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Cyanide is a poison widely used in cases of suicide or homicide. Although various methods to identify and quantify this substance are reported in the literature, they are mainly validated on biological fluids (e.g., blood and urine). In the present study, the Anion-Exchange Liquid Chromatography with Pulsed Amperometric Detection (IC-PAD) method was validated on blood and, for the first time, on gastric content, and organs (brain, lung, and liver). For each matrix, linearity, accuracy, precision, limit of detection (LOD), lower limit of quantification (LLOQ), matrix interferences, and carryover were assessed. The samples were extracted by steam distillation in acid environment for the following analysis by IC-PAD. Furthermore, cyanide values found in two real poisoning cases are reported. For each investigated matrix, the analytical method satisfied all acceptance criteria for validation: it showed a good precision and accuracy, selectivity, and sensitivity with no carryover and matrix interference. The extraction by steam distillation in acid environment REDUCED the interference of the matrices and ALLOWED to perform the analysis with good precision and accuracy. In case #1, analysis showed a blood cyanide concentration of 0.99 μg/ml. In case #2, cyanide concentrations were 1.3 μg/g in brain, 0.8 μg/g in lung, 1.6 μg/g in liver, and 1.2 μg/g in gastric content. The cyanide concentrations found in the two reported cases have been suitable to cause death by poisoning.

Imaging of large, cleared samples in diverse media is achieved using a mirror objective.Imaging large, cleared samples requires microscope objectives that combine a large field of view (FOV) with a long working distance (WD) and a high numerical aperture (NA). Ideally, such objectives should be compatible with a wide range of immersion media, which is challenging to achieve with conventional lens-based objective designs. Here we introduce the multi-immersion 'Schmidt objective' consisting of a spherical mirror and an aspherical correction plate as a solution to this problem. We demonstrate that a multi-photon variant of the Schmidt objective is compatible with all homogeneous immersion media and achieves an NA of 1.08 at a refractive index of 1.56, 1.1-mm FOV and 11-mm WD. We highlight its versatility by imaging cleared samples in various media ranging from air and water to benzyl alcohol/benzyl benzoate, dibenzyl ether and ethyl cinnamate and by imaging of neuronal activity in larval zebrafish in vivo. In principle, the concept can be extended to any imaging modality, including wide-field, confocal and light-sheet microscopy.

The article reviews the most recent research in the field of human organs grown in animals. The primary aim of such researches is therapeutic and involves xenotransplantation development. Yet, these experiments open the door to the creation of hybrid form of human. The author scrutinizeslegislative regulations recently introduced in the United Kingdom and a range of ethical problems related to the creation of chimaeras of human and animal in therapeutic purposes.

In order to elucidate the adaptation mechanisms of the stoichiometric characteristics of Abies georgei var. smithii in southeastern Tibet to different habitats, the spatial and temporal dynamics of the nutrient contents and stoichiometric ratios among the leaf, branch, stem, and root organs were analyzed on Sejila Mountain in southeastern Tibet at different elevations (3500 m, 3900 m, and 4300 m). The results show that (1) the C and K contents of the fir organs did not change significantly with increasing elevation in the same season, while the N and P contents showed an overall increasing trend with increasing elevation, with the C and N contents being the highest in the leaves. The distribution order was leaves > branches > roots > stem; the P and K content order in each organ was branches > leaves > roots > stem. (2) At the same elevation and in different seasons, the Abies georgei var. smithii organs showed a similar convergence in terms of nutrient storage and utilization strategies, and more nutrients were optimally allocated between the assimilated and stored organs in the alpine habitats, which represents a “trade-off” strategy. (3) Compared to the findings of the global-scale studies, this study area has low N, P, and K contents, and its growth is limited by both N and P. Due to physiological and nutrient balance constraints, the content of the N-limited elements in the plants is relatively stable, which is in line with the “limiting element stability hypothesis”. (4) Principal component analysis showed that the influence of environmental factors on the stoichiometric characteristics of the different organs of Abies georgei var. smithii had a spatial scale effect, and that Abies georgei var. smithii demonstrated increased accumulation of N and P contents when subjected to environmental stress, which promoted the domestication and adaptation of the plant, enabling it to show good nutrient accumulation capacity and good adaptation strategies even at high elevation; thus, it has become a pioneer tree species at high elevations. This research work shows that the resilient adaptation of Abies georgei var. smithiir to environmental change has led to differences in the nutrient uptake and use efficiency and the adaptation patterns of the organs at different altitudinal gradients, with each organ adapting to habitat changes by adjusting its nutrient storage strategy between habitats.

Sea turtles are considered pollution bioindicators due to their tendency to accumulate high metal levels in their tissues during their long lifespans. In this context, we aimed to analyse the concentrations of 12 elements in liver, kidney, heart and muscle samples from green turtles (Chelonia mydas; n = 41) and loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta; n = 14) found stranded in Northern Cyprus. The samples were collected between 2019 and 2021, stored in sterile Eppendorf tubes at ?20 °C until metal analysis, and analysed with an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. With this study, we contribute to the limited number of studies on metal accumulation in heart tissue and present the first data for Mg accumulation in the heart, liver, muscle and kidney tissues of both species. We found that metal accumulation levels differed among the two study species’ tissues, with some elements in the same tissue (AlKidney, AsHeart, AsLiver, FeMuscle, FeKidney, FeHeart, MnHeart, PbHeart, ZnMuscle and ZnKidney) significantly differing between species. The observed variation likely resulted from their different feeding habits, which cause them to be exposed to different levels of metals. We also found significant associations among elements within tissues, as well as between the same element across different tissues in both species, which may indicate the differential accumulation of elements among organs due to physiological processes in turtle metabolism, bioaccumulation or excretion. © 2022 Elsevier Ltd

Welding fumes has been known to cause release of reactive oxygen species which stands to be cytotoxic. The study aims to assess the histopathological changes of some organs associated with exposure to welding fumes in experimental animals. The metal fumes were obtained from sites of welding. A total of 130 male albino rats were engaged and divided into a 13 groups. Out of which 12 were given respective doses calculated to be equivalent to worker's real life exposure times and 1 as control. The doses were intratracheally administered weekly following anesthetization for a period of 12 weeks. The laboratory rats were then sacrificed and target organs were examined. Histopathological examination reveals normal feature for brain tissues in all treated animals. However, there was lymphocyte hyperplasia and necrosis in heart, kidney, liver and lungs tissues which at lower doses were slight and became moderate at higher doses. In addition, there were'nt pathological changes in tissues of the control animals. Thus, exposure to metal welding fumes has caused damages that have translated into lesions and several pathologies in kidney, lungs, liver and heart tissues of the test animals. Regulation and control should be imposed on exposure to welding fumes by metal workers.

Since the 1990s, university governance has attracted the attention of scholars. However, most of the extant studies focus on the governance of national-level universities and use national regulatory frameworks. Therefore, there is a dearth of studies that hinge on the governance of supranational higher education institutions, such as the Pan African University (PAU), with the aid of regional regulatory frameworks. Consequently, little is known about the governance architecture of supranational universities, which are a post-2010 phenomenon. In view of the above, the article answers the following question: How is the Pan African University governed within a multi-layer environment? Using an interpretive lens, data was collected from the Revised Statute of the Pan African University, 2016. Content analysis was used to analyse the resultant data. The findings revealed that observance of the values of higher education, adoption of the steering-at-a-distance university governance model by the African Union Commission and of the shared governance arrangement, and merit-based selection of staff are the hallmarks of the PAU governance architecture. The governance model of the PAU resonates with the governance architecture of country-level universities in form rather than in substance. The notable variations in the substance include the partial adoption of the philosophy of ‘letting the managers manage’, the existence of multi-governance layers, lay domination of the University Senate, the presence of ‘universities’ in PAU governance arrangement, the existence of a ‘quasi-governance’ organ with external representation at the level of the Institute, and the continental outlook of the PAU Council. Therefore, it can be concluded that the missions of the universities and their context shape universities’ governance architecture. Received: 04 May 2020Accepted: 29 July 2020

This brief review provided evidence for the role of green tea extract (GTE)/zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in a variety of biomedical applications against the toxic effect of monosodium glutamate (MSG). MSG is used to enhance the taste, however it causes oxidative stress in the long-term. Many effects of MSG consumption on the brain, obesity, sex organs, and metabolism have been verified. This review covered the effect of GTE/ZnO NPs on many different organs including the liver, kidney, heart, spleen, testis, brain, and pancreas after being exposed to MSG. The review indicated that the toxicity induced by MSG could be restored by GTE/ZnO NPs in different organs. Accordingly, the green nanoparticles could be attended as a futuristic approach to be used against any toxic substance.

The purpose of the research is evaluating histological and histochemical research methods as information criteria in identifying the effect of chemicals on trematodes. Materials and methods. The study material was trematodes Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum cervi and Dicrocoelium lanceatum collected during dissecting spontaneously infected animals after they had been treated with anthelmintics (Triclabendazole, Dimezole, Polytrem, Antitrem, Tetraxichol, Tegalid and Fascocid) using various therapeutic doses with appropriate regimens. Trematodes from untreated animals were used as control. The detected material was processed under the generally accepted histological procedure and embedded in paraffin. Microslides, namely, slices of 5–7 µm thick, were stained using histological and histochemical methods and studied under a light microscope. Results and discussion. Morphologically, when the microstructure of organs and tissues of trematodes F. hepatica, F. gigantica, P. cervi and D. lanceatum treated with anthelmintics (Triclabendazole, Dimezole, Polytrem, Antitrem, Tetraxichol, Tegalid and Fascocid) was studied, edema, vacuoles, lysis of tissue and cell structures, and severe basophilia were observed in their body. Protein metabolism imbalance and distorted protein synthesis were recorded histochemically. As an outcome of pathophysiological processes after anthelmintic treatment, necrobiosis detected in trematodes and the developing severe edema lead to colliquative necrosis caused by irreversible dystrophic processes occurred at the level of water and protein metabolism imbalance. Misdirected histochemical reaction of trematodes’ tissues and organs when stained for proteins marks nuclear degeneration, termination of protein molecule synthesis, and protein metabolism failure.

The study aimed to evaluate the yield of components that are not part of the carcass, edible organs, and with a commercial value of sheep finished in feedlot fed with complete ration silage based on forage cactus and different levels of inclusion of cotton cake. Thirty-two crossbred Dorper lambs with Santa Inês hairless sheep were used, with an initial age of 120 days, weighing on average 17 ± 1.5 kg. Consumption of 5% of the live weight of dry matter was established, being weighed and readjusted daily according to the leftovers of 10% to make then the calculations of the consumption of dry matter (DMC). The weight of blood, heart, digestive tract, liver, diaphragm, kidneys, respiratory system, head, paws, tail, bladder, spleen, gallbladder, skin, and total fat did not show any significant difference (P > 0.05) as a function of experimental diets. However, the maximum level tested in this study promotes an increase in the yield of edible organs, representing a potential source of income to add to the property's income.

A case of Oligodon ocellatus eating a toxic adult toad, Duttaphrynus melanostictus, in Cat Tien National Park, southern Vietnam, is provided. We found a kukri snake having buried its head deeply into the abdomen of the toad and probably being in the process of eating organs. Subsequently, the toad was swallowed whole and the kukri snake moved away and disappeared with the toad’s hind feet still visible from its mouth. It is hypothesised that the behaviour of eviscerating or piercing anurans to eat their organs has been developed in the O. cyclurus species group or clade. This has now been observed in three species.

Light-sheet microscopy is an ideal technique for imaging large cleared samples; however, the community is still lacking instruments capable of producing volumetric images of centimeter-sized cleared samples with near-isotropic resolution within minutes. Here, we introduce the mesoscale selective plane-illumination microscopy (mesoSPIM) initiative, an open-hardware project for building and operating a light sheet microscope that addresses these challenges and is compatible with any type of cleared or expanded sample (www.mesospim.org).

Mustard, which belongs to the family Brassicaceae, is an annual or biennial herb and is considered as one of the most important native vegetables in China. Glucosinolates are important secondary metabolites containing sulfur and nitrogen in plants, which form a network with other metabolic pathways that play important roles in plant growth, development, and interaction with the environment. We studied varied phenotypic and glucosinolate contents of 60 mustard resources collected from various areas of China. The results showed both agronomic traits and glucosinolates varied greatly among mustard resources. We detected nine glucosinolates in mustard resources and the contents of total glucosinolates ranged from 1.2023 to 30.7310 μmol/g. Through the correlation analysis, we preliminarily found a significant negative correlation between leaf color and glucosinolate contents but needed further validation. For mustard resource JC 18-56, we analyzed the glucosinolate contents in different organs of different growth stages. The results indicated a significant difference among organs in both glucosinolates concentration and composition. The contents of glucosinolatess in alabastrums at bolting stage were highest, up to 140.1257 μmol/g dry weight (DW). We found that the main glucosinolates in roots were 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, while in other organs the glucosinolates were sinigrin. The contents of glucosinolatess in different organs of mustard were as follows: alabastrums > seeds > flowers > siliques > leaves > flower stems > stems > roots. This study provides important references for the selection and cultivation of high-quality mustard varieties.

Despite mounting evidence demonstrating the significance of inflammation in the pathophysiological mechanisms of heart failure (HF), most large clinical trials that target the inflammatory responses in HF yielded neutral or even worsening outcomes. Further in-depth understanding about the roles of inflammation in the pathogenesis of HF is eagerly needed. This review summarizes cytokines, cardiac infiltrating immune cells, and extracardiac organs that orchestrate the complex inflammatory responses in HF and highlights emerging therapeutic targets.

Human beings are constantly growing and shedding cells. This means that very few of the cells that any person has as an adult were the cells that they had as an infant. Over the years, as we’ve learned more about cell growth and death, we’ve learned that our bodies aren’t fixed objects that simply change shape over time. Bodies are ever-shifting collections of physical stuff. To co-opt a phrase from Heraclitus, no one occupies the same body twice.

Simple Summary The relationships between nutritive elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Na, K, Ca and Mg) and toxic metals (Pb and Cd) can inform the assessment of health status of red deer, which are exposed to pollution in their natural environment. These elements in the longissimus lumborum muscle, hair and selected organs of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.) were analysed. The study revealed many significant correlations between the levels of elements and their high variability in individual tissues and organs. The accumulation of a specific metal in a tissue or organ can reduce its concentration in another matrix or promote increased content in another tissue or organ. Abstract The aim of the study was to analyse correlations and variability between the levels of mineral elements (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Na, K, Ca and Mg) and toxic metals (Pb and Cd) in the longissimus lumborum muscle, hair and selected organs of red deer (Cervus elaphus L.). The levels of mineral elements were measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy (F-AAS). The levels of Pb and Cd were analysed by means of electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy (ET-AAS). Of all analysed microelements, the highest concentration (in g·kg−1 of dry weight) was found for Fe in the liver. Considering all macroelements, the highest level was found for K in the longissimus lumborum muscle. Particularly remarkable was the high level of Pb in the muscle and hair of red deer. The level of Cd in the hair was four to five times lower than in other samples. The study revealed many significant correlations between the levels of certain elements in individual tissues and organs. There were significant correlations between Cu-Fe (rxy = 0.650; p ≤ 0.01), Pb-Cu (rxy = −0.863; p ≤ 0.01) and Cd-Ca (rxy = −0.743; p ≤ 0.01) in testicles. For kidneys, a significant negative correlation was found for K and Na (rxy = −0.779; p ≤ 0.01) and for Ca and Cd (rxy = −0.695; p ≤ 0.01), and a positive correlation between Cu and Mn (rxy = 0.693; p ≤ 0.01). In the liver, significant negative correlations were found between Ca-K (rxy = −0.654; p ≤ 0.05), Cd-Fe (rxy = −0.651; p ≤ 0.05) and Pb-Cu (rxy = −0.627; p ≤ 0.05). In the muscle, only single significant correlations were found between Cd and Mn (rxy = 0.648; p ≤ 0.05). The highest number of significant correlations were recorded for the hair, among others between Na-K (rxy = 0.760) and Ca-Zn (rxy = 0.709) at p ≤ 0.01. The study revealed high variability in the levels of mineral elements and selected toxic metals in tissues, organs and hair of red deer. Additionally, this research confirmed that the accumulation of a specific metal in a tissue or organ can reduce its concentration in another matrix or promote its increased content in another tissue or organ.

Highlights • There is a dosimetric advantage for IMPT over VMAT in patients receiving radiation treatment for pilocytic astrocytoma. • The novel RPSS is a practical scoring system making translation of dose differences into clinically relevant endpoints possible. • Following the lower RPSS toxicity scores for IMPT, less toxicity is likely to be expected in patients treated with IMPT vs VMAT in this pilocytic astrocytoma cohort., Background and purpose Proton therapy is expected to outperform photon-based treatment regarding organs at risk (OAR) sparing but to date there is no method to practically measure clinical benefit. Here, we introduce the novel ROCOCO Performance Scoring System (RPSS) translating dose differences into clinically relevant endpoints and apply this to a treatment plan comparison of volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) and intensity modulated proton therapy (IMPT) in 20 pilocytic astrocytoma patients. Material and methods The RPSS was developed on the basis of expert-based weighting factors and toxicity scores per OAR. The imaging datasets of 20 pilocytic astrocytoma patients having undergone radiotherapy were included in this in silico dosimetric comparison trial as proof of principle. For each of these patients, treatment plans to a total dose of 54 Gy (RBE) were generated for VMAT and IMPT and these were compared regarding radiation dose to the clinical target volume (CTV) and OARs. The RPSS was calculated for each treatment plan comparing VMAT and IMPT. Results In 40 analysed treatment plans, the average and low dose volumes to various OARs were significantly reduced when using IMPT compared to VMAT (p

A potent and heat-stable tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been found to accumulate in various marine bivalve species, including Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), raising a food safety concern. While several studies on geographical occurrence of TTX have been conducted, there is a lack of knowledge about the distribution of the toxin within and between bivalves. We, therefore, measured TTX in the whole flesh, mantle, gills, labial palps, digestive gland, adductor muscle and intravalvular fluid of C. gigas using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Weekly monitoring during summer months revealed the highest TTX concentrations in the digestive gland (up to 242 µg/kg), significantly higher than in other oyster tissues. Intra-population variability of TTX, measured in the whole flesh of each of twenty animals, reached 46% and 32% in the two separate batches, respectively. In addition, an inter-population study was conducted to compare TTX levels at four locations within the oyster production area. TTX concentrations in the whole flesh varied significantly between some of these locations, which was unexplained by the differences in weight of flesh. This is the first study examining TTX distribution in C. gigas and the first confirmation of the preferential accumulation of TTX in oyster digestive gland.

The immune system is mainly responsible for protecting the organism against agents that may interfere in its homeostasis. Thus, understand how this system develops and operates is very important, for create new therapies to assist this system in its operation, such as its failure. In domestic dogs, few studies show how actually occurs the development, maturation and functioning of the immune system. Therefore, this study demonstrates the development and possible activation of it on dog fetus from late gestational period by in situ and microscopic analyzes.

Purpose and Objective A proportion of patients receiving radiotherapy for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) require ad hoc treatment re-planning. The aim of this retrospective study is to analyze the patients who required ad hoc re-planning and to identify factors, which may predict need for re-planning. Materials and Methods A single center evaluation of all patients receiving radical or adjuvant (chemo)radiotherapy (CRT) for HNSCC between January and December 2016 was undertaken. Patients who underwent ad hoc re-planning during the treatment were identified in electronic records. Reasons for re-planning were categorized as: weight loss, tumor shrinkage, changes in patient position and immobilization-related factors. Potential trigger factors for adaptive radiotherapy such as patient characteristics, primary tumor site, stage, concomitant chemotherapy, weight loss ratios, radical/adjuvant treatment, and nutritional interventions were investigated. Results 31/290 (10.6%) HNSCC patients who underwent radical/adjuvant radiotherapy required re-planning. The adaptive radiotherapy (ART) was performed at a mean fraction of 15. The most common documented reasons for re-planning were tumor shrinkage (35.5%) and weight loss (35.5%). Among the patient/tumor/treatment factors, nasopharyngeal primary site (p = 0.013) and use of concurrent chemotherapy with radiotherapy (p = 0.034) were found to be significantly correlated with the need for re-planning. Conclusion Effective on-treatment verification schedules and close follow up of patients especially with NPC primary and/or treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy are crucial to identify patients requiring ART. We suggest an individualized triggered approach to ART rather than scheduled strategies as it is likely to be more feasible in terms of utilization of workload and resources. Turkish Association of Radiation Oncology MF was funded by grants from the Turkish Association of Radiation Oncology.

1. The aim of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of levofloxacin, a third-generation fluoro-quinolone antimicrobial drug, in geese (n = 26) after either single intravenous or oral administration, and to evaluate the depletion profile in goose muscle, heart, liver, kidney and lung after a single oral dose.2. The pharmacokinetic study involved 16 geese which were randomly divided into two groups (n = 8/group), the first received levofloxacin (2 mg/kg) intravenously while the second was treated with orally (5 mg/kg). The tissue depletion study involved 10 geese which were dosed orally (5 mg/kg) and two animals were killed at different time-points in order to collect the selected tissues. Levofloxacin was quantified in all the matrices tested by a validated high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, using a spectrofluorimetric detector. The pharmacokinetics were analysed using a non-compartmental model.3. Plasma concentrations were quantified after up to 24 h in animals administered intravenously and up to 48 h after oral treatment. Levofloxacin was rapidly absorbed after oral administration (T

Devido à disseminação da tecnologia em Radiologia Intervencionista (RI), há um crescimento diário dos procedimentos que utilizam equipamentos de uoroscopia que fazem emissão de radiação ionizante, para acompanhar a navegação de catéteres e os guia no lúmen das artérias e veias. Concomitantemente a este avanço nos tratamentos médicos, que muito bene ciam os pacientes, deve-se ter atenção aos riscos devido ao emprego das radiações ionizantes. Este risco é mais acentuado na equipe médica, que irá realizar estes procedimentos durante toda a sua vida pro ssional. Visando avaliar as doses envolvidas neste procedimentos foi realizado um estudo de dosimetria computacional das doses de radiação à que os pro ssionais e pacientes estão expostos durante um procedimento de angiogra a cerebral. Também foram comparadas as respostas de dois objetos simuladores antropomór cos virtuais diferentes (matemático e baseado em superfície mesh MASH3). A determinação das doses de radiação foi realizada empregando o software de Monte Carlo MCNP5, no Laboratório de Instrumentação e Dosimetria (LInDa) da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia. Os resultados mostraram uma grande diferença entre os objetos simuladores virtuais ADAM e MASH3. Além disso, foi possível determinar diversos coe cientes de conversão que podem ser empregados pelos pro ssionais da saúde, visando estimar as doses de radiação nos órgãos e tecidos. Due to the spread of technology in Interventional Radiology (IR), there is a daily growth of procedures that use uoroscopy equipment that uses emission of ionizing radiation to accompany the navigation of catheters and guides them in the lumen of the arteries and veins. Concomitantly with this advance in medical treatments that bring great bene ts to the patients, attention should be paid to the use of ionizing radiation. This risk is more accentuated in the medical team, who will perform these procedures throughout their professional life. Aiming to evaluate the doses involved in these procedures was performed a computational dosimetry study of radiation doses of radiation to which the professionals and patients are exposed during a cerebral angiography procedure. Also were compared the responses of two di erent virtual anthropomorphic simulator objects (mathematical and surface-based mesh - MASH3). The determination of radiation doses was made using the software of Monte Claro MCNP5, in the Instrumentation and Dosimetry (LInDa) of Federal University of Uberlândia. The results show a massive di erence between the objects mathematical virtual simulators and MASH3. Besides, that was possible to determine many conversion coe cients that could be used by the health professionals, aiming to estimate the radiation doses in organs and tissues. Dissertação (Mestrado)

Background: Globally there have been many initiatives to enhance the number of organ donors.1 The number of individuals waiting for a transplant is significantly higher than the number of available donated organs and the gap continues to widen. In the United States, it has been reported that over 106,000 individuals are awaiting organ donation.2 The family plays a crucial role in the organ donation process. Therefore, it is important to understand the organ donation experiences of family members in the Arab world which extends from the Atlantic Ocean in the west to the Arabian Gulf in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to Central Africa and the Indian Ocean in the south. There are some challenges surrounding organ donation due to ethical, legal, and social problems. Besides that, religious and traditional issues are more common in the Middle East and Gulf region. In the Middle East, organ donation after brain death or for living donors have less family members’ willingness and acceptance.3 Family members of organ donation cases face many challenges before accepting the terms of donation. In reference to this issue, many studies stress the need for family involvement, education and awareness programs in early stage of brain death, even in acute cases that are subject to time constraints. We aim to examine findings of an integrative literature review and explore families’ decision-making process related to organ donation of brain dead patients or living donors, posing the question “Do we have to tell the patient's family everything concerning organ donation?” Answering this question will help healthcare providers to understand factors, barriers and culturally sensitive aspects that are leading to the willingness and acceptance of organ donation.4 Methods: The integrative literature review was based on Cooper's five-stage process.5 These stages clearly summarized by Russell include problem formulation, data collection or literature search, evaluation of data, data analysis, and interpretation and presentation of results.6 To determine the sample of the review, published scientific papers in indexed periodicals electronic databases, such as CINAHL, Medline, Google Scholar with Full Text and PubMed from 2009-2019 were searched. Results: The result of the review highlighted the importance of different aspects that lead to acceptance of organ donation. We anticipate that the results of this review will increase awareness of the patients’ families concerning organ donation experiences and its impact on the decision-making process. In addition, it will help healthcare professionals and policymakers to consider new strategies, ways of thinking, and communication strategies that can be adopted with patients’ families concerning organ donation. Organ donation campaigns can help raise public and healthcare providers’ awareness of the benefits of such programs. Conclusions: This review identified that public orientation and family support is the ideal approach for family consent which often remains the only way for organ donation to be made possible. In addition to that, there is a need for the development of supportive policies and continuous education and training programs for healthcare providers and proper utilization of resources to improve the organ donation process.

Nanoparticles having a size from 1 to 100 nm are present in nature and are successfully used in many products of daily life. In dental materials, nanoparticles are typically embedded but they may also exist as by-products from milling processes. Possible adverse effects of nanoparticles have gained increased interest, with the lungs being the main target organ. Exposure to nanoparticles in the dental laboratory is addressed by legal regulations. In dental practice, nanoparticles are mainly produced by intra-oral grinding/polishing and removal of materials, by wear of restorations or release from dental implants. Based on worst-case mass-based calculations, the additional risk as a result of exposure to nanoparticles is considered to be low. However, more research is needed, especially on vulnerable groups (patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). An assessment of risks for the environment is not possible because of lack of data. Exposure-reduction measures mainly include avoidance of abrasive processes (for example, by proper sculpturing), cooling by the use of water spray and sufficient ventilation of treatment areas. ispartof: INTERNATIONAL DENTAL JOURNAL vol:68 issue:5 pages:299-305 ispartof: location:England status: published

Muzyka kościelna w Kościele katolickim już od wieków ubogacona jest grą na organach. Jednak rozpowszechnienie się tych instrumentów było rozciągnięte w czasie. Pierwsze organy w Polsce pojawiły się w XIII wieku, lecz w małych miasteczkach i wsiach organy występowały częściej począwszy od XVI wieku. Potwierdza to przorgany były w 12 świątyniach, sto lat później już w 54, zaś w latach osiemdziesiątych XVIII wieku we wszystkich kościołach parafialnych większości kościołów filialnych. Instrumenty organowe rozpowszechniały się szybciej w kościołach miejskich. W końcu XVI wieku były odnotowane w połowie miast archidiakonatu, a tylko w ok. 5% świątyń wiejskich. Sto lat później były w ponad 80% kościołach miejskich i już ok. 36% świątyń na wsi. Po kolejnych stu latach ponad 92% kościołów miejskich i niemal 86% wiejskich miało już ten typ instrumentu. Recepcja organów była w pewnym stopniu uzależniona od patronatu świątyni. Najszybciej rosła w świątyniach patronatu kościelnego, wolniej królewskiego, a na końcu szlacheckiego. Innym aspektem badań nad organami jest ustalenie ich wielkości. Wizytacje przekazują zwykle subiektywne odczucia wizytatora lub informację o liczbie głosów organowych, która w pośredni sposób może świadczyć o wielkości instrumentu. Najczęściej organy należały do grupy instrumentów małych, kilkugłosowych. Taki typ dominował (80-90%) w XVIII wieku. Spotyka się też instrumenty duże, o większej liczbie głosów (w Świeciu – 21, w Byszewie – 17). Jeśli chodzi o stan zachowania organów, to większość z nich była uznawana za dobre, choć odsetek ten wahał się w różnych wizytacjach od 89% w latach 1686-1687 do ok. 55% w wizytacjach z lat sześćdziesiątych i osiemdziesiątych XVIII wieku. Church music in the Catholic Church has been enriched by organ play for centuries. However, the spread of this instrument has been stretched over time. The first organ in Poland appeared in the 13th century, but in small towns and villages organs started to appear more often from the 16th century. This is confirmed by the example of the Pomeranian Archdeaconry. In the second half of the 16th century 12 temples had organs, but one hundred years later already 54, and in the 1880s all parish churches of most filial churches were equipped with an organ. Organs spread faster in urban churches. At the end of the 16th century, they were recorded in half of the towns of the archdeaconry, and only in about 5% of the village temples. A hundred years later, organs were in over 80% of town churches and already in about 36% of village temples. After another hundred years, over 92% of urban churches and almost 86% of rural churches had this type of instrument. The reception of the organ was to a certain extent dependent on the patronage of the temple. It was growing fastest in temples with church patronage and slower in temples with royal, and gentry patronage. Another aspect of research into organs is to determine their size. Visits usually give only the subjective feelings of the inspector or information about the number of organ voices, which may indirectly indicate the size of the instrument. Most often, the organs belonged to a group of small, several-voiced instruments. This type dominated (80-90%) in the 18th century. There are also large instruments with a larger number of voices (in Świecie – 21, in Byszewo – 17). Regarding the state of preservation of organs, most of them were considered in good condition, although the percentage fluctuated in various visits from 89% in the years 1686-1687 to approx. 55% in the visits in the 1860s and 1880s.

Ecotoxicological examinations based on seven heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Mn, Cd, Pb and Cr) concentrations in organs of gudgeon (Gobio gobio L.) caught by 14 monitoring points at Vardar River in Republic of Macedonia were performed. The organ’s samples elements were read-out on AAS in flame and graphite cuvette. Significant increase of Pb and Cd contents in liver, gills and gonads of fish sampled downstream Skopje and the town of Veles was found. It should be pointed out that at times Cd concentrations in muscles were as high as 0.518 mg/kg which is significantly over the maximally allowed concentrations for human nutrition.

In this work we aimed to determine the effect of different levels of green tea in powder form to feed on productive performance, carcass parameters and organs in broiler chickens. Totally 240 day-old broiler chickens Ross 308 were divided to four dietary groups (n = 60) namely control and three experimental groups with supplementation of green tea to feed mixture in levels 0.5%, 1% and 1.5%. Broiler chickens were feeding with commercial feed mixtures and feed and drinking water were provided ad libittum. The feeding period lasted 42 days. Individual body weight of broiler chickens was determined at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35 and 42 day, feed sonsumption and mortality per group were determined at 42 day of fattening period. Carcass quality and organs weight of broiler chickens were determined at the end of the experiment. The results indicated that supplementation of different levels of green tea statistically significant decreased body weight gain and we recorded lower body weight in 21 days of age compared with control group. However, in second period of fattening, broiler chickens in experimental groups growing faster and in 42 days of age we found statistically no significantly differences among control and experimental groups. Feed consumption did not differ among the dietary groups at 42 days of fattening. Mortality no affected by supplementation of green tea to broiler chickens diets in comparison with control group. From the carcass parameters addition of green tea significantly decreased percentage of abdominal fat between control and 1.5% green tea level, in other parameters (percentage of breast, percentage of drumstick, carcass yield) were different among control and experimental groups not statistically significant. The caecum and small intestine weights was significantly (p ≤0.05) decreased in chickens fed diets containing 0.5% green tea supplement compared to 1% and 1.5%. For neck, crop, heart, liver, proventriculus, gizzard, pancreas, kidneys, small intestine, caecum and large intestine weights among control and experimental groups we recorded no statistical differences (p ˃0.05).

Automated organ segmentation from medical images is an indispensable component for clinical applications such as computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) and computer-assisted surgery (CAS). We utilize a multi-atlas segmentation scheme, which has recently been used in different approaches in the literature to achieve more accurate and robust segmentation of anatomical structures in computed tomography (CT) volume data. Among abdominal organs, the pancreas has large inter-patient variability in its position, size and shape. Moreover, the CT intensity of the pancreas closely resembles adjacent tissues, rendering its segmentation a challenging task. Due to this, conventional intensity-based atlas selection for pancreas segmentation often fails to select atlases that are similar in pancreas position and shape to those of the unlabeled target volume. In this paper, we propose a new atlas selection strategy based on vessel structure around the pancreatic tissue and demonstrate its application to a multi-atlas pancreas segmentation. Our method utilizes vessel structure around the pancreas to select atlases with high pancreatic resemblance to the unlabeled volume. Also, we investigate two types of applications of the vessel structure information to the atlas selection. Our segmentations were evaluated on 150 abdominal contrast-enhanced CT volumes. The experimental results showed that our approach can segment the pancreas with an average Jaccard index of 66.3% and an average Dice overlap coefficient of 78.5%.

The spatio-temporal expression patterns of Circular RNA (circRNA) across organs and developmental stages are critical for its function and evolution analysis. However, they remain largely unclear in mammals. Here, we comprehensively analysed circRNAs in nine organs and three skeletal muscles of Guizhou miniature pig (S. scrofa), a widely used biomedical model animal. We identified 5,934 circRNAs and analysed their molecular properties, sequence conservation, spatio-temporal expression pattern, potential function, and interaction with miRNAs. S. scrofa circRNAs show modest sequence conservation with human and mouse circRNAs, are flanked by long introns, exhibit low abundance, and are expressed dynamically in a spatio-temporally specific manner. S. scrofa circRNAs show the greatest abundance and complexity in the testis. Notably, 31% of circRNAs harbour well-conserved canonical miRNA seed matches, suggesting that some circRNAs act as miRNAs sponges. We identified 149 circRNAs potentially associated with muscle growth and found that their host genes were significantly involved in muscle development, contraction, chromatin modification, cation homeostasis, and ATP hydrolysis-coupled proton transport; moreover, this set of genes was markedly enriched in genes involved in tight junctions and the calcium signalling pathway. Finally, we constructed the first public S. scrofa circRNA database, allowing researchers to query comprehensive annotation, expression, and regulatory networks of circRNAs.

Laser beak trimming is a promising alternative to conventional hot-blade beak trimming as it is less painful and provides better beak uniformity and better animal welfare. In this study, laser vs. hot-blade beak trimming were compared in 400 Hy-line Brown pullets between 2-16 weeks of age. At 7 days of age, birds were distributed according to a completely randomized design into two treatments, with 10 replicates (pens) of 20 birds each. Birds and feed offer and residues were weekly weighed to determine weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio. In weeks 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks, one bird per experimental unit was sacrificed to measure the development of the heart development, liver, proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, and bursa. And of the oviduct in week 16. Pullers submitted to laser beak trimming presented higher weight gain and weekly feed intake, and better feed conversion ratio during the evaluated period. There was no influence of beak trimming methods on the development of the digestive organs, bursa or oviduct. Laser beak trimming can be used as an alternative to hot-blade beak trimming of commercial brown layers.

Gross morphology and histology of the olfactory rosette of Greenland shark Somniosus microcephalus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), suggest a well-developed olfactory capability for this top predator and scavenger native to Arctic waters. In the present paper, observations on the olfactory rosette are reported together with the gross morphology and histology of the olfactory bulb whereby the histological analyses revealed some peculiar traits. The olfactory bulb is macroscopically divided into two sub-bulbs and a central undivided part that contain the layers typical of olfactory bulb histology. The two visible sub-bulbs are actually bundles of fila olfactoria. In addition, the olfactory lateral ventricle is peculiarly branched, which may increase the ependymal surface or, alternatively, decrease the distance between the tissues of the olfactory bulb and the ventricle itself. The ependymal surface is known to be a proliferative zone in the olfactory bulb of fishes. In Greenland shark, the olfactory epithelium showed frequent mitosis and apoptosis highlighting the importance of this site in cell renewal. This issue should be pursued further to gain a deeper understanding of the sensory biology of Greenland shark and of elasmobranchs in general.

Graphical abstract, Highlights • Pathological examination reveals normal feature for brain tissues in treated rats. • Lymphocyte hyperplasia and necrosis were in heart, kidney, liver and lungs tissues. • The damages at lower doses were slight and became moderate at higher doses. • Welding fumes have caused damages that have translated into lesions and pathologies., Welding fumes has been known to cause release of reactive oxygen species which stands to be cytotoxic. The study aims to assess the histopathological changes of some organs associated with exposure to welding fumes in experimental animals. The metal fumes were obtained from sites of welding. A total of 130 male albino rats were engaged and divided into a 13 groups. Out of which 12 were given respective doses calculated to be equivalent to worker's real life exposure times and 1 as control. The doses were intratracheally administered weekly following anesthetization for a period of 12 weeks. The laboratory rats were then sacrificed and target organs were examined. Histopathological examination reveals normal feature for brain tissues in all treated animals. However, there was lymphocyte hyperplasia and necrosis in heart, kidney, liver and lungs tissues which at lower doses were slight and became moderate at higher doses. In addition, there were'nt pathological changes in tissues of the control animals. Thus, exposure to metal welding fumes has caused damages that have translated into lesions and several pathologies in kidney, lungs, liver and heart tissues of the test animals. Regulation and control should be imposed on exposure to welding fumes by metal workers.

Skelettmuskelgewebe besitzt eine hohe Plastizität und reagiert mit einer Vielfalt von Anpassungsreaktionen auf körperliches Training. Eine möglichst genaue Kenntnis der zugrunde liegenden Mechanismen ist wichtig, um trainingsbasierte Therapiekonzepte, die bei vielen Krankheiten (wie z.B. Diabetes, Adipositas, COPD) eine Rolle spielen, neu zu entwickeln bzw. zu verbessern. In jüngster Zeit mehren sich die Hinweise darauf, dass insbesondere epigenetische Mechanismen an der Steuerung der Trainingsanpassung beteiligt sind. Dabei sind vor allem DNA-Methylierungen, Regulation der Genexpression über micro-RNAs und Histonmodifikationen, in erster Linie differentielle Histonazetylierungen und –methylierungen, zu nennen. Insbesondere gibt es zahlreiche Hinweise darauf, dass die Mono- bis Trimethylierung des Histons 3 an Lysin 4 (H3K4me1-3) eine entscheidende Rolle bei der Regulation der Skelettmuskel-Genexpression in Antwort auf körperliches Training spielen könnte. Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde im murinen Modellsystem anhand eines Laufbandtrainings das physiologische Anpassungsmuster der Mäuse an dieses Training charakterisiert, mit spezifischem Fokus auf mögliche Veränderungen des Histon-Methylierungsmuster in der Skelettmuskulatur (M.gastrocnemius). Hierfür wurden acht Mäuse der Linie C57BL6N in zwei Gruppen zu je vier Mäusen unterteilt, wobei die eine Gruppe (Läufer) ein zehnwöchiges Laufbandtraining absolvierte und die andere Gruppe (Nichtläufer) als Kontrollgruppe diente. Um den Einfluss des Trainings auf physiologische Parameter zu bestimmen, wurden beide Gruppen vergleichend hinsichtlich des Skelettsystems, des Fettgewebes, des Herz-Kreislaufsystems, des Blutes und der Skelettmuskulatur untersucht. Insbesondere das Skelettsystem und das Blut betreffend wiesen die beiden untersuchten Gruppen Unterschiede auf. Bei der Untersuchung der Tibia zeigten sich signifikante Unterschiede (p, Skeletal muscle tissue has a high plasticity and reacts with a variety of adaptive responses to physical training Understanding the underlying mechanisms is important to develop, improve and refine training-based therapy concepts that play a role in many diseases (such as diabetes, obesity, COPD). There is increasing evidence that epigenetic mechanisms in particular are involved in controlling exercise adaptation. Specifically, DNA methylation, regulation of gene expression via microRNAs, and histone modifications, primarily differential histone acetylations and methylations might be important. In particular, there is much evidence that mono- to trimethylation of histone 3 on lysine 4 (H3K4me1-3) could play a crucial role in the regulation of skeletal muscle gene expression in response to exercise. Within the scope of this work, a mouse model was used to characterize the physiological adaptation pattern to training, with a specific focus on possible changes of the histone methylation pattern in skeletal muscle (m.gastrocnemius) tissue. For this purpose, eight mice of the C57BL6N line were divided into two groups of four mice, with one group (runners) performing a treadmill training for ten weeks and the other group (non-runners) as a “sedentary” control group. In order to determine the influence of the training on physiological parameters, both groups were examined with regard to the skeletal system, adipose tissue, cardiovascular system, blood and skeletal muscle. In particular, the skeletal system and blood showed significant differences between the two groups studied. Examination of the tibia revealed significant differences (p

Presentatie met Tine Stolte over de plek van kerkorgels in de samenleving

Immunohistochemical study of the visceral organs of chickens experimentally infected with Salmonella Zega by three routes was carried out to compare the quantitative distribution and interaction of the organism with host cells. 100 birds comprising of 2 week-old chickens were divided into 4 groups of 25 each. Group A was inoculated orally, group B intraperitoneally, group C were administered per cloaca and D were not inoculated and served as control. All the infected birds were inoculated with 0.2 ml of 1 × 108 cfu of the bacteria. Two birds from each group were sacrificed every 24 h post infection. Samples of visceral organs were collected for immunohistochemistry. The distribution of Salmonella Zega in every organ was taken as Mean ± SD of the number of foci of immunoreactions and Compared using a 2-way ANOVA. The interaction of Salmonella Zega with host cells was determined by taking the percentage of the days post infection in which immunoreactions were detected in host cells in each route of infection. The distribution of the organism was highest in the lung of intraperitoneally infected chickens (83.95 ± 27.89) and lowest in the heart (5.21 ± 3.65) of chickens that were infected per cloaca. The highest percentage of interaction of Salmonella Zega was recorded in the epithelial (100%) and blood (100%) cells in all the routes of infection. There were variations in the distribution of Salmonella Zega in visceral organs of chickens but the level of interactions with host cells were similar even when infected through different routes., Agriculture; Biological Sciences; Environmental Science; Health Sciences; Veterinary Medicine; Salmonella Zega; Infection; Distribution; Interaction; organs; Cells; chickens

Optical clearing techniques and light sheet microscopy have transformed fluorescent imaging of rodent brains, and have provided a crucial alternative to traditional confocal or bright field techniques for thin sections. However, clearing and labeling human brain tissue through all cortical layers and significant portions of a cortical area, has so far remained extremely challenging, especially for formalin fixed adult cortical tissue. Here, we present MASH (Multiscale Architectonic Staining of Human cortex): a simple, fast and low-cost cytoarchitectonic labeling approach for optically cleared human cortex samples, which can be applied to large (up to 5 mm thick) formalin fixed adult brain samples. A suite of small-molecule fluorescent nuclear and cytoplasmic dye protocols in combination with new refractive index matching solutions allows deep volume imaging. This greatly reduces time and cost of imaging cytoarchitecture in thick samples and enables classification of cytoarchitectonic layers over the full cortical depth. We demonstrate application of MASH to large archival samples of human visual areas, characterizing cortical architecture in 3D from the scale of cortical areas to that of single cells. In combination with scalable light sheet imaging and data analysis, MASH could open the door to investigation of large human cortical systems at cellular resolution and in the context of their complex 3-dimensional geometry.

Submitted by Pedro Silva Filho (pfsilva@ipen.br) on 2019-06-21T18:01:20Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2019-06-21T18:01:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Modelos experimentais de c??ncer de pr??stata demonstraram n??veis aumentados de protoporfirina IX (PpIX) no sangue e nas fezes de camundongos, fazendo com que a quantifica????o dessa mol??cula pudesse ser aventada para a identifica????o desse tipo de tumor. Nesse estudo do tipo caso-controle, a autofluoresc??ncia de porfirinas em fezes humanas foi analisada usando espectroscopia de fluoresc??ncia em pacientes com c??ncer de pr??stata e controles. Dados sociodemogr??ficos, amostras sangu??neas para determina????o dos n??veis de PSA (ant??geno prost??tico espec??fico) e amostras de fezes para quantifica????o de porfirinas foram obtidas ap??s consentimento dos pacientes. Recrutaram-se 18 pacientes em amostra calculada a partir dos estudos de refer??ncia. Realizou-se varredura para encontrar o melhor pico espectrofotom??trico a partir de diversas dilui????es acetona/fezes. Primeiramente, 3 mililitros de acetona de grau anal??tico foram adicionados a 0,3 gramas de fezes e a mistura foi macerada e centrifugada a 4.000 rota????es por minuto durante 15 minutos. O sobrenadante foi analisado espectroscopicamente. Os espectros de emiss??o a 550-750 nm foram obtidos excitando as amostras a 405 nm. Vari??veis sociodemogr??ficas foram analisadas e evidenciaram homogeneidade entre os grupos estudados. Um contraste significativo entre as amostras de indiv??duos normais e oncol??gicos foi estabelecido na regi??o espectral de 670-675 nm (p = 0,000127), o que corresponde a um aumento significativo de porfirinas fecais em pacientes com c??ncer. N??o houve correla????o estatisticamente significativa entre os n??veis de PSA e as porfirinas fecais (R = -0,0221). Neste estudo preliminar realizado em seres humanos, os resultados mostram um m??todo simples e n??o invasivo para avaliar as porfirinas fecais, que t??m o potencial de funcionar como um biomarcador tumoral em pacientes com c??ncer de pr??stata. Essa abordagem poderia aumentar a sensibilidade e a especificidade do teste de PSA. Tese (Doutorado em Tecnologia Nuclear) IPEN/T Instituto de Pesquisas Energ??ticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

This study evaluated the effects of metastasectomy on overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) in metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) according to metastatic organs. The medical records (2005–2017) of 273 patients with mRCC were analyzed retrospectively to evaluate OS and PFS according to metastatic organs and their metastasectomy states. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to determine the prognostic significance of metastasectomy. The Kaplan-Meier curve and log-rank test were used to compare groups with different modalities and metastatic organs at a statistical significance of p < 0.05. The overall median age was 57 years; 175 (64.3%) and 83 (30.4%) patients received cytoreductive nephrectomy and metastasectomy, respectively. The metastasectomy group was significantly younger and had a lower clinical T stage with significantly better PFS/OS (20.2/32.0 vs. 9.7/12.8 months) than that in the non-metastasectomy group (N = 190, p < 0.05). Liver with lung metastases were the worst metastatic combination for survivals in which liver metastasis was the only significant unfavorable risk factor for both PFS (HR 1.67) and OS (HR 1.74) (p < 0.05). Multivariable analysis confirmed that metastasectomy was a significant favorable risk factor for PFS (HR 0.70) and OS (HR 0.56) (p < 0.05) along with non-clear cell type (HR 0.61 for PFS), whereas the nuclear grade and poor Heng risk group were unfavorable risk factors (HR > 2.0) for both PFS and OS (p < 0.05). Metastasectomy and the affected metastatic organs significantly influenced prognostic survival in mRCC.

A potent and heat-stable tetrodotoxin (TTX) has been found to accumulate in various marine bivalve species, including Pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas), raising a food safety concern. While several studies on geographical occurrence of TTX have been conducted, there is a lack of knowledge about the distribution of the toxin within and between bivalves. We, therefore, measured TTX in the whole flesh, mantle, gills, labial palps, digestive gland, adductor muscle and intravalvular fluid of C. gigas using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Weekly monitoring during summer months revealed the highest TTX concentrations in the digestive gland (up to 242 µg/kg), significantly higher than in other oyster tissues. Intra-population variability of TTX, measured in the whole flesh of each of twenty animals, reached 46% and 32% in the two separate batches, respectively. In addition, an inter-population study was conducted to compare TTX levels at four locations within the oyster production area. TTX concentrations in the whole flesh varied significantly between some of these locations, which was unexplained by the differences in weight of flesh. This is the first study examining TTX distribution in C. gigas and the first confirmation of the preferential accumulation of TTX in oyster digestive gland.

The nitrogen (N) vs. phosphorus (P) scaling exponent, which reflects the trade-off between N and P investment, is an important parameter for predicting plant growth and vegetation productivity. Previous studies mainly focused on a single metabolic organ, and the difference in scaling exponents among different organs was insufficiently discussed. We systematically sampled 1532 shrub individuals grown under two habitats from 13 forest sites across eastern China, and measured the nutrient concentrations of different organs to explore the characteristics of the N vs. P scaling exponents and the underlying influencing factors. The N vs. P scaling exponents varied among shrub organs. Plant functional groups (PFGs), climate zones, soil nutrient status and habitats significantly affected the N vs. P scaling exponents. The N vs. P scaling exponents of stems and coarse roots for deciduous, legume and typical shrubs were higher than those of evergreen, non-legumes and understory shrubs, respectively, and were lower in tropical region than in other regions. Stems and coarse roots showed a resistant response to nutrient limitation and a compliant response to high nutrient availability. The N vs. P scaling exponents of leaves and fine roots were not affected by PFGs and were mainly controlled by soil P and N availability, respectively. Our results suggest that these variations in the N vs. P scaling exponents and their influencing factors among different plant organs should be considered when these exponents are used in stoichiometric growth models. These results advance our understanding of plant nutrient allocation strategy in response to functional groups and environmental changes.

RESUMEN: Los trasplantes de órganos son la única opción de tratamiento para salvar de vida de los pacientes con insuficiencia orgánica terminal. Hasta hace unos años la mayoría de los órganos procedía de pacientes fallecidos por muerte encefálica, muchos de ellos como consecuencia de accidentes de tráfico. Hoy en día, gracias a las mejoras en seguridad vial y a los avances de la medicina cada vez se producen menos fallecimientos por esta causa por lo que han surgido nuevas estrategias para obtener injertos, como es fundamentalmente la donación en asistolia controlada. Este tipo de donación implica un tiempo desde que se produce la parada cardiaca hasta que se materializa la extracción durante el cual se produce isquemia en los tejidos que puede derivar en que el órgano no sea válido. Para minimizar el daño isquémico se han propuesto dos estrategias: la cirugía de extracción superrápida y los dispositivos de perfusión regional normotérmica (estrategia que sigue nuestro grupo). La hipótesis de nuestro trabajo es que el uso de los dispositivos de perfusión regional normotérmicos que restablecen el flujo abdominal permite que los órganos se recuperen de la isquemia antes del implante con lo que se lograrían resultados comparables en cuanto a supervivencia y función del injerto a los injertos obtenidos de donantes en muerte encefálica, considerados hasta ahora el patrón oro. ABSTRACT: Organ transplants are the only treatment option to save the life of patients with terminal organ failure. Until a few years ago most of the organs came from patients killed by brain death, many of them as a result of traffic accidents. Nowadays, thanks to improvements in road safety and advances in medicine, fewer and fewer deaths are caused by this cause, so new strategies for obtaining grafts have emerged, such as donation in controlled asystole. This type of donation implies a time from when the cardiac arrest occurs until the extraction materializes during which ischemia occurs in the tissues that can result in the organ being invalid. To minimize ischemic damage, two strategies have been proposed: superfast extraction surgery and normothermic regional perfusion devices (strategy followed by our group). The hypothesis of our work is that the use of normothermic regional perfusion devices that restore abdominal flow allows the organs to recover from ischemia before implantation, thus achieving comparable results in terms of survival and graft function at grafts obtained from donors in brain death, considered until now the gold standard.

Trypanosoma evansi is enzootic in camels in Egypt, and water buffaloes act as a reservoir for camel infection. Molecular techniques have contributed towards understanding the epidemiology of T. evansi. Trypanosoma evansi was detected in acute and chronic stages of the disease in male and female mice by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using two primers. Two experiments were conducted. In experiment I, two groups consisting of 26 female and 26 male mice received 104 trypanosome by I/P inoculation for each mouse. In experiment II, 42 female and 42 male mice were inoculated I/P with 102 trypanosome/mouse. In addition, five mice were kept as uninfected control for each group. Mice were monitored daily for parasitaemia level during the pre-patent period using the micro-haematocrit centrifugation technique (MHCT) and conventional PCR. The primer pairs, (Trypanosoma brucei) TBR1/2 and TeRoTat1.2 (T. evansi Rode Trypanozoon antigen type [RoTat] 1.2), detected the infection after 24 hours earlier than MHCT in both experiments. The course of infection that was detected by MHCT revealed three waves of parasitaemia in female mice and two waves in male mice in the chronic stage of infection. In addition, PCR was able to detect T. evansi in different organs in the chronic stage (i.e. disappearance of parasite from blood). Application of the two primer sets on blood samples from camels showed that all samples were positive by TBR1/2 primers and only 32 of 44 were positive by TeRoTat1.2 primers. Acutely and chronically Trypanosoma-infected mice were detected by PCR in blood and organs. TBR1/2 primers were more sensitive than TeRoTat1.2 primers in detecting Trypanosoma-infected mice, and more reliable in detecting field-infected camels and excluding carrier animals.

We conducted comprehensive integrative molecular analyses of the complete set of tumors in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), consisting of approximately 10,000 specimens and representing 33 types of cancer. We performed molecular clustering using data on chromosome-arm-level aneuploidy, DNA hypermethylation, mRNA, and miRNA expression levels and reverse-phase protein arrays, of which all, except for aneuploidy, revealed clustering primarily organized by histology, tissue type, or anatomic origin. The influence of cell type was evident in DNA-methylation-based clustering, even after excluding sites with known preexisting tissue-type-specific methylation. Integrative clustering further emphasized the dominant role of cell-of-origin patterns. Molecular similarities among histologically or anatomically related cancer types provide a basis for focused pan-cancer analyses, such as pan-gastrointestinal, pan-gynecological, pan-kidney, and pan-squamous cancers, and those related by stemness features, which in turn may inform strategies for future therapeutic development. Comprehensive, integrated molecular analysis identifies molecular relationships across a large diverse set of human cancers, suggesting future directions for exploring clinical actionability in cancer treatment.

In an era where there is a shortage of lungs for transplantation is increased utilization of lungs from donation after circulatory death (DCD) donors. We review the reports of 11 controlled and 1 uncontrolled DCD programs focusing on donor criteria, procedural criteria, graft assessment, and preservation techniques including the use of ex vivo lung perfusion. We have formulated conclusions and recommendations for each of these areas, which were presented at the 6th International Conference on Organ Donation. A table of recommendations, the grade of recommendations, and references are provided. ispartof: Transplant International vol:29 issue:7 pages:790-797 ispartof: location:Switzerland status: published

12 páginas., Post-mortem examination is a key step in the diagnostic process of infectious diseases in sheep and goats. Diagnostic pathology deals with identification and study of lesions, at the same time providing also significant clues regarding pathogenesis of the diseases. This article reviews the salient pathological findings associated with the most significant infectious diseases of sheep and goats present in countries where small ruminants are a relevant agricultural industry. Lesions are reviewed according to the different organ systems where they occur. Emphasis has been given in the description of the salient lesional patterns than can be identified in each organ and which can be of help in the differential diagnosis of the lesions caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi or prions. Finally, a review of the usefulness of ancillary tests that may be used on various tissue samples for performing an aetiological diagnosis, is included; the application of various techniques, from immunohistochemistry to molecular biology-based tests, is described. © 2015 Elsevier B.V..

Background and purpose: To quantify renal and diaphragmatic interfractional motion in order to estimate systematic and random errors, and to investigate the correlation between interfractional motion and patient-specific factors.Material and methods: We used 527 retrospective abdominal-thoracic cone beam CT scans of 39 childhood cancer patients (

Made available in DSpace on 2018-11-12T17:26:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-09-01. Added 1 bitstream(s) on 2021-07-14T17:51:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 S1519-99402015000300723.pdf: 192864 bytes, checksum: a511e277bc3b01d6d285bbc400b69deb (MD5) ResumoObjetivou-se avaliar o efeito da suplementação concentrada sobre o ganho de peso, as características quantitativas da carcaça e dos não constituintes da carcaça de caprinos castrados da raça Canindé em sistema de pastejo na caatinga. 40 caprinos com peso corporal (PC) inicial médio de 15,76 ± 0,96kg foram distribuídos nos níveis de zero; 0,5; 1 e 1,5% de suplementação concentrada (% PC), sendo abatidos quando os animais que recebiam 1,5% de suplementação atingiram peso médio de 23,10 ± 1,74kg. Utilizou-se delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro níveis de suplementação e dez repetições. O ganho de peso, rendimento de carcaça, rendimento dos cortes e peso dos constituintes não carcaça (pele, cabeça, sangue, fígado, rins, trato respiratório, trato gastrointestinal), bem como o peso da gordura total, foram influenciados positivamente pelos níveis de suplementação. Os níveis de suplementação um e 1,5% do PC são favoráveis ao desempenho, às características de carcaça e ao desenvolvimento de órgãos em caprinos da raça Canindé em pastejo na caatinga. AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of concentrate supplementation on weight gain, the quantitative characteristics of carcass and non-carcass components of the castrated goat carcass Canindé breed grazing system in the native pasture caatinga. 40 goats with an average body (BW) initial weight of 15.76 ± 0.96kg were distributed in a completely randomized design in levels of 0; 0.5; 1 and 1.5% of supplementation (% BW) and were slaughtered when the animals from the 1.5% of supplementation level reached 23.10±1.74kg. Performance, carcass yield, yield of cuts and weight of non-carcass components (skin, head, blood, liver, kidneys, respiratory tract, gastrointestinal tract) as well as total fat weightwere positively influenced by supplementation levels. The supplementation levels of 1 and 1.5% of body weight are favorable to performance and quantitative characteristics of Canindé goat kids grazing in the native pasture caatinga. Instituição Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Norte Universidade Federal da Paraíba Centro de Ciências Agrárias Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Federal da Paraíba Departamento de Agropecuária Universidade Federal do Ceará Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte Departamento de Zootecnia Universidade Federal da Paraíba Centro de Ciências Agrárias Universidade Estadual Paulista Universidade Estadual Paulista

In this paper, we compare the 234U/238U activity ratios (ARs) in various internal tissues and organs of a goat kid with the ingested 234U/238U AR to assess isotopic fractionation. The results obtained from soft tissues (i.e., the kidneys, liver, lung, and bladder) that undergo indirect assimilation of uranium from the feed through the bloodstream suggest an increase in the 234U/238U AR. In contrast, the intestine, bones and feces had the same AR values as the feed. Finally, we broadly assess uranium transfer from the feed to the animal based on the concentration ratio and the feed transfer coefficient.

Eleven species of the family Cyprinidae inhabiting waters in temperate latitudes and tropics were studied on the basis of the lysozyme analysis. Cyprinidae are characterized by low and very low content of lysozyme in the liver, kidneys, and spleen compared to fish of other groups. Lysozyme is not detected in the serum of some carps. Fish cultivated in the tropics do not differ in the enzyme content from fish in temperate latitudes. The related species with the lowest lysozyme content and the species lacking lysozyme in serum were found in different climatic zones. The pattern of the enzyme distribution in the studied organs and tissues of some cyprinid is as follows: kidneys > spleen > liver > serum. Such distribution is also observed in fish from other phylogenetic groups, but it is not the rule for all species. The study demonstrates that cyprinid species in various climatic zones are more similar in the lysozyme level compared to intraspecific differences of common carp Cyprinus carpio and Indian major carp Labeo rohita in experiences of other authors.