the evaluation of the vibration serviceability without requiring numerical analyses. Final applications confirm the efficiency of the proposed methods.

It is now generally accepted that several types of risks can be recognized for built facilities and environments: they are not limited to collapse and heavy damage but involve comfort, quality of life, and the preservation of cultural or historical values. The most rational way of tackling such risks and their reduction is Performance-Based Design PBD (or, better, Performance-Based Engineering) that requires the satisfaction of relevant performance requirements with a sufficiently high probability throughout the lifetime of the facility. This paper presents and discusses the general approach to PBD, and illustrates two examples of application, respectively to aeolian and seismic risk assessment.

The excessive lateral sway motion caused by crowds walking across footbridges has attracted great public attention in the past few years. Three possible mechanisms responsible for such lateral vibrations have been investigated in the literature: direct resonance, dynamic interaction, and internal resonance. In this paper, starting from a critical review of the mechanisms proposed in the literature, a parametric excitation mechanism is analyzed, based on a forcing model whose amplitude is a function of deck oscillations. A stability criterion is identified, depending on the ratio between the structural and excitation frequencies, on the ratio of the structural and pedestrian masses, and on the structural damping. The proposed mechanism can be achieved for very flexible footbridges, with a lateral natural frequency around 0.5 Hz, corresponding to a half of the lateral walking frequency. This situation can occur in modern structures, such as in the case of the London Millennium Footbridge.

Dynamic experiments were conducted on an all-FRP composite pedestrian bridge. The structure was excited by impact and human-induced vibrations. The peak-picking method and stochastic subspace identification method were used to extract structural dynamic characteristics without knowing the input excitation. Both methods proved to be applicable as output-only methods in situ and in real time. Better results were obtained from ambient excitation than from impact excitation. The joint types used in the truss structure - bolted joints in one span and adhesively bonded joints in the other span - markedly influenced the dynamic behavior of the two spans. The lowest natural frequency resulted from the first lateral mode and was 26-28% smaller for the bolted span than for the bonded span. The bolted span, however, exhibited higher damping ratios than the bonded span due to friction in the bolted joints. The resulting natural frequencies for the tested structure were of the same order of magnitude as for other FRP bridges. © 2006 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

This paper proposes a new load model to predict the lateral force exerted by pedestrians walking on lively footbridges. The aim of the model is to take into account some important features of the synchronous lateral excitation phenomenon, which so far has not been fully understood or modelled, e.g. the distinction between synchronization among pedestrians, due to crowd density, and between the pedestrians and the structure, caused by deck oscillations; the triggering of the lock-in phenomenon and its self-limited nature. The proposed load model has been tested with reference to two crowd events that were recorded on the T-bridge in Japan (1993) and on the Millennium Bridge in London (2001). The results obtained with the present model are compared to results predicted by other load models found in literature and are then further discussed.

The present study aims to develop a robust structural damage identification method that can be used for the evaluation of bridge structures. An approach for the structural damage identification based on the measurement of natural frequencies is presented. The structural damage model is assumed to be associated with a reduction of a contribution to the element stiffness matrix equivalent to a scalar reduction of the material modulus. A computational procedure for the direct iteration technique based on the non-linear perturbation theory is proposed to identify structural damage. The presented damage identification technique is applied to the footbridge over the Slunjcica River near Slunj to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Using a limited number of measured natural frequencies, reduction in the stiffness of up to 100% at multiple sites is detected. The results indicate that the proposed approach can be successful in not only predicting the location of damage but also in determining the extent of structural damage.

The load-bearing structures of footbridges are designed to be slender and feature spans of considerable length. It can be expected that the natural frequencies of such load-bearing structures range from 0.5 Hz to 5.0 Hz. These low natural frequencies are problematic as regards the effects caused by the dynamic component of wind or the movement of persons. Increased acceleration values can lead to the serviceability limit state of structures being exceeded or the heightening of stress which can result in damage to the structure mainly in the area of details prone to fatigue. The contribution deals with the requirements concerning the execution of dynamic analyses which are listed in the relevant technical standards. It will present procedures for the determination of dynamic loading, methods of solving dynamic tasks as well as design criteria enabling delicate bridge structures to be designed correctly.

This paper aims to provide a review and critical analysis of the state of the art concerning crowd-structure interaction phenomena on footbridges. The problem of lateral vibrations induced by synchronised pedestrians, namely the Synchronous Lateral Excitation, is specifically addressed. Due to the multi-physic and multi-scale nature of the complex phenomenon, several research fields can contribute to its study, from structural engineering to biomechanics, from transportation engineering to physics and applied mathematics. The different components of the overall coupled dynamical system – the structure, the crowd and their interactions – are separately analysed from both a phenomenological and modelling point of view. A special attention is devoted to those models, which explicitly account for the interaction between mechanical and living systems.

Entendemos el trabajo del arquitecto como algo que opone cierta resistencia a la naturaleza: cubre del sol y la lluvia, divide del descampado, o salva un obstáculo. Este puente peatonal se levanta sobre el Rhin (proyectado por un arquitecto de nuestra escuela), donde se encuentran Alemania, Francia y Suiza, en un contexto de flujos e intercambios de gran densidad. Esa densidad habla de cierta escala y de una manera de moverse que no convierte la frontera en un momento notable: apenas un episodio en el trayecto de la casa al mercado We conceive of the architect's project as something that opposes a kind of resistance to nature: it shelters from the sun and the rain, it separates us from the open air, or it helps us to overcome geographical difficulties. This pedestrians bridge, projected by an architect formed in our school, stands over the Rhin, where Germany, France and Switzerland meet, in a context of very dense flux and exchange. This density is related to a certain scale and a way of moving that does not emphasize the border as a significant moment: it is scarcely a moment on the way from the house to the marketplace.

Se trata de proyectar una pasarela de peatones que salve la C-58 en una zona de 2+2 carriles, donde hay un tráfico muy intenso en horas de entrada al trabajo, existiendo un importante peligro de atropello. Este itinerario es importante porque la pasarela conectaría la urbanización Can Serra, muy habitada, con la estación de Renfe, línea Rodalies 4

Dentro de su política de seguridad, es objetivo del Ministerio de Fomento la supresión del mayor número de pasos a nivel posible. Con este objetivo se ha elaborado, en el marco del Plan Estratégico de Infraestructuras Ferroviarias (PEIF), el Plan de Seguridad en Pasos a Nivel, presentado por el 19 de abril de 2005, que está destinado a la supresión y mejora de la seguridad de los pasos a nivel existentes en la red ferroviaria de interés general. Según establece el artículo 18.5 del Real Decreto 2387/2004, por el que se aprueba el Reglamento del Sector Ferroviario, aquellos pasos a nivel en los que el momento de circulación A x T supere el valor de 1.500 deben de ser suprimidos prioritariamente. En el p.k. 17/098, de la línea Córdoba-Málaga, en el término municipal de Córdoba, se encuentra el paso a nivel con la Vereda de la Rambla, cuya titularidad administrativa corresponde a la Junta de Andalucía. Este paso presenta un momento de circulación A x T = 1.598, siendo “A” la intensidad media diaria de vehículos ligeros y pesados, y “T” el número de circulaciones diarias ferroviarias. El paso a nivel que se pretende suprimir se localiza en la Comunidad Autónoma de Andalucía, en su zona interior, dentro de la provincia de Córdoba. Se localiza este paso en un entorno rural, en la zona central de la provincia, once kilómetros al Sureste del núcleo urbano de la capital. El relieve existente en el ámbito de estudio se caracteriza fundamentalmente por una morfología suavemente ondulada, aunque en el punto de cruce cabe destacar en la margen Norte del ferrocarril la existencia de una loma en la que se alcanzan valores de pendiente próximos al 16%. Los terrenos están dedicados prácticamente en su totalidad a cultivos de secano y olivar. La línea ferroviaria Córdoba – Málaga tiene su origen en la Estación de Córdoba, situada al Oeste de la ciudad, y comienza su trazado en sentido Sureste hacia la ciudad de Málaga. En este sentido la línea ferroviaria se encuentra en múltiples ocasiones con infraestructuras pertenecientes a la red viaria local a las que debe dar paso garantizando la permeabilidad territorial. El paso se encuentra en una zona alejada de núcleos importantes de población. Las localidades más cercanas en el entorno son: - Atalayuela, localizada a 5 Km. al Este del paso a nivel. - Puente Viejo, a unos 6 Km. al Oeste junto a la A-4 Cabe destacar en este sentido la diseminación de cortijos y edificaciones dedicadas a la explotación agraria existentes en la zona y comunicadas a través de caminos rurales entre los que se encuentra la Vereda de la Rambla. Desde el punto de vista hidrológico destaca el curso fluvial del río Guadajoz, afluente del río Guadalquivir, que circula de forma sensiblemente paralela a la línea Córdoba-Málaga

El proyecto de la esclusa consiste en entender esta infraestructura urbana de Sallent como patrimonial, y dotarla de unos accesos desde ambas riberas del río Llobregat para permitir el acceso a su zona más naturalizada y permitir el paso de un lado al otro del pueblo a través de ella. La propuesta consiste en dos intervenciones: una que soluciona el acceso desde la ribera oeste y otra desde la ribera este.

Aquest projecte ha fet de pont entre la formació acadèmica universitària i la vida real-laboral. L’Ajuntament de Sallent encarrega la reordenació de les lleres del riu, i l’obertura d’aquest al poble; donant lloc a un seguit de petites intervencions realitzades pels diferents grups del màster. El projecte de l’Adequació de l’accés al riu pretén reactivar i acondicionar la zona mitjançant la millora de la baixada i la creació d’uns accessos i un pas de roques pel bell mig del riu. Redescobrim l’espai i li donem un valor afegit al projecte més enllà de la funcionalitat. El projecte final consta de dues parts. La memòria individual del projecte i el projecte executiu grupal. La memòria individual del projecte, des d’un punt de vista més personal, mostra primer la versió de solució del projecte final que es creu més adequada tenint en compte diferents aspectes com les modificacions realitzades in situ a l’obra, o el que desitjava el client. A continuació es mostra el que s’amaga al darrera d’aquest projecte; des del funcionament del màster a l’evolució del projecte, tenint en compte els diferents factors i agents implicats que hi han intervingut, tot arribant a la construcció d’aquest projecte. A l’annex trobem els documents que formen part del projecte executiu; la memòria descriptiva i la documentació gràfica realitzats prèviament.

Es proposa la permeabilització urbana i natural del Nus de la Trinitat (la porta Nord de Barcelona) mitjançant l'obertura de dues vies de comunicació: el Torrent Calau, recuperat física i ambientalment; i una passera-equipament vinculada al Metro, que fa accessibles i dona ús a les bosses intersticials del Nus. Aquestes dues vies permeten la connectivitat de grans Parcs urbans activant així el potencial que el Nus de la Trinitat té com a ròtula d’espais verds.

Con motivo de la realización de un carril para bicicletas en el entorno de la ciudad de Torroella de Montgri, se hace necesario cruzar el río Ter en un determinado punto. Para ello se hace necesaria la construcción de una pasarela que sirva también para el paso de peatones.

This paper presents a description of a continuous truss footbridge comprising two spans, one of 140 m and the other 50 m. The bridge crosses the Sant Adria Marina, close to Barcelona. The width of the deck is 6 m and the depth of the two trusses, which form the bridge, range between 6 and 10 m. Main innovations are the use of recycled aggregates for concrete in the approach slab deck, the use of silica fume concrete for the pavement which performs well from the strength, durability and aesthetic points of view and the formal exploration of irregular longitudinal layouts in truss bridges. This formal exploration resulted in the creation of an internal space extremely pleasant for people and avoiding any tunnel sensation. Moreover, the absence of dynamic loads and the light live load allowed the trusses to be designed without using gusset plates.

El projecte que es presenta com a Treball Final de Grau té com a objectiu definir el projecte executiu d’una passarel·la metàl·lica de vianants en el terme municipal de l’Ametlla del Vallès, oferint un pas alternatiu i segur, per sobre de l’autovia C-17, entre el nucli urbà, la urbanització el Pinar de Rosanes i el Centre Comercial Sant Jordi. La passarel·la conforma una estructura de gran llum, amb una longitud total de 55 metres i una amplada de 5 metres, esdevenint una estructura singular, i amb el condicionant d’haverse d’executar sobre una autovia. Partint de les dades facilitades a l’Avantprojecte i l’estudi geotècnic, i tenint en compte una sèrie de condicionants com són ubicació, la seva accessibilitat, fabricació i muntatge, es detallaran cada una de les parts que conformen l’estructura i materials utilitzats, així com es proposarà i definirà el procés de muntatge i posada en obra de la passarel·la, d’acord amb les característiques d’aquesta. Es generarà el conjunt de documentació necessària del projecte executiu, memòria, plànol, amidaments i pressupost per a poder dur a terme l’obra amb una viabilitat contrastada.

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