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Public space is an essential element of human wellbeing and the overall development of the city and society. This paper presents a brief outlook of the past and present situations related to the planning and use of public spaces in urban environments. In doing so, this paper addresses the fi nding that public spaces gradually lose the focus of quality in them, and as time goes by, these spaces are reshaping even in human-unfriendly places. The purpose of this presented research is to fi nd out what are the key elements that create a quality public space. To achieve it, it is used a comparative–descriptive method comparing two relevant pieces of literature or authorial approaches, Henaff and Strong's “Public Space and Democracy” and Pérez-Gómez's “Attunement”. These two examples fulfi ll the criteria of having diff erent interdisciplinary approaches toward public space, explained through diff erent periods and backgrounds. It is found that the crucial elements these authors suggest for building qualitative space are well-grounded. As such, they can be implemented in an integrated physical form because they base on the human factor or the physical presence and experience in space. In the conclusion part, a suggestion was made to include these elements in the process of planning and designing public spaces in the context of the challenges of modern living culture. Javni prostor je bistveni element človekove blaginje ter celotnega razvoja mesta in družbe. V prispevku je predstavljen kratek pogled na preteklo in sedanje stanje v zvezi z načrtovanjem in uporabo javnih prostorov v urbanih okoljih. Članek naslavlja ugotovitev, da se v teh okoljih postopoma izgublja fokus kakovosti javnega prostora, sčasoma pa se ti prostori preoblikujejo celo v človeku neprijazna okolja. Namen predstavljene raziskave je ugotoviti, kateri so ključni elementi, ki ustvarjajo kakovosten javni prostor. Za dosego tega smo uporabili primerjalno in deskriptivno raziskovalno metodo in izvedli primerjavo dveh relevantnih literatur oziroma avtorskih pristopov, Henaff and Strongova “Public Space and Democracy” ter Pérez-Gómezova “Attunement”. Ta dva primera izpolnjujeta kriterije različnih interdisciplinarnih pristopov do javnega prostora, razloženih skozi različna obdobja in ozadja. Ugotovili smo, da so elementi, ki jih avtorji predlagajo kot ključne gradnike kvalitativnega prostora, ustrezno utemeljeni. Kot take jih je mogoče izvesti v celostni fi zični obliki, saj temeljijo na človeškem faktorju oziroma na telesni prisotnosti in izkušnji v prostoru. V zaključku je podan predlog za vključevanje teh elementov v proces načrtovanja in oblikovanja javnega prostora v okviru izzivov sodobne kulture bivanja.

For the field experimentcarried out in a public Andalusian software company to evaluate the effects of the practise of mindfulness, this laboratory package contains i) the experimental material used during its execution, ii) the data sets (both raw data and curatedfiles) derived from the experimental tasks (questionnaires and performance), and iii) a Jupyter notebook containing the statistical analysis scripts, and raw results of script execution, including plots. Additionally, the repository includes a full report of the sphericity and homoscedasticity tests in the results, which are also available for studying the applicability of parametric tests (https://github.com/isa-group/ESEM-2023-Mindfulness-Labpack).

Since the start of industrialization, machine capabilities have increased in such a way that human control of processes has evolved from simple (with mechanization) to cognitive (with computerization), and even emotional (with semi/full automation). The processes have also evolved from simple to complicated, and now complex systems, in the emerging context of Industry 4.0. The objective of the special issue “Human and Industry 4.0” is to benefit from studies and results from current manufacturing projects to highlight clues and good practices to design intelligent manufacturing systems for Industry 4.0, then paying attention to human involvements in order to unsure what it looks like in practice and how to realize these systems, especially when it comes to maintenance and operations. This paper aims to summarize the scientific papers that contributed to the Special Issue “Human and Industry 4.0”. info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

The article makes theoretical generalizations and provides promising solutions to the scientific and theoretical problem of human factor assessment in the safety management system based on predicting the occurrence of an adverse event that may involve risks in aviation activities. The current state and prospects of developing a proactive approach to the safety risk management system and the place of the human factor in identifying sources of danger are analyzed. Generalization and current prospects for the use of artificial neural networks for forecasting tasks and their place in the decision-making system, which allowed to identify unresolved issues, justify appropriate approaches to its solution, in particular to assess the possibility of adverse events of the cardiovascular system . A method for constructing an artificial neural network for forecasting biological risk objects based on a theoretical approach using a decision-making model has been developed. The use of artificial neural networks allowed to develop a model for predicting the occurrence of a negative event of sudden disruption of the functional state of the cardiovascular system of the operator. В работе сделаны теоретические обобщения и получены перспективные решения научно-теоретической проблемы оценки человеческого фактора в системе управления безопасностью полетов на основе прогнозирования возникновения неблагоприятного события, что может повлечь за собой риски в авиационной деятельности. Анализируются современное состояние и перспективы развития проактивного подхода к системе управления рисками безопасности полетов и место человеческого фактора в выявлении источников опасности. Обобщение и современные перспективы развития использования искусственных нейронных сетей для задач прогнозирования и их место в системе принятия решений, что позволило очертить нерешенные вопросы, обосновать соответствующие подходы к ее решению, в частности оценить возможность появления неблагоприятного события резкого ухудшения состояния сердечнососудистой системы оператора авиационной деятельности. Разработана методика построения искусственной нейронной сети для задач прогнозирования биологических объектов, основанная на теоретическом подходе для использования в модели принятия решений. Использование искусственных нейронных сетей позволило разработать модель прогнозирования наступления негативного события внезапного нарушения функциональное состояние сердечно-сосудистой системы оператора, работающего в авиационной сфере У роботі зроблено теоретичні узагальнення та отримано перспективні рішення науково-теоретичних проблем оцінки людського фактора в системі керування безпекою польотів на основі прогнозування виникнення небезпечної подій, що може отримати за собою ризики в авіаційній діяльності. Проаналізовано сучасний стан і перспективи розвитку активного підходу до системи керування ризиками безпеки польотів і місця людського фактора у виявленні джерел небезпеки. Загальні положення та сучасні перспективи розвитку штучних нейронних мереж для прогнозування завдань та їх місце в системі прийняття рішень, що дозволить визначити невирішені питання, обґрунтувати відповідні підходи до її вирішення, зокрема оцінити можливість виникнення небезпечної події порушення стану серцево-судинної системи оператора авіаційної діяльності. Розроблено методику побудови штучної нейронної мережі для задач прогнозування біологічних об'єктів ризику, засновано на теоретичному підході для використанням в моделі прийняття рішень. Використання штучних нейронних мереж дозволило розробити модель прогнозування настання негативної події раптового порушення стану серцево-судинної системи оператора авіаційної діяльності.

The sudden increased need for qualified pilots can cause potential risks for aviation training schools in South Korea because new pilot training programs need to be created, or existing organizations need to be expanded quickly. This study investigates safety culture at pilot training schools, builds a conceptual framework, and identifies the relationship between the sub-safety culture category and safety culture level in commercial pilot training schools. The authors survey the safety culture and management for the organizational aspect of these pilot training schools to clarify essential concepts and generate a conceptual safety management model. The authors examine the differences in safety culture between pilot training schools in the USA and South Korea and the effects these differences have on the organizations. Results show that the safety culture between pilot training schools in north Texas in the USA and South Korea is different. A pilot training school has to have a well-defined safety culture and management procedures in place and an awareness of the diverse cultural backgrounds of its student pilots to avoid potential cultural clashes and needless accidents/incidents.

In this article, the priorities of a radical reform of the higher education system of Uzbekistan in the years of independence, the fact that the socio-economic development of our country depends primarily on the training of educated and mature specialists, the focus is on supporting education, which is the largest investment for New Uzbekistan, on the international positions of Uzbekistan in education rankings, on the changes that have occurred as a result of reforms in the field of higher education, on the adoption of a number of regulatory documents in this regard, on issues of a gradual increase in the level of enrollment in higher education.

The article is devoted to the systemic problems of the study of the human factor, which are associated with the cognitive aspects of human-computer interaction. The rapid development of mathematical modeling has created systemic problems of safety, control and forecasting of the functioning of dynamic transport systems in difficult conditions. The accumulation of latent contradictions and interdisciplinary conflict are the main reasons for the systemic complexity of the problems of education and science, which have increased the importance of the human factor. The main goal of the work is to further develop a convergent approach to studying the problems of the safety of the human factor on a transdisciplinary basis. The key reason for systemic security problems and the manifestation of the human factor is self-organized criticality, the manifestation of which in information transmission lines causes nonlinearity and instability of fractal signals of various natures. The work establishes a connection between the transitional functional states of a person with the individuality of his cognitive activity. A toolkit for identifying induced spatial and temporal inhomogeneities of information transmission media, which generate hidden spatio-temporal relationships at different scale levels, is proposed. These interconnections are determined by the individuality of the cognitive graphic images of fractal and multifractal signals of various natures. The creation of a knowledge base of cognitive graphic images of the dynamic structure of fractal and multifractal signals of various nature will allow finding solutions not yet available to the brain and computer separately. The application of the transdisciplinary convergent approach and tools based on it to electrophysiological signals of a human operator demonstrates advantages and new possibilities. In particular, revealing hidden spatio-temporal relationships that determine the manifestation of human factor in difficult conditions. The innovative potential of the convergent approach to training and forecasting activities of operators (pilot, dispatcher, etc.) is being discussed.

Policing is a profession with a significant human factor component, and police psychology has contributed to its structure to improve police relations throughout various fields of crime prevention and intervention. Within police and in police-client interaction, the management of the human factor has become quite elaborate. However, in the challenging field of police cooperation with other professions in domestic violence management, there is a lot of uncharted land. The EU-funded research project IMPRODOVA sought to address this topic in an empirical approach via document analyses and expert interviews. IMPRODOVA’s main objective was to improve the cooperation and performance of frontline responder ecosystems to high-impact domestic violence considering existing heterogeneities across different settings. Its major results show, how communication, vision and leadership, and organisational learning are the key areas to be reinforced to support police interagency cooperation. Outputs for police practice (including an open access training website) are discussed in the following. Also, recommendations for police multi-professional and inter-agency cooperation are presented.

On the basis of empirical experimental data, relationships were identified indicating the influence of navigators' response to such vessel control indicators as maneuverability and safety. This formed a hypothesis about a non-random connection between the navigator's actions, response and parameters of maritime transport management. Within the framework of this hypothesis, logical-formal approaches were proposed that allow using server data of both maritime simulators and operating vessels in order to timely identify the occurrence of a critical situation with possible catastrophic consequences. A method for processing navigation data based on the analysis of temporal zones is proposed, which made it possible to prevent manifestations of reduced efficiency of maritime transport management by 22.5%. Based on cluster analysis and automated neural networks, it was possible to identify temporary vessel control fragments and classify them by the level of danger. At the same time, the neural network test error was only 3.1%, and the learning error was 3.8%, which ensures the high quality of simulation results. The proposed approaches were tested using the Navi Trainer 5000navigation simulator (Wärtsilä Corporation, Finland). The simulation of the system for identifying critical situations in maritime transport management made it possible to reduce the probability of catastrophic situations by 13.5%. The use of automated artificial neural networks allowed defining critical situations in real time from the database of maritime transport management on the captain's bridge for an individual navigator.

ZusammenfassungZahlreiche Unternehmensfusionen in Deutschland scheitern oder bleiben weit hinter den Erwartungen zurück. Besondere Bedeutung für das Gelingen von Fusionen hat die Gestaltung der Post-Merger-Integration, also die Phase des Zusammenführens der beiden vormals selbstständigen Unternehmen. Das von Amy C. Edmondson entwickelte Konzept der psychologischen Sicherheit könnte hierfür eine wichtige Funktion zur Orientierung und Handlungsleitung erhalten. Die erste Auswertung von Ergebnissen einer qualitativen Befragung von acht Post-Merger erfahrenen Beratungspersonen zeigt, dass dieses Konzept in Deutschland bislang noch nicht explizit eingesetzt wurde, aber dazu dienen kann, dass Firmenfusionen erfolgreicher abschließen. Interventionen und Maßnahmen, die hierbei zum Einsatz kommen können, sind gegenüber einer rein betriebswirtschaftlichen Denkart komplexer und machen die Begleitung durch externe Prozessberatende sinnvoll.

Despite the regular efforts on the part of national regulators, the International Civil Aviation Organization and the International Air Transport Association (ICAO and IATA), as well as on the developers of aeronautical equipment, the vast majority of accidents and incidents continue to occur due to the human factor. With the course of time, aircraft design and reliability are steadily and significantly improving, nevertheless, the number of aviation accidents is happening more and more frequently, including accidents with serviceable aircraft. Considerable evidence is the fact that a Controlled Flight into Terrain (CFIT) remains one of the most common causes of aviation accidents. This is specified by a wide variety of problems that require the search for complex, interconnected solutions. Among these issues it is necessary to highlight the increasing sophistication of the aircraft as a technical system, as well as practically unchanged for more than half a century approaches to pilots training for the type and maintaining their qualifications based on pre-defined scenarios taking into consideration the previous experience of aircraft operation. One of the possible ways out of the situation may be the introduction of so-called concept of personnel training relying on the evidence-based training analysis (EBT) based not on the pursue to memorize a certain list of exercises but to develop each particular pilot’s skills and competences that could help him cope with any unpredictable situation. The key feature of EBT lies in refocusing on the analysis of original causes of unsuccessful maneuvers (actions of the pilot) primarily in order to correct the wrong actions instead of repeatedly complying with the "correct sequence of actions". In this regard, the tools providing a continuous analysis of the pilot's actions to identify errors for the purpose of realigning (forming) the pilot's professional competencies in due time, are of paramount importance. The article describes the content of the methodology representing an ultimate goal to develop recommendations aimed at improving pilot’s expertise based on generalized and personalized models of the pilot, as well as solving the inverse problem of flight dynamics using a comparative assessment of a particular pilot piloting quality.

Occupational safety management in our country no longer meets modern requirements for occupational safety in the workplace and needs to be improved, in particular through the introduction of a risk-oriented approach to the assessment of production factors. The use of risk-oriented approach system to safety management in the workplace is substantiated in this work, and it is the primary link in the management system of labor protection and its optimal (comfortable) organization significantly affects the production environment, safety and staff productivity. A structural and logical model of the incident at the workplace is proposed and possible dangerous events, the development of which in space and time can lead to its implementation are identified. Dangerous events can be caused by both - the actions of the employer and the employee, as well as external factors. All considered dangerous events are random in nature, so methods of general theory of random process control, simulation and Boolean algebra are used for their analysis. According to this model, workplace safety management involves identifying the factors that are most likely to be present in the workplace and justifying measures to reduce the frequency of their occurrence and increase the level of safety. It is shown that the use of a systemic risk-oriented approach to safety management in the workplace will allow to identify the factors that are most likely to cause accidents and to develop appropriate measures to eliminate them. In a market economy, an important point in occupational safety management at all levels is to resolve the compromise between the economic feasibility of economic activity and social responsibility of the state in a way that reduces production risk, namely - maintaining human-centric economic development. Finding such a compromise is difficult and problematic, as it is difficult to compare in commensurate units the economic performance of economic activities with social losses due to accidents and occupational diseases at work. In the conditions of decentralization, when the role of supervisory bodies over the state of labor protection is reduced, it is very important to form elements of labor protection culture in employees and managers. Improving public and cultural education on occupational safety remains a priority of our country's public policy, in particular through higher education, which trains highly qualified workers and senior managers who are personally responsible for occupational safety at each workplace.

This study aimed to examine health information technology-related incidents and identify risks associated with multiple patients’ management. Sources of information comprised interviews with healthcare professionals and three small sets of local voluntary incident reports using two sampling strategies, purposive and snowball sampling. Incident reports, in the form of free-text narratives, were aggregated for analysis using the Health Information Technology Classification System and thematic analysis. Of 95 incidents, 176 issues were identified, comprising 77% ( n = 136) technical issues, and 23% ( n = 40) use or human-related issues. Human issues were over two times more likely to harm patients (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.01 - 4.98) than technical issues. Incidents that affected multiple patients’ care accounted for 70% ( n = 66) of the total sample, and large-scale events comprised 39% ( n = 26) of the incidents that affected multiple patients' care. Systematically identifying and characterizing such incidents should be prioritized for health information technology implementations.

Objective Sequelae of medical errors are a significant problem in acute care. Human-factor-based events are frequent but avoidable causes. Thus, non-technical skills are crucial. In 2008, crisis-resource-management (CRM)-based simulation training was established for the medical staff of the Lower Austria Regional Hospitals, one of the largest hospital operators in Europe. Methods Implementation and development of simulation training from 2008 until today are described, costs and performance data retrospectively analysed over a 10-year period. The applied methodology and organisational aspects of CRM training are highlighted. To complete the picture, activities triggered through CRM training throughout the hospitals with potential to further improve patient safety are shown. Results With an initial funding of €100,000 by the Landeskliniken Holding and course rates of €350 to €500, a simulation programme was established for approximately 1,900 co-workers in the acute care setting. In the past 10 years, more than 2,300 doctors and nurses took part in one of the courses, held by 14 qualified trainers. Training was held in the simulation centre as well as in hospitals. Over the time, simulation facilities have been expanded to 8 different manikins, high-fidelity ventilation and monitoring simulation. In addition, a variety of patient safety activities like implementation of critical incident reporting, OR checklists and anaesthesia briefing was accompanied by the trainer team. The total cost of the project was just under €20, 00,000. Conclusion Simulation-based CRM training was successfully introduced and sustainably institutionalised at the NOE LKH group of hospitals. The demand for and acceptance of the training were both excellent. The previous costs of training were relatively low; the organisational model of an independent, non-profit registered association allowed the training activities to be implemented without reducing the availability of the instructors in their clinical roles.

This paper presents the system development of a co-simulation platform aimed at studying driving behavior with multiple participants. The objective of this study was to create an immersive and interactive environment where different driving scenarios could be simulated and driver behavior could be recorded and analyzed. The platform integrated the Unity game engine with the VISSIM microscopic traffic simulator to create a hybrid simulation environment that combined the advantages of both tools. A virtual reality massive multiplayer online (VRMMO) module was developed to capture the interactions of the participants during the simulation experiments. The external control devices of this co-simulation platform were calibrated using the empirical data of a Controller Area Network (CAN-BUS) from actual driving behaviors. The main contributions of this study are the demonstration of the Unity–VISSIM co-simulation platform in simulating interactive driver behavior and the potential for its use in various research areas, such as intelligent transportation systems, human factors, driving education, and traffic safety analyses. The platform could be a valuable tool for evaluating the effectiveness of collective intelligence countermeasures in improving traffic systems, with relatively lower costs and risks.

This paper investigates the usability of touch screens used in mass production road vehicles. Our goal is to provide a detailed comparison of conventional physical buttons and capacitive touch screens taking the human factor into account. The pilot test focuses on a specific Non-driving Related Task (NDRT): the control of the on-board climate system using a touch screen panel versus rotating knobs and push buttons. Psychological parameters, functionality, usability and, the ergonomics of In-Vehicle Information Systems (IVIS) were evaluated using a specific questionnaire, a system usability scale (SUS), workload assessment (NASA-TLX), and a physiological sensor system. The measurements are based on a wearable eye-tracker that provides fixation points of the driver’s gaze in order to detect distraction. The closed road used for the naturalistic driving study was provided by the ZalaZONE Test Track, Zalaegerszeg, Hungary. Objective and subjective results of the pilot study indicate that the control of touch screen panels causes higher visual, manual, and cognitive distraction than the use of physical buttons. The statistical analysis demonstrated that conventional techniques need to be complemented in order to better represent human behavior differences.

Summarization: This article aims to catch a glimpse of the changes on the driving culture that are about to come and attempt to sketch the contours of these changes. The thoughts I would like to share are more exploratory reflections than an argument, on the possible ways the Autonomous Vehicle’s new technology would disrupt and transform material world, patterns of behaviour and cognitive awareness of the urban landscape. Mainly I am interested in the social and cultural implications of using Automated Vehicles; how the car-bots will transform our urban cognition and ultimately our spatial and temporal perception. Παρουσιάστηκε στο: 20th IFAC Conference on Technology, Culture, and International Stability

International audience; This paper is intended to discuss the works and challenges raised by Human-System Integration (HSI) as a key approach to deal with the changes that Industry 4.0 will bring to Smart Manufacturing Control System (SMCS). Industry 4.0 has come with many technological advances allowing significant possibilities to enhance flexibility, efficiency and human well-being but also increasing the complexity and the lack of exhaustive view on the behaviour of autonomous agents. This leads to the questions of acceptability, comprehension, or adaptation between humans and systems. This paper suggests some challenging perspectives from the organization, technology, and social dimensions' triptych. An overview of works related to organisation theory, HSI & SMCS have been done to evaluate the barriers, opportunities, and action levers for the future smart manufacturing control systems' challenges.

The paper is devoted to expanding the composition of the studied elements of the human factor that affect the level of industrial injuries. The significant achievements of JSC "Russian Railways" are shown in reducing injuries and the tasks of implementing the "Vision Zero" concept, which can be solved if additional reserves are attracted. The purpose of the paper is to widely include motivational elements in the human factor, which allow approaching the implementation of the concept of zero injuries. An overview of the studied factors of injuries in the industry is given. Based on the conducted research, motivational elements that have an impact on the safety of production processes are identified. The use of the SHELL concept allowed approaching the systematic study of the problem of injury minimization based on the study of the relationship between a person and the organization's resources. Problematic behavioral characteristics of industry employees and ways to solve them are identified. Obtaining an objective picture of the real state of the motivational sphere is possible by using a comprehensive approach with the involvement of additional research results. Research methods: expert, sociological survey, statistical data analysis, comparison, system analysis. As a result, the following conclusions are obtained: the construction of an industry system of personnel motivation in relation to reducing the level of industrial injuries requires the use of research results on the motivational sphere of employees. These results will allow implementing a comprehensive approach, making additions to the mechanisms of management actions to reduce injuries. © 2021 Elsevier B.V.. All rights reserved.

The article presents issues related to methods of risk management related to operator fatigue. An organization that wants to safely carry out operational tasks need effective methods and tools for risk assessment in safety system to increase the chances and likelihood of the organization achieving its goals. In this case, it is about identifying the risk of fatigue at work, controlling it and minimizing its negative effects. The article presents, on the example of a pilot, the possibilities of managing the risk of fatigue at work, both in the reactive, proactive and predictive dimensions, using selected examples of methods and tools. The summary emphasizes the need for a systemic risk management related to fatigue at work.

Human errors are widely considered among the major causes of road accidents. Furthermore, it is estimated that more than 90% of vehicle crashes causing fatal and permanent injuries are directly related to mental tiredness, fatigue, and drowsiness of the drivers. In particular, driving drowsiness is recognized as a crucial aspect in the context of road safety, since drowsy drivers can suddenly lose control of the car. Moreover, the driving drowsiness episodes mostly appear suddenly without any prior behavioral evidence. The present study aimed at characterizing the onset of drowsiness in car drivers by means of a multimodal neurophysiological approach to develop a synthetic electroencephalographic (EEG)-based index, able to detect drowsy events. The study involved 19 participants in a simulated scenario structured in a sequence of driving tasks under different situations and traffic conditions. The experimental conditions were designed to induce prominent mental drowsiness in the final part. The EEG-based index, so-called “MDrow index”, was developed and validated to detect the driving drowsiness of the participants. The MDrow index was derived from the Global Field Power calculated in the Alpha EEG frequency band over the parietal brain sites. The results demonstrated the reliability of the proposed MDrow index in detecting the driving drowsiness experienced by the participants, resulting also more sensitive and timely sensible with respect to more conventional autonomic parameters, such as the EyeBlinks Rate and the Heart Rate Variability, and to subjective measurements (self-reports).

Widespread adoption of optical diagnosis of colorectal neoplasia is prevented by suboptimal endoscopist performance and lack of standardized training and competence evaluation. We aimed to assess diagnostic accuracy of endoscopists in optical diagnosis of colorectal neoplasia in the framework of artificial intelligence (AI) validation studies. Literature searches of databases (PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus) up to April 2022 were performed to identify articles evaluating accuracy of individual endoscopists in performing optical diagnosis of colorectal neoplasia within studies validating AI against a histologically verified ground-truth. The main outcomes were endoscopists' pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value (PPV/NPV), positive and negative likelihood ratio (LR) and area under the curve (AUC for sROC) for predicting adenomas versus non-adenomas. Six studies with 67 endoscopists and 2085 (IQR: 115-243,5) patients were evaluated. Pooled sensitivity and specificity for adenomatous histology was respectively 84.5% (95% CI 80.3%-88%) and 83% (95% CI 79.6%-85.9%), corresponding to a PPV, NPV, LR+, LR- of 89.5% (95% CI 87.1%-91.5%), 75.7% (95% CI 70.1%-80.7%), 5 (95% CI 3.9%-6.2%) and 0.19 (95% CI 0.14%-0.25%). The AUC was 0.82 (CI 0.76-0.90). Expert endoscopists showed a higher sensitivity than non-experts (90.5%, [95% CI 87.6%-92.7%] vs. 75.5%, [95% CI 66.5%-82.7%], p

This article presents the research results of the human factor effect on system safety. The authors used historical data on inductive reasoning to obtain the results. The article shows that there is no good reason to believe that there is no human factor that the human factor has no effect on system safety. In other words, it is considered that most disasters and incidents were initiated by human beings, the so-called, human factor. It is concluded that inductive reasoning plays a key role in the human factor, which leads to disasters and incidents.

The problem considered in the paper is as follows. The patient with lumbal pain is coming to General Practitioner (GP). The undesirable result is GP’s decision to treat the patient by him/herself in spite of the patient should be directed to medical specialist or hospital. In order to find the ways how the adverse outcomes occur, a system approach called Functional Resonance Analysis Method (FRAM) has been applied. The examples of emerging the unwanted GP’s decision, as a consequence of functional resonance have been given. Proposals how to avoid unwanted outcomes have been suggested.

Introduction. The human factor and the characteristics of construction and road machine operators, such as experience, work experience, professional skills, skill, etc., have a significant impact on the efficiency of equipment operation. The human factor, on average, is the cause of about a third of the failures of construction and road machines. One of the most effective ways out of this situation is to improve the machines from the point of view of ensuring the compatibility of the elements of the human-machine system. The article considers the issues of the engineering and psychological component of compatibility.Materials and methods. The method of analysis of hierarchies is used, when solving the problem of identifying the causes of operators’ errors and fuzzy logic, to build a model for assessing the impact of the human factor on the efficiency of construction and road machines.Results. As a result of a comprehensive assessment of the causes of errors, it was found that the largest combination of criteria is a group of errors associated with the peculiarities of the task being performed, as well as the properties of the information processed by a person. The developed model for assessing the influence of the human factor on the efficiency of machine operation uses risk as an output variable, and input variables a generalized indicator of the complexity of the algorithm and the level of qualification of the machine operator.Discussion and conclusions. The resulting model allows you to make a primary assessment of the impact of the human factor and maintenance and repair planning, as well as be used in personnel management processes, for example, in terms of sending personnel for training. Further improvement is seen in the development of neurofuzzy anfys models which provide a knowledge base for more effective risk assessment by specific precedents. The structure of the model in terms of input variables for a more correct risk assessment is also possible to be changed.

Unmanned aerial systems (UAS) are treated as an opportunity, a challenge and a threat to airports, but the author decided to focus on the last aspect, in particular on countering UAS in operational area of airports. Due to the above, this article aims to address the characteristics of systems used to counteract and combat (neutralize) UAV in the airport’s operational area. There are used the following research methods: analysis, synthesis, inference, comparison, abstracting and expert interview. To achieve the assumed aim, the author performed two research tasks: presentation of the importance of unmanned aerial systems as well as identification and discussion of the selected threats to airports resulting from the use of unmanned aerial systems. The presented material shows that countering unmanned aerial systems is a complex issue which requires the use of a com-bination of different solutions.

The role of the human factor in aviation is a critical element for the safety of flight operations. It is described by methods such as SHELL and BowTie, which propose solutions to minimize the risk of occurrence of aviation events. The work presents the development of these concepts by introducing the method of testing the predisposition of airport staff using a specialized system which is the Polipsychograph - a system dedicated to designing and carrying out psychological tasks testing human mental, cognitive and motor skills in connection with the assessment of his professional capabilities. The work contains the results of 40 tests performed on employees dealing with airport ground handling on a daily basis. Research has shown that the employee’s predisposition depends on the quality of work entrusted to him. The paper presents a method of assessing the psychophysical predisposition of an employee allowing him to be directed to work corresponding to his qualifications.

Authors in the article presentan original method of risk assessment, taking “human errors” into account in its assumptions, fillingan existing methodological gap in this field of study. This article presents a general concept of a method:estimating risk assessment and modeling human factors as the main cause of a road accident. Fuzzy logic techniques have been used to generate the value of the parameter characterizing the human factor. The authors’“band” model is used in the calculation of the probability of a traffic accident in the transportation of hazardous products. Literary and original research has been conducted in the development of the model. This new approach to risk assessment takes into account in particular the effectof the human factor on the probability of an accident, as well as the diversity of the different segmentsmaking up the total route of a dangerous good.This method is useful for estimating the variability of risk,taking into account the human factor both on planned and existing routes depending on the categorization of road sections, the division into classes of dangerous goods, the effectof possible scenarios,and risks on transport safety.

This study addresses the problem of designing a display and control console layout under ergonomic principles via a mathematical approach. An integer programming model is established with objective functions comprising four ergonomic principles for designing the display and control console. Unlike the traditional design methods that consider equal-area devices, the new method addresses the general ergonomic console layout problem with unequal-area components. The presented approach evaluates the console in its entirety. Due to the NP-hardness of the problem, a modified multiobjective particle swarm algorithm is proposed. Compared with the manually layout console of the electric locomotive HXD3D, our proposed model achieves better results. The layout of most of the devices can embody ergonomic principles. It is convenient for designers that the proposed method can effectively produce many good layout schemes and evaluate the layout from an ergonomic perspective.

The interaction between drivers and pedestrians at a pedestrian crossing is studied using the method of ergonomic design. The galvanic skin response (GSR) and changes of the heart rate of drivers have been measured to monitor any emotional state change when encountering a pedestrian at a pedestrian crossing. If the driver moves away from the pedestrian standing at the roadside edge, the driver experiences a minimal emotional change. However, if there is no vehicle speed and path variation, the driver experiences significant shift in the GSR and heart rate, thus highlighting a possible increase of the stress level. It was based on the research where the distance and current speed have a significant impact on the drivers and pedestrians with the following consequences for their health. To assess the influence of a pedestrian presence on the road on drivers, it was proposed to use the angular velocity of the vehicle with respect to pedestrians. The probability of the pedestrians presence in a dangerous condition for drivers at different distances and speeds of pedestrian crossing made it possible to find an optimal pedestrian position on the road. Thus, the paper proposed a safe distance for pedestrians on the road at a pedestrian crossing in order to reduce the driver stress level in the traffic flow.

Введение. В статье рассмотрены тенденции производства молока в мире и Нижегородской области, а также тенденции развития молочного животноводства в Нижегородской области в условиях системной государственной поддержки. Объект исследования – животноводческие хозяйства Нижегородской области различных форм собственности. Предметом исследования являются традиционные и инновационные технологии доения, процесс доения и кадры, обслуживающие процесс доения. Обозначены проблемы, заключающиеся в недостатке подготовки квалифицированных кадров, способных использовать весь потенциал высокотехнологичного инновационного доильного оборудования, внедряемого в хозяйствах. Материалы и методы. Исследование выполнено на основе анализа данных статистики по отрасли животноводства в Нижегородской области. Основным методом, используемым авторами при изучении проблемы, является сравнительный анализ. Объектами сравнения являлись используемые в молочном животноводстве традиционные и инновационные технологии доения и применяемые при этом технические устройства. Сравнительному анализу подвергались также требования к рабочим кадрам, обслуживающим процесс доения коров. Результаты. Полученные результаты исследования связаны с характеристикой животноводства региона на основе статистических данных, анализом опыта поддержки сельскохозяйственных предприятий, имеющихся в области. Животноводческие хозяйства Нижегородской области характеризуются недостатком квалифицированных операторов машинного доения. Однако в области есть достаточный потенциал для организации и осуществления новых подходов в подготовке кадров и разработки методов и инструментов поддержки их. Обсуждение. Нарастающий интерес к здоровому образу жизни, а значит, и здоровому питанию (в том числе, молочными продуктами) требует от производителей молока не только увеличения его количества, но и повышения его качества. Государственная поддержка сельскохозяйственных предприятий Нижегородской области по реконструкции животноводческих помещений и внедрению новейших доильных систем и технологий дала положительные результаты в этом направлении. Необходимо решить проблему кадрового дефицита с целью более эффективного использования молочного стада и современного оборудования для животноводства. Заключение. Проведенный анализ позволил выявить основные тенденции развития животноводческих предприятий Нижегородской области, одной из которых является освоение новых технологий доения и оптимальный их подбор для условий конкретного хозяйства. Решение обозначенных авторами проблем позволит увеличить эффективность молочных хозяйств, в первую очередь тех, которые используют современные передовые технологии и технику., Introduction. The article examines the trends in milk production in the world and the Nizhny Novgorod region, as well as the trends in the development of dairy farming in the Nizhny Novgorod region in the conditions of systemic state support. The object of research is livestock farms of the Nizhny Novgorod region of various forms of ownership. The subject of the study is traditional and innovative milking technologies, the milking process and the personnel serving the milking process. The problems identified are the lack of training of qualified personnel capable of using the full potential of high-tech innovative milking equipment introduced in farms. Materials and methods. The study was carried out on the basis of the analysis of statistical data on the livestock industry in the Nizhny Novgorod region. The main method used by the authors in studying the problem is comparative analysis. The objects of comparison were traditional and innovative milking technologies used in dairy farming and the technical devices used in this process. The requirements for the working personnel serving the milking process were also subjected to a comparative analysis. Results. The results of the study are related to the characteristics of animal husbandry in the region based on statistical data, analysis of the experience of supporting agricultural enterprises available in the region. Livestock farms of the Nizhny Novgorod region are characterized by a lack of qualified machine milking operators. However, there is sufficient potential in the region for organizing and implementing new approaches to training and developing methods and tools to support them. Discussion. The growing interest in a healthy lifestyle, and hence healthy nutrition (including dairy products), requires milk producers not only to increase its quantity, but also to increase its quality. State support of agricultural enterprises of the Nizhny Novgorod region for the reconstruction of livestock facilities and the introduction of the latest milking systems and technologies has yielded positive results in this direction. It is necessary to solve the problem of personnel shortage in order to make more efficient use of the dairy herd and modern equipment for animal husbandry. Conclusion. The analysis made it possible to identify the main trends in the development of livestock enterprises of the Nizhny Novgorod region, one of which is the development of new milking technologies and their optimal selection for the conditions of a particular farm. The solution of the problems identified by the authors will increase the efficiency of dairy farms, primarily those that use modern advanced technologies and equipment.

Adam Smith defended the idea that the market was born spontaneously. The market would be inherent in human activity. "Natural inclination to all people: to barter and exchange one thing for another". Exchange is therefore at the origin of the organization of human societies, even before capitalism appeared. The market emerged from its marginality between the twelfth and eighteenth centuries in Western societies, when it could be organized, monitored, regulated. The market is therefore a matter for institutions. It is considered that the economy is developing in the direction of systematization and structuring while not having an exact classification (humanities or technical science), and yet it should be understood that despite the accuracy of economics from the point of view of mathematics, this matter is still not accurate and moderately abstract. The main economic problem is the limited resources with an infinite need for them, which is what many economists are trying to “mitigate” by developing theories and patterns of actions where a need for something is the motive of economic activity. It is evident that the amount of money in the world is limited which means that it is possible that people use the exact same banknotes all over the world but what is the chance to have the same bill two times per life? This article provides the economic basis for understanding the beforementioned probability and it’s bound with credit system which is quite important in the modern society.

Once a chemical production accident occurs in a chemical plant, it often causes serious economic losses, casualties, and environmental damage. Statistics show that many major accidents in the production and storage of chemicals are mainly caused by human factors. This article considers the influence of the human factor and proposes a quantitative analysis model of a chemical plant based on a Bayesian network. The model takes into account the main human factors in seven aspects: organization, information, job design, human system interface, task environment, workplace design, and operator characteristics. The Bayesian network modeling method and simulation were used to predict the safety quantitative value and safety level of the chemical plant. Using this model, we can quickly calculate the safe quantitative ratio of each factor in the chemical plant. Through the safety quantitative value, safety level, and sensitivity analysis, the safety hazards of chemical companies can be discovered. Immediate improvements of potential safety hazards in chemical plants are very effective in preventing major safety accidents. This model provides an effective method for chemical park managers to monitor and manage chemical plants based on quantitative safety data.

In the latest study conducted by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration in 2018, it was published that human error is still considered the major factor in traffic accidents, 94 %, compared with other causes such as vehicles, environment and unknown critical reasons. Some driving scenarios are especially complex, such as highways merging lanes, where the driver obtains information from the environment while making decisions on how to proceed to perform the maneuver smoothly and safely. Ignorance of the intentions of the drivers around him leads to risky situations between them caused by misunderstandings or erroneous assumptions or perceptions. For this reason, Advanced Driver Assistance Systems could provide information to obtain safer maneuvers in these critical environments. In previous works, the behavior of the driver by means of a visual tracking system while merging in a highway was studied, observing a cognitive load in those instants due to the high attentional load that the maneuver requires. For this reason, a driver assistance system for merging situations is proposed. This system uses V2V communications technology and suggests to the driver how to modify his speed in order to perform the merging manoeuver in a safe way considering the available gap and the relative speeds between vehicles. The paper presents the results of the validation of this system for assisting in the merging maneuver. For this purpose, the interface previously designed and validated in terms of usability, has been integrated into an application for a mobile device, located inside the vehicle and tests has been carried out in real driving conditions.

The specific professions of aviation personnel include the professions of the pilot and air traffic controller. These occupations are specific in that while performing their work, they must be able to simultaneously operate the devices in the handling area and in the pedipulation area, supplemented by acoustic sensations in the form of correspondence between flying and ground stations. The performance requirements of pilots and air traffic controllers place high demands on their health, psychological condition, attention, and concentration, due to being in constant pursuit of minimization of erroneous decisions, otherwise defined as the human factor in aviation. This article is focused on the development and testing of a technical device for measuring the relative error rate of students in multitasking tasks in preparation for employment. The main result is a designed technical device with hardware (HW) and software (SW) parts. An experimental method was used to measure the qualitative and quantitative performance indicators of the test subjects. The results of the experiment were observed and evaluated based on the analytical-synthetic method based on critical thinking. By comparing and abstracting the measured data, the reference values of the performance indicators of the tested subjects were determined. The selection of the final sample of subjects consisted of two phases. In the first phase, questionnaires were evaluated, and in the second phase, reaction time measurements during multitasking tasks using technical equipment were evaluated. Based on the measurements, an error ratio was defined, which could be graphically represented. The testing proved the full functionality of the designed technical equipment for these purposes in aviation education.

Background Digitalization affects all areas of society, including the health care sector. However, the digitalization of health care provision is progressing slowly compared to other sectors. In the professional and political literature, physicians are partially portrayed as digitalization sceptics. Thus, the role of physicians in this process requires further investigation. The theory of “digital natives” suggests a lower hurdle for younger generations to engage with digital technologies. Objective The objective of this study was to investigate the role of physicians in the process of digitalizing health care provision in Germany and to assess the age factor. Methods We conducted a large-scale study to assess the role of this professional group in the progress of the digital transformation of the German health care sector. Therefore, in an anonymous online survey, we inquired about the current digital penetration of the personal working environment, expectations, attitude toward, and concerns regarding digitalization. Based on these data, we studied associations with the nominal variable age and variations across 2 age groups. Results The 1274 participants included in the study generally showed a high affinity towards digitalization with a mean of 3.88 on a 5-point Likert scale; 723 respondents (56.75%) stated they personally use mobile apps in their everyday working life, with a weak tendency to be associated with the respondents’ age (η=0.26). Participants saw the most noticeable existing benefits through digitalization in data quality and readability (882/1274, 69.23%) and the least in patient engagement (213/1274, 16.72%). Medical practitioners preponderantly expect further improvements through increased digitalization across almost all queried areas but the most in access to medical knowledge (1136/1274, 89.17%), treatment of orphan diseases (1016/1274, 79.75%), and medical research (1023/1274, 80.30%). Conclusions Respondents defined their role in the digitalization of health care provision as ambivalent: “scrutinizing” on the one hand but “active” and “open” on the other. A gap between willingness to participate and digital sovereignty was indicated. Thus, education on digitalization as a means to support health care provision should not only be included in the course of study but also in the continuing process of further and advanced training.

This paper presents evaluation and consequent comparison of pilots' abilities and limitations in different stages of training. The results are based on modelling and assessing of pilots' behavior during simulated flight. For these purposes, the tests were performed with two groups of pilots - students of the first and the last study year at University of Defense in Brno. The results provide observable differences in behavioral parameters such as reaction delay, or quality of control. These parameters could be used for objective evaluation of influence of pilot training on pilot's abilities and limits.

Training of cadets-air traffic controllers and cadets-pilots is an integral part of the training, which allows you to form the skills of quick and correct decision-making in different types of situations. For the air traffic controller, these are exercises to solve conflict situations with aircraft in the area of their responsibility, solving problems in normal flight conditions, in unfavorable atmospheric conditions and in the non-routine situations in flight. For the pilots, solutions to the problems are reduced to the rapid decisionmaking on aircraft control in normal flight conditions, adverse atmospheric conditions and non-routine situations in flight. As you know, the work of air traffic controllers is associated with the work of pilots, but training in educational institutions takes place separately, resulting in gaps in knowledge of the specifics of the adjacent specialty, and, eventually, leads to errors. Optimization of the educational process is currently an urgent task. The program of joint training can act as an optimization tool. The program enables you to collaboratively practice the skills of fast decision-making, clearly to learn the specifics of the related specialties that will allow you to create a complete picture of the air situation. The program of joint training implies the joint operational logic simulator that combines two simulators. For the air traffic controller, this is a separate airspace area in the form of a sector, for the pilot it is the cockpit. Thus, the solution to the problems occurs sequentially from the air traffic controller to the pilot and vice versa, and the controller has the ability to observe the algorithm of the pilot's actions, and the pilot is able to monitor the algorithm of the controller's actions.

The article presents the analysis of the state of knowledge about the impact of the human factor on selected aspects of reliability of technical systems based on selected papers delivered at the ESREL 2018 conference, which took place on June 17-22, 2018 in Trondheim, Norway. In the first part, statistical analysis was carried out in the area of thematic and methodological conference papers. Next, the impact of the human factor on the correct functioning of selected technical systems was discussed, using conference papers on the role of man in ensuring an appropriate level of cyber security, the role of expert knowledge in risk assessment, and innovative risk management methods. In summary, challenges for scientists were identified and further research directions in the analysed area.

The causes of most accidents are due to the manifestations of the personal factor of the flight crew during flight operations. In view of this, the question arises - why do the same well-known dangerous factors, based on the psychophysiological features and limitations inherent in a particular individual piloting the aircraft, continue to affect flight safety in the most negative way. This is explained by the fact that during the entire period of aviation development, the tasks of accidents prevention were solved, and the tasks of the particular flight safety and managing the safety of a particular flight were not given due attention. During the creation of the fundamentals of a modern flight safety system, the primary object of impact is to determine the primary aviation system, the main elements of which are a particular pilot and a particular aircraft on which he performs the flight. With such a prioritization of flight safety issues, the identity of a particular pilot as a central element of a manned aviation system prevails. In this case, it becomes obvious the need for a systematic consideration of the personal qualities of a given pilot, capable of affecting flight safety - what is called the "personal factor" in the language of aviation specialists. The "personal factor" is in fact an integral part of the "human factor", so the real opportunity to control the human factor of the flight crew of aviation units will appear subject to the control of the "personal factor" of each particular pilot. To do this the personality-oriented approach in assessing and managing the state of the aviation system is required.

Methods of improving the efficiency of public transport operation were presented. An ergatic transport system was defined and key factors influencing the efficiency of its operation were indicated. The analysis of influence factors with their features and characteristics was given. Experimental studies investigating efficiency parameters of service of M2 vehicle category according to the uniformity of movement in conditions of different traffic flow density were carried out. The graphic representation of the traffic flow influence on driving manner of public transport driver on a city route was presented. According to the results of experimental research, the shares of acceleration and slowing of the bus on the section of the city route were determined. The scheme of arrangement of the basic set of equipment for improvement of information provision of the driver is presented. A list of the main individual driver features that play an important role in driving a vehicle. Possible directions for further theoretical and experimental research were outlined.

This paper focuses on the dangers assoicated with entry into aircraft fuel tank. The analysis will help to demonstrate that in the future a mobil robot will make this work easier for the human factor. There are number of advantages from this automation to make the job of the human factor easier and to work in a safe environment. The risk of contamination with harmful substances is reduced because we can put the robot to work. After detailed analysis of the working environment to which a mechanic is exposed in the aviation world, it has come to light that the introduction of a robot makes it minimal. I tried to analyze several types of mobile robots, and after this analysis I decided that the most suitable mobile robot is the hexapod.

Purpose.The scientific work is aimed to: 1) study the indicators and criteria for evaluating the influence of human factor on failure-free operation of freight cars; 2) theoretically describe the probabilistic model of the human factor role during the maintenance and repair of freight cars according to technical state; 3) consider the model of situation development for the case of a critical defect of the freight car unit taking into account the human factor.Methodology.In order to achieve this purpose, the methodological approaches were considered: 1) to evaluation of the reliability indicators in the system «man – freight car» during maintenance and repair; 2) to evaluation of the level of traffic safety in case of transition from the existing system of maintenance and repair of freight cars to the system according to technical state. The model of the situation development for the case of a critical defect of the freight car unit with the consideration of the human factor was described.Findings.The approach to the evaluation of risk indicators of potential failures of freight cars is given. The probability of occurrence of negative events (risks) and possible economic damage from their manifestation were taken as the indicators. In the developed model of situation development for the case of a critical defect of the freight car unit with the consideration of the human factor, three possible states are shown: workable and limited workable, unworkable and emergency. Each initial state is characterized by the development of events, which is associated with designers` errors, with defects during manufacture of parts and units, with human factor.Originality.It is proposed to consider the value of the failure probability, which is related to the human factor, as a certain proportion of the overall probability of failure of the system «man – freight car». The interpretation of Harrington's desirability function for the case of application to freight cars is given. During maintenance and repair, it is suggested to introduce an indicator that characterizes the observance of the technology of use of maintenance services for freight cars, taking into account the human factor.Practical value.Based on the conducted research it is possible to evaluate the influence of the human factor on the maintenance and repair of freight cars. According to the developed model of situation development for the case of a critical defect it is possible to determine the critical level of the defect of the freight car unit taking into account the human factor to limit the risk of an accident or transport event.

Improvement of maritime safety has previously been based on a reactive regulatory approach, where regulatory improvements have been imposed to prevent recurrence of a specific type of accidental event or accidental scenario, after such an accidental event has happened. The ISM Code requires that hazardous situations are to be reported to the company, investigated and analyzed in order to prevent future happenings. Near-miss reporting is positively evaluated in this respect, because, near-misses are represented experiences and mistakes that should be shared to learn from in order to prevent the occurrence of accidents. The expression “that was too close” on ships’ bridges between the master and the officers is rarely transferred to a near miss report form, preserving the probability of reoccurrence. Near misses occurred and near misses reported might present a big difference in number. Officers easily forget the near miss situation when the safety of the ship is restored. Hazards identification will be based on documented management system (SMS- TMSA- ISO). The analysis of the documented safety and quality management will address the gap in order to improve the implemented systems. The objective of this research is to find out the best practices about near-miss reporting from the companies considered to have high level of commitment to safety within their organization. The study is based on interviews with a total of 35 seafarers who are joining on Greek ocean going vessels, and 4 representatives from safety departments of Greek maritime companies. The research also aims to address the seafarers’ perspective of reporting all near misses which have been experienced while they were in charge of specific duties (bridge watch, engine room watch) or any other operation (mooring, maintenance, drill) carried out on board. The majority of both the seafarers and the companies’ representatives believe that prior to the near miss reporting issue a safety culture environment on board is the real gain pursuit. In their perspective this is first priority to improve the general safety on board. It seems that near miss reporting is carried out on board as a compulsory compliance to the regulatory framework (ISM implementation). Further, it seems that the companies are not yet utilizing the reported data to improve feedback and the follow-up within the organization. The authors would like to thank companies’ representatives and seafarers who have participated in this study.

Software engineering is a continuously evolving sector and the demands of the related labor market result in a wide variety of job openings, ranging from developers to customer service positions. Thus, there is a need to continuously monitor labor market trends using data and analytics. Both employers and employees can benefit by capturing emerging trends which can facilitate continuous learning and training in new technologies, support of better matching between a job offer and the ideal candidate and expertise detection. To fulfill these needs, the results of labor market analytics need to reach the stakeholders timely and accurately. However, often delays occur, which stem from time-consuming approaches based on collecting data from traditional sources, such as questionnaires or interviews. Recently, researchers started leveraging content from digital sources, which are easily accessed and contain a wealth of information. This paper presents the results of a Systematic Mapping Study on digital sources that can be used to address the data analytics needs of the labor market. It provides a multifaceted categorization of the issues involved in the analysis of digital sources of the software engineering labor market. It aims to identify digital labor market sources for data retrieval which are appropriate for employers and employees analytics. Additionally, it aims to connect different skill types, needs and goals of labor market with the utilization of digital sources and data analysis methods. In total 86 primary studies were selected and each one was evaluated and classified aiming to identify the: (a) digital sources that are used for labor market analytics; (b) type of skills they examine; (c) methods which are used to utilize the raw digital content; (d) goals for which every primary study is conducted; (e) beneficiaries (stakeholder) of the results; and (f) time trends for all the above.

In recent years, the concept of sustainability has come to the forefront as a requirement of strategic management in ports. The safety component which has an important place in the social dimension of sustainability, is very valuable in terms of minimizing occupational accidents at the port area. In order to take precautions against the threat of occupational accidents, understanding the risks causeing occupational accidents are as important as knowing how these accidents occur. The aim of this study is to identify risks in port area that cause Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) violations and to reveal prominent risks as a result of expert reviews. Fuzzy AHP method is employed to analyze priority perception of the experts. Accordingly, risks; ‘Overconfidence and Disengagement’, ‘Inter-Department and In-Department Communication Gap’, ‘Lack of Attention’, ‘Failure to Take Required Precautions during Repair and Maintenance’ have come into prominence in comparison to other factors. It can be concluded that human factor and communication level have vital role to provide OHS in port area.

The subject of the study is to determine the mechanisms of development of personnel and social strategies and the peculiarities of their implementation in the process of managing the development of tourism enterprises. The purpose of the work is to develop theoretical and methodological principles and recommendations for the formation of conceptual measures for the implementation of personnel and social strategies of tourist enterprises. Methodological basis of the article became general scientific and special methods of scientific knowledge, logical generalization and abstraction, structural analysis, method of comparative analysis, historical and other methods of research. Results of work. It is determined that special significance in the management system of tourism enterprises is given to the human factor, which is of fundamental importance for ensuring efficient and competitive activity of enterprises in a market economy. Therefore, personnel management is a multi-faceted and extremely complex process characterized by its specific features and regularities. Strategic approach to ensuring the effectiveness of personnel policy involves the development and implementation of personnel and social strategies that have a direct impact on the overall state of the enterprise, the formation of high-quality human resources, ensuring its development and effective use. The field of application of results. The results of the study can be used to improve the process of personnel management and to formulate measures to increase the effectiveness of the personnel policy of tourism enterprises. They are important for the management, systematic management of tactical and strategic activities of enterprises as a whole, as well as by structural subdivisions. Conclusions. The proposed human resources and social strategies of the tourist enterprise are a progressive approach to personnel management at the strategic level allowing to take into account the needs of the enterprise in personnel, depending on the level of business development, the environment and the market situation of tourist services.

E-Learning is an innovative system of learning technology. It’s a multidisciplinary process. Because of fast growth of internet technology, educational institutions and universities worldwide are diverting their investment in e-learning technology to support their traditional methods of teaching. It develops learner’s experience, knowledge and the action of performing a task or function efficiently. The success of e-Learning depends on two ingredients 1. Technological factor (software and hardware is used to build e-Learning systems).2. Human factor (Students and Faculty). These e-Learning systems are divided into three interfaces, Student, faculty and institution. E-Learning is technology based educational tool for learning. e-Learning is becoming more prominent in the world of higher and further education. e- Learning is a powerful tool that can help and transform education in many ways. e-Learning i imparting of education through digital media, personal computers, DVDs, mobile phones and the Internet. Through the use of modern technological resources, e-Learning programs make it possible for many students to achieve their educational goals. Most of the countries adopt traditional classroom teaching practice for imparting knowledge, which is fast vanishing. The latest classroom adopts a more interactive environment using e-learning content such as applications of new e-learning software, internet-driven instructors to disseminate more personalized learning experiences to individual student working with laptops, tablets, android mobiles and other electronic learning devices. In this scenario, e-Learning is network enabled transfer of soft-skills and knowledge. E-learning includes computer-based learning, web-based learning, internet-driven software packages, virtual classrooms and digital applications. This study on e-learning is based on secondary data, focuses on history, types, forms, merits and demerits of e-learning to the students and faculty. It also deals with scope, difference between traditional & e-learning and challenges to students and instructors. The study uses swot analysis to conceptualize e-Learning.