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This study aims to investigate the relationship between nonverbal behavior, in particular eye gaze and facial behaviors, on ratings of second language speech.

How are abstract concepts such as ‘freedom' and ‘democracy' represented in the mind? One prominent proposal suggests that abstract concepts are grounded in emotion. Supporting this ‘affective embodiment' account, abstract concepts are rated to be more strongly positive or more strongly negative than concrete concepts. This paper demonstrates that this finding generalizes across languages by synthesizing rating data from Cantonese, Mandarin Chinese, Croatian, Dutch, French, German, Indonesian, Italian, Polish and Spanish. However, a deeper look at the same data suggests that the idea of emotional grounding only characterizes a small subset of abstract concepts. Moreover, when the concreteness/abstractness dimension is not operationalized using concreteness ratings, it is actually found that concrete concepts are rated as more emotional than abstract ones. Altogether, these results suggest limitations to the idea that emotion is an important factor in the grounding of abstract concepts. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Concepts in interaction: social engagement and inner experiences’.

Do lawyers have a curse of knowledge when reading and writing legal documents?

The ability to entertain and reflect on possibilities is a crucial component of human reasoning. However, the origin of this reasoning—whether it is language-based or not—is highly debated. We contribute to this debate by investigating the relation between language and thought in the domain of possibility from a developmental perspective. Our investigation focuses on disjunctive syllogism, a specific type of possibility reasoning that has been explored extensively in the developmental literature and has clear linguistic correlates. Seeking links between conceptual and linguistic representations, we review evidence on how children reason by the disjunctive syllogism and how they acquire logical and modal language. We sketch a proposal for how language and thought interact during development. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Thinking about possibilities: mechanisms, ontogeny, functions and phylogeny’.

Due to the personalized and diversified expression habits, the evaluation information in multiple criteria decision-making (MCDM) problems, especially those with multiple experts, may appear in heterogeneous forms. Converting heterogeneous expressions to a single representation would lead to information loss. To solve this challenge, this article aims to address the MCDM problems with heterogeneous linguistic expressions by unifying the operations of heterogeneous linguistic representations. To do so, we propose to use expectation values and entropy measures to describe the meaning of linguistic evaluation information. The expectation functions of ten kinds of linguistic representations are respectively defined based on the semantics of linguistic terms. The entropy measures of these representations are developed to reflect the inherent uncertainty of evaluations. Afterward, a computation model for heterogeneous linguistic representations is presented based on their expectation values and entropy. On this basis, an MCDM framework with personalized heterogeneous linguistic information is constructed. A numerical example about selecting the best green logistics for a business-to-customer e-commerce enterprise shows the advantages of the proposed method in modeling personalized linguistic evaluations and retaining uncertain information in the computation process.

Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has provided relevant evidence regarding the neural correlates of language. The aim of the present study is to summarize and assess previous findings regarding linguistic levels (i.e., semantic and morpho-syntactic) and brain structures utilized during verb and sentence processing. To do that, we systematically reviewed TMS research on verb and sentence processing in healthy speakers, and meta-analyzed TMS-induced effects according to the region of stimulation and experimental manipulation. Findings from 45 articles show that approximately half of the reviewed work focuses on the embodiment of action verbs. The majority of studies (60%) target only one cortical region in relation to a specific linguistic process. Frontal areas are most frequently stimulated in connection to morphosyntactic processes and action verb semantics, and temporoparietal regions in relation to integration of sentential meaning and thematic role assignment. A meta-analysis of 72 effect sizes of the reviewed papers indicates that TMS has a small overall effect size, but effect sizes for anterior compared to posterior regions do not differ for semantic or morphosyntactic contrasts. Our findings stress the need to increase the number of targeted areas, while using the same linguistic contrasts in order to disentangle the contributions of different cortical regions to distinct linguistic processes.

This paper aims to offer a typology of Dutch insubordinate infinitives, which, following Evans’s (2007) definition of insubordination, are defined as ‘the main clause use’ of infinitival constructions. The main objectives of this paper are to provide a pragmatic analysis of these constructions in Dutch and, through cross-linguistic comparison, investigate whether their attested pragmatic functions correspond to the pragmatic functions of (a) insubordinate constructions in general and (b) insubordinate infinitives in particular. This is done on the basis of a corpus study, examining a sample of independent infinitival constructions attested in the Corpus of Spoken Dutch (CGN). Ultimately, three primary functions are distinguished for Dutch insubordinate infinitives that align with different types of insubordinate constructions attested cross-linguistically: they can be employed for (i) discursive strategies, (ii) interpersonal control, and (iii) evaluation and exclamation. In addition, through processes of insubordination and idiomatization a new type of output is created in which the insubordinate infinitival constructions behave as discourse markers. In adopting a language-specific, corpus-based approach, this study provides a first systematic and comprehensive functional typology of insubordinate infinitival constructions in Dutch. At the same time, it contributes to the ongoing theoretical debate on the functional load of insubordinate constructions.

Whereas scholars often look to De Anima 2.5 to support one or another understanding of the sense in which perception, for Aristotle, qualifies as an alteration and qualitative assimilation to the sense-object, I ask the more basic question of what the chapter is meant to establish or accomplish with respect to the question whether perception is an alteration. I argue that the chapter does not presuppose or legitimate the view that perception is an alteration where it is thought to, and that it is meant rather to challenge that view, most importantly, by putting its argumentative weight behind a different model of perception, leading to a kind of antinomy. What stands in the way of understanding perception as an alteration (and assimilation to the sense-object), in this chapter, is ultimately the lack of an account of perceiving a quality as having that quality.

[Resumen] Las batallas de gallos en el estilo libre son competiciones que estimulan la creatividad lingüística de los participantes y los elementos y recursos poéticos son ampliamente utilizados para mejorar sus puntuaciones en la competición. Metodológicamente, esta investigación muestra qué son las figuras retóricas fonológicas, cómo se emplean estos recursos en la elaboración de los mensajes realizados por los raperos y se explica cómo el uso de licencias y recurrencias fonológicas y licencias métricas son integradas con el fin de crear un discurso persuasivo y ornamentado, complementando la base musical sobre la que han de crear el discurso. [Abstract] Rap battles in the freestyle are competitions that encourage the linguistic creativity of the participants, and poetic elements and resources are widely used to improve their scores in the competition. This research shows what the phonological rhetorical figures are, how these resources are used in the elaboration of the messages made by the freestylers and how the use of phonological licenses and recurrences and metric licenses are integrated in order to create a persuasive and ornate discourse, complementing the musical basis on which they have to create the speech.

Failure mode and effect analysis (FMEA) is a widely used reliability management technology to evaluate the risk of potential failures in a system, product, or service. Nevertheless, the normal risk priority number (RPN) method has been extensively criticized for many deficiencies in practical applications. To overcome the drawbacks of traditional FMEA, plenty of methods have been suggested in previous studies. But majority of them evaluated the risk factors of each failure mode directly and cannot take group and individual risk attitudes into account. In this article, we put forward a new FMEA approach integrating probabilistic linguistic preference relations (PLPRs) and gained and lost dominance score (GLDS) method. The PLPRs are adopted to describe the risk evaluations of experts by pairwise comparison of failure modes. An extended GLDS method is introduced to derive the risk ranking of failure modes considering both group and individual risk attitudes. Moreover, a two-step optimization model is proposed to determine the weights of risk factors when their weighing information is unknown. Finally, a load-haul-dumper machine risk analysis case is presented to demonstrate the proposed FMEA. It is shown that the approach being proposed in this study provides a practical and effective way for risk evaluation in FMEA.

Online interventions that elicit kindness may enhance well-being. We tested the efficacy of three kindness interventions among breast cancer survivors. Participants (N =137, M age=62.65years) were randomized to perform acts of kindness for others, acts of kindness for self, self-kindness meditation, or a daily-activities-writing control and completed three activities each week for 4weeks. Primary (well-being, depressive symptoms) and secondary outcomes (social support, self-kindness) were assessed pre- and post-intervention. No differences emerged in the primary outcomes. However, relative to controls, participants in the acts of kindness to others condition reported greater increases in social support, and participants in the self-kindness meditation condition reported greater decreases in self-kindness. Among breast cancer survivors, performing prosocial acts may enhance feelings of social support. The two self-kindness conditions yielded either null or detrimental effects, suggesting that further research is needed on best practices for conducting self-focused kindness interventions.

The article analyzes the dictionary «Hutsul dialect vocabulary and phrasemics in the Ukrainian literary language» as a source of modeling the Hutsul linguistic picture of the world in Ukrainian fiction. The main provisions of the article are based on the fact that the basic components of the linguistic picture of the world are words as nominative units. In each national language, the designation (name) of the elements of the conceptual picture of the world is carried out primarily with the help of nominative units. In addition to the concept of a national linguistic picture of the world, there are regional linguistic pictures of the world, the linguistic basis of which are local dialects. The specificity of the regional-linguistic picture of the world is determined by dialectal language forms, as they name the realities of extralinguistic reality, for which no names were needed in the national language outside the dialectal area. The framework of the Hutsul linguistic picture of the world in its artistic version consists of key dialectisms within certain thematic layers of vocabulary, lexicographically elaborated in the mentioned dictionary. Lexical elements of the linguistic picture of the world in the Ukrainian artistic language cover the most various spheres of life and activity of Hutsuls: life, production sphere, material and spiritual, culture, beliefs, demonology, nature, etc. The dictionary also deals with stable phrases - phrasemics, paremias, curses, etc., which significantly complement and enrich the artistic version of the Hutsul language picture of the world. The dictionary as a whole provides extensive information in the semantic characteristics of dialectal nominative units and in the context of their use in literary texts and in figurative and stylistic remarks, which allows to model the Hutsul linguistic picture of the world through the prism of Ukrainian artistic language.

The article examines the phraseological units of the Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian languages with phraseologisms-entonyms; it was found that in the phraseological systems of East Slavic languages there are many stable compounds with the names of insects (entonyms), the world of which is extremely rich and diverse; it was noted that they clearly show the features of the national mentality, refl ect the specifi cs of worldview, thinking of the Eastern Slavs; Although most phraseological units with an entomonym component have the same semantics in East Slavic languages, each of them reveals specifi cs regarding the functioning of phraseological units. The purpose of the article is to analyze the phraseological units’ structure with entomonymic component, represented in modern phraseological dictionaries of Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian, in a comparative aspect; to single out the phraseologisms-entonyms, the meanings of which is closely connected with the cultural and historical traditions of the people. The results of the study showed that comparative linguistic and cultural analysis allows us to state that entonyms in the East Slavic phraseological space are a powerful factor in forming the national image of the world; interlingual comparison of the structure of phrases with the phraseology-entomonym refl ects mainly negative connotations, which mainly characterize any quality of a person - his intellect, actions, behavior, appearance, shortcomings of character. For the future, there remains the analysis of stable expressions with a phraseologeme-entomonym in East Slavic languages in the linguoculturological aspect, their further interlingual comparison and the discovery in them of differences and common features associated with the peculiarities of refl ecting the mentality of a particular people.

Linguistic image can be defi ned as a verbal equivalent of the mental image of a particular object, abstraction or phenomenon in the minds of the people, which is formed on the basis of national conceptual and structural canons, also lexical and semantic features of the language system.The image of the earth is special, unique for any ethnic group, any culture. The earth is one of the words-symbols that characterize the worldview of Ukrainians. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to analyze the linguistic expression of the image of the earth in the novel by M. Mathios «Beech Land».The article analyzes the linguistic image of the earth in the work of M. Mathios «Beech Land». It was found that the peculiarity o f this image is its wide aspect, comprehensiveness. The earth covers everything that happens on it. The image of the earth is also special in that the author omits much of the traditional semantic content of the verbalizer token, instead emphasizing new meanings, such as God’s election, earth-centeredness, and human orientation. The earth is most vividly characterized by human activity on it, which is also infl uenced by the earth. Undoubtedly, the key component in the image is beauty, but the image of the earth is a symbiosis of the material and the spiritual, the concrete and the abstract, the low and the high.. For example, this image presupposes both the sacredness of the earth and its profaneness; the earth gives, but also takes away. The combination of such opposites in one image testifi es to its high abstraction, ancient origin, long and complex formation, semantic capacity and self-suffi ciency.

The article substantiates the idea of the importance of taking into account the elements of the morphological level in structuring the linguistic picture of the world of the people in general and an individual in particular. Its purpose is to identify interjections in the poetic texts of P. Karmansky, to trace their structural-semantic and functional characteristics, the role in the representation of the individual-author picture of the world of the writer. The article reveals the concept of national-linguistic picture of the world, defi nes its relationship to the conceptual, individual and individual-author (artistic) pictures of the world. It is shown that the conceptual reproduces the elements of the world universe (objects, phenomena, values, guidelines) and the connections between them; linguistic represents them in linguistic categories, linguistic units and phenomena of speech; individual and individual-author is the result of rational and sensory comprehension of the environment embodied in the speech (texts) of specific individuals. The characteristic features of the creative manner of Petro Karmansky, his general attitude to depict the state of man, immersed in the world of his own soul. A soul disappointed by the injustice of the world, full of sorrow and feelings for its own fate and the fate of the native people. It is established that the lexicon of the poet Petro Karmansky presents almost all the semantic categories of exclamations and phonetic words, which are united by the concept and term interjection. It is determined that exclamations in the author’s texts dominate over sound-imitating words. It is proved that emotional exclamations are marked by special activity; they outnumber other semantic digits as well. It is stated that the representatives of all semantic categories correlate in one way or another with the general mood of the poet’s works - a singer of pain and sorrow, with the peculiarities of his worldview, his values and moral guidelines. The composition of these units is characterized in terms of origin (specifi c and borrowed) and on the basis of primary / secondary (non-derivatives and derivatives). Emphasis is placed on the specifi cs of their semantics, its dependence on the context. The peculiarities of the author’s use of units of this lexical-grammatical class are analyzed.

In the monograph the comprehensive analysis of the communicative specifi city of the elitist linguistic personality (ELP) in the scientifi c discourse focusing on a wide range of its presentation originality. It clarifi es the dimensions of the elitist linguistic personality objectifi cations in various aspects (psychological, social, philosophical, cultural ones), explains the ELP concept essence, substantiates the criteria of its isolation basing on the typical features inherent for the high speech culture mediums , which is respectively tested on the famous personalities’ media, epistolary, artistic, diary discourses, and the famous Ukrainian linguists’ communicative explications material.

The article identifi es the peculiarities of author’s idiostyle in the context of problems of language history and linguoculturology, which extends ideas about the artist’s work, features of his linguistic personality against the background of cultural traditions and allows to determine the author’s place in the history of national culture. The reconstruction of the picture of the writer ‘s world in the paradigm of modern literary, linguistic and cultural studies has been traced. Linguistic units that refl ect the artistic picture of the world undergo all sorts of transformations and acquire additional meanings, expanding the semantic fi eld of a particular linguistic sign. The artistic and semantic volume of the word, new meaningful and connotative shades in a specific artistic text (the novel «Girl with a Bear») have been considered. The architectonics of the novel «The Girl with the Bear» is the result of Petrov-Domontovych’s special linguistic style, built on the use of artistic and cultural-historical discourses.Petrov-Domontovych was a talented master in his search for a semantically capacious and multifunctional artistic word, enriching the language of works with original interpretations of metaphorical formations. He expressed mental processes and feelings with the help of concrete-sensory forms, profi ling their new properties, rethinking human life.Intertextuality as a characteristic feature of Petrov-Domontovych’s literary practice in the paradigm of modern ideas on the background context of the linguistic and fi gurative picture of the writer’s world has been defi ned. The analysis of the forms of objectifi cation of a «foreign language» in the novel «The Girl with the Bear» allows us to consider it as an context used to create a holistic linguistic and fi gurative picture of the author’s world. The author implements a certain model of artistic communication, creating an original, fundamentally new text, guided by certain communicative intentions and known to him methods of aesthetic infl uence on the reader.

The article is devoted to the language creation of Father Kyrylo Seletskyi - a cler gyman of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church, founder of two monastic congrega tions, an advocate of the spiritual and national Order in Galicia, a sower of “healthy grain for our people”, a stalwart supporter of the Ukrainian word. K. Seletskyi’s literary works serve as an excellent illustration for understanding a complex and often contradictory process of the Ukrainian literary language for mation in Galicia, an insight into a folk polyphony of dialectal words of that epoch, dialectical interaction of the living language and Church Slavonic at all levels. Not only does the dialectal variability of many lexemes give a colorful expression to the characters’ speech, but also illustrates the evolutionary stages of development of the Transnistrian branch of the Ukrainian language. The author emphasizes that in K. Seletskyi’s artistic discourses, the Church Sla v onic language as a historically and culturally important segment of the Ukrainian language becomes a special text- and style-building category, organically intertwines with its living canvas. Numerous Church Slavonicisms explicate the semantic speci fi city of the text and its general sacral-didactic intention through grammatical, lexical and phonetical adaptation to dialectal speech. Literary theological-educational, informative-moralizing texts are full of reli gious vocabulary, which gives the impression of a spiritual cliche, yet they (the texts) remain inherently Ukrainian and do not create any barriers in the process of percep tion, as they retain a clearly articulated Ukrainian-language basis. The author concludes that the Church Slavonic language-style played a special role in the process of the modern Ukrainian literary language formation - the role of its spiritual variant.

The purpose of the article is to describe the semantic and functional parameters of stereotypical culturally and ethnically determined etiquette formulas that Bukovinians use in typical communicative situations. The study was conducted on the basis of artistic texts of the famous Bukovinian writer S. Vorobkevych.Systematic use of etiquette constructions, the ability to reproduce in typical situations of interpersonal communication has predetermined to their stability, stereotyping, standardization, has given them the character of stable formulas, forming a number of semantic and functional varieties. The article identifi es and describes the following typical etiquette situations of communication: greetings, farewells, wishes, thanks, requests, apologies, hospitality, consolation.It was found that the literary texts of S. Vorobkevych represent the language etiquette of Bukovynians as an integral part of the Ukrainian ethnic group. The speeches of the characters of his works are fi lled with constructions of respectful communication of the inhabitants of Bukovina, based on local traditions, customs, rites and beliefs. The politely well-disposed constructions of language etiquette developed over the centuries, recorded in the writer’s texts, illustrate the national character of the Bukovynians, their mentality, original way of thinking and worldview. Various types of traditional constructions have mostly desirable character and religious theme, contain colloquial, dialectal lexemes and phrases, demonstrate the paremic creativity of the Bukovinians. They not only express the language culture and picture of the world of the inhabitants of Bukovina, but also emphasize their ethnopsychological features such as friendliness, politeness, sensitivity, sincerity, respect, piety, religiosity, emotionality.Further analysis of the selected writer’s texts on the functioning of language etiquette units relevant to communicative situations of congratulations, courtship, blessing, approval, advice, kindness, consent or refusal etc. as identifi ers of the mental worldview of Bukovina residents is perspective.

The article is devoted to the analysis of the emphasis of qualitative adjectives that differentiate the Ukrainian dialect. This is clearly evidenced by the maps of the Atlas of the Ukrainian language, which reflect the dialectal features of the stress of adjectives. The question arises of the genesis of accentuation types found in Ukrainian dialects, as well as the directions of accent changes: from root to prefix, suffix, inflection or vice versa. The expediency of not only identifying but also explaining the functioning of modern accent types is emphasized. A detailed analysis of the emphasis of adjectives is carried out on the basis of dialect texts as a whole, which are presented in collections of dialect texts, in particular in the textbook of dialect texts - Dialekts of the Ukrainian language. Collection of texts (Texts), which represent the south-eastern, south-western, northern, as well as descriptive works. To clarify the history of the emergence of accent types used works on historical accentology, in particular L.A. Bulakhovsky, V.M. Ilyich-Svitich, V.G. Sklyarenko, Z.M. Veselovskaya. As a result of the research, modern accent types were identified and analyzed as reflexes of late Proto-Slavic accent paradigms. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that qualitative adjectives in Ukrainian dialects retain the old place of emphasis, and acquired a new type of emphasis. Factors that influenced the emphasis of adjectives are: loss of former intonation and temporal-quantitative relations; change of intonations (descending emphasis in the non-article form passed to ascending - root - in the article form); mixing of two types of stress in the formation of article forms of adjectives from non-article; in particular, when article and non-article forms of adjectives have different emphasis. In the formation of article forms of adjectives from non-article there was not only a change in the structure of the word, but also a change in intonations: the descending stress in the non-article form was transformed in the article form of adjectives into ascending - root. The proposed study presents only a fragment of the research of the functioning of modern accent types in Ukrainian dialects as reflections of Proto-Slavic paradigms of adjectives. That is why it remains promising to study the processes and phenomena of stressing adjectives that both differentiate and integrate the Ukrainian dialect space.

The aim of the article is a linguo-cultural analysis of the concept of “freedom” in the language of H. Skovoroda’s works, which verbalizes the code of the national con sciousness of Ukrainians and the linguistic consciousness of the writer-philosopher. Within this goal, the following tasks have been solved: the semiotic content of the concept of “freedom” in the cognitive-semantic fi eld of life and work of H. Skovoroda and in the context of Ukrainian culture was clarifi ed; its connotations were revealed. The concept of “freedom” is one of the determinants of the linguistic consciousness of the Ukrainian pe ople and an individual speaker, the evidence of which is the verbal oral folk and professional creativity of Ukrainians and a number of connotations to it. The language of H. Skovoroda’s works is a syncretic example of Old Slavonic, as the oldest literary language of the Slavs, and colloquial Ukrainian of the time of the writer-philosopher, as well as modern Ukrainian literary language. The word-deno tation “freedom” and connotations to it (“equal inequality”, “happiness”, “related work”, “freedom”, “Bogdan the Hero”, “cheerful spirit”, “deep heart”, “the world tried to catch me but failed” and others) have a mental and ideological specifi cs, as they conceptualize the teachings of H. Skovoroda about man and the meaning of life. The writer-philosopher mostly uses in his speech a lexical way of expressing the con notative meaning of the concept of “freedom” through such tropes as comparisons, epithets, phraseologisms and other means of poetic speech, sometimes authorial in novations that give dynamism to this lexical-semantic fi eld allegory as the dominant features of his style.Prospects for further research are related to the linguistic and cultural substan tiation of the concept of “freedom” in the language of the works of Lesya Ukrainka, who, like H. Skovoroda, represents the Ukrainian philosophical and literary tradition of existential orientation.

The review article provides a critical analysis of Anatolii Moisiienko’s monograph “Text as an artistic givenness. Problems of poetic language”. The famous linguist and writer is once again interested in aesthetic communication, its general philological context – language, literary, translation studies.The artist-researcher devotes three sections of his book to the issues of language being. The basis of the already tested scientifi c concept is built of the ideas about the world as a special text, about the multidimensional nature of poetics, about the dynamic essence of the image and an integral artistic system. In the applied aspect, the scientist’s attention is drawn to samples of extravagant literature, such as chess poetry, as well as, in general, the creative laboratory of strong language personali ties, their artistic experiments, and innovation.The author of the reviewed monograph consistently proves the idea that the tech nique of poetic creation is important in the work of both the artist of the word, the scientist, and the publicist. All of them wo rk with the facts of a language for which the poetic function is characteristic a priori. The intention for an emotional and aes thetic worldview is laid down in all styles and genres. Artistic tasks are presented to each author, however, they are implemented in different ways, in special techniques of aestheticization – as national, compositional, or linguistic – fi gurative specifi cs. The text is interesting for the scientist as a process, in the embodiment of “movement – development – modifi cation”.The poetological approach draws attention to the fact that any segment of the textual structure is potentially signifi cant for understanding the work as a whole, as a system. In fact, we are talking about syncretic (universal) linguopoetics.

The article reveals information obtained on the basis of language philosophy, synergetic approach and systematic analysis of linguistic and extralinguistic factors of Indo-European word formation by large prehistoric proto-Ukrainian communities of their own names, inherited in Ukrainian as horonyms Bessarabia, Bukovina, Halychyna (Galicia), Hutsulschyna, (Hutsulia), Carpaty (Carpathians).

Article is about necessity of studying elements of lexicology in ukrainian language classes in elementary school, features of lexical material processing by younger students are pointed out; the importance of studying elements of lexicology is emphasized that they assist in enrichment of younger students vocabulary, express speech, allow to express their own opinion more clear and convincingly. The research notes that a rich vocabulary helps the speaker to master better ones native language, its basic norms, helps to improve verbal and written speech. It emphasizes the need for the younger students to know ambiguous words, synonyms, antonyms, homony ms, the importance of using these groups of words, as well as words with a fi gurative meaning in their own speech. Special attention is drawn to the implementation of a communicative-active approach to the processing of basic lexicology concepts by elementary school students, since this approach provides the studying of language and speech in an inseparable relationship, which allows students to use the acquired theoretical knowledge of lexicology in specifi c speech situations. Therefore, the purpose of the article is to prove the importance of knowledge in lexicology for the formation of the linguistic personality of the younger student, enriching his linguistic competence; emphasize the role of the communicative-active approach in the holistic perception of language and speech by younger students. As, according to leading scientists, methodologists, the most effective way of implementing a communicative-activity approach of studying linguistic phenomena is the reliance on the text, the author of the article proposes his own separate texts for a deeper acquaintance of the students with lexicological concepts, the study of which is provided by current programs of Ukrainian language. Based on the research, the conclusion is that proper speech development of younger students, which today is in priority, is only possible with ommunicative-active approach to the study of elements of lexicology in elementary school. The problem of our research is relevant and requires further investigation.

The purpose of the article is to identify the essence of the concept of “freedom” in the cognitive-semantic fi eld of I. Franko’s verse “Still not lost!”. In the framework of the defi ned goal, the following tasks have been solved: the features of the verbal representation of the concept of “freedom” in poetic discourse of the poetry by Ivan Franko have been clarifi ed; its compliance with the linguistic and cultural profi le of the Ukrainian language has been substantiated. I t is established that the linguistic design of the text of the poem is an example of the discursive confi guration of the concept, which refl ected the individual and author’s understanding of the world and himself in it. The concept of “freedom” is culturally relevant, which manifests itself on the lexical, phraseological and syntactical levels, in various means of objectification, in syntagmatic fullness, peculiarities of metaphorical comprehension and paremic interpretation. The concept is a mental entity that is scattered among the signs of the language and can be implemented by a number of verbal / nonverbal means. In the author’s mind there is a certain individual associative relationship between the concept and the sign, which is based on their own life experience, due to the physical, psychological, emotional state, the purpose of discourse, etc. Conclusions: socio-cultural dynamics of the national language allows changes in the artistic and poetic conceptualization of the concept of “freedom”. In this sense, the writer and his work, as well as the linguistic means of the discourse are the transfer-transmitter of the concept and its signifi cance in the bonds of generations, epochs,cultures, etc. The valorative scope of the concept of “freedom” in the text of the verse is determined by its author’s discourse as the value of the existence of man and nation, which corresponds to the philosophical and mental guidelines of the Ukrainian linguistic and cultural community. Prospects for further research are the study of the conceptosphere of other latest poems by Ivan Franko.

To study the peculiarities of the phoneme combinability in two phonemic words the author uses mathematical methods that describe language phenomena. Linguistic models help to reveal the regularity of the phoneme combinability in two componential words that enables to point out the interrelation between the language facts. To determine the line of the development of the phoneme combinability it is necessary to state the reasons of the emergence of the restrictions of the combinability. The detailed analysis of the structure of the two phonemic combinations regarding the word forms of a certain lexeme of the native words and borrowings helps to reveal the peculiarities of the phoneme combinability in two phonemic words. The article is designed to reveal the phonemic content of two phonemic words in the Ukrainian Language, to defi ne the combination ability of certain phonemes, to establish the models of the two phonemic words in modern Ukrainian literary language. In modern Ukrainian among the two componential models with the first vowel component the most typical are the following: O(/o/)F – 6, O/a/)F – 5, that is the combination of a vowel with the following fricative. The combination of the elements in two phonemic distributive structure with the first vowel phoneme as “vowel+fricative” (18) and “vowel+half open” (12) are common in the Ukrainian language. Combination of the elements in two phonemic distributive structures with the first consonant component “fricative+vowel” (22), “half open+vowel” (14) “plosive+vowel” (13) appear to be typical. The words containing such structures belong to the periphery of the lexical system in the Ukrainian Language. These distributive structures of two phonemes are not typical for the modern Ukrainian. This fact is evidenced by the low percentage of the two componential combination of the vowel phonemes with vowels and consonants (16.6%) as well as consonants with consonants and vowels (37.5%). Further research enables to study three phonemic words and fi nd out the peculiarities of phoneme combinability in three phonemic words of the Ukrainian language.

The article deals with the specifi city of the deverbatives in the word-formation and morphonological aspect based on M. Kidruk’s prose works; the derivational means, the word-formation models and morphonological models of the verbal derivatives of the author are identifi ed. The main feature of M. Kidruk’s language material is high intellectualism, coupled with the linguistic realism. The writer’s idiostyle is a system of the language means formed as a result of the creative use of the linguistic phenomena in Ukrainian. The main aspects of the individual style of the writer such as the deeply moving narrative, dialogues, naturalness, clarity of presentation are shown. The specifi ity of the language organization is defi ned, active word-formation resources and accompanying morphonological processes are described in the nomination of fragments of the modern Ukrainian-language picture of the author’s world, word-formation and morphonological features of the deverbatives in the prose works are determined, word-formation means and morphonological models of the verbal derivatives are highlighted in the works of the author in the stylistic aspect as means of stylistic expressiveness. It has been established that the deverbatives of the substantive block used in the prose works of M. Kidruk indicate the names of the persons, objects of the abstract names, indicated action and they belong to the productive linguistic units. The nouns for naming the abstract action and the result of the action are characterized by the lower productivity. It has been revealed that for the verbal derivatives of the substantive block, the following morphonological phenomena, such as the verbal ending, consonant alternation (P//P1 (the alternation of the labial and labial + l, C//C), the alternation due to the infl uence of the ancient suffi xal phoneme j, the alternation of the linguistic dental consonants with the pre-dental hushing sound), C//C ‘(the alternation of hard consonant with the palatalized phoneme), C’//C (the alternation of palatalized with the hard consonant phoneme) and the vocal (V//V) alternatives, the shift of accent are applied.

The article considers the phraseological units of Ukrainian, Russian and Belarusian languages with components-names of water space’s animals; It has been clarifi ed that humanity refl ects its observation of the appearance and behavior of animals in stable compounds; It has been established that the phraseology of the Eastern Slavic languages fi xes the names of animals of water such as cancer, fi sh (perch, pike, crucian, duck, herring), frog, turtle, leech. The purpose of the article is to compare the structure o f Ukrainian, Russian and Byelorussian phraseological units with the name of animals of water represented in modern phraseological dictionaries of the studied languages; to separate the components-symbols in them, refl ecting the cultural codes of different nations and they are the powerful factor in the formation of a nationally-shaped picture of the world. A comparative analysis of the structure of phraseological units of the Russian, Ukrainian, and Belarusian languages, denotes animals of water space, demonstrates the peculiarity of the perception of the respective cultures. The common and distinctive features conditioned by the similarity of socio-historical living conditions of native speakers, general patterns of development of human being. Comparison of established expressions denotes animals of water in the interlinguistic aspect reveals mostly negative connotations, which mainly refl ect a person’s character traits, behaviors and actions. The prospect of further research is expansion of our investigation observed expressions with the component of water animals in East Slavic languages, further their comparison and isolation them as single, individual, and general features related to the peculiarities of refl ecting the mentality of a people.

REVIEW for textbooks for students of 2nd and 3rd grades of Ukrainian Studies schools M. Savdyk, K. Tishkul, S. Andrusyshyn «Native word in native school- whether. Reading "Bell" for 2nd grade with language and grammar exercises and Ukrainian-English Dictionary »(United Kingdom, Manchester, 2018–70) and “Hometown at home school. Reader "Sonechko" for 3rd grade with language and grammar exercises Ukrainian-English Dictionary »(United Kingdom, Manchester, 2018 - 72 pp.)

There were determined the features of the poetic text with strong positions in its composition. There were found out and added the defi nitions of non-equivalency phenomenon in lexical system of modern Ukrainian. The non-equivalent lexicon in poetic text was investigated and determined as one type of strong positions on the basis of the analysis of poetic contexts. The comparisons of other language contexts helped to fi nd out a compositional role of non-equivalent lexicon in the poetic text as a strong position which creates ethic-cultural picture of the world within the borders of a poetic model, as well as non-equivalent lexical unit in asymmetrical relations with other dominants of the text. The found out specifi c character of non-equivalent lexical units determines the peculiarity of their translation.

The article analyzes the embodiment of the concept Monte / Berg / Gore in Italian, German and Ukrainian poetic texts as the means of revealing of the man’s inner world, the transfer of emotional, evaluative and expressive feelings, the reproduction of philosophical ideas in the author’s world outlook. The attention of scholars, within the framework of modern linguo-cultural studies of the conceptosphere of certain language communities, is increasingly attracted by the extend study of cultural concepts through the prism of the other ethnic awareness and their analysis with the reference to national peculiarities. The conducting of typological studies of linguistic worldimage makes it possible to characterize the explication peculiarities of concepts in literary text and their implementation in the linguo-cultural aspect, the metaphorization processes and symbolization. The article reveals semantic characteristics of the concept Monte / Berg / Gore in various fi gurative-associative speech patterns and conducts lexical-semantic analysis of poetry regarding the individual symbolism of the artistic word and the peculiarities of poetic perception in the Italian, German and Ukrainian languages

In the article the paradigm notion as a model of scientifi c problem formulating and solving is investigated. Polysemantic of this notion in modern sc ience motivates its active usage in the metalanguage of different natural and humane disciplines as well as in linguistics. In modern linguistics round the paradigm notion a terminological fi eld has been formed, i.e. paradigmatical relation, paradigmatical distribution, paradigmatical word, paradigm of lexeme. For our investigation methodologically important are notions of lexical and semantic paradigm and stylistic paradigm. Ability of word shaving common meaning to vary by stylistic traces is a base of stylistic paradigms modelling. The stylistic paradigm notion ponderability has motivated the hypothesis about the stylistic resources of language paradigmatic organization forming. One of stylistic paradigm manifestation is an imaginative paradigm. The structure and content of such paradigms studying is connected with observation of dynamics of poetic images able to create a system. The paradigmatic rows of images – parts of the human body notions studying is determined by the interest of modern linguistics in the importance of human factor in the lingual system. Such lexisis qualifi ed as somatic and the thematic group of nouns having the ‘body’ archisemeis determined with the somatisms term. Somatisms are the vast segment of modern Ukrainian language dictionary and artistic style. Correlation of their observation makes possible to state the specifi cs and tendencies of poetic language development in their projection on the literary language system. The analyses of lexical and stylistic sub-groups of usual somatisms absent in the poetic vocabulary has shown the division on the sub-groups of colloquial and occasional wordsand expressions. The segment of somatisms’ poetic vocabulary unlike from another one which is present in the literary language dictionary is pointedly represented by units from the Old Slavonic language and slangisms. Incommensur ability of the lexicographical and text poetic set of somatisms is pointedly illustrated by the individual-authors’ neologisms

Мета статті – охарактеризувати вербально-семантичний рівень мовної особистості студента як індивіда, що перебуває у процесі активної соціалізації та самоідентифікації, а також визначити в цьому аспекті співвідношення понять «мовна особистість» і «мовна свідомість». У статті проаналізовано прикладний аспект поняття «мовної особистості». Визначено співвідношення останнього з поняттям «носій мови» як представник соціальної групи. На основі даних експерименту охарактеризовано вербально-семантичний рівень мовної особистості студента. З’ясовано головні ознаки, за якими студенти характеризують поняття «мовна особистість», визначено ключовий підхід респондентів до мови. Описано пласти студентської лексики за функціонально-стильовим критерієм: схарактеризовано професійну та науково-термінологічну лексику, визначено підхід респондентів до понять «професіоналізм» і «термін», їх кореляцію. Здійснено аналіз нелітературної лексики: описано територіальні та соціальні діалектизми (сленгізми, жаргонізми), суржикізми, слова-паразити, «сленгові скорочення». З’ясовано підхід респондентів до різних груп нелітературної лексики, особливості інтерпретації та класифікації останньої. Охарактеризовано мовну особистість студента за частиномовною належністю та «ступенем прояву творчого потенціалу». Визначено рівні мовної ідентифікації та мовної свідомості студента. Описано критерії віднесення до низького, середнього й високого рівнів мовної свідомості та особливості їх репрезентації. За результатами експерименту, не всі респонденти усвідомлюють себе як мовну особистість. Одна з причин – низький рівень мовної свідомості як головної складової мовної особистості. Перспективу дослідження вбачаємо у розробці методик підвищення мовної свідомості студентів для запровадження їх у практику навчальної діяльності.

By means of stress, as well as sounds and phonemes, the word is shaped, its various meanings are expressed and accuracy and unambiguousness of an utterance is perceived by speakers. Still, differentiation of semantics via stress has not become an integral part of language competence yet. At the time of expanding opportunities of the oral form of the Ukrainian literary language researches on the distinctive function of accent are being actualized. Autochthonous verbatives of the Ukrainian language southwestern patois are characterized by the productivity of lexico-semantic processes, which made the derivation of lexico-semantic variants possible, some of them acquiring homonymous (homogeneous) relations in the process of historical development of the language. To study the problem a continuous selection of Structural Class III polysemantic verbatives-onomatopes of the Ukrainian language southwestern patois has been carried out, homonymous relations have been found in them. It has been found out that they were formed due to transforming one of the sememes with the dominant onomatopoetic archiseme into processual (with peripherality or neutralization of the sound constituent) which caused shifting the stress onto the stem class suffi x. The process of the corresponding lexico-semantic variant of polysemantic verbatives acquiring homonymous semantics caused gradual recessive shifting accent to the stem class suffi x and because of this for a certain period the newest derivate in the patois (one or more) or variants of the literary language could have functioned with variant (root and suffi x) accent. And it is only afterwards that this formation adopted the latest accent type (suffi xal) which fi xed the differential function of stress.

The article traces the development of the lexical-semantic group “time” in the language of poetry of the Chornobyl theme, analyzes the main nominations associated with this associate and describes the emotional epithets, metaphorical and comГоцинець І. Контекстна семантика асоціату час у мові поезії...ISSN 2411-4758121parative constructions with different semes that become their expressions. Figurative nominations of dates on April 26 and May 1, 1986, which became bearers of negative axiology, are considered. The purpose of the article is to study the paradigmatic and syntagmatic properties of the associate ‘time’, to trace the patterns and mechanisms of its develo pment in Ukrainian poetic works of the Chornobyl theme. To achieve this aim it was necessary to solve the following tasks: - to analyze literary-publicistic poetic texts of 80-90ies of the 20th century; - to solve the problem of types, lexical valence and contextual associative-semantic relationships (links) of nomination “time”; - to show the development of metaphorical and comparative constructions with different semes. Conclusions. The research carried out reveals the synthesized nature of the ASG “time”. Most of the images that are part of this ASG form system seams with other semantically subordinated archems of Chornobyl by groups and microgroups. This system of vocabulary groups proves the relevance of temporal nominations, journalism, names of people, names of natural phenomena, names of everyday realities, which, in the context of analyzed poetry, become the status of the language and psychological time marks of Chornobyl. The prospects for further research are seen in the comparative representation of the associate “time” in poetic and prose works and the differentiation in its implementation.

The article is aimed at analyzing the Hutsul language picture of the world, which is modeled by the Ukrainian language of fi ction, by focusing on the nominative unit polonyna. The substratum of the regional and dialectal picture of the world constitutes subdialect as linguistic and territorial phenomenon, characterized by the predominant part, which corresponds to a literary language, and number of language units of different levels, characteristic only of this subdialect or of other closely related subdialects along with it. The specifi c nature of the regional and dialectal picture of the world is determined by dialectal language units naming extralinguistic realia, corresponding names for which were not needed in the national language beyond dialect area. The lexical Hutsul dialecticism polonyna is an example of de-dialectization of a dialectal lexeme and its inclusion in the vocabulary of a literary language, although it remains an important component of the Hutsul language picture of the world, represented by the Ukrainian language of fi ction. In fi ction, the lexical meaning of polonyna – “a high-mountain meadow used as a pasture in summer” – with different added semantic connotations form the basis of the semantic body of this dialecticism. These added semantic connotations include location, which extends beyond the one expressed by the lexical meaning, a landform, established ownership, an element of the culture of distant shepherding, identifi cation with and attribution to the Hutsul region, the Carpathians, etc. In this fragment, the H utsul language picture of the world is analyzed from the perspective of the Ukrainian language of fi ction, which introduced its components to it, associated, fi rst and foremost, with metaphorization, the fi gurative use of the dialecticism polonyna that expands and enriches its semantic body.

The article deals with one of the problems of modern Ukrainian linguistics – the extension of sentence units. Theoretical statements concerning the categori cal status of the sentence extenders are represented taking into consideration the compositional and semantic functioning in the context. The concept as to the place of semantic components studied in linguistic dimension is suggested based on the system of scientifi c paradigms, methodological aspects and analytical intentions. Syntactic semantics is updated with modern linguistic researches dedicated to the identifi cation of the kernel specifi city of sentence units, components, systems, complexes, etc. as composite elements in inter-category cut. Taking into consideration that the sentence, its structural pattern, which forms a unity of surface and remote meanings, is a sphere of functioning of syntactically organized elements, and therefore a multiaspect unit, in which formal, syntactic, semantic and functional features of sentence entities interact, the extenders are defi ned in terms of multiaspectuality of the sentence. In this case special attention is focused on the functional and semantic dimension, making it possible to analyze the dualism of semantics and the functions in the kernel of extending components and complexes that are manifested primarily in the sentence, acquiring the latest polyfunctional and polysemantic variants.

The article deals with the axiological and modal parameters of the evaluation of a woman as a personality as a speaker of the beautiful sex of mankind with the help of characterizing means of language: aphorisms of various types, winged sayings, proverbs, sayings, etc. It is proved that a woman is the engine of progress, the basis and cause of all that happens in society, as well as the object of love and a doration. A woman is perceived and evaluated by the following parameters: appearance;as an object of love and deifi cation; manner of behavior, due to features of the character and properties of the psyche; as a guardian of the home hearth; female luck; role in society. In the circle of aphoristic expressions and winged expressions associated with the fi rst position in this series of categorical features, two subgroups are clearly distinguished: a) not personifi ed, the general characteristic of a woman as a generalized subject; b) a personifi ed score having its addressee and that, due to the accuracy and expressiveness of its verbalization, became a winged one. In all the variety of phraseological units (idioms, phrases, proverbs, sayings, aphorisms, linguistic stamps, winged sentences and literary citations), as well as in units of text, the image of the beautiful sex of mankind in different times and epochs is drawn up, fi xed and preserved for the descendants. In them, the characteristic features of a woman are refl ected not only in general sense content, but also in the features of its individual mental system, magnetized by emotions and intentions, as well as its value relation to the surrounding and to itself. Verbal complexes of different types verbalize the image of women as a source and carrier of forming tendencies of general cultural and social development through the prism of national-cultural specifics.

There is a suffi cient number of research works devoted to the study of lexical- grammatical features of emotional lexeme fear in linguistics. But today the question of the functioning and transposition of this lexeme has not been fully studied in the modern Ukrainian language. The aim of the article is to analyze the functioning and transposition of emotional lexeme fear in the modern Ukrainian language, to reveal its semantics as a linguistic and cultural concept, and to determine the peculiarities of language expression. In the article, by means of the analysis of the defi nitions of fear in the Academic Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language, the Etymological Dictionary, and Dictionary of Synonyms, a description of the conceptual features of this lexeme is given, grammatical features are determined, and its transposition phenomena are analyzed in the system of the Ukrainian language. Lexical and grammatical features of the lexeme fea r are the same as in other abstract nouns, but similar use of the word, typical for nouns, is not limited by its functioning. Lexeme fear can be used as an adverb: 1) in the meaning of terrible; 2) in the meaning of expressing admiration, surprise, etc.; 3) in the meaning of extraordinary, very much. Regarding to the large number of someone, something, somebody or something very big, strong fear refers to exclamation The lexeme fear has a wide distributional opportunities: the noun fear + noun (where the main word is a lexeme fear , but this it can also be a dependent word); noun fea r + adjective that points to the emotional state, feelings, emotions of the person; verb + fear , where the noun fear acts as the object of action or state (a part of such word combinations is stable in its composition and structure, lexically indivisible and integral in terms of the meaning of the word combination, which have the function of separate lexeme, so they function as idioms in the modern Ukrainian language); possessive pronoun + noun fea r. The grammatical transformation of the analyzed word has affected not only at the loss of its original meaning, but also its compatibility with other words. Prospects of the research are the study of verbal representation of the emotional state of fear in a separate fi ction text.

The article analyzes the peculiarities of the culture and speech personality development of the fi rst grade students at the Ukrainian lessons. It is noted that language learning is extremely important for development of each individual, as it provides the basis for further education, upbringing and development of students, and increases their cultural level. The process of learning language should be directed at the development of culture and speech personality and implemented through the competent approach. The specifi city of teaching fi rst grade students is that knowledges about the language and speech skills are only start their forming, therefore, in the process of teaching writing and reading it is necessary to draw upon the language sense of children. Among many strategic tasks directed at the forming culture and speech personality, the sociocultural development and systematic improvement of student’s speech take central stage. The necessity and the specifi city of realization of the linguoethnographic aspect of sociocultural competence are highlighted. The aspects purpose is forming the fi rst-graders’ national consciousness, spiritual wealth and culture. It is determined that the formation of junior school students’ sociocultural competence is signifi cantly contributed by the linguoethnographic principle. It means supporting on the communicational function of the language in the process of learning basics of communication; the formation of a positive attitude to the studied language and people – native speaker of this language and to its culture. Therefore, the sociocultural content line provides the preparation of students for the acquisition of several competences: regional studies, ethnography, linguistics and sociolinguistic. To master free communication in the Ukrainian for fi rst-graders it is expedient to use the following basic methods and means of forming a culture and speech personality: a) imitation; b) learning by heart and recitation; c) role speech situation; d) didactic games; e) verbal games; f) self-made dictionary; g) thematic lapbook. The directions and sequence of work with fi rst-graders on speech development in the period of studying grammar are generalized:1) selection of the communicative minimum; 2) interpretation of the lexical meaning of words; 3) using of regional studies material in speech; 4) using of ethnographic material in speech, 5) working with folklore texts.

There are several unresolved problematic issues in Turkology. This is the result of the settlement of Turkic tribes, which were numerous throughout history, over a wide geography. As a result, the formation of different views of scientists on issues such as the formation of different Turkic literary languages, their names, the classification of historical and modern Turkic languages, etc. In the literary languages that emerged in these regions, Turkic tribes and various dialectal (Koine) factors appeared. For a century, scientists have not come to a unanimous agreement on the naming of the medieval literary Turkic languages. The article presents the opinions of various scholars about the Middle Turkic period, Turkic literary languages in the Middle Ages, Khwarezm and Golden Horde Turkic and works, and their solutions are sought.

Latinx families may be particularly vulnerable to emotional dysfunction, due to higher rates of economic hardship and complex social influences in this population. Little is known about the impact of environmental stressors such as unmet social needs and maternal stress on the emotional health of Latinx children from low-income families. We conducted secondary analyses using survey and biomarker data from 432 Latinx children and mothers collected in a separate study. We used binomial and multinomial logistic regression to test if household social needs, or maternal perceived stress or hair cortisol concentration (HCC), predicted child measures of emotional functioning or child HCC, independent of relevant sociodemographic factors. Approximately 40% of children in the sample had symptoms consistent with emotional dysfunction, and over 37% of households reported five or more social needs. High perceived maternal stress predicted higher odds of child emotional dysfunction (OR = 2.15; 95% CI [1.14, 4.04]; p = 0.01), and high maternal HCC was positively associated with high child HCC (OR = 10.60; 95% CI [4.20, 26.74]; p

Traditional approaches to verbal periphrasis (compound tenses) treat auxiliary verbs as lexical items that enter syntactic derivation like any other lexical item, via Selection/Merge. An alternative view is that auxiliary verbs are inserted into a previously built structure (e.g., Bach 1967, Arregi 2000, Embick 2000, Cowper 2010, Bjorkman 2011, Arregi and Klecha 2015). Arguments for the insertion approach include auxiliaries’ last-resort distribution and the fact that, in many languages, auxiliaries are not systematically associated with a given inflectional category (Bjorkman’s (2011) “overflow” distribution). Here, I argue against the insertion approach. I demonstrate that the overflow pattern and last-resort distribution follow from Cyclic Selection (Pietraszko 2017)—a Merge counterpart of Cyclic Agree (Béjar and Rezac 2009). I also show that the insertion approach makes wrong predictions about compound tenses in Swahili, a language with overflow periphrasis. Under my approach, an auxiliary verb is a verbal head externally merged as a specifier of a functional head, such as T. It then undergoes m-merger with that head, instantiating an External-Merge version of Matushansky’s (2006) conception of head movement.

The anaphor agreement effect (AAE) is the crosslinguistic inability for anaphors to covary with φ-agreement (Rizzi 1990, Woolford 1999); languages use various strategies that conspire to circumvent this effect. In this squib, I identify and confirm a prediction arising from two previous observations by Woolford (1999) concerning the scope of the AAE, based on new evidence from Inuktitut (Eastern Canadian Inuit). I propose that anaphors in Inuktitut are lexically specified as projecting additional syntactic structure, spelled out as oblique case morphology; because φ-Agree in Inuktitut may only target ERG and ABS arguments, encountering an anaphor inevitably leads to failed Agree in the sense of Preminger 2011, 2014. I moreover argue that this exact AAE pattern is previously unattested, yet is predicted to arise given the range of existing strategies. Finally, this squib provides evidence against previous detransitivization-based approaches to reflexivity in Inuktitut (e.g., Bok-Bennema 1991).