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X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS) measurements in near-ambient pressure (NAP) conditions result in a signal loss of the primary spectrum as a result of inelastic scattering of photoelectrons in the gas phase. The inelastic scattering of the primary electrons gives rise to a secondary signal that can result in additional and often unwanted features in the measured spectrum. In the present work, we derive equations that can be used to model the resulting signal and provide equations that can be used to simulate or remove the inelastic scattering signal from measured spectra. We demonstrate this process for photoemission spectra of a wide range of kinetic energies, measured from Au, Ag, and Cu, in a variety of gases (N2, He, H2, and O2). The work is supplemented with an open-source software in which the algorithms described here have been implemented and can be used to remove the gas phase inelastic scattering signal.

In this brief review paper I outline the relevance of the single-particle states for the research in nuclear structure. They can be detected and studied by several experimental methods, like direct reactions, inelastic electron scattering, and so on. On the other hand, their properties are directly linked to the structure of nuclei and they can probe different aspects of the correlations that characterizes the nuclear systems. After a short introduction to the link between nuclear structure and properties of single-particle states, the general theoretical framework for the study of single-particle states is presented. The different experimental probes that can be used in detecting the single-particle states are then described, together with the corresponding theoretical methods. Finally, the presentation focuses on the particle-vibration scheme for the study of the single-particle states beyond the mean field level of approximation and some recent progresses in this field are discussed.

Technological opportunities are explored to enhance detection schemes in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that build on the detection of single-electron scattering events across the typical spectrum of interdisciplinary applications. They range from imaging with high spatiotemporal resolution to diffraction experiments at the window to quantum mechanics, where the wave-particle dualism of single electrons is evident. At the ultimate detection limit, where isolated electrons are delivered to interact with solids, we find that the beam current dominates damage processes instead of the deposited electron charge, which can be exploited to modify electron beam-induced sample alterations. The results are explained by assuming that all electron scattering are inelastic and include phonon excitation that can hardly be distinguished from elastic electron scattering. Consequently, a coherence length and a related coherence time exist that reflect the interaction of the electron with the sample and change linearly with energy loss. Phonon excitations are of small energy (

The electrodisintegration of He3 is considered focusing on the effects of the Δ isobar excitation which is treated dynamically on the same footing as nucleons. In the region beyond the quasi-elastic peak the predicted transverse response functions RT and RT′ are visibly affected. This leads to sizable Δ isobar effects for inclusive and exclusive electron polarization asymmetries in particular kinematic regions. A measurement performed in the proposed regime could provide judgment for models of nuclear forces and currents.

In the present work, the nuclear shell model with Hartree–Fock (HF) calculations have been used to investigate the nuclear structure of 24Mg nucleus. Particularly, elastic and inelastic electron scattering form factors and transition probabilities have been calculated for low-lying positive and negative states. The sd and sdpf shell model spaces have been used to calculate the one-body density matrix elements (OBDM) for positive and negative parity states respectively. Skyrme-Hartree-Fock (SHF) with different parameterizations has been tested with shell model calculation as a single particle potential for reproducing the experimental data along with a harmonic oscillator (HO) and Woods-Saxon (WS) single-particle potentials. The effect of the nuclear effective charge has been implemented via using different folding models; valance, Tassie and Bohr-Mottelson. The evaluated results have been discussed and compared with available experimental data.

Shell model calculations based on large basis has been conducted to study the nuclear structure of $^{20}Ne$, $^{22}Ne$ and $^{24}Mg$ nuclei. The energy levels, inelastic electron scattering form factors and transition probabilities are discussed by considering the contribution of configurations with high-energy beyond the model space of sd-shell model space which is denoted as the core polarization (CP) effects.~The Core polarization is considered by taking the excitations of nucleus from the $1s$ and $1p$ core orbits and also from the valence $2s$ $1d$ shell orbit in to higher shells with $4\hbar\omega$. The effective interactions $USDA$ and $USDB$ are employed with $sd$ shell model space to perform the calculation and the core polarization are calculated with $MSDI$ as residual interaction.~The calculated energy level schemes, form factors and transition probabilities were compared with the corresponding experimental data. The effect of core polarization is found very important for the calculation of $B(C2)$, $B(C4)$ and form factors, and gives excellent results in comparison with the experimental data without including any adjustable parameters.

The superconducting density of states of the two-dimensional electron system at the ${\mathrm{LaAlO}}_{3}--{\mathrm{SrTiO}}_{3}$ interface exhibits broad quasiparticle peaks that are well described by the Dynes parameter $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$. We measured $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ in a wide range of temperatures and gate voltages using tunneling spectroscopy. $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ exhibits a ${T}^{q}$ temperature dependence, with $q=2.2\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.2$. We discuss several interpretations of $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ and conclude that $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ is an intrinsic parameter of the superconducting state that quantifies the effect of the pair-breaking processes in the superconductor. The strong temperature dependence at low temperatures rules out inelastic electron scattering and magnetic scattering as the origin of the pair breaking. We find that $\mathrm{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}$ can be explained by interband scattering and by scattering in a superconductor with nodes in the order parameter.

An expression for the transition charge density is investigated where the deformation in nuclear collective modes is taken into consideration besides the shell model transition density. The inelastic longitudinal form factors C2 calculated using this transition charge density with excitation of the levels for Cr54,52,50 nuclei. In this work, the core polarization transition density is evaluated by adopting the shape of Tassie model together with the derived form of the ground state two-body charge density distributions (2BCDD's). It is noticed that the core polarization effects which represent the collective modes are essential in obtaining a remarkable agreement between the calculated inelastic longitudinal F(q)'s and those of experimental data.

Inelastic longitudinal electron scattering form factors to 2+ and 4+ states in 65Cu nucleus has been calculated in the (2p3/2 1f 5/2 2p1/2) shell model space with the F5PVH effective interaction. The harmonic oscillator potential has been applied to calculate the wave functions of radial single-particle matrix elements. Two shell model codes, CP and NUSHELL are used to obtain results. The form factor of inelastic electron scattering to 1/21−, 1/22−, 3/22−, 3/23−, 5/21−, 5/22− and 7/2- states and finding the transition probabilities B (C2) (in units of e2 fm4) for these transitions and B (C4) (in units of e2 fm8) for the transition 7/2-, and comparing them with experimental data. Both the form factors and reduced transition probabilities with core-polarization effects gave a reasonable description of the experimental data.

Shell model and Hartree-Fock calculations have been adopted to study the elastic and inelastic electron scattering form factors for 25Mg nucleus. The wave functions for this nucleus have been utilized from the shell model using USDA two-body effective interaction for this nucleus with the sd shell model space. On the other hand, the SkXcsb Skyrme parameterization has been used within the Hartree-Fock method to get the single-particle potential which is used to calculate the single-particle matrix elements. The calculated form factors have been compared with available experimental data.

An intercomparison of microdosimetric and nanodosimetric quantities simulated Monte Carlo codes is in progress with the goal of assessing the uncertainty contribution to simulated results due to the uncertainties of the electron interaction cross-sections used in the codes. In the first stage of the intercomparison, significant discrepancies were found for nanodosimetric quantities as well as for microdosimetric simulations of a radiation source placed at the surface of a spherical water scoring volume. This paper reports insight gained from further analysis, including additional results for the microdosimetry case where the observed discrepancies in the simulated distributions could be traced back to the difference between track-structure and condensed-history approaches. Furthermore, detailed investigations into the sensitivity of nanodosimetric distributions to alterations in inelastic electron scattering cross-sections are presented which were conducted in the lead up to the definition of an approach to be used in the second stage of the intercomparison to come. The suitability of simulation results for assessing the sought uncertainty contributions from cross-sections is discussed and a proposed framework is described., 23 pages, 7 figures, 5 tables plus 3 supplementary figures

Nuclear structure of 27Al nucleus has been investigated using shell model with self-consistent Hartree–Fock calculations. Shell model calculations are performed with full sd model space for positive parity states. For all selected excited states, Skyrme interactions are adopted to generate from them a one-body potential in Hartrre-Fock theory to calculate the single-particle matrix elements and compared with those of the harmonic oscillator. The deduced results are discussed for the longitudinal and transverse form factors and compared with the available experimental data. It has been found that the core-polarization effects are essential in obtaining a reasonable description of the data.

Individual low-energy $E1$ toroidal and compressional states (TS and CS) produced by the convective nuclear current ${\mathbf{j}}_{c}$ were recently predicted for $^{24}\mathrm{Mg}$ in the framework of quasiparticle random-phase approximation (QRPA) with Skyrme forces. In the present QRPA study with Skyrme parametrization SLy6, we explore in more detail properties of these states [toroidal and compressional responses, current distributions, and transitions probabilities $B(E1K,{0}^{+}0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{1}^{\ensuremath{-}}K),\phantom{\rule{0.28em}{0ex}}B(E3K,{0}^{+}0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{3}^{\ensuremath{-}}K)$, and $B(M2K,{0}^{+}0\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{2}^{\ensuremath{-}}K)$ with $K=0$ and 1] and analyze the possibility to discriminate and identify TS in inelastic electron scattering to back angles. The interplay of the convective ${\mathbf{j}}_{c}$ and magnetization ${\mathbf{j}}_{m}$ nuclear currents is thoroughly scrutinized. A two-step scheme for identification of TS in $(e,{e}^{\ensuremath{'}})$ reaction is proposed. The key element of the scheme is the strong interference of the orbital and spin contributions, resulting in specific features of $E1$ and $M2$ transversal form factors.

This chapter describes the parton model of the inelastic scattering of electrons from protons, tests of this model, and the use of this model to understand the internal structure of the proton.

The M1 inelastic scattering form factors from 48Ca nucleus have been investigated through nuclear shell theory. The nuclear effective two body interaction fpbm of Richter has been utilized to generate the two body wave vectors with Harmonic oscillator wave function as a single particle wave function in Fp shell model space. Core polarization effect has been used to include the discarded space (core+ higher configuration) via model space with realistic interaction of Skyrme Sly5 to couple the model space active particles with the pair (particle-hole) excited in energy of 2ћω. Calculated results has been compared to available experimental data.

A long-range ordered (LRO) structure with 2a × 2a periodicity is formed in 1T-TiSe2 flakes by electron beam irradiation. Transmission electron microscopy shows that the LRO structure is not only formed in the area irradiated by the electron beam, but also in the adjacent unirradiated area after the electron beam irradiation. We propose that the formation of the LRO structure is triggered by electron excitation to the non-bonding orbital of 1T-TiSe2 due to inelastic electron scattering. We consider that the LRO structure is spread spontaneously to the adjacent area by a chemical chain reaction due to the electron transfer.

Inelastic electron scattering for selected nuclei 17O,19F and 48Ca are investigated by considering the energies of higher configurations outside core 16O and 40Ca cores. Higher energy configurations, called core polarization effects. Bohr-Mottelson calculations were also conducted to study the form factors of the above-mentioned nuclei using Oxbash. The predicted form factors were compared to the experimental data available. The effect of higher excited configurations is found to be essential in the dynamic transfer dependence of the form factors and is remarkably well aligned with the measured data.

The inelastic electron scattering cross-section spectra of Si, Fe and iron silicides FeSi2, Fe5Si3 were calculated from the experimental reflected electron energy loss spectra as the product of the average inelastic mean free path and the differential cross section of the inelastic electron scattering. The inelastic electron scattering cross-section spectra were studied using factor analysis. This method allowed us to quantitatively separate the surface and volume contributions to the spectra, and determine the energy of the bulk plasmon more accurately than it is possible using traditional methods.

The multipole decomposition analysis (MDA) for the inelastic alpha scattering is very useful to determine the strength distribution, and widely used to study the cluster structures in nuclei. However, the reliability of the MDA was shaken by the puzzle of the missing monopole strength in 12C, where the monopole strength for the Hoyle state determined by the inelastic alpha scattering is much smaller than by the inelastic electron scattering. In the present work, we systematically measured cross sections of the inelastic alpha scattering at Eα=130 and 386 MeV exciting low-lying discrete states in 12C, 16O, 20Ne, 24Mg, 28Si, and 40Ca. In addition, we compared the measured cross sections with the “parameter-free” distorted-wave Born-approximation (DWBA) calculation. All of the adjustable parameters in the DWBA calculation were determined by the electromagnetic transition strengths and the elastic alpha scattering.We found that this puzzle is not specific to the Hoyle state in 12C but universally observed in all of the ΔL = 0 transitions, and the DWBA calculation with the density-independent effective αN interaction at Eα = 386 MeV is better than that with the density-dependent effective αN interaction. The inadequate density dependence in the effective αN interaction causes this puzzle by overestimating the cross sections for the ΔL = 0 transition. However, it is still unsatisfactory to reproduce the experiment. The present data will provide valuable information to develop a new sophisticated interaction which includes the proper density depend.

9 pags., 5 figs., We present cross sections for elastic and inelastic electron scattering from thiophene calculated in the energy range 0.1-1000 eV. The R-matrix and independent atom representation-screening-corrected additivity rule (IAM-SCAR) methods were used for low-energy and intermediate and high scattering energies, respectively. The results provide a consistent picture of the scattering process in the whole energy range. The effect of including an interference term in the IAM-SCAR approach is considered. Agreement with prior theoretical results is also discussed., This work was supported by Fundacao para a Ciˆencia e a Tecnologia (FCT-MCTES), Radiation Biology and Biophysics Doctoral Training Programme (RaBBiT, PD/00193/2012); UID/Multi/04378/2013 (UCIBIO); UID/FIS/00068/2013 (CEFITEC); and scholarship Grant No. SFRH/BD/106031/2015 to A. Loupas. J.D.G. was supported by EPSRC Grant No. EP/P022146/1. F.B. and G.G. acknowledge partial financial support from the Spanish Ministry MINECO (Project No. FIS2016-80440). A.I.L. is registered on the doctoral of the UNED university

The possibility of improving the description of the semi-inclusive deep inelastic electron scattering off polarized 3He, that provides information on the neutron single spin asymmetries, is illustrated. In particular, the analysis at finite momentum transfers in a Poincare' covariant framework is outlined and a generalized eikonal approach to include final state interaction is presented., 4 pages, 2 figures, presented at The 22nd European Conference on Few Body Problems in Physics, Krakow, Poland, 9 - 13 September 2013

To study the core-polarization effect on realistic nucleon –nucleon potential parameters, the inelastic electron scattering form factors in the doubly magic nucleus Ca based on microscopic theory is employed. Higher energy excitations from 1s-shell core orbits and also from the valence 1p-shell to higher allowed orbits up to ω h 2 are considered for core-polarization calculations. The realistic Michigan three Yukawa potential for N-N interactions for the core-polarization theoretical calculations to be considered.

Some 50 years after the event seems to be an appropriate time at which to take a long look back at one of the early neutrino experiments at CERN. This report is principally about a failure in a 1963 bubble chamber experiment to detect substructure in the nucleon, a year before the quark concept was invented by Gell-Mann and Zweig, and some five years before the existence of quarks as real dynamical objects was definitely established in deep inelastic electron scattering experiments at Stanford.

A comparative study for the fitting of x-ray photoelectron spectra using different background model functions is presented. Synthetically generated test spectra and measured spectra from an SrTiO 3 (STO) sample are fitted with the traditionally used Shirley background and the so-called improved Tougaard background calculated with four fit parameters of the inelastic electron scattering cross section. It was found that the results obtained with both methods are strongly different. In many cases the use of the Shirley background resulted in completely wrong component areas in spite of sometimes rather satisfying residual functions and Abbe criteria. In contrast, the improved Tougaard background gave excellent results for all wide range spectra including pronounced loss structures. The new source code of the current UNIFIT software (Version 2011 or higher) to calculate the Tougaard-background parameters was verified.

Vorticity is a concept well established in fluid dynamics to describe the local tendency of a fluid to rotate. Here, we explore the vorticity of electron waves and show that it can be used to qualitatively estimate the strength of an electron magnetic circular dichroism (EMCD) signal, without resorting to expensive inelastic electron scattering calculations. We discuss the properties of vorticity, its relationship with orbital angular momentum, and how it can be used to investigate the characteristics of electron beams.

High-resolution inelastic electron scattering on ${}^{96}$Zr establishes shape coexistence---where two nearby states possess distinct shapes---for this nucleus. Monte Carlo shell-model calculations indicate that the shape change in Zr isotopes is a quantum phase transition.

The rapid shape change in Zr isotopes near neutron number $N$=60 is identified to be caused by type II shell evolution associated with massive proton excitations to its $0g_{9/2}$ orbit, and is shown to be a quantum phase transition. Monte Carlo shell-model calculations are carried out for Zr isotopes of $N$=50-70 with many configurations spanned by eight proton orbits and eight neutron orbits. Energy levels and B(E2) values are obtained within a single framework in a good agreement with experiments, depicting various shapes in going from $N$=50 to 70. Novel coexistence of prolate and triaxial shapes is suggested., 5 pages, 4 figures

Electron scattering is a tool that can provide relatively clean view of the nuclear structure in both ground and excited states, as it depends on the well-known electromagnetic interaction. But since the common expressions for its cross section were derived with certain assumptions, in this paper we describe several nontrivial steps necessary for a proper theoretical calculation within the current density-functional framework, namely with Skyrme QRPA for axial nuclei, with aim to enable comparison of the theoretically predicted low-lying $1^-$ toroidal modes with future (e,e') experiments., 10 pages, 5 figures, to be published in the proceedings of XXV Nuclear Physics Workshop (25-30 September 2018), Kazimierz Dolny, Poland; now slightly improved wording in introduction

The dispersion relation for noninteracting excitons and the influence of perturbative correction is examined in the case of pentacene structure. The values of exchange integrals are determined by the nonlinear fits to the experimental dispersion data obtained by inelastic electron scattering in Phys. Rev. Lett. \textbf{98}, 037402 (2007). We obtain theoretical dispersion curves along four different directions in the Brillouin zone which possess the same periodicity as the experimental data. We also showed that perturbative corrections are negligible since the exciton gap in dispersion relation is huge in comparison to exchange integrals., 7 pages, 9 figures

In a Bloch-wave-based STEM image simulation, a framework for calculating the cross section for any incoherent scattering process was formulated by Allen et al. [(2003) Lattice-resolution contrast from a focused coherent electron probe. Part I. Ultramicroscopy 96: 47-63; Part II. ibid. 96: 65-81]. They simulated the high-angle annular dark-field, back-scattered electron, electron energy-loss spectroscopy and energy-dispersive X-ray (EDX) STEM images from the inelastic scattering coefficients. Furthermore, a skilful approach for deriving the excitation amplitude and block diagonalization in the eigenvalue equation was employed to reduce computing time and memory. In the present work, I extended their scheme to a layer-by-layer representation for application to inhomogeneous crystals. Calculations for a multi-layer Si sample including a displaced layer were performed by multiplying Allen et al.'s block-diagonalized matrices. Electron intensities within the sample and EDX STEM images were calculated at various conditions. From the calculations, three-dimensional STEM analysis was considered., Journal of Electron Microscopy, 59(1), pp.S23-S28; 2010

Measurements of thickness using electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) are revised. Absolute thickness values can be quickly and accurately determined with the Kramers-Kronig sum method. The EELS data analysis is even much easier with the log-ratio method, however, absolute calibration of this method requires knowledge of the mean free path of inelastic electron scattering lambda. The latter has been measured here in a wide range of solids and a scaling law lambda approximately rho(-0.3) versus mass density rho has been revealed. EELS measurements critically depend on the excitation and collection angles. This dependence has been studied experimentally and theoretically and an efficient model has been formulated.

Large basis no core shell model calculations are performed to study the elastic and inelastic electron scattering on 19F. All major shells s, p, sd and pf are considered with ( 0 + 2 ) ℏ ω truncations. Excitations out of major shell space are taken into account through a microscopic theory which allows particle–hole excitations from the sd and pf shell orbits to all higher orbits with 2 ℏ ω excitations. Calculations are presented for the transitions from J π T = 1 / 2 + 1 / 2 to J π T = 1 / 2 + 1 / 2 , 3 / 2 + 1 / 2 , 5 / 2 + 1 / 2 , 7 / 2 + 1 / 2 and 9 / 2 + 1 / 2 in 19F. Excitations out the no core shell model space are essential in obtaining a reasonable description of the longitudinal and transverse electron scattering form factors.

The established technique of electron energy-loss spectrometry (EELS) in the electron microscope has surpassed the task of chemical microanalysis. Some aspects of EELS, such as low energy losses for optical studies, have a long tradition and we see them re-emerge after a long period of oblivion. Other aspects such as coherence of inelastically scattered electrons are now much better understood and can be used to advantage. Many applications of EELS can and will profit from the enormous progress in instrumentation and computing capacity. In this paper we discuss some unconventional examples of EELS beyond chemical microanalysis.

Atomic location by channeling-enhanced microanalysis (ALCHEMI) is an effective technique to clarify the atomic configurations in multicomponent compounds. Recent development of the theory on the characteristic X-ray emission has made ALCHEMI a more reliable and expansive technique. In this revised ALCHEMI, the characteristic X-ray intensities are measured at various electron-incidence directions, and are compared with the X-ray intensities calculated from first principles. In the present work, this technique was applied to coexistent Heusler and half-Heusler phases in a thermoelectric material, TiNi 1.5 Sn. The X-ray intensities calculated for both phases were significantly dependent on the fitting parameters of the atomic occupancy on each site and the sample thickness. Using the Levenberg–Marquardt least-squares method, the residual errors between the experimental and the calculated X-ray intensities were minimized to determine the fitting parameters quantitatively. In the Heusler phase, the ordered structure was observed because the atoms of each element almost occupy each site. On the other hand, in the half-Heusler phase, the “Heusler-like” structure was observed because the occupation probabilities of Ni atoms on the Ni-site and on the vacancy-site were measured as 0.49±0.01 and 0.49±0.01, respectively, whereas 1 and 0 is expected for the normal half-Huesler structure.

Some aspects of the theory and the practical application of the Shirley background correction procedure are reviewed. The ‘classic’ Shirley/Sherwood method is scrutinized, with special emphasis on the physical meaning and the correct implementation. The features of the classic and the cross-section-based Shirley background correction procedures are compared. With a simple modification to the recently discovered Shirley-equivalent inelastic energy loss cross-section a ‘physical’ cross-section is derived and its impact on the practical data evaluation is analyzed. The impact of some frequently used erroneous implementations on the physical meaning of the evaluation procedure as well as the practical results derived using the wrong implementation are discussed and the correct statement on the physical meaning and implementation method is also suggested.

Some aspects of the importance of neutrino-induced reactions on nuclei within supernova physics are discussed. It is argued that important constraints on the experimentally unknown cross sections can be obtained from experimental studies of the nuclear response in selected cases. Examples are neutral-current-induced reactions on f p -shell nuclei extracted from high-resolution inelastic electron scattering data providing the M 1 strength distributions and the Gamow–Teller strength in the exotic heavy, odd–odd nuclei 138 La and 180 Ta deduced from the ( 3 He, t ) charge-exchange reaction at zero degree.

It is well known that x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) quantification based only on the measured XPS-peak intensity can lead to large errors. The problem, which is caused by the strong depth dependence of the intensity contribution due to inelastic electron scattering, was solved by developing algorithms for analysis of the energy distribution of emitted electrons. These algorithms are now widely used but since their practical application requires operator interaction, they are not well suited for automatic data processing. A simplified algorithm that is sufficiently robust (i.e., insensitive to variations in analysis procedure) to be suitable for automation was suggested recently [J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A21, 1081 (2003)]. For each XPS peak, this algorithm determines the total amount of the corresponding atoms within the outermost approximately three inelastic electron mean free paths and it also gives an estimate of their depth distribution. Since the algorithm can be automated, it should also prove...

The process of creating photoelectrons in solids is strongly connected to different kinds of energy loss processes, classified as ‘extrinsic’ and ‘intrinsic’. In measured spectra the peaks are sensitively affected by all these processes. Of course one tries to extract from the spectrum shape as much information on these processes as possible. Unfortunately, the different loss processes are inextricably mixed. In theoretical works it is of course possible to consider these contributions separately, so some authors try to derive these contributions from the experimental spectra, too. The task is hard and the methods used for this goal are not always appropriate. Some popular methods are clearly based on misunderstanding or misusing the popular Shirley background correction method. This work explores the origin of some such problems and explains why those results (like density of states, intrinsic background, inelastic shape, etc.) based on inappropriately used methods are unreliable.

Inelastic electron scattering to 2+ and 4+ states for the even–even N=Z sd-shell nuclei ( 20 Ne, 24 Mg, 28 Si and 32 S) are discussed taking into account higher energy configurations outside the sd-shell. Higher energy configurations, which are called core polarization effects, are included through a microscopic theory that includes excitations from the core 1s and 1p orbits and also from 2s–1d shell to the higher allowed orbits with 2ℏω excitations. The predictions of C2 and C4 Coulomb form factors are compared with the available experimental data. The calculations based on the Wildenthal interaction for the sd-shell model space and on the modified surface delta interaction for the core-polarization effects. The effect of higher excited configurations is found essential in both the transition strength and momentum transfer dependence of form factors, and gives a remarkably good agreement with the measured data.

The contribution describes inelastic electron scattering from 3 He with two-body final states. The description allows for single Δ-isobar excitation and includes final-state interaction and meson exchange currents.

A microscopic theory is employed to include the effects of higher configurations outside the sd-shell model space, which are called core-polarization effects to describe the inelastic electron scattering form factors for even-parity states of 27Al. Higher configurations are taking into account through first-order perturbation theory, which allows particle–hole excitations from the 1s- and 1p-shells core orbits to the higher 2s–1d and 1f–2p shells with 2 ℏω excitations. It is shown that the core-polarization effects are essential in obtaining a reasonable description of the data with no adjustable parameters. The calculations based on the Wildenthal interaction for the sd-shell model space and on the modified surface delta interaction (MSDI) for the core-polarization effects.

J/ψ production in deep inelasic electron–proton scattering is calculated in the framework of nonrelativistic quantum chromodynamics. All the calculated differential distributions, except for one, turn out to be very sensitive to the colour octet mechanism. The analytical results disagree with previous analyses, both for the colour singlet and colour octet channels. The theoretical predictions agree reasonably well with recent data taken by the H1 Collaboration at DESY HERA, significantly better than those obtained within the colour singlet model.

Electron energy loss spectra of multilayer molecular films contain bands resulting from inelastic collisions at two or more sites within the film. The contributions of twofold loss processes are analysed for selected vibrational spectra of benzene and SF 6 using a simple model that was suggested previously and is extended here. It is shown that this analysis can be used not only to detect dipole scattering contributions to particular vibrational excitations. Combined with an estimate of the twofold loss spectrum based on the pattern of the fundamental bands the model also enables the identification of overtone and combination bands which is important for the detection of resonant processes.

7 pags.; 3 figs.; 2 tabs., We have calculated cross sections for elastic and inelastic electron scattering from pyridine in the energy range 1 eV to 1 keV. The R-matrix and IAM-SCAR methods have been used for low and higher collision energies, respectively. Agreement with available theoretical data is good. We have also examined the formation of shape resonances and compared our results with existing experimental data. We compare the results with data for electron scattering from pyrimidine. © 2014 American Chemical Society., This work was partially supported by the Spanish Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (Project FIS2012-31230), the ́ European Commission COST Action MP1002 (Nano-IBCT), and Action CM1301 (CELINA)