Search

Galinsoga parviflora is a member of the Astraceaea family. Widely distributed in Central and South America, Europe, the West Indies, Mexico, Australia, Africa, and Asia are all home to it. In Asia it is mainly found in different areas of Pakistan. The herb is used in traditional medicines for wound healing, blood coagulation issues, colds, flu, toothaches, and other ailments, disorders of the skin and eyes. Galinsoga parviflora's therapeutic powers are attributed to the presence of a variety of secondary metabolites. The plant is non-toxic and utilised as livestock feed.It is also used as a vegetable in soups and salads by humans.Antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory nematicidal, urease, alpa-glucosidase activity, anti-cytotoxic anti-hyperglycemic, respectively properties have been observed in crude extracts and pure chemicals obtained.More than thirty-eight chemicals constituents have been isolated from Galinsoga praviflora. The current study focuses on Galinsoga parviflora's ethno-medicinal usage, isolated natural components, and biological activity.

The effects of living plants and straws of four hyperaccumulator plant species (Siegesbeckia orientalisL., Crassocephalum crepidioides, Galinsoga parviflora and Solanum nigrumL.) on the growth and ...

* Galinsoga parviflora Cav. — Habit: Herb. Habitat: LMDF. Distribution: IV. Voucher: Near Ontulili Forest Station, Alt. 2 178 m, 5 Aug. 2015, SAJIT 003137 (HIB). References: Bussmann (1993, 1994), Agnew (2013)., Published as part of Zhou, Ya-Dong, Mwachala, Geoffrey, Hu, Guang-Wan & Wang, Qing-Feng, 2022, Annotated checklist of the vascular plants of Mount Kenya, East Africa, pp. 1-108 in Phytotaxa 546 (1) on page 93, DOI: 10.11646/phytotaxa.546.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6550464, {"references":["Bussmann, R. W. (1993) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): A phytosociological approach with special reference to ecological problems. Ph. D. Thesis, Eberhard Karls Universitat Tubingen, Tubingen, 119 pp.","Bussmann, R. W. (1994) The forest of Mt. Kenya (Kenya): Vegetation, ecology, destruction and management of a tropical mountain forest ecosystem. Ph. D. dissertation, Universitat Bayreuth Startseite, Bayreuth, 252 pp.","Agnew, A. D. Q. (2013) Upland Kenya wild flowers and ferns, 3 rd edn. Nature Kenya Publications, Nairobi, 733 pp."]}

Galinsoga quadriradiata and Galinsoga parviflora are very troublesome weeds in many organic vegetable crops in Europe. A very straightforward method to keep Galinsoga infestations under control is by targeting the Galinsoga seedbank. To identify cropping systems able to reduce the seedbank size in vegetable-based cropping systems, the relationships between the seedbank size of Galinsoga species and prevailing soil/crop management practices and pedo-hydrological conditions were investigated. Hereto, the seedbank of the 0-20 cm topsoil layer was sampled in 50 organic vegetable fields and analysed according to the seedling emergence method. Field history data were collected for the past 5 years, and physical, chemical and microbial soil quality was determined. Galinsoga quadriradiata was the most frequent and abundant Galinsoga species in the weed seedbank. The genus Galinsoga was present in 90% of the soil weed seedbanks of organic vegetable fields but displayed wide variation in abundance. Smallest Galinsoga seedbanks were found in fields that were predominantly tilled with non-inversion implements or rotationally ploughed, and continuously cropped with competitive crops during the entire growing season (April 15-November 15). Contrary to G. quadriradiata, seedbank size of G. parviflora was closely related to soil organic carbon content and sand fraction. Remarkably, soils with a low level of easily plant-available phosphorus and concomitant high activity of arbuscular mycorrhizae had smaller G. quadriradiata seedbanks. To reduce Galinsoga infestations, fields should preferably be tilled without soil inversion, fertilised with organic amendments with low content of readily plant-available phosphorus and cropped with competitive crops all season long.

Indigenous vegetables are very important in nutritional wellbeing of low resource rural communities especially in developing countries. Most indigenous vegetables are also believed to contain health promoting compounds such as antioxidants. In this study, nutrient composition of three commonly consumed indigenous leafy vegetables in Malawi namely Amaranth (Amaranthus species), Black jack (Bidens pilosa) and Mwamuna aligone/gallant soldier (Galinsoga parviflora) was determined. Results showed that crude protein expressed on dry weight basis ranged from 15.83±0.19 to 19.04±0.33 with B. pilosa registering the highest value and G. parviflora the lowest. Results on mineral content showed that G. parviflora had the highest (18.84±0.40% DW) p

The study was designed to investigate the chemical composition and the biological effects of G. parviflora and V. polyanthes ethanolic extracts in vitro. Total content of phenols, flavonoids and tannins was quantified by spectrophotometry; chemical characterization was permed by mass spectrometry (ESI (-) FT-ICR MS and APCI (+) FT-ICR MS analysis). Antioxidant activities were determined by FRAP and Fe2+ chelating methods. Extracts cytotoxicity was evaluated in human lymphocytes, sarcoma-180 (S-180) and human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells, by MTT assay. V. polyanthes presented higher total content of tannins and G. parviflora presented higher amount of phenols and flavonoids. Chemical characterization showed the presence of flavonoids, phenolic acids and sesquiterpene lactones in V. polyanthes extract, and steroids, phenolic acids and fatty acids (Poly Unsaturated Fatty Acids - PUFA) in G. parviflora extract. V. polyanthes extract stood out in the Fe2+ chelation test. G. parviflora extract did not present outstanding antioxidant results in the tested protocols. Both species showed a tendency to promote cytotoxicity in human lymphocyte cells. Regarding the antiproliferative effect, both species were able to reduce S-180 cell viability and G. parviflora extract showed high antiproliferative potential in the assay with AGS cells. These findings reinforce the medicinal use of these plants, as well as suggest their potential use for the development of new drugs and for the treatment of cancers.

Chronic exposure to solar radiation is related to an increased incidence of various skin disorders, including premature skin aging and melanoma and non-melanoma skin cancers. Ultraviolet (UV) photons in particular are responsible for skin damage. Solar UV photons mainly belong to UVA wavebands, however UVA radiation has been mostly ignored for a long time. At the cellular level, UVA photons mainly provoke indirect oxidative damage to biomolecules via the massive generation of unstable and highly reactive compounds. Human skin has several effective mechanisms that forestall, repair and eliminate damage caused by solar radiation. Regardless, some damage persists and can accumulate with chronic exposure. Therefore, conscious protection against solar radiation (UVB+UVA) is necessary. Besides traditional types of photoprotection such as sunscreen use, new strategies are being searched for and developed. One very popular protective strategy is the application of phytochemicals as active ingredients of photoprotection preparations instead of synthetic chemicals. Phytochemicals usually possess additional biological activities besides absorbing the energy of photons, and those properties (e.g. antioxidant, anti-inflammatory) magnify the protective potential of phytochemicals and extracts. Therefore, compounds of natural origin are in the interest of researchers as well as developers. In this review, only studies on UVA protection with well-documented experimental conditions are summarized. This article includes 17 well standardized plant extracts (Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze, Silybum marianum L. Gaertn., Punica granatum L., Polypodium aureum L., Vaccinium myrtillus L., Lonicera caerulea L., Thymus vulgaris L., Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill., Morinda citrifolia L., Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f., Oenothera paradoxa Hudziok, Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz et Pavón, Hippophae rhamnoides L., Cola acuminata Schott & Endl., Theobroma cacao L. and Amaranthus cruentus L.) and 26 phytochemicals.

It is reported about the diversity of phytobiota of the valuable natural complex "Irpin Forest" in the Kyiv region. The data on the history of research of this interesting from a botanical perspective territory of Kyiv Polissia are presented. The features of the vegetation of different complexes of this forest area, dominated by oak-pine, cereal and moss-lichen forests, are characterized. The most valuable forests here are oak ones, which are rich in rare herbaceous plant species. Besides, there fragmentary occur alder stands on lowland areas. The data on the flora of this territory, which includes 437 species of vascular plants from 67 families and 4 divisions, are presented. Ten dominating families of flora (Asreaceae, Poaceae Rosaceae, etc.) include 51.1 % of the forest flora species. A high level of adventization of this flora (19.6 %) has been noted, which is a result of the accessibility of the territory and a significant number of the population of adjacent settlements. Species with a high level of invasiveness include Amorpha fruticosa L., Iva xanthiifolia Nutt., Erigeron annuus (L.) Desf., Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Oenothera biennis L., Oxalis stricta L., Reynoutria japonica Houtt., Solidago canadensis L., Solanum nigrum L. They most often occur along forest roads, on meadows, in places of selective cuttings, on the fringes of the forest. On the periphery of the forest, a number of species were found which have fallen out of cultivation – Berberis aquifolium Pursh, Datura stramonium L. Gaillardia pulchella Foug., Ricinus communis L., Vitis vinifera L. The data on the rare plant species of this territory are given. There are 34 rare taxa, the most valuable of which are the representatives of the families Orchidaceae, Ranunculaceae, Poaceae. Five species of plants of the forest (Dactylorhiza fuchsii (Druce) Soó, D. incarnata (L.) Soó, Epipactis helleborine (L.) Crantz, Platanthera bifolia (L.) Rich., Pulsatilla patens (L.) Mill. Sl) are listed in the Red Data Book of Ukraine. It is proposed to create a new object of the nature reserve fund of the Kyiv region – a regional landscape park "Streams" ("Potoky") on a part of this territory, with further plans to create an administration, security service and develop a management plan for resource management of the object.

We studied the effects of mutual grafting on cadmium (Cd) accumulation characteristics on the first post-generations of the Cd-hyperaccumulator plants Bidens pilosa L. and Galinsoga parviflora Cav. The seeds from scions and rootstocks of B. pilosa and G. parviflora were collected and planted in Cd-contaminated soil in pot and field experiments. In the pot experiment, rootstock treatment increased the shoot biomass of B. pilosa post-grafting generations, compared with ungrafted B. pilosa, but decreased the Cd content in shoots and Cd extraction by shoots of post-grafting generations; scion treatment decreased or had no significant effect. Mutual grafting resulted in no significant differences to the photosynthetic pigment contents in B. pilosa post-grafting generations. Compared with ungrafted G. parviflora, scion treatment increased the shoot biomass, photosynthetic pigment content, and Cd extraction by shoots of G. parviflora post-grafting generations, but rootstock treatment did not lead to significant differences. Mutual grafting resulted in no significant differences to the Cd contents in shoots of G. parviflora post-grafting generations. In the field experiment, only rootstock treatment increased the shoot biomass of B. pilosa post-grafting generations, and only scion treatment increased the shoot biomass and the Cd extraction by shoots of G. parviflora post-grafting generations. Therefore, mutual grafting of scions may enhance the phytoremediation ability of G. parviflora first post-grafting generations.

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of different rootstocks on the cadmium (Cd) accumulation characteristics of the post-grafting generations of Cd-hyperaccumulator Galinsoga parvif...

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of intercropping with the cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulators Galinsoga parviflora, Bidens pilosa, Cosmos sulphureus and Solanum nigrum on the growth ...

In this experiment, four cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator species (Crassocephalum crepidioides, Galinsoga parviflora, Sigesbeckia orientalis, and Solanum nigrum) were intercropped with grape (Vitis vi...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the response of Galinsoga parviflora to different doses of the herbicide Chwastox Turbo 340 SL [2-methyl-4- chlorophenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) + dicamba] used alone and with an adjuvant. The study was conducted on the spring barley cultivar ‘Suweren.’ During the tillering stage of spring barley, a weed control treatment was applied using Chwastox Turbo 340 SL at a rate of 100% and at rates reduced by 33% and 50%, and was applied either alone or with an oil adjuvant. Plots without herbicide and adjuvant application were the control treatment. The present study showed that in spring barley the largest plants of G. parviflora, which produced the highest number of branches, flower heads, and achenes, occurred in the control treatment where no herbicide and adjuvant were applied. Morphology, productivity, and biomass were not found to vary greatly between G. parviflora plants occurring in the plots where the reduced rates of Chwastox Turbo 340 SL and in those where the manufacturer’s recommended rate were applied. The number of achenes produced by G. parviflora was positively correlated with plant height and negatively with plant biomass. The germination capacity of G. parviflora diaspores was not significantly different between the herbicide protection treatments.

The use of allelopathy emerges as an alternative method for weed management in crops, especially in small vegetable producing properties. Thus, the objective of this work was to identify possible allelopathic effects of aqueous extracts of the weeds Cyperus difformis L. (small-flowered nutsedge), Commelina benghalensis L. (benghal dayflower) and Galinsoga parviflora Cav. (gallant soldier) on seed germination and seedling growth of Lactuca sativa L. (lettuce) and Lycopersicum esculentum L. (tomato). Two experiments were carried out in a completely randomized design with five replications, the first with lettuce seeds and the second with tomato seeds submitted to germination in five concentrations of weeds aqueous extracts (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%). All treatments with aqueous extracts of the three species, at different concentrations, caused a reduction in lettuce and tomato root length. There was a reduction in most of the evaluated variables, and seed germination of the crops had the lowest influence of the extracts. The weeds benghal dayflower, small-flowered nutsedge and gallant soldier showed allelopathic potential on lettuce and tomato crops. This potential allelopathic effect is directly related to the concentration and type of extract from the plant species. In general, it can be noted that the greatest allelopathic effect occurred with the use of small-flowered nutsedge extract, followed by gallant soldier and benghal dayflower. Made available in DSpace on 2020-05-07T04:38:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Allelopathy-weeds.pdf: 833932 bytes, checksum: 16a6986afe0ab211e6b1754666453bf5 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2020

The aim of the study was to evaluated the influence of aqueous extracts from Galinsoga parviflora and Oxalis fontana on the germination capacity and energy of Raphanus sativus var. radicula in three cultivars: ‘Krakowianka’, ‘Poldluga’, ‘Rowa’. After eight days of germination, the length of seedlings, the fresh and dry mass, the percentage of water content and the degree of destabilisation of cells membranes by measuring the outflow of electrolytes were determined. The aqueous extracts from fresh mass of aboveground parts of G. parviflora and O. fontana with concentrations of 5, 10 and 15% were used. The control group consisted of seeds watered with distilled water. The germination capacity in all radish varieties decreased with increase in the concentration of G. parviflora and O. fontana aquatic extracts. The length of underground parts of seedlings was significantly shorter on Petri dishes with extracts from O. fontana. With increasing concentration of extracts, the length of aboveground parts of seedlings on O. fontana extracts decreased, and on G. parviflora increased. In the case of fresh and dry mass, the extracts stimulated the growth of seedlings, with the exception of the ‘Krakowianka’ cultivar on substrates with 5% extracts. At the lowest concentrations of the extracts, the smallest percentage of electrolyte leakage was observed. For all three types of radish watered with extracts from O. fontana higher destabilisation of cell membranes was observed.

To determine whether the living hyperaccumulator plants and their straws have the same effects on the growth and heavy metal accumulation of common plants, two pot experiments (intercropping experiment and straw mulch experiment) were conducted to study the effects of living hyperaccumulator plants (Solanum photeinocarpum, Tagetes erecta, Galinsoga parviflora and Bidens pilosa) and their straws on the growth and cadmium (Cd) accumulation of common plant Cyphomandra betacea seedlings. Intercropping with T. erecta or B. pilosa promoted the growth of C. betacea seedlings compared with the monoculture, while intercropping with S. photeinocarpum or G. parviflora inhibited that. Intercropping with S. photeinocarpum decreased the Cd contents in the roots and shoots of C. betacea seedlings compared with the monoculture, but intercropping with the other plants did not. In the straw mulch experiment, the straw of S. photeinocarpum or T. erecta promoted the growth of C. betacea seedlings compared with the control, while the straw of G. parviflora or B. pilosa did not. The straw of S. photeinocarpum or T. erecta decreased the Cd contents in the shoots of C. betacea seedlings, and the straw of G. parviflora or B. pilosa increased the shoot Cd contents. Thus, intercropping with S. photeinocarpum and applying S. photeinocarpum or T. erecta straw can reduce the Cd uptake of C. betacea.

Phytoremediation technology has become one of the main techniques for remediating soils polluted by heavy metals because it does not damage the environment, but heavy metal-tolerant plants have the disadvantages of low biomass and slow growth. A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of melatonin (Mel) on growth and cadmium (Cd) accumulation in the Cd accumulator Malachium aquaticum and hyperaccumulator Galinsoga parviflora by spraying different concentrations of Mel on them. The results showed that shoot biomass, photosynthetic pigment content and antioxidant enzyme activity were increased in both species after Mel was sprayed on their leaves. Mel reduced the Cd content in shoots of M. aquaticum and increased it in those of G. parviflora. In general, Cd accumulation was greatest in M. aquaticum when Mel was 200 μmol L-1 (120.71 μg plant-1, increased by 15.97% than control) and in G. parviflora when Mel was 100 μmol L-1 (132.40 μg plant-1, increased by 68.30% than control). Our results suggest it is feasible to improve the remediation efficiency of lightly Cd-contaminated soil by spraying G. parviflora with100 μmol L-1 Mel.

The eco-friendly management of mosquitoes with novel and effective larvicides and oviposition deterrents is a crucial challenge to prevent outbreaks of mosquito-borne diseases. However, most of the herbal formulations tested in these years showed LC50 values higher of 40 ppm, and significant oviposition deterrent activity only when tested at relatively higher doses (> 50 μg/ml). Herein, we studied the chemical composition of the Galinsoga parviflora essential oil (EO). This plant is an annual herb native to South America naturalized all over the world. We tested the EO larvicidal and oviposition deterrent action on 6 mosquito species. Totally 37 compounds were identified in the EO of G. parviflora by GC and GC-MS analyses. The major constituent was (Z)-γ-bisabolene (38.9%). The G. parviflora EO and (Z)-γ-bisabolene showed acute toxicity on An. stephensi (LC50 = 31.04 and 2.04 μg/ml, respectively), Ae. aegypti (LC50 = 34.22 and 2.26 μg/ml, respectively), Cx. quinquefasciatus (LC50 = 37.10 and 2.47 μg/ml, respectively), An. subpictus (LC50 = 40.97 and 4.09 μg/ml, respectively), Ae. albopictus (LC50 = 45.55 and 4.50 μg/ml, respectively) and Cx. tritaeniorhynchus (LC50 = 49.56 and 4.87 μg/ml, respectively) larvae. Furthermore, the oviposition deterrent potential of the G. parviflora EO and (Z)-γ-bisabolene was studied on six mosquito vectors, showing that 25 μg/ml of (Z)-γ-bisabolene led to an Oviposition Activity Index lower of − 0.79 in all tested mosquito vectors. Overall, all larvicidal LC50 values estimated for (Z)-γ-bisabolene were lower than 5 μg/ml. This result far encompasses current evidences of toxicity reported for the large majority of botanical products currently tested against mosquito young instars, allowing us to propose this compound as an highly effective mosquito larvicide and oviposition deterrent.

Galinsoga parviflora is an invasive weed in southwest of Chinese agricultural systems and commonly used as medicine and food. In this study, the complete chloroplast genome of the G. parviflora was assembled from the whole genome Illumina sequencing data. The circular genome is 151,811 bp in size, which composed of one large single-copy (LSC) and one small single-copy (SSC) regions of 83,594 bp and 18,141 bp, respectively, and separated by a pair of inverted repeat (IR) regions of 25,038 bp each. It encodes a total of 113 gene species (80 protein-coding, 29 tRNA, and four rRNA species), in which 19 of them with double copies. The overall GC content is 37.7% while the GC content of the LSC, SSC, and IR regions are 35.8%, 31.3%, and 43.1%, separately. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that Galinsoga parviflora was closely related to Galinsoga quadriradiata.

In this paper, comparison of ecotoxicological and herbicidal effect of newly synthesized N‑[(phosphono)(aryl)methyl]glycines 1a-g (C-substituted glyphosate derivatives) with pure glyphosate (N-phosphonomethylglycine) (2) was demonstrated. All of tested glyphosate derivatives (1a-g) in contrast to glyphosate, were found to be completely safe for oat (Avena sativa) and classified as not harmful for marine bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri. Compounds 1a-g were also found rather harmless to radish (Raphanus sativus) as compared to N-phosphonomethylglycine, but they were moderately toxic against freshwater crustaceans Heterocypris incongruens. One of synthesized compounds, namely N-[(phosphono)(4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]glycine (1f) was found to possess stronger herbicidal properties against gallant soldier (Galinsoga parviflora) and common sorrel (Rumex acetosa) when compared to pure glyphosate and demonstrated total death of these weeds being ranked 1 in the European Weed Research Council (EWRC) scale. Considering lower phytotoxicity of compound 1f against cultivated plants and tested microorganisms when compared to pure glyphosate, this aminophosphonate may be good candidate for further, more comprehensive study toward its agrochemical application, especially that this active agent demonstrated much stronger herbicidal properties than N-phosphonomethylglycine.

Green synthesized metallic nanoparticles are environmentally friendly, bio-compatible, and highly stable. The aim of this study was to synthesize iron nanoparticles (FeNPs) from FeCl3 solution using aqueous leaf extracts of Galinsoga parviflora (Gp), Conyza bonariensis (Cb) and Bidens pilosa (Bp) and use them in degradation of methylene blue dye. The iron nanoparticles were characterized using UV–Vis spectrophotometer, FT-IR spectrophotometer, X-ray Fluorescence (EDXRF), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Phytochemical screening for presence of secondary metabolites revealed presence of phenolics, phytosterols and flavonoids. The total phenolic and flavonoid content in Galinsoga parviflora, Conyza bonariensis and Bidens pilosa leaf extracts were 57.67 ± 1.27, 117.13 ± 0.03, 126.27 ± 0.013 mg Gallic Equivalent/g of Dry Weight (mg GAE/g DW) and 39.00 ± 0.56, 45.50 ± 0.59, 33.13 ± 0.81 mg Rutin Equivalent/g of Dry Weight (mg RE/g DW) respectively. The UV–Vis spectrum of FeCl3 had a shoulder at 320 nm, which disappeared upon addition of G. parviflora, C. bonariensis and B. pilosa extracts confirming formation of iron nanoparticles. Evaluation of iron content of the synthesized nanoparticles revealed that the iron content in G. parviflora, C. bonariensis and B. pilosa extracts was 51, 47 and 44% respectively. XRD data revealed presence of a large amorphous coating that masked iron peaks, though 2 theta values observed have been reported to be of iron oxides. Methylene blue degradation studies revealed that CbNPs, BpNPs and GpNPs synthesized were good biocatalysts as they degraded the dye by 86, 84.3 and 92% respectively. Therefore, green synthesized iron nanoparticles is cost effective and environmentally safe in providing insight in the environmental removal of dyes.

A total amount of 116 fungal strains, belonging to 30 genera, were acquired from the rhizosphere soil and plant of Galinsoga parviflora. A strain SYPF 7336, isolated from the rhizospheric soil, was identified as Seltsamia galinsogisoli sp. nov., by morphological and molecular analyses, which displayed high antibacterial activity. In order to study the secondary metabolites of Seltsamia galinsogisoli sp. nov., nine compounds were successfully seperated from the strain fermentation broth, including two new compounds and seven known compounds. Their structures were elucidated based on spectral analysis including 1D and 2D NMR. All the seperated compounds were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities. Compounds 2, 5 and 1 displayed antimicrobial activities against Staphylococcus aureus with MIC values of 25, 32 and 75 μg/mL, respectively. Moreover, morphological observation showed the coccoid cells of S. aureus to be swollen to a volume of 1.4 to 1.7-fold after treatment with compounds 1, 2 and 5, respectively. Molecular docking was carried out to investigate interactions of filamentous temperature-sensitive protein Z (FtsZ) with compounds 1, 2 and 5.

Weeds are the most common pests, which interfere with turfgrass establishment and uniformity lowering functional and aesthetic quality of lawns. Killing weed seeds or suppressing their germination is necessary before establishing new lawn to prevent weeds from gaining a foothold hence, giving turfgrass a competitive advantage. A field study was conducted at Bukura Agricultural College, Kenya, to explore the potential of biofumigation with African spider plant (Cleome gynandra) as an environmentally friendly alternative to use of synthetic herbicides for establishment of weed-free Paspalum notatum turfgrass. Biofumigation with chopped C. gynandra plants at flowering stage, incorporated into the soil at the rates of 4, 6 and 8 kg m-2, respectively, and was compared with Basamid® (97% Dazomet) at 0.029 kg m-2 and untreated negative control in a randomized complete block design experiment. C. gynandra at rates of 6 or 8 kg m-2 was as effective as Basamid® at 0.029 kg m-2 in significantly suppressing Galinsoga parviflora, Galinsoga ciliata and Bidens pilosa weed populations and reducing weed infestation. Other weed species occurred in the experimental plots in insignificant populations. The results of this study demonstrated that C. gynandra has potential for use as a biofumigant against weeds during lawn establishment. Key words: Cleome gynandra, biofumigation, environmentally friendly, weeds, herbicides, lawn.

Four new caffeoyl -glucaric and -altraric acid derivatives along with eleven known compounds were isolated from aerial parts of Galinsonga parviflora. Their structures were elucidated by high-resolution spectroscopic studies. The four new compounds were determined as being 2,3,4,5-tetracaffeoylglucaric acid (1), 2,4,5-tricaffeoylglucaric acid (2), 2,3,4- or 3,4,5-tricaffeoylaltraric acid (3) and 2,3(4,5)-dicaffeoylaltraric acid (4). A reliable criterion for the determination of the linkage position of caffeic acids moieties in glucaric acid derivatives has been proposed, on the basis of detailed analysis of the respective J-couplings, including substitution and solvent influence on the observed values. All hexaric acids derivatives appeared as inhibitors of reactive oxygen species production by stimulated neutrophils.

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is an important plant virus that infects a wide range of hosts including weeds making its management difficult. A survey was undertaken to establish the occurrence of weed species in tomato production systems in Kenya and their role as hosts of TSWV and its vectors. Selected weed species were further evaluated for their reaction to TSWV, transmission efficiency by Frankliniella occidentalis and ability to support thrips reproduction. Of the 43 weed species identified in the field, 29 species had been reported as hosts of TSWV, two were non-hosts and 11 had no record of their status. Among the more common species, Amaranthus hybridus, Solanum nigrum, Tagetes minuta and Datura stramonium were susceptible to the virus and supported high levels of thrips reproduction. The TSWV could not be transmitted to Galinsoga parviflora and Sonchus oleraceus by F. occidentalis despite them being highly susceptible in mechanical transmission tests. There was a significant correlation between feeding damage and number of larvae of F. occidentalis on different weeds. Occurrence of weeds that support thrips reproduction and are good hosts of TSWV is a clear indicator of their role in epidemiology and the importance of their management for disease control.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is of important major crops for its carbohydrate and plays important roles to support food sovereignty along with rice, wheat, corn, and sorghum. Potato growth and yield at West Sumatra has not reached its maximum potential due to some factors including cultivation. One major important constraint in potato growing in West Sumatra is the fact that farmers use the 8th to 12th generation of potato seedlings which have a very low agronomic potential. Yet, weeds have caused another problem in the field and reduce potato yield. An experiment has been conducted at the Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Andalas and Nagari Alahan Panjang, Subdistrict Lembah Gumanti, Solok Regency from November 2018 to March 2019. The experiment was aimed at determining the best indigenous rhizobactria isolates to increase the growth and yield of potato plants as well as weed population dynamics associated with potato plants. Six isolates of indigenous rhizobacteria and a control treatment group were tested in a completely randomised design with three replicates. The isolates were L1 S3.1, L1 S3.2, L1 S4.4, L2 S1.2, L2 S2.3, L2 S3. 2. Data were analyzed with analysis of variance and mean separation with Duncan's New Multiple Range Test (DNMRT) at 5%. Results showed that isolate L1 S4.4 was best in increasing the number of branches, number of tubers, and weight of potato yield. The isolates tested affected weed populations dynamics, prior to treatments there were 8 species of weeds found at the field i.e Bidens pilosa L., Leptochloa chinensis, Eleusine indica L., Agerathum conyzoides, Richardia sp, Galinsoga parviflora, and Sonchus arvensis. During potato growing at the field, weed species of Eleusine indica L. and Gynura divaricata dissappeared from the soil. In contrast, Amaranthus spinosus emerged demonstrating that weed population dynamic has occurred.

A pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of intercropping with Youngia erythrocarpa, Conyza canadens and Mazus japonicus on physiological and biochemical characteristics of hyperaccumulator Galinsoga parviflora under cadmium (Cd) stress. The results showed that intercropping with Y. erythrocarpa (GIY), C. canadens (GIC) and M. japonicus (GIM) all increased the superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), peroxidase (CAT) activity and the soluble protein content of G. parviflora compared with monoculture (MG), the photosynthetic pigment (chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll, carotenoid) content and chlorophyll a/b of G. parviflora increased after intercropping, too. Among all treatments, GIC had the highest antioxidant enzyme activity, soluble protein content and photosynthetic pigment content. As for photosynthetic characteristics, GIC had the highest net photosynthetic rate (Pn), followed by GIY, GIM and MG. Compared with MG, the stomatal conductance (Gs) and transpiration rate (Tr) of GIC and GIM all increased significantly while that of GIC had no significant change, moreover, GIC had significantly lower CO2 concentration of intercellular (Ci) than other treatments, there was no significant difference in value of pressure deficit leaf (Vpdl) among all treatments. Therefore, under Cd stress, intercropping with C. canadens can improve the antioxidant enzyme activity and photosynthetic capacity of G. parviflora to the greatest extent, which was conducive to its remediation of Cd contaminated soil.

Peppermint (Mentha ×piperita L.) rootstock cuttings with 9–11 internodes were planted on April 10, 2014 in rows 50 cm apart and with 25-cm distance in the row, on well fertilized muck-peat soil containing 82.1% of organic matter with a pH of 5.9. Peppermint plants were sprayed once with an activated EM-1 preparation, then on two or three further occasions as follows: at 10 cm height (May 10), at branching stage (May 29), and during rapid growth (June 19). EM did not affect peppermint growth or yield. Yields of the fresh and dry herb were high (means: 15,563 and 2,661 kg ha−1, respectively) and characterized by a medium (1.85–1.90%) essential oil content in the dry herb. Twenty-nine compounds were identified in the oil and its main components were menthol (53.1–58.5%), menthone (14.6–16.8%), isomenthone (6.3–6.7%), menthyl acetate (4.0–5.0%), germacrene D (2.3–3.4%), ß-caryophyllene (1.8–2.4%), viridiflorol (1.5–2.3%), and 1,8-cyneole (0.3–3.7%). EM did not affect the content of essential oil in the dry herb or the oil composition (except for 1,8-cyneole). Thirty-four days after planting, 22 weed species grew in the experimental plots and the dominant were common meadow grass (Poa pratensis L.) accounting for 20% of total weed population, annual meadow grass (Poa annua L.) 17%, common chickweed [Stellaria media (L.) Vill.] 20%, creeping yellowcress [Rorippa sylvestris (L.) Besser] 8%, hairy galinsoga [Galinsoga ciliata (Raf.) S. F. Blake] 7%, gallant soldiers (Galinsoga parviflora Cav.) 6%, Canadian horseweed [Conyza canadensis (L.) Cronq.] 6%, common groundsel (Senecio vulgaris L.) 5%, and annual nettle (Urtica urens L.) 5%. Other species occurred sporadically. The total number and fresh weight of weeds growing on 1 m2 were 412 and 246 g on plots treated with EM and 389 and 227 g on control plots, respectively, but the differences were not statistically significant.

Purpose. To study the competitive relationship between the plants of switchgrass ( Ра nісum virgatum L.) and weeds as affected by the plant density under the conditions of the Right Bank Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Methods. Field, laboratory. Results. The following species of weeds were found in switchgrass crops: Chenopodium album , Galinsoga parviflora , Persicaria lapathifola , Amaranthus retroflexus , Xanthium strumarium , Melandrium album , Thlaspi arvense , Sinapis arvensis , Echinichloa crus-galli and Setaria glauca . At the time of accounting, the highest weed density (plant/m 2 ) was found in the variants with plant density (plants/m 2 ) of 50 and 100. In particular, the number of annual cereal weeds in these variants was 57.9 and 35.8, Thlaspi arvense 23.6 and 10.4, Amaranthus retroflexus 22.4 and 10.7, Galinsoga parviflora 21.7 and 9.1, Sinapis arvensis 21.4 and 9.9, Chenopodium album 18.5 and 9.9, Persicaria lapathifola 9.8 and 5.3, respectively. The total number of weeds in the variant with a density of 50 was 188.2, which is 34% more compared to the variant where switchgrass density was 200. Under conditions of joint vegetation with weeds, switchgrass fomed rather insignificant vegetative mass. In particular, for the switchgrass density of 50, only 23.0 g of crop mass per m 2 was recorded, whereas the weeds generally formed the maximum experimental values of 2288.8 g/m 2 . For the cultivation of switchgrass at a density of 100, its green mass was 34.0 g/m 2 , while that weeds was 1088.7 g/m 2 , which is 2.1 times less compared to the previous variant. For the density of 150, switchgrass green mass was 58.0 g/m 2 , and the maximum density (200) 73.0 g/m 2 . In these variants, biomass of weeds decreased to 780.1 and 569.8 g/m 2 , respectively. Conclusions. The intensity of weed dry mass accumulation in switchgrass stands drastically decreased with increasing the density of switchgrass in the experiment from 50 to 100 plants per m 2 . At the same time, full dominance of switchgrass in the stands in the first year of vegetation, even at the plant densities of 150 and 200 plants per m 2 , was not observed. In particular, the maximum weed density generally formed a dry mass of 254.8 g/m 2 , while the plants of switchgrass formed only 35.6 g/m 2 .

The effects of application of the straw of cadmium accumulating species (Youngia erythrocarpa (cadmium hyperaccumulator), Bidens pilosa (cadmium hyperaccumulator), Solanum photeinocarpum (potential cadmium hyperaccumulator), and Siegesbeckia orientalis (cadmium accumulator)) in cadmium contaminated soil on the growth and cadmium accumulation of Galinsoga parviflora were studied. The root biomass, stem biomass, shoot biomass, total biomass, and the antioxidant enzyme activity of G. parviflora were increased by application of the straw of Y. erythrocarpa. The straw of Y. erythrocarpa, S. orientalis, and B. pilosa reduced soil pH, increased the soil exchangeable Cd concentration, and increased the Cd contents in stems, leaves, and shoots of G. parviflora compared with the control. The straw of Y. erythrocarpa and B. pilosa increased the Cd extraction amount in stems, leaves, shoots and the whole plant of G. parviflora compared with the control, with the effect of Y. erythrocarpa higher than that of B. pilosa. Therefore, the straw of Y. erythrocarpa and B. pilosa improved the Cd extraction ability of G. parviflora from cadmium-contaminated soil, and the straw of Y. erythrocarpa demonstrated to be the best material. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2015

Allelopathic effects of aqueous extract of different plant parts (root, stem and leaf) of Artemisia dubia on seed germination and seedling growth of two winter crops ( Triticum aestivum and Brassica campestries, and some associated weeds ( Bidens pilosa, Ageratum conyzoides, Galinsoga parviflora and Cyperus rotundus ) have been investigated in the present study. Extracts of root, stem and leaves of Artemisia dubia showed significant reduction in germination and seedling growth of test crops and weeds. Germination of crop and weed seeds and growth of shoot and root were reduced significantly in test treatments in comparison to the control. The seed germination, shoot length and root length were low at higher concentration. Complete inhibition of seed germination of Ageratum conyzoides , Galinsoga parviflora and Cyperus rotundus at 5 and 10% leaf extract of A.dubia was observed. Allelopathic effects were more pronounced with leaf extract than root or stem extract in most cases.The result indicated difference in allelopathic effect on crop seed and weed seed at higher concentrations. ECOPRINT 21: 23-30, 2014 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/eco.v21i0.11901

Galinsoga ciliata Raf. Blake like Galinsoga parviflora Cav., comes from the Andes region. The chemical composition, activity and use are similar for both species. Galinsoga species are used in folk medicine as anti-inflammatory agents and accelerators for wound healing. Extracts are applied topically onto the skin to treat dermatological diseases, eczemas, lichens and hard-healing-wounds, and also to treat snakebites. Orally they used to cure flu and colds. In the studies using HPTLC method, different stationary phases, including unmodified silica gel, silica gels modified with CN, NH2, DIOL and RP18 groups were tried. The best separation of the tested compounds was achieved on silica gel plates, when as mobile phases mixtures – ethyl acetate–acetic acid–formic acid–water (100:11:11:26, v/v/v/v), ethyl acetate–methanol–formic acid–water (50:3:4:6, v/v/v/v) and ethyl acetate–methyl ethyl ketone–formic acid–water (30:9:3:3, v/v/v/v) – were used. Using reference substances, in the examined extracts the presence of flavonoids: patulitrin, quercimeritrin, quercitagetrin, and phenolic acids – caffeic and chlorogenic acids was found. HPLC analyses of extracts were carried out on a reversed-phase Zorbax SB column (150 mm × 2.1 mm, 1.9 μm). The mobile phase (A) was water/acetonitrile/formic acid (95:5:0.1, v/v/v) and the mobile phase (B) was acetonitrile/formic acid (100:0.1, v/v). A linear gradient system was used: 0–30 min, 1–30% B. Application of HPLC-DAD-MS method confirmed the results obtained by HPTLC method. Moreover, in the tested extracts the presence of caffeoylglucaric acids as dominating compounds was detected.

Weeds compete with cultivated plants for nutrients and water in agricultural fields and orchards. Site-specific precision plant protection requires optimal plant-specific pesticide combinations and quantities. The first step in precision weed control is to map and detect weeds. Active and passive remote-sensing tools are available for weed detection. This article presents a study of precision weed detection using three-dimensional terrestrial laser scanning in an apple (Malus domestica) orchard. The laser scanner was able to identify two monocotyledonous (Digitaria sanguinalis, Echinochloa crus-galli) and two dicotyledonous (Galinsoga parviflora, Portulaca oleracea) weed species. In addition to weed identification, weed coverage was also determined using three algorithms. The results indicate that laser scanning has the potential for fast, accurate weed detection and could support the development of a plant-specific, selective, precision weed-control system that reduces water and pesticide use in orchards.

Increased challenges of weed control in the smallholder farming sector of southern Africa have often resulted in small yields. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different weed control strategies on weed flora and composition under conservation agriculture (CA) systems in Zimbabwe. This study was conducted at three on-station trial sites namely Domboshawa Training Centre (DTC), University of Zimbabwe farm (UZ farm) and Henderson Research Station (HRS) in a maize–soybean rotation for four seasons from 2009–2010 to 2012–2013 seasons. Hand weeding was done whenever weeds were 10 cm tall or 10 cm in circumference for weeds with a stoloniferous growth habit. Weed identification was done up to the weed species level, and the Shannon–Weiner diversity and evenness index was used to determine the response of weed flora to herbicides. Results showed that there were more weeds in the early years which decreased gradually until the final season. Weed species diversity was not affected by herbicide application and the results indicated that weed species diversity was small in CA systems. Annual weed species constituted a greater proportion of species, and species richness decreased with the duration of the study. Richardia scabra L. and Galinsoga parviflora Cav. were the most common dominant weed species at all sites and in all seasons. Moreover, herbicide application had no effect on the evenness of weeds in the plots but site characteristics had a significant effect on the distribution of weed species (weed species evenness). The results presented in this study suggest that herbicide application facilitates a depletion of weed seed bank/number of weeds over time. Thus, herbicide application in CA has potential to reduce weed density, species richness and species diversity in the long term which may lead to more labour savings and larger yields.

Galinsoga parviflora (gallant soldier), Asteraceae, produces two morphologically distinct achenes in a single capitulum: peripheral and central. The morphological, phenological and generative reproduction traits of the progeny derived from peripheral and central achenes that were cultivated in greenhouse conditions were analyzed. Differences between the progeny of various morph types were manifested at different stages of life. The plants of both morph types developed at a similar rate and they entered key phenological phases at the same time except for the flowering stage. The average height of the studied plants was similar on the same days of the experiment. The study showed that plants from peripheral achenes realize the generative reproduction in other pattern than plants from central achenes. The plants from central achenes produce more capitula per plant at the beginning of the fruiting stage, whereas plants from peripheral seeds achieve the highest number of capitula per plant at later stages. Finally, on day 130 of the experiment, the number of capitula per plant of both morphs equalized. At the early fruiting stage, the number of achenes per capitulum of plants from the two morphs did not differ significantly. The number of achenes within one capitulum decreases with plant age in both populations, but the rate of that decline is greater in the progeny of peripheral seeds. The number of peripheral achenes per capitulum in plants from both achene types decreases at a comparable rate. In contrast, the number of central achenes is reduced at a faster rate in plants germinated from peripheral achenes. After day 83, the individuals from peripheral diaspores intensified their reproductive effort; they produced more capitula but with fewer number of achenes than in individuals from central diaspores. On day 130, the number of dispores per plant of the two morphs equalized. The changes of fecundity of peripheral and central progeny with the age of the plant (at different stages of the life cycle of a single plant) contribute to an intensive seed rain throughout the fruiting period. By producing a large number of less fertile capitula with a stable number of peripheral achenes, plants derived from peripheral achenes are able to supply a higher share of peripheral achenes than if they would produce fewer but more fertile capitula. This strategy increases the pool of peripheral achenes.

Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) is regarded as a pest with a large number of hosts, including crops and weeds. The performance of this whitefly on seven weeds was evaluated in order to identify the most suitable host. The following weeds that are very common in intense agricultural areas in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, were selected for this study: spurge (Euphorbia heterophylla), beggarticks (Bidens pilosa), red tasselflower (Emilia sonchifolia), small-flower galinsoga (Galinsoga parviflora), pigweed (Amaranthus viridis), black nightshade (Solanum americanum), and morning glory (Ipomoea sp.). In free-choice tests, adult preference and oviposition were greatest on spurge. In contrast, morning glory was the least attractive and least oviposited plant. In assays carried out for egg-adult development, egg viability was greater than 87% over all weeds, whereas nymph viability ranged from 74 to 97%. The developmental period from egg to adult ranged from 26.7 to 49.1 days among the hosts under study. The lowest nymph density rate was observed for beggarticks and morning glory. Cluster analysis resulted in a single group formed by spurge, indicating its superiority as a host for B. tabaci biotype B. Even though the parameters evaluated indicate that spurge is the most suitable host among the weeds, all the others allow the reproduction of B. tabaci biotype B. For this reason, they should be observed during cropping and the intercrop period in areas infested by this whitefly.

The spread of species far from their native range is an important component of global changes. Investigating the ability of alien plants to invade different habitats is one of the most important approaches in the analysis of biological invasion mechanisms. The study was based on floristic research carried out in 1998–2002 in the north-western part of Poland. The habitats sampled were classified according to the EUNIS classification. A dataset of 2638 naturalized neophyte records was compiled based on a total of 2132 floristic lists. Species entries were supplemented with data on taxonomic position (family), origin, frequency, life form and number of habitats a particular species colonises. Ordination analyses showed the level of disturbance in individual habitats to be important in species-habitats relationships. Some of the species (e.g. Chamomilla suaveolens, Galinsoga parviflora, Veronica persica) occurred mainly in man-made, heavily disturbed habitats, while others (e.g. Impatiens parviflora...

A new method, the artificially high soil cadmium (Cd) concentration method, was used to screen for Cd hyperaccumulators among winter farmland weeds. Galinsoga parviflora was the most promising remedial plant among 5 Cd accumulators or hyperaccumulators. In Cd concentration gradient experiments, as soil Cd concentration increased, root and shoot biomass decreased, and their Cd contents increased. In additional concentration gradient experiments, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase activities increased with soil Cd concentrations up to 75 mg kg−1, while expression of their isoenzymes strengthened. Catalase (CAT) activity declined and CAT isoenzyme expression weakened at soil Cd concentrations less than 50 mg kg−1. The maxima of Cd contents in shoots and roots were 137.63 mg kg−1 and 105.70 mg kg−1, respectively, at 100 mg kg−1 Cd in soil. The root and shoot bioconcentration factors exceeded 1.0, as did the translocation factor. In a field experiment, total extraction of Cd by shoots was 1.35 mg m−2 to 1.43 mg m−2 at soil Cd levels of 2.04 mg kg−1 to 2.89 mg kg−1. Therefore, the artificially high soil Cd concentration method was effective for screening Cd hyperaccumulators. Galinsoga parviflora is a Cd hyperaccumulator that could be used to efficiently remediate Cd-contaminated farmland soil. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2422–2428. © 2014 SETAC

Field trials were conducted in 2008 and 2009 to evaluate weed control in green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) with soil-applied herbicides. The weed population in the both years was consisted mainly of summer grasses and broadleaf weeds. The weediness in the both years was relative high. Weed density in the untreated control plots was 146.0 plants m 2 in 2008 and 176.2 plant m 2 in 2009. The most dominant weeds were Echinochloa-crus galli, Portulaca oleracea and Galinsoga parviflora in 2008 and Portulaca oleracea, Amaranthus retroflexus and Chenopodium album in 2009. Efficacy of herbicides in control of prevailing weeds 28 and 56 DAT was ranged of 37% to 100% in 2008 and 93% to 100% in 2009, respectively. Lower herbicide efficacy in 2008 was most likely due to dryer soil conditions after PPI and PRE application and domination of Echinochloa crus-galli. Green beans were not visibly injured by any of herbicide treatments in 2008, but linuron and prometryn caused 13.8 and 15.3% transient injury in 2009. Green beans yield was markedly affected by herbicide efficacy, particularly in the second year, where yield was similar to that of the weed-free control.

In the past two decades, ecologists have focused mainly on two basic aspects of biological invasions: firstly, the particular characteristics of species that determine their invasiveness, and secondly, on the properties of communities that determine their resistance to invasion. Depending on the period when it was unaccidental or accidental introduction of alien plant species, they are divided into four categories: archaeophytes, paleophytes, neophytes and neotophytes. In relation to the status after the introduction and the level of sustainability, alien plant species are grouped into: ephemeral, naturalized and invasive. In relation to the total invasive alien weed flora of the Republic of Serbia attribute most aggressive, in terms of crop production, can be assigned to species: Abutilon theophrasti Medic., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Ambrosia atremisiifolia L., Cuscuta campestris Yunk., Erigeron canadensis L., Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Iva xanthifolia Nutt., Polygonum aviculare L., Portulaca oleraceae L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Stenactis annua (L.) Ness. and Xanthium strumarium L. On the other hand, in the category of invasive alien weed species, which for now does not occur in a high abundance in the crop field, but that can be expected in the near future in the crop field if we do not take control measures, that’s are: Amaranthus deflexus L., Asclepias syriaca L., Ambrosia trifida L., Eleusine indica L., Solidago canadensis L., Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad., Iva xanthifolia Nutt., Fallopia japonica Houtt., Xanthium spinosum L., etc. U poslednje dve decenije istraživanja u oblasti bioloških invazija su usmerena u dva pravca: 1) proučavanje ključnih biološko-ekoloških karakteristika vrsta koje im omogućavaju invazivnost, i 2) proučavanje karakteristika zajednice koje ukazuju na njenu otpornost prema opstanku novodospelih, odnosno unetih alohtonih vrsta. U zavisnosti od perioda kada je izvršena namerna ili slučajna introdukcija alohtonih biljnih vrsta one su podeljene u četiri kategorije: arheofite, paleofite, neofite i neotofite. U odnosu na status nakon introdukcije, odnosno nivo održivosti, alohtone vrste se grupišu u: efemerne, naturalizovane i invazivne. U odnosu na ukupnu alohtonu invazivnu korovsku floru R. Srbije atribut najagresivnije, sa aspekta biljne proizvodnje, se može dodeliti vrstama: Abutilon theophrasti Medik., Amaranthus retroflexus L., Ambrosia atremisiifolia L., Cuscuta campestris Yunk., Erigeron canadensis L., Galinsoga parviflora Cav., Iva xanthifolia Nutt., Polygonum aviculare L., Portulaca oleracea L., Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers., Stenactis annua (L.) Ness. i Xanthium strumarium L. S druge strane, u grupu invazivnih alohtonih vrsta se takođe svrstavaju agresivni korovi koji se za sada ne javljaju u značajnoj brojnosti na obradivim površinama, ali za koje se može očekivati da će u skorijoj budućnosti, ukoliko se ne preduzmu adekvatne mere kontrole, postati problem u usevima, takve su: Amaranthus deflexus L., Asclepias syriaca L., Ambrosia trifida L., Eleusine indica L., Solidago canadensis L., Kochia scoparia (L.) Schrad., Iva xanthifolia Nutt., Fallopia japonica Houtt., Xanthium spinosum L. i druge.

The experiment was conducted in 2008–2010 at the Experimental Station of the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences in Zamość, University of Life Sciences in Lublin. The research design included two factors: I. Method of cultivation – sole cropping and strip cropping (the cultivation of three plants: maize, narrow-leafed lupin and oats, in neighboring strips); II. Weed control method – mechanical and chemical. The subject of this study was weed infestation in maize, narrow-leafed lupin and oats. The greatest diversity of weeds was found in the narrow-leafed lupine crop, while the lowest diversity in maize. The dominant weed species in maize, lupine and oats were Echinochloa crus-galli, Chenopodium album and Galinsoga parviflora which ranged from 34% to 99% of the total number of weeds. Strip cropping clearly reduced the number of weeds per unit area in the narrow-leafed lupin and oat crops as well as the aboveground dry weight of weeds in all plant species. Chemical weed control significantly decreased both the number and weight of weeds in comparison with the mechanical method.

Galinsoga quadriradiata (hairy galinsoga) and Galinsoga parviflora (smallflower galinsoga, gallant soldier) are very troublesome weeds in many vegetable row crops in Europe. To optimise management strategies for Galinsoga spp. control, an in-depth study of germination biology was performed. Germination experiments were conducted to evaluate the impact of light and alternating temperatures on germination of a large set of Galinsoga populations. Seedling emergence was investigated by burying seeds at different depths in a sandy and sandy loam soil. Dormancy of fresh seeds harvested in autumn was evaluated by studying germination response in light at 25/20 degrees C with and without nitrate addition. Seed longevity was investigated in an accelerated ageing experiment by exposing seeds to 45 degrees C and 100% relative humidity. Galinsoga spp. seeds required light for germination; light dependency varied among populations. Seedling emergence decreased drastically with increasing burial depth. Maximum depth of emergence varied between 4 and 10mm depending on soil type and population. In a sandy soil, emergence percentages were higher and seedlings were able to emerge from greater depths than in a sandy loam soil. Freshly produced G.parviflora seeds, harvested in autumn, showed a varying but high degree of primary dormancy and were less persistent than G.quadriradiata seeds that lack primary dormancy. Lack of primary dormancy of freshly harvested G.quadriradiata seeds and light dependency for germination may be used to optimise and develop Galinsoga management strategies.

The objective of this work was to analyze the floristic variation and phytosociological structure of weeds as influenced by relief and time of year in eucalyptus plantations in Santana do Paraíso and Guanhães - MG. The total area sampled for each locality was approximately 10 ± 3 hectares, comprising three types of relief: lowland, slope, and upper area. In each type of relief, 10 plots of 1 m² were sampled, corresponding to 30 plots per locality, where they were randomly allocated in a zigzag. The taxonomic identification was performed in four assessments, corresponding to the months of November and March, comprising two ratings each season, always at the same points, and geo-referenced using the Global Positioning System (GPS). A total of 3,893 individuals, 18 families and 61 species, were identified in Santana do Paraiso and a total of 1,166 individuals, 13 families and 58 species, in Guanhães. In both localities, the most representative families in terms of wealth were: Poaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae. Galinsoga parviflora was the most abundant species. The Vernonia polyantes was identified only in the lowlands, while Arrabida florida was identified in the slope and upper area. On the other hand, Emilia coccinea, Sida rhombifolia, S. paniculatum and Spermacoce latifolia were common to all three environments. Commelina benghalensis was present only in the month of March, while G. parviflora was present only in the month of November. It was concluded that the floristic and phytosociological variation of weeds in eucalyptus plantations is influenced by the type of relief and time of year, which should guide the management practices used in the culture. Objetivou-se analisar a variação florística e a estrutura fitossociológica de plantas daninhas em função do relevo e da época do ano em cultivos de eucalipto nos municípios de Santana do Paraíso e Guanhães-MG. A área total amostrada para cada localidade foi de aproximadamente 10 ± 3 hectares, compreendidos em três tipos de relevo: baixada, encosta e parte alta. Em cada tipo de relevo, foram amostradas 10 parcelas de 1 m², correspondendo a 30 parcelas por município, onde foram distribuídas aleatoriamente em zigue-zague. A identificação taxonômica foi efetuada em quatro avaliações, correspondentes aos meses de novembro dos anos de 2009 e 2010 e março de 2010 e 2011, sempre nos mesmos pontos, os quais foram georreferenciados por meio do Sistema de Posicionamento Global (GPS). Foi identificado, no município de Santana do Paraíso, um total de 3.893 indivíduos, distribuídos em 18 famílias e 61 espécies; já em Ganhães identificaram-se 1.166 indivíduos, sendo 13 famílias e 58 espécies. Em ambos os municípios, as famílias mais representativas, em termos de riqueza, foram Poaceae, Asteraceae e Fabaceae. Galinsoga parviflora foi a espécie mais abundante. Vernonia polyantes ocorreu apenas na baixada, e Arrabida florida, na encosta e parte alta. Já Emilia coccinea, Sida rhombifolia, S. paniculatum e Spermacoce latifolia foram comuns aos três ambientes. Commelina benghalensis esteve presente apenas no período correspondente a março, assim como G. parviflora no mês de novembro. Diante do estudo, conclui-se que a variação florística e fitossociológica de plantas daninhas em cultivos de eucalipto é influenciada pelo tipo de relevo e pela época do ano, o que deve nortear práticas de manejo na cultura.

Field studies were carried out in 1989–1995 and 2006–2012 on plantations of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L. subsp. vulgaris). During this period, 542 phytosociological relevés were made using the Braun-Blanquet method. In total, 46 weed species were found. In 1989–1995, the occurrence of 36 segetal species was reported. The highest cover indices were determined for Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus. Galium aparine, Echinochloa crus-galli, and Elymus repens were the dominant species, as well. Analysis of the frequency of occurrence revealed one constant species (Chenopodium album), two frequent species (Amaranthus retroflexus and Galium aparine), and two medium-frequent species (Echinochloa crus-galli and Matricaria maritima ssp. inodora).In 2006–2012, the occurrence of 40 weed species on the sugar beet plantations was recorded. The plantations were clearly dominated by Chenopodium album, accompanied by Polygonum persicaria and Polygonum lapathifolium ssp. lapathifolium. Other dominant species comprised Setaria viridis, Galinsoga parviflora, Brassica napus ssp. napus, and Fallopia convolvulus. The Chenopodium album was a constant component of the sugar beet plantations. In turn, no frequent species were observed and six medium-frequent species were found (Setaria viridis, Galinsoga parviflora, Brassica napus ssp. napus, Echinochloa crus-galli, Amaranthus retroflexus, and Capsella bursa-pastoris).Noteworthy, the presence of previously unreported species, e.g., Abutilon theophrasti, Hyoscyamus niger, or Artemisia vulgaris, was revealed. These species are rare components in sugar beet crops. A reverse phenomenon, i.e., the disappearance of some species such as Euphorbia helioscopia, Malva neglecta, Rumex acetosella, Sinapis arvensis, or Sisymbrium officinale, was also observed.