Search

National logistics cost can be used as a key indicator to reflect a country's overall logistics performance and monitor their respective logistics policies. However, not all countries have developed this indicator, and some have used differing methodologies. This paper provides an approach for calculating national logistics cost per gross domestic product (NLC/GDP) in the context of Thailand and demonstrates its veracity and validity using an action research methodology with key stakeholders. The approach utilizes easily obtainable macro level data combined with survey data. The calculation method has progressively improved in its accuracy and efficacy to reflect Thailand's logistic context. The proposed approach contributes to the national logistics cost debate and can inform academics, managers, and policy makers not just in Thailand but, in other countries when developing their own NLC/GDP to evaluate their respective logistics development activities.

Gas insulated switchgear (GIS) in service may tolerate large temperature changes, which leads to uncertainty in the evaluation of the partial discharge (PD) signal. To clarify the influence of temperature on the discharge signals of GIS insulation void defects, this paper proposes a multiscale fusion simulation method and used experiments to verify it. This method combines the streamer simulation at the micro level and the circuit simulation model at the macro level, and a more accurate simulation signal of GIS insulation void PDs under the influence of temperature can be obtained. Experiments have also been carried out, and a PDs detection experiment platform that can be set in different temperature environments was built. The discharge signals at different temperatures were obtained follow IEC60270. Finally, by combining analyses of simulation and experimental data, the law of the influence of temperature on the PD signal of GIS insulation voids was summarized, and the mechanism of the influence was analyzed. The results showed that the multiscale fusion simulation method of GIS insulation void PD signals proposed in this paper is consistent with the experimental results, which can provide a reference for the digital twin model of power equipment status.

OBJECTIVES The aims of the study were to assess lessons learned on patient safety in Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries and to assess whether they are applied or can be applied to the humanitarian medicine. METHODS This is (a) a 2013-2018 rapid literature review of reviews and systematic reviews articles (PubMed database) on "patient safety" and "medical error" to look for lessons learned regarding patient safety in OECD countries and (b) a rapid literature review (PubMed and Embase databases) on "humanitarian medicine" and "patient safety," from their creation to 2018, to find any articles related to patient safety in humanitarian medicine. In both reviews were excluded articles specifically related to one device, disease, or medical act. These reviews were complemented by a Google search. RESULTS Of the 245 references retrieved, 104 met the inclusion criteria. Of 308 references, 39 respected the inclusion criteria. In OECD countries, patient safety comprises correlated measures taken at three levels. The micro level focuses on individual staff involved in healthcare provision or management; the meso level focuses on medical institutions; the macro level focuses on national healthcare systems. Only one reference mentioned the implementation of a medical error reporting and analysis system in medical humanitarian organization. CONCLUSIONS The adoption of strategies and a culture of safety will need to be adapted to address the variety of intervention contexts and to respond first to the fears and expectations of humanitarian staff. Medical humanitarian organizations, in the absence of an overarching authority for the sector, have a major responsibility in the development of a general patient safety policy applicable in all their operations.

This article investigates the macro-level drivers of adult-age language learning with a focus on migration based on a new dataset on German language learning in 77 countries (including Germany) for 1992–2006. Fixed-effects regressions show that language learning abroad is strongly associated with immigration from countries of the European Union and the Schengen Area whose citizens enjoy free access to Germany, while language learning in Germany is strongly associated with immigration from countries with restricted access. The different degrees of uncertainty about access to Germany seem to be of importance for preparatory language learning. To shed light on country heterogeneities, we substitute the location fixed effects with a vector of country characteristics, which include several distance measures among others, and we estimate a random-effects model. Last, we provide some tentative arguments in favour of a causal interpretation. The main results related to the role of uncertainty are mostly unaffected. The Skilled Immigration Act from 2020 removes part of this uncertainty with potential positive effects on preparatory language learning and economic and social integration.

Changing demands of the agricultural sector, due to male out-migration, have been shown to influence power dynamics and livelihood strategies within households, communities, and broader society. These shifts have led to a rise in women’s agricultural engagement in Nepal. In hypothesizing the outcomes of what has been defined as the feminization of agriculture on the women left behind, the existing literature has created a (dis)empowerment binary. Based on field work conducted in Chitwan, we initially confirm that women do experience that increased agricultural engagement presents both the potential for an increased burden and an opportunity for empowerment. Our research then goes beyond this binary, by utilizing the concept of inevitability, revealing both the micro and macro level nexi of migration, agriculture, and gender in relation to the feminization of agriculture in Nepal. By underscoring the double inevitability of both male out-migration itself and women’s roles within their households we argue we can more accurately represent our informants’ lived realities and thereby provide an alternative to the (dis)empowerment binary for future research. This includes the recognition of a relational nature of the feminization of agriculture phenomenon, which is often overlooked in the current discourse.

This chapter highlights important contributions from the field of sociology to the study of nostalgia. Sociology offers a unique and valuable perspective from which to study nostalgia. Sociologists are especially apt to emphasize that the conceptualizations, experiences and uses of nostalgia are variable. The foundational work of Fred Davis (Yearning for Yesterday: A Sociology of Nostalgia) in 1979, is considered the first truly sociological treatment of the phenomenon of nostalgia. Davis’ distinction between ‘private’ and ‘collective’ nostalgia as well as his identification of three successive orders of nostalgia (‘simple’, ‘reflexive’ and ‘interpretive’) provided a solid foundation for other sociologists interested in analyzing the complex and ambiguous emotion of nostalgia. Well before the work of Davis, early sociologists could be viewed as exploring aspects of nostalgia – at least in an indirect way – as evidenced in their focus on societal changes and psychosocial challenges brought about by the Industrial Revolution. Karl Marx’s discussion of alienation, Max Weber’s concerns about over-rationalisation, Émile Durkheim’s conceptualization of social solidarity, Ferdinand Tönnies’ distinction between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, and Georg Simmel’s description of objective and subjective culture all express dissatisfaction with the present and a sense of loss, which is at the heart of nostalgia. From the backdrop of these early sociologists, this chapter examines key sociological insights on nostalgia and, in so doing, discusses other relevant concepts such as meaning, memory, identity, social structure and politics. In this way, this chapter shows how sociological insights can shed light on the phenomenon of nostalgia on the micro, meso and macro levels of social analysis.

Based on the background that China is accelerating socialist administrative management reform with Chinese characteristics, this paper selects public participation in public administration as a research object and outlines the existing institutional arrangement of public participation in public administration. By focusing on the institutional advantages and dilemma of Chinese public participation in public administration, the paper analyzes from the national macro level, local government medium level and grassroots micro level and further proposes the suggestions on the ways to promote Chinese public participation in public administration.

In recent years, the entrepreneurial ecosystem approach has gained particular interest worldwide for understanding the context of entrepreneurship at the macro level. However, although the sports sector is gaining importance in the European Union and can improve people's health, generate employment, and contribute to countries' GDP, no research from this perspective has been found. Thus, this paper aims to analyze the influence of different indicators related to innovation on European Union countries' shared sport-related GDP (last data available from 2012 were used). The results showed that 12 solutions could explain 76% of the cases of high levels of shared sport-related GDP. The most important solution is the combination of high levels of creativity*high levels of knowledge and technology*high levels of business* high levels of infrastructure*high levels of human capital and research (consistency: 0.80; raw coverage: 0.50). Finally, some guidelines to develop a sport entrepreneurial ecosystem are proposed.

This descriptive and exploratory study aims to analyse and compare the macro-level determinants of board effectiveness of listed companies for two European countries, the UK and Romania. The main focus is on the relationships between national culture and legal-institutional factors (macro-determinants) and how they might affect board effectiveness in both countries. By investigating the moderating effect of macro-level determinants on board effectiveness, this research contributes to the small number of cross-border studies on board effectiveness in this area. The cross-national context of this study is also relevant against the background of the increasing internationalization of boards. This implies that the understanding of macro-determinants and their effect on board processes becomes increasingly important for boards, and especially chairs, to take into consideration.

Research pertaining to the wellbeing of police focuses on the job at a macro level, neglecting that policing is an occupation made up of thousands of roles. The needs of staff in various roles differs according to the situations that they are exposed to. This paper provides a review of the literature pertaining to the impact of criminal investigation on employees’ wellbeing. Three discernible categories regarding the wellbeing of criminal investigators are revealed and the paper demonstrates that criminal investigation has a negative effect on the wellbeing of staff. The paper concludes with recommendations for future research, training and support.

To identify facilitators and barriers to integrate oral health care into general healthcare for frail elderly, 41 participants from 10 different groups of (professional) caregivers and care-recipients (residents living at home and nursing home patients) in the east of the Netherlands were interviewed. They were asked about normative integration (vision, attitude, culture) at the macro (system), meso (organizational and interprofessional), and micro (patient care) level. After thematic analysis of the interviews, the results were refined on the basis of a workshop with 52 stakeholders. Subsequently, two main themes were identified: 1. a compartmentalized care culture in which oral healthcare and general healthcare are seen as two separate domains; 2. prioritization, awareness, and attitude towards oral healthcare integration. Barriers to integration are: low political attention (macro level); unclear responsibilities, hierarchical relationships, and lack of vision (meso level); poor awareness and low prioritization by healthcare providers and patients (micro level). Leadership (meso level), a supportive personality of individual caregivers, and ownership of patients (micro level) promote integration.Om bevorderende en belemmerende factoren bij de integratie van mondzorg in de reguliere gezondheidszorg voor kwetsbare ouderen te identificeren, werden 41 deelnemers uit 10 verschillende groepen zorgverleners en -ontvangers (thuiswonenden en verpleeghuispatiënten) geïnterviewd. Zij werden bevraagd over de normatieve integratie (visie, houding, cultuur) op macro- (systeem), meso- (organisatie en interprofessioneel) en micro- (zorgverlening aan patiënt) niveau. Na thematische analyse van de interviews werden de resultaten op basis van een workshop met 52 stakeholders aangescherpt. Hierna werden 2 hoofdthema's geïdentificeerd: 1. een gecompartimenteerde zorgcultuur waarin mondzorg en algemene gezondheidszorg als twee afzonderlijke domeinen worden gezien, en 2. prioritering, bewustwording en houding ten aanzien van mondzorgintegratie. Belemmeringen voor de integratie zijn beperkte politieke aandacht (macroniveau); onduidelijke verantwoordelijkheden, hiërarchische verhoudingen en gebrek aan visie (mesoniveau) en een gebrekkig bewustzijn en lage prioriteitstelling door zorgverleners en patiënten (microniveau). Leiderschap (mesoniveau), een ondersteunende persoonlijkheid van individuele zorgverleners en eigenaarschap van patiënten (microniveau) bevorderen de integratie.

Though a handful of studies have explored the relationship between farm characteristics and theft of farm equipment, all have been focused at the micro level. Put differently, they have sought to determine whether a relationship exists between likelihood of theft victimization and the characteristics (e.g., size, location) of individual farming operations. The current study builds upon this work by seeking to determine whether county-level factors (in line with the routine activity theory framework) serve to influence the incidence of farm equipment theft within counties. Data are derived from the National Incident-Based Reporting System, the Census of Agriculture and the United States Census of the Population. Results are on the whole supportive of the theory's application to the problem and suggest that macro-level investigations constitute a worthwhile approach to better understanding agricultural victimization.

The aim of the article. The article addresses drivers of digital marketing development as a marketing system at the macro level in the context of digital transformation of the economy. The topic is relatively new and needs attention since most research devoted to digitalization in marketing is usually undertaken on the microlevel. Due to such a bias little is known about ties of digital marketing development with digital transformation on the macrolevel. The article aims at developing of conceptual frameworks of relations thereof. The methodological base of the work is the ternary structure of the digital marketing system. It consists of IT sector, digital marketing and extended digital marketing. IT-sector provides for tools of digital marketing, thus encompassing digital marketing mix. Analyses results. Digital marketing englobes tools and platforms for which digital technology are essential, while extended digital marketing layer embraces the most of marketing activities, which are in the process of digitalisation. The development of digital marketing on the macrolevel is proposed to consider as a process of transformation, like the process of organizational change of Beckhard and Harris. This process is aimed at digital transformation of the entire economy. It applies four major means of digital transformation, namely: digital privatization, digital industrialization, digital investment and reinvestment, and e-governance and paperless. Digital privatization is aimed at ensuring higher efficiency of the economy by correcting existing inefficient models in certain industries by introducing digital platforms and solutions. Digital industrialization is undertaken by the rapid introduction of digital technologies in various sectors of the economy, other than the IT sector, the transition to a new technological mode and thus ensure increased productivity and productivity in the implementation of economic exchanges. The implementation of digital industrialization requires the deployment of digital entrepreneurship, including the renewal of existing and the creation of a new infrastructure of production, management, and support processes. E-governance and paperless can improve the efficiency of management decisions, as they integrate digital data with models that allow simulation and forecasting, eliminate the problem when digital data is not converted into information and does not get into databases needed for management decisions to be made. Digital investment and reinvestment refers to the development of foundations and factors of digital economy development - digital infrastructure, hardware and software, as well as institutional conditions of digitalization, education, training and development of the workforce, creating and maintaining the necessary conditions for its development and reproduction. With the help of digital industrialization, one can expect the development of digital platforms. It should lead to an increase in the number of users and partners - an increase in coverage, both in terms of demand (consumption and penetration rate) and in terms of production and provision of services (number of digital service providers and digital producers). products). The main areas of digital investment and reinvestment are the development of the IT sector and digital platforms, but there are also points of effort at the level of expanded digital marketing - in areas that are being digitized. Efforts should be directed towards the development of digital consumption through the transfer of procurement, including public services to the digital environment. Conclusions and directions for further research. Implementing this strategy requires macroeconomic stability, without which success in long-term macro-level projects seems to be unlikely, especially in projects involving large investments and significant technological transformations. Some directions of further research are defined, such as: driving forces influencing purchasing behaviour on digital platforms, conditions for effective development of digital entrepreneurship, organizational conditions and mechanism of digital industrialization, investment and reinvestment, state economic policy that encourages the development of e-commerce, forms of communication and mechanisms of influence between digital marketing systems at different levels of the economy and the knowledge economy, etc.

PurposeThis study examines the mediation effects of entrepreneurial attitudes (EAs) on the nexus of the entrepreneurial ecosystem (EE) quality and productive entrepreneurship for early-stage and high-growth entrepreneurial activities.Design/methodology/approachThe study employs global entrepreneurship monitor (GEM) panel data of 137 economies from 2014 to 2018. Random effect panel regressions and relative effect size estimations were used for data analysis.FindingsThe study’s findings show complementary mediation effects suggesting that EE quality steers entrepreneurial activities via the EA. However, such mediation is much more vivid towards high growth than early-stage activities. Vibrant EEs provide necessary resources that boost the attitude of potential and nascent entrepreneurs to engage in early stage and high-growth entrepreneurial activities.Research limitations/implicationsThe study utilizes GEM data to explain the EEs and EA dynamics and their related effects on entrepreneurship at the macro level. Future research may study the phenomena by using micro level data.Originality/valueThe paper explores a less empirically researched question on how EEs steer entrepreneurship growth and development. It reveals a need for new perspectives/logics (e.g. mediation/moderation) for improving the explanations on the extant EEs framework. It further informs policymakers and practitioners to design entrepreneur-centred EE policies and programs.

I discuss how social psychologists can think about identity change as a nested phenomenon. Identity change occurs at the micro level, but it is embedded in meso and macro levels of social reality. I use changes in the religious identity in the United States as an example of how we can conceptualize identity change in this way. This approach enables us to broaden the scope of social psychological work to be more inclusive of the various social forces at all levels of social reality that impact the human processes we study.

This study provides some new evidence for the 2008–2009 Global Financial Crisis on income inequality in Turkey. Two methodologies were used in the study. The first methodology put forward by Jenkins and Van Kerm (Oxf Econ Pap 58(3):531–548, 2006) uses micro-level data to estimate the relationship of income inequality changes with the pattern of progressive income growth and reshuffling across the income quartiles before and after the crisis. Second, using macro level data across Turkey's regions, a panel data analysis is conducted to examine if the relationship among income inequality, poverty, and income growth has changed after the financial crisis. The panel data model in the double log form for inequality has been estimated for Turkey between 2005 and 2012. The panel data model results show that differential intercept coefficients were statistically not significant, implying that the effect of growth and poverty on inequality has not changed in the crisis period. The fact that the financial crisis has only lasted for two years in Turkey might be the reason for not observing fundamental changes in the pattern of the relationship between income inequality, poverty, and income growth. © 2021, The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V. No funds, grants, or other support was received.

In this study, both micro and macro level evaluation of pedestrian-vehicle crashes were conducted. Macro-level findings were obtained with GIS-based density analyzes, and critical road segments were determined. The data on road characteristics, traffic characteristics, built environment and land use were collected in 70 critical urban road segments. While conducting micro-level research, commonly used multilayer perceptron and C4.5 decision tree, as well as innovative converted fuzzy-decision model and revised fuzzy-decision model, which significantly reduces the expert judgements on fuzzy models, were used. Significant rules were extracted, and were evaluated from safety perspective. Information gain ratio was used to deal with the black-box structure of machine learning models and to examine independent factors in-depth. The best performance was achieved in revised fuzzy decision model with 68.57% accuracy. The results revealed that land use, parking and peak hour volume have high effect, as well as public transport, speed and road type factors have the greatest effect on pedestrian safety. In the light of the results, various managerial implications such as controlling the density of public transport on main arterials, preventing stop-and-go effects, and monitoring vehicle speeds especially during peak hours were suggested to improve pedestrian safety.

The future of environmental regulation in the industrial sector is largely dictated not only by political decisions and measures, but also by the intensity and nature of investments in certain types of economic activities, as well as by the environmentally-oriented requirements that are imposed on investment projects. Changing the priority and effectiveness of environmental regulation tools, the emergence of new and the abolition of traditional levers of influence depends on the trajectory of scientific and technological progress, the development of new fields of economic activity, such as digital services, the transformation of the ecological footprint of industry, as well as a new understanding of the environmental challenges of the future. Therefore, the relevance of priority approaches’ foresighting, tools and directions of environmental regulation of the strategic development of a national industry based on the most persistent and dominant trends in the political and financial spheres that define long-term strategies of economic development at the macro level for 2030-2050, is increasing. The paper provides basic directions of foresight in the field of environmental regulation: monitoring and comprehensive analysis of the co-evolution of global economic and environmental systems under the auspices of the United Nations; problem-oriented foresighting of narrowly specific, micro-territorial unique ecosystems and phenomena with a strict local binding; national and supranational scientific and technical strategies for long-term economic development, including the transformation of investment priorities in industry. Based on the analysis of the main investment trends in the field of sustainable development, the main barriers to greening the industry were identified: the investment gap in developing countries and low activity of private investors. An overview of the nomenclature, geography of distribution and effectiveness of the practical application of "green" investment products, instruments and markets were presented. They include: "green" bonds, "sustainable" funds and ESG-funds, Indices of sustainable development stocks, "participatory investment" in the form of applied investment programs of public-private partnership. In addition to this, the specifics of national strategies for the development of the world's industrial centers – dynamically and innovatively developing macroeconomics of the United States, the EU and the People's Republic of China, aimed at decarbonizing the energy sector and achieving the so-called "carbon neutrality" of the economy within the framework of the "Green New Deal" were also established: quantitative goals, the volume of investment, the system of motivation of entrepreneurs. According to the results of the analysis, the main principles of environmental regulation of the future (for the perspective of 2030-2050) were defined: "achieving the Sustainable Development Goals" (SDGs), "monitoring investment trends", "indicative planning" and "scenario forecasting" of measures and initiatives to achieve the SDGs, "participativeness of investments" in the development of smart infrastructure and advanced innovations for the purpose of environmentally-oriented transformation of technological structures towards their carbon neutrality and "environmentally differentiated fiscal policy" – protectionist and sanctioned.

Multi-scale evaluation of the rheological and mechanical properties of asphalt binder has substantial importance in understanding the binder’s micro- and macro-scale properties. This study compares the macro- and micro-scale mechanistic properties of asphalt binders. Test samples used in this study include performance grade binders (PG 64-22) from two different sources along with their modified counterparts. The modifiers include polyphosphoric acid (PPA), styrene-butadiene-styrene (SBS), a combination of SBS and PPA, and reclaimed asphalt pavement. To achieve the goal of this study, atomic force microscope technology was utilized to estimate the asphalt binder’s micro-mechanical properties (e.g., Derjaguin, Muller, Toropov modulus and deformation). On the other hand, data on the macro-scale properties—such as rutting factor (G*/sinδ), consistency and penetration—of the selected binders were analyzed and compared with the aforementioned micro-level properties. The comparative analyses indicated that the micro-mechanical properties of asphalt binders followed a linear trend with the macro-scale properties. The findings of this study are expected to help researchers and pavement professionals in modeling asphalt materials when multi-scale effects are deemed to be necessary.

Device innovation has potential to improve patient outcomes over time, yet prospective benefits must be considered in light of risks. At the macro level, designers and manufacturers of implantable devices and regulators must balance the need for assurance of devices' safety and effectiveness with industry and clinical investigational enthusiasm about innovation. At the micro level, clinician-investigators need to inform patient-subjects about a particular device's influence, for better or worse, on short- and long-term health goals.

A spatial concentration of basic services can be observed in many European regions. This concentration is a result of the interaction between socio-economic and demographic processes. Rural regions in Germany are particularly affected by concentration processes and the thinning-out of services. Even though this topic is covered and debated in media, among policy makers and regional scientists, few reliable data exist on the dimensions and consequences of these processes. Food retailing is one subject area wherein a spatial concentration can be observed and its consequences have a direct impact. Different aspects of the spatial concentration processes in food retailing are the core of this article, which aims to address the following questions: Can spatial food deserts (regions with limited access to affordable and nutritious food) be identified in rural Germany, and, if yes, which part of the population seems to be particularly affected by insufficient access to food? Food deserts are approached at the macro level utilising a distance-based concept building on a GIS accessibility model. Thus, the focus is on the analysis of the potential general spatial existence of food deserts, not on individual consumer perspectives, behaviours, capabilities, or consequences. The results of the analysis reveal that in Germany, transportation availability is a decisive factor determining if one lives in a food desert or not. Furthermore, living in a food desert is more of an individual experience that depends on individual living conditions and capabilities than a spatial distinct phenomenon. However, as the accessibility to food retail stores is comparatively worse in connected parts of Mecklenburg-West Pomerania, Brandenburg, Rhineland-Palatinate and the north of Saxony-Anhalt, less mobile people living in these areas are more likely to experience food desert.

While the video discussion tool Flipgrid has increasingly become popular among educators, limited research has been conducted with Flipgrid as the subject. The research on Flipgrid has focused, to date, primarily on single-case uses. These studies have been beneficial in examining how Flipgrid is being used in isolated contexts. The goal in conducting this study was to add to the research base by exploring on a macro level how educators are using Flipgrid and how they perceive the use of Flipgrid enhancing student learning. To meet this goal, we conducted an online survey to gather data on educators’ (n = 230) uses of Flipgrid and their perceptions about Fligrid use on student learning. The data show that primary uses of Flipgrid are promoting creativity and formative evaluation of student learning. Data analysis suggested that teachers perceived Flipgrid to be a valuable teaching tool and a valuable student learning tool. We discuss these findings and implications for Flipgrid users and those who provide support for and training on Flipgrid.

Research shows that structural disadvantage is a key source of violent crime rates across racial/ethnic groups, a finding that has become more commonly known as “racial invariance.” However, this literature has focused primarily on white, black and Latino comparisons, with little attention to Asian populations. This omission is problematic considering that (1) Asians are the fastest growing minority group in the U.S. and (2) the sources of Asian crime could differ from those of white and black populations. Drawing on the racial invariance hypothesis, the current study uses 2010 city-level data to compare the structural predictors of violent crime arrest rates (homicide, robbery, rape, and aggravated assault) for white, black, and Asian populations. Findings reveal that disadvantage contributes to violence for all three racial/ethnic groups, but the magnitude of these effects and effects of other structural predictors differ. Findings from the current study offer implications for the racial invariance debate.

Introduction. Given the vital role of critical thinking and possibility of developing this meta-cognitive skill through training programs, the present study was conducted to determine the tendency and effective factors in critical thinking in nursing students. Materials and Methods. The present study is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in 2020 in a school of nursing in northern Iran. Participants in the study were all second to eighth semester nursing students studying in the faculty who entered the study by the census method. Inclusion criteria included employment in the field of nursing in the second semester and above, and exclusion criteria were employment and incomplete completion of the questionnaire questions. The required information was prepared in two parts: the first part of recording demographic information including age, gender, marital status, semester, average score, previous semester average score, and level of interest in the major and the second part was the adopted Ricketts’ critical thinking disposition questionnaire. SPSS 26 software and descriptive and analytical statistics were used to analyze the data. Results. The total average score of critical thinking disposition obtained as 120.20 ± 14.05 35 was found to positively and significantly relate to age (r = 0.150, p = 0.04 , d = 0.30), academic 36 semester ( p = 0.001 , d = 0.25), and interest in the major ( p = 0.003 , d = 0.38). Dimensions of 37 innovation and maturity were also significantly associated with academic semester and 38 interested in the major. Also, the total score of critical thinking and its dimensions in married people was higher than single, but this difference was not statistically significant. The results of analysis of variance showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between the mean score of tendency to critical thinking and different semesters. Conclusion. Identifying the effective factors in critical thinking disposition can assist teachers in developing lesson plans and academic counseling, and at the macro level, can help with educational planning and revision of curricula.

This article focuses on the close association between inequality and punishment observed over recent decades at a macro level, at least in some regions of the world. A review of the empirical literature first provides an overview of the different types of variables mobilized to try to understand this complex relationship. The aim of the empirical part is to explore the potential role of attitudes towards inequality in this relationship, on the basis of country-level data available for West European countries. The results do not support the idea that a more meritocratic ethos at the country level would create the connection between inequality and punishment. On the contrary, they suggest the persistence of a systemic link independently of attitudinal variables. However, by showing that, the greater the inequality, the more the population calls for redistributive intervention by the state, and the more it also calls for punitive intervention, the findings could suggest another pattern. This moves away from a rather deterministic perspective to highlight the room for manoeuvre for social change.

Problem. Ukraine’s location in Central and Eastern Europe contributes to the development of foreign economic relations with the countries of the European Union. There are the historical, economic and cultural ties that cause the intensification of cross-border cooperation in the border areas of the Carpathian region. Unfortunately, the existing transport infrastructure of the study area cannot fully provide passenger and freight traffic through the section of the state border between Ukraine, namely, its part – Transcarpathia and Hungary. Statistics show that the key role in foreign economic relations is primarily played by Hungary, which in 2019 accounted for 56.1% of the region's merchandise exports.Purpose. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the need to develop a transport network on the Ukrainian-Hungarian section of the state border within Transcarpathia.Research methods. We used a comprehensive assessment of the transport network of border areas, built on the principle of multilevel, which allows us to assess its development at the micro, meso and macro levels. At the micro level – collection, compilation and analysis of data on checkpoints, regulations, programs and projects. At the mesolevel – assessment of the problems and prospects of the study area, implementation of programs, raising funds for the construction of new checkpoints, analysis of the results and their dynamics. At the macro level – conducting a joint assessment of cross-border cooperation within the Ukrainian-Hungarian section of the border.Results. Analyzing the existing economic and regional characteristics of checkpoints in the study area, it is important to provide initial data for building new and improving existing ones.The analysis of works on this issue by scientists of the Institute of Regional Studies of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine in the cities of Lviv and Kiev, specialists from the relevant departments of the Transcarpathian Regional State Administration allowed us to identify promising checkpoints and provide detailed characteristics on the problems and prospects of their future functioning.We have analyzed a number of promising checkpoints, namely: Badalo (Badalovo) – Szatmarcseke, Mezővari (Vary) – Tiszakorod, Nagypalad (Velika Palagy) – Nagyhodos, Nagypalad (Velika Palagy) – Kispalad, Hetyen (Hetyen) – Tiszakerecseny, Deda (Deda) – Beregdaroc, Szaloka (Solovka) – Tiszaszentmarton, Szaloka (Solovka) – Eperjeske.Conclusions. From the above, it is obvious that the Ukrainian-Hungarian borderland within the cross-border territories of Transcarpathia (Ukraine) has its own unique geographic and infrastructural features that open invaluable opportunities for the potential development of the transboundary region within the specified limits. The opening of promising checkpoints will make it possible to revive the economic development of these cross-border territories and create a modern system of checkpoints across the state border line, which will primarily affect the dynamic development of the tourism industry through the mechanisms of accessibility of the border infrastructure of Transcarpathia for the countries of the European Union

Over the past twenty years, research on political extremism and terrorism has become one of the fastest growing sub-fields within criminology. This rapid growth is reminiscent of the early years of criminology itself, characterized by energy, imagination and creativity but at the same time a specialization struggling to collect and analyze valid data, apply appropriate research methods and develop coherent theoretical frameworks. In this paper, we take stock of these developments by considering a basket of micro- and macro-level risk factors that have been frequently linked to the decision to engage in violent extremism. Following a review of risk factors, we consider major definitional, theoretical, data and methodological challenges and also progress made. Prior criminological research on violent extremism has focused especially on micro-level characteristics and few studies to date have integrated micro and macro determinants to explain extremist outcomes. However, with the growing availability of data, including open-source databases, paired with the application of more sophisticated statistical methods, we expect to see more robust results in the years ahead.

To establish a research and development agenda for Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) for the coming decade, the authors, all active in this area of investigation, reviewed recent research papers, seeking recommendations for future research. They pooled their knowledge and experience to identify 3 levels of potential research and development: the micro level of learning and teaching; the meso level of institutions, programs, and specialty domains; and the macro level of regional, national, and international dynamics. Within these levels, the authors categorized their recommendations for research and development. The authors identified 14 discrete themes, each including multiple questions or issues for potential exploration, that range from foundational and conceptual to practical. Much research to date has focused on a variety of issues regarding development and early implementation of EPAs. Future research should focus on large-scale implementation of EPAs to support competency-based medical education (CBME) and on its consequences at the 3 levels. In addition, emerging from the implementation phase, the authors call for rigorous studies focusing on conceptual issues. These issues include the nature of entrustment decisions and their relationship with education and learner progress and the use of EPAs across boundaries of training phases, disciplines and professions, including continuing professional development. International studies evaluating the value of EPAs across countries are another important consideration. Future studies should also remain alert for unintended consequences of the use of EPAs. EPAs were conceptualized to support CBME in its endeavor to improve outcomes of education and patient care, prompting creation of this agenda.

European media landscapes have changed into high-choice environments. Additionally, research suggests an increasing number of people are staying away from the news (news-avoiders). In two studies, we approach the topic on the macro and micro-level. In Study 1, we analyze on the macro-level how news-avoiders in 18 EU countries have developed since the late 1980s and what role country variables play in this context. We use multilevel spline models to distinguish between two phases of technological advancement. Findings suggest an increase in news-avoiders in the phase when the Internet was available. The market share of public-service broadcasters is no discerning factor for the number of news-avoiders in different countries. Using German panel-data, Study 2 takes a closer look at the news-avoiders in the Internet phase. We also show the increase of news-avoiders on the micro-level, but do not identify an increasing impact of political interest on news avoidance over time.

Исторический анализ цифровизации в сфере государственного управления показывает, что использование в осуществляющемся на макроуровне регулировании экономических процессов возможно широкое применение информационных систем. Данная статья посвящена изучению информационных систем управления промышленностью на макроуровне как в историческом отношении, так и существующих. В ходе исследования выполнен анализ советских информационных систем, концепции их внедрения и развития, а также системы, функционирующей в рамках рыночной экономики. Выдвинут ряд прогнозных предположений о перспективах развития данных систем. The historical analysis of digitalization in the field of public administration shows that the use of information systems in the regulation of economic processes carried out at the macrolevel is possible. This article is devoted to the study of information systems for industrial management at the macro level. In the course of the study, the analysis of Soviet information systems, the concept of their implementation and development, as well as the system functioning within the framework of the market economy was carried out. A number of predictive assumptions have been made about the prospects for the development of these systems.

Increases in energy efficiency are reduced by the rebound effect. Efficiency gains on the micro level do not lead to proportionate reductions of energy consumption on the macro level. The German en...

School delinquency in public elementary, middle, and high schools has decreased in recent years, but is still a major issue that has negative mental health and academic implications for adolescents. Although research has focused on both individual-level and school-level explanations of school delinquency, it is not yet clear which macro-level criminological perspectives best explains it. Using 656 effect sizes nested within 75 studies and 30 unique datasets, this study addresses two questions using meta-analytic methods: Which macro-level criminological perspectives explain between-school differences in delinquency? Are effect sizes invariant across samples and research design? Results indicate that only concentrated disadvantage and social cohesion are significantly related to school delinquency. With the exception of concentrated disadvantage, effects are homogenous. This suggests that some school-level explanations are useful and future research should not exclude these factors. Practical implications suggest that improving social cohesion in schools may be more effective at preventing violence than target-hardening efforts.

Given the worldwide magnitude, pervasiveness and deleterious consequences of human trafficking (Roth, 45), a more comprehensive understanding of its underlying causes is imperative. This study attempted to examine the influence of three social factors (i.e., economics, social capital, and criminal justice) on human trafficking in 60 countries. Although regression and Bayesian analyses showed that macro level economic, social, and criminal justice factors were not predictive of human trafficking, our findings highlighted the variability and potential inaccuracy in reporting of information in many countries. Many factors contribute to unreliable human trafficking data including: (1) inconsistencies in the application of trafficking legislation, (2) problems with victim identification and reporting, (3) varying definitions and counts of trafficking, (4) the creation of cultural binaries in the media, and (5) problematic human-trafficking policies. To accurately identify factors contributing or maintaining human trafficking, it is critical for governmental and non-governmental agencies to collect a range of standardized information.

The lived realities of agents involved in educational borrowing or transfer are often omitted as research and discussions reside predominantly at a macro level. Through the lens of a comparative ed...

A significant proportion of pupils move school during their school career for reasons other than standard structural moves between educational stages. Little is known about the underlying causes of these moves and the characteristics and experiences of mobile pupils are challenging to research. There is currently a large disconnect between the macro level of system structures, data and policy and the individual experiences and journeys of mobile pupils. This article brings together international literature around school mobility and mobile pupils, with analyses of the English National Pupil Database (NPD), tracking a cohort from age 5 to 16, to better understand when school moves occur and the characteristics of mobile pupils. Findings reveal a sizable underlying rate of moves in England of about 1.5–2% per term and identify differences in mobility related to disadvantage, school phase, ethnic group and SEND status. The predictive power of the data, however, is low, highlighting the need for more research, policy and practice in this area to better understand individual mobility circumstances. By bringing together the literature and the data, the article concludes with a discussion of what is known about school mobility and recommends further areas for research into the characteristics, experiences and outcomes of mobile school pupils.

The concepts of circular economy (CE) and sustainability (S) have lately gained momentum among scholars, theorists, academics, and practitioners. Although these concepts are considered necessary to solve many of the existing global environmental and social challenges (e.g., climate change, nature conservation and social equity), it seems there is no consistency relating to their content. Some scholars consider these two concepts identical, while others contemplate them as different. Several theoretical approaches have been presented to clarify the content of these two concepts and to provide effective ways to solve the social and environmental problems. The goal of this paper is to examine the existing literature regarding the content of CE and S based on a triple-level analysis (micro, meso, and macro level) across different scientific fields: economic/management and engineering/natural science. Our findings show many theoretical approaches with several relationships, similarities, and differences among CE and S at the micro, meso, and macro-levels within engineering and management scientific fields. Based on these findings, a future research agenda on CE and S is also proposed.

Government policy issues and approaches of improvement innovative entrepreneurship are considered in the paper. Elements of policy intervention on innovative entrepreneurship were described. The way firm innovate and the nature of their contributions to innovation varies and depends critically on firm characteristics and the conditions they face to engage in innovation. The “technology push” and “market pull” models provide two perspectives on firm innovation. Innovation output may differ along the several dimensions, including the type of innovation and the impact of innovation. Innovation can play a critical role in addressing socio-economic objectives, which are affected by the following factors: economic growth and employment, environmental challenges, social challenges. Innovative entrepreneurship can contribute to socio-economic challenges by formalizing the informal sector. The main policy approaches to address challenges associated to policy intervention for innovative entrepreneurship deal with: institutional governance, strategy and coherence of policies, policy-making contexts for innovative entrepreneurship. Achieving coherence and balance in the set of policies affecting innovative entrepreneurship, and coordinating the various actors involved in these policies have, consequently, become increasingly important for policy efficiency. Specific rationales for public policies: access to finance, access to knowledge, access to labor, entrepreneurial capabilities and culture, market development and access, regulatory framework. Access to finance is a key driver in the creation, survival and growth of innovative new ventures. Within the context of innovative entrepreneurship, public policy can in the following ways: debt financing, venture capital, business angels, private sources of funding. Access to debt financing is a critical issue for innovative businesses. It allows them to finance their growth, meet working capital requirements and invest in innovation. Relevant to innovative entrepreneurs are alternative types of loans, such as convertible and subordinated loans. Convertible loans give lenders the right to convert credit into an equity participation in the company, whereas subordinated loans are junior forms of debt that, in case of insolvency, have lower priority than senior debt (e.g. asset-based lending). They are riskier but pay higher interest rates.

The changes to the Irish exclusionary rule introduced by the judgment in People (DPP) v JC mark an important watershed in the Irish law of evidence and Irish legal culture more generally. The case relaxed the exclusionary rule established in People (DPP) v Kenny, one of the strictest in the common law world, by creating an exception based on ‘inadvertence’. This paper examines the decision through the lens of legal culture, drawing in particular on Lawrence Friedman's distinction between ‘internal’ and ‘external’ legal culture to help understand the factors contributing to the decision. The paper argues that Friedman's concept and, in particular, the dialectic between internal and external legal culture, holds much utility at a micro as well as macro level, in interrogating the cultural logics at work in judicial decision-making.

Postponement of first birth has implications for the health and well-being of women and is often associated with lower fertility levels, a demographic reality affecting most high-income countries. ...

The current study tested the interaction between micro- and macro-level criminological concepts to determine whether a free market cultural ethos moderated the criminal thinking–delinquency connection. Using a cross-national sample of 65,923 youth (32,614 boys, 33,309 girls, 10 to 20 years of age), the link between criminal thinking and delinquency was explored in 28 nations, each of which had been scored on the Heritage Foundation’s Index of Economic Freedom. Results revealed that a free market cultural ethos had a significant moderating effect on the criminal thinking–delinquency relationship. These results suggest that macro-level free market attitudes toward personal wealth as a cultural goal may interact with such micro-level criminological concepts as criminal thinking and delinquency to alter important criminological associations.

Traffic safety for hazardous material (hazmat) transportation has not been studied well at a macro level in recent years. A Bayesian negative binomial conditional autoregressive safety model was us...

This paper deals with the relationship between regulatory compliance, bureaucratic corruption, lobbying and the industrial structure of a country. We show that lobbying and bureaucratic corruption can coexist at the macro level when we allow for heterogeneity in firm size. Countries with similar level of development are often characterized by very different industrial structures: we show the implications this has for the level of compliance, corruption and lobbying in that country. Welfare implications of our model point toward encouraging policies that support the small business sector of an economy and toward flexible regulatory policies meant to suppress regulation for small enough firms.

Field of education is associated with herculean task and innate responsibility of escorting societies forward. Across space and time, it has been an unambiguous synthesis that education should prec...

PurposeOpen innovation breadth (OIB) considers the diversity of external collaboration partners for innovation. The authors investigate the moderating effect of OIB on the relationship between industrial innovation activities (innovation inputs) and industrial innovation results (innovation outputs).Design/methodology/approachThis study is based on secondary data from the Brazilian innovation survey, representing more than 30,000 innovative companies across 55 industrial sectors.FindingsThis study’s results show that OIB has different moderating effects regarding the several innovation input–output relationships. While OIB benefits some relationships, others are hampered by the diversity of collaboration partners.Originality/valueFew studies have addressed OIB at the macro level. Using the perspective of transaction cost economics (TCE), the authors discuss the contributions and limitations of OIB at the industry level.

Purpose The environmental sensitivity of consumers has played an important role in shaping the tourism industry. Although the green trend is an ongoing concern within the tourism industry, empirical research examining the link between green motivation and tourist satisfaction has been lacking in the tourism literature. The study bridges this research gap by examining the relationship between green pull motives and overall tourist satisfaction using empirical data from 28 Member States of the European Union and Turkey, North Macedonia, Iceland, Montenegro and Moldova. Moreover, the framework incorporates both macro- and micro-level analyses, thus offering an unbiased approach compared to analyses based on a single-level perspective. The purpose of this paper is also to compare the relationship between green pull motives and tourist satisfaction across different generational cohorts, thus offering new insights into tourist satisfaction across life-courses. Design/methodology/approach Through an examination of 7,450 tourists from 28 Member States of the European Union and Turkey, North Macedonia, Iceland, Montenegro and Moldova derived from the Flash Eurobarometer survey called “Preferences of Europeans towards tourism,” the authors used a Tobit model to test the proposed framework. Findings The obtained findings demonstrate that the green pull motives at the macro level are negatively associated with overall tourist satisfaction. In contrast, the green pull motives at the micro level are positively related to overall tourist satisfaction. In addition, the results show that the relationship between green pull motives and overall tourist satisfaction diverges between different generational cohorts. Practical implications These results have wide implications for tourism marketers across different European countries, suggesting that adequately managing attributes associated with green motives at both the macro and micro levels, as well as across life-course, considerably contributes to overall tourist satisfaction. Originality/value The novel findings increase understanding of the impact of green trends within the tourism sector by providing unbiased analysis of the relationship between green pull motives and overall tourist satisfaction that involves both a multilevel approach and generational cohort comparisons across life-course.

The article considers the economic results of 2020. The key events of the country’s economic life related to the global coronavirus pandemic are described. The difficulties of the Russian economic situation in 2020–2021 are caused not only by the pandemic, but also by the persistence of problems of the raw material economy, as well as shortcomings of state and corporate governance. The tasks and directions of the national plan for economic recovery in 2021 are described. It emphasizes the importance of addressing not only the current problems of life support, but also focusing on strategic national goals to ensure economic sustainability. In this regard, the main principles of improving the quality of public administration are considered. A model for improving strategic planning at the macro level with active involvement of leading enterprises in the process is proposed. The article describes the main directions of diversification of the domestic economy, as well as the practice of implementing relevant industry strategies. The problem of formation of the national innovation system as a factor of ensuring the national security of the country remains relevant.

Institutional anomie theory (IAT) describes the potentially criminogenic impact of economically dominated social institutions. Although originally cast at the macro level of society, more efforts have emerged lately to capture the IAT framework on the individual level, resulting in a need for appropriate measures representing the presumed marketization processes. Our study addresses this need by offering a theoretically derived, comprehensive measure of the individual-level instantiation of an anomic culture depicted in IAT, that is, ‘marketized mentality’. Structural equation models testing for the single higher-order factor marketized mentality are calculated with a representative random sample of Poland’s population. Finally, the implications and limitations resulting from the analyses are discussed.

International audience; Scholars have extensively analysed country-based determinants of entrepreneurship over the last few decades. One of these is national culture. To date such a body of knowledge was underestimated in one of the rising streams of literature observed over the last decade: user entrepreneurship. To fill this research gap, the research questions of the present paper are: What is the impact of country-level factors on user entrepreneurship? What is the role of culture in such a relationship? The study analyzes new business units’ activities created by user innovators in the healthcare industry, exploring the effects of the four dimensions of the entrepreneurship model by Thai and Turkina. The adopted methodology uses statistical methods based on principal component analysis (PCA), cluster analysis, and polynomial regression models. Findings indicate a clustering behaviour among countries with similar user entrepreneurial activities. Such behaviour highlights the macro-level determinants of health user entrepreneurship, defining a curvilinear relationship among these. In particular, an inverted U-shaped curve emerges when user entrepreneurship is combined with a country’s health culture. We detect a moderation effect of national culture on such a nonlinear relationship at the cross-country level.

Forma parte del Monográfico “Formado de varias partes un cuerpo, quise que le sirviese de alma mi buen deseo”: los “fragmenta” de La Filomena (1621). Coordinadores Florencia Calvo y Antonio Sánchez Jiménez [Resumen] El presente trabajo se propone abordar la epístola II que Lope dedicara al doctor Gregorio de Angulo. Nuestro objetivo es analizar la tensión manifiesta entre señorío y poesía atendiendo a las características del subgénero lírico elegido, como también en un nivel macro la importancia de su inserción en un texto mucho más amplio y complejo como es la obra miscelánea que la contiene: La Filomena. [Abstract] The present work aims to address Epistle II that Lope dedicated to Dr. Gregorio de Angulo. Our objective is to analyze the manifest tension between lordship and poetry, taking into account the characteristics of the chosen lyrical subgenre, as well as, at a macro level, the importance of its insertion in a much broader and more complex text such as the miscellaneous work that contains it: La Filomena.