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The article analyzes struggles about distributive justice in Austria, one of the wealthiest countries globally, and proposes a reinforced focus on how metaphors of redistribution and reciprocity create fiscal imaginaries. It analyzes how politicians, lobbyists, and activists strategically mobilize these metaphors in corporate and wealth taxation debates. Campaigns against wealth taxation portray wealth taxation as negative reciprocity and a threat to an imagined middle class. Those arguing in favor of them create images of unjustly appropriated value that needs to be redistributed. The article analyzes those shifts between notions of redistribution and reciprocity and the fiscal imaginaries created through these debates. Notably, the article argues for the necessity to embed discursive analysis within an understanding of contemporary capitalisms. It contrasts the fiscal imaginaries with challenges of fiscal relations, most importantly the distributed character of capital accumulation and the dilemma of the tax state, as governments orchestrate accumulation to capture parts of its value generated via taxation.

Physical activity is entering the virtual realm. Zwift is an at-home cycling system that is enjoying increasing popularity, yet the specifics of the experience of a virtual cyclist have not been studied to date. Building virtual sports systems can make physical activity accessible to more diverse user groups. To understand how and why users engage in virtual cycling, we conducted n=22 interviews with Zwift users. Through charting the motivations behind using Zwift, we determined that it allowed users to engage in a range of cycling activities traditionally reserved for professional cyclists. Our work reports on key motivations and identifies five key strategies which Zwift uses to create an engaging virtual sports experience. Further, we discuss how Zwift creates a world of virtual professionalism. Our findings offer a structured understanding of the experience of Zwift which can be used to inspire the design of future virtual amateur sports systems.

Augmented reality applications allow users to enrich their real surroundings with additional digital content. However, due to the limited field of view of augmented reality devices, it can sometimes be difficult to become aware of newly emerging information inside or outside the field of view. Typical visual conflicts like clutter and occlusion of augmentations occur and can be further aggravated especially in the context of dense information spaces. In this article, we evaluate how multisensory cue combinations can improve the awareness for moving out-of-view objects in narrow field of view augmented reality displays. We distinguish between proximity and transition cues in either visual, auditory or tactile manner. Proximity cues are intended to enhance spatial awareness of approaching out-of-view objects while transition cues inform the user that the object just entered the field of view. In study 1, user preference was determined for 6 different cue combinations via forced-choice decisions. In study 2, the 3 most preferred modes were then evaluated with respect to performance and awareness measures in a divided attention reaction task. Both studies were conducted under varying noise levels. We show that on average the Visual-Tactile combination leads to 63% and Audio-Tactile to 65% faster reactions to incoming out-of-view augmentations than their Visual-Audio counterpart, indicating a high usefulness of tactile transition cues. We further show a detrimental effect of visual and audio noise on performance when feedback included visual proximity cues. Based on these results, we make recommendations to determine which cue combination is appropriate for which application.

A variety of technologies are being developed to help older peo- ple live healthier, more independent, and safer lives, for longer. While many of these technologies are positively impacting the lives of older adults, they also have the potential to dictate specific be- haviours or restrict their autonomy rather than empower them. The vulnerability theory of privacy proposes that vulnerable popula- tions are not only more likely to be susceptible to privacy violations, but are also disproportionately affected by said violations. In this position paper, we adapt the vulnerability theory of privacy to the older adult population, and identify a further potential exacerbatory cycle. The risk of a ’slippery slope’ of privacy violation occurs when AAL technologies enable an elevated and quantified visibility of (mis)behaviour and irregular activity that could seem to justify the deployment of further AAL technology. We present ‘ratchet-wise rehabilitation’ as an alternative vision to the ‘slippery slope’ and identify research and design challenges throughout the paper.

At first glance, hope and optimism appear to be two almost identical concepts. The predominant cognitive theories maintain that both are based on positive future expectancies regarding goal attainment. However, other approaches recommend distinguishing between hope and future expectancies and sustain that the differences between hope and optimism are of a more substantial nature. The present study investigates the distinction between a new short instrument to measure hope as perceived by the general public, and dispositional optimism as measured by the revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R) in a South African sample. After comparing both instruments using confirmatory factor analysis and exploratory structural equation modelling in Mplus, a number of encouraging results emanated from the data. First, the Perceived Hope Scale (PHS) is a unitary and coherent measure of perceived hope. Second, perceived hope, as measured by the PHS, and optimism and pessimism as measured by the LOT-R, are psychometrically distinguished latent dimensions, optimally specified by their indicator variables. Furthermore, perceived hope represents a fundamental construct in the prediction of health outcomes and well-being and is an important antecedent to optimism and dispositional hope. Perceived hope is thus an important additional facet to consider in investigating well-being.

Climatology has increasingly become an important discipline for understanding tourism and recreation, especially in the era of contemporary climate change. Climate indices, in this respect, have been useful tools to yield the climatic attractiveness of tourism destinations as well as in understanding their altering suitability to various tourism types along with the changing climates. In this study, a major gap for a comprehensive climate index tailored for ski tourism is aimed to be fulfilled. For this purpose, initially the Ski Climate Index (SCI) is specified, based on fuzzy logic and as informed by literature and through extensive co-creation with the ski tourism industry experts, and applied to an emerging destination, Turkey, based on regional climate modeling projections. The index is designed as a combination of snow reliability and aesthetics and comfort facets, the latter of which includes sunshine, wind, and thermal comfort conditions. Results show that the Eastern Anatolia region is climatically the most suitable area for future development, taking account of the overriding effects of natural and technical snow reliability. Future research suggestions include the incorporation of more components into the index as well as technical recommendations to improve its application and validation.

Crowd work reflects a new form of gainful employment on the Internet. We study how the nature of the tasks being performed and financial compensation jointly shape work perceptions of crowd workers in order to better understand the changing modes and patterns of digital work. Surveying individuals on 23 German crowd working platforms, this work is the first to add a multi-platform perspective on perceived working conditions in crowd work. We show that crowd workers need rather high levels of financial compensation before task characteristics become relevant for shaping favorable perceptions of working conditions. We explain these results by considering financial compensation as an informational cue indicating the appreciation of working effort that is internalized by well-paid crowd workers. Resulting boundary conditions for task design are discussed. These results help us understand when and under what conditions crowd work can be regarded as a fulfilling type of employment in highly developed countries.

Anonymität entwickelt sich im 20. Jahrhundert zu einem markanten Begriff der Gesellschaftsbeobachtung, der Utopie anderer Existenzweisen und der Gefährdung von Ordnung. Die Gesellschaft des 20. Jahrhunderts erscheint mitunter als eine immense Hotelhalle, in der sich die Menschen bezugslos tummeln. Die Zonen des Anonymen gelten gleichermaßen als unfassbar wie auch als Kristallisationspunkte, wo neue Formen des Sozialen entstehen. Dergestalt lenken sie den Blick einer neuartigen Sociology Noir auf sich, mehr noch, über die Fotografie, die namenlose Menschen auf neue Weise in Szene setzt, entwickelt sich eine eigentliche Ästhetik des Anonymen an der alltäglichen Bruchstelle von Individuum und Gesellschaft.Allein, die wissenschaftliche Bestimmung des Phänomens des Anonymen erweist sich als unmöglich: »Das Anonyme, das begriffen würde, wäre es nie gewesen«, so Jaspers. Genau in dieser Unmöglichkeit liegt gleichzeitig auch der Kern einer Utopie, eines Jenseits der gesellschaftlichen Ordnung. Anonymität erweist sich zusehends als eine Maschine zur Erzeugung von Fiktionen. Avantgarde-Bewegungen beginnen mit der Anonymität zu experimentieren – und scheitern.So droht die Anonymitätsvorstellung mehr und mehr zum Mythos zu werden, und Foucaults Ruf, »wir müssen die Anonymität erobern«, lockt in eine Falle, wie die aussichtslose Suche nach Anonymität in den Adressräumen des Cyberspace zeigt. Denn was Anonymität selbst anonymisiert ist die Tatsache, dass sie stets einer Ordnung entspringt und mehr noch über Verrätselung dabei hilft, diese Ordnung an neue Realitäten anzupassen. Anonymität und moderne Gesellschaft sind so auf das Engste miteinander verbunden. Das Widerständige, so die These in diesem Band, liegt in den Namen selbst.

Die Erfahrungen aus den Jahren 2020 und 2021 haben dazu geführt, dass viele Beratungsformate rasant auf eine Online-Version umgestellt wurden. Dieser Beitrag untersucht am Beispiel der Universität St. Gallen Chancen und Herausforderungen von Online-Events zur Schreibberatung anhand von zwei Beispielen, der „Nacht der Schreibkompetenz“ und dem als deutschlandweit neuartigen und rein als Onlineformat konzipierten „Zitiertag“ vor dem Hintergrund der Entwicklung neuer Lernumgebungen und einer modernen und zeitgemäßen Gestaltung der Lehre. Es zeigt sich, dass Online-Events zur Schreibberatung, wie der neuartige „Zitiertag online“ einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Entwicklung der Schreib- und Informationskompetenz von Studierenden, gerade in der Studieneingangsphase, leisten können., The experiences gained from online teaching 2020 and 2021 have led to the rapid development of many online formats. Using the example of the University of St. Gallen, this article examines the opportunities and challenges of online events for academic writing. Based on two examples, the „Night of Writing Skills“ and the innovative „Citation Day“, an event especially designed for online citation support, this article examines these academic writing events as parts of new learning environments and a modern and contemporary design of teaching.

Psychology's tendency to focus on confirmatory analyses before ensuring constructs are clearly defined and accurately measured is exacerbating the generalizability crisis. Our growing use of digital behaviors as predictors has revealed the fragility of subjective measures and the latent constructs they scaffold. However, new technologies can provide opportunities to improve conceptualizations, theories, and measurement practices.

In a context or urgent climate action and increasing energy insecurity, the European Union is placing renewed emphasis on the proactive participation of citizens in the diffusion of renewable energy across the EU as a means to realise a socially accepted energy transition while simultaneously expand investment volumes towards a more diverse set of market actors. The joint efforts of actor diversity and social acceptance, coupled with the dual challenges of underinvestment and democratic deficiency, aggregate to demand a thorough analysis of the ways in which citizen-financed RE diffusion efforts can be incentivised in order to help realise Europe’s climate and energy commitments by 2030. Within this context, this PhD thesis contributes a better understanding of the role that different socio-economic conditions and policy support frameworks have for fostering an actor diverse electricity marketplace with the potential to uphold the development of citizen-financed renewable power plants that can jointly contribute to abridge the underinvestment of RETs and, in doing so, redress their democratically deficient market diffusion.

As ethnic diversity continues to rise, customer bias in interethnic service encounters becomes an increasingly problematic issue for the parties involved, the service firms, and society at large. Against this background, the aim of our research is to examine ethnically biased customer responses, their key psychological mechanisms, and the effectiveness of enacted service scripts to shape interethnic service encounters. Building on the aversive racism framework and homophily theory, we propose a baseline effect of majority customers’ ethnic bias toward minority employees in the form of less positive behaviors in interethnic service encounters. In an initial laboratory study, we use experimental video simulations of frontline service encounters and confirm the robustness of this effect across two replications. In a subsequent field experiment, we test an extended framework of customer responses to interethnic service encounters, finding that customers’ experience of rapport and identification with the firm represent two serial mediators that facilitate the effects of interethnic service encounters on customer loyalty intentions. Together, these contributions enrich our understanding of how psychological mechanisms facilitate the incidence of ethnically biased customer behavior and also provide insights into viable ways to improve such encounters.

This article critically assesses the empirical research that leads Quine, in his posthumously published work, to abandon his empiricist principle that humans do not have any innate concepts, or knowledge. It is the same empirical research that Penelope Maddy capitalizes on to develop her own contributions to naturalized epistemology, and it has been pioneered by developmental psychologist Elisabeth Spelke. Spelke employs the method of habituation and preferential looking to argue that human infants have innate concepts, and that they have some knowledge about what can and cannot happen to physical objects. Taking into account empirical studies as well as methodological considerations, this article examines whether this research can support these strong philosophical conclusions drawn from it, finding that it likely cannot provide such support.

Recognizing textual entailment is a key task for many semantic applications, such as Question Answering, Text Summarization, and Information Extraction, among others. Entailment scenarios can range from a simple syntactic variation to more complex semantic relationships between pieces of text, but most approaches try a one-size-fits-all solution that usually favors some scenario to the detriment of another. We propose a composite approach for recognizing text entailment which analyzes the entailment pair to decide whether it must be resolved syntactically or semantically. We also make the answer interpretable: whenever an entailment is solved semantically, we explore a knowledge base composed of structured lexical definitions to generate natural language humanlike justifications, explaining the semantic relationship holding between the pieces of text. Besides outperforming wellestablished entailment algorithms, our composite approach gives an important step towards Explainable AI, using world knowledge to make the semantic reasoning process explicit and understandable.

Vorgestellt wird ein innovatives, multimediales Portal, die sogenannte Digitalisierungsstrase, mit dem die Kompetenzen der Burgerinnen und Burger kollaborativ in die Entwicklung neuer stadtischer Dienstleistungen eingebunden werden konnen.

Despite the fact that semi-autonomous vehicles will become more and more prevalent in the coming decades, recent studies have highlighted that traffic accidents will persist as a core issue for road users, insurers, and policy makers alike. Researchers and industry players see potential in the technology embedded in semi-autonomous vehicles to combat this challenge by reliably predicting locations with a high likelihood of traffic accidents. This technology can be leveraged to detect accidents and ‘near miss incidents’, such as heavy braking and evasive manoeuvres, otherwise known as Critical Driving Events (CDEs). The locations of CDEs could identify areas of high accident exposure, offering automotive insurers a unique opportunity to reduce traffic accidents through the adoption of active loss prevention business models, such as providing safe-routing services and in-vehicle warnings. To date, there is limited empirical evidence on whether the Crash Frequency and Crash Rate of locations can be accurately identified through CDEs. To address this research gap, an 18-week naturalistic driving field study of 72 vehicles was conducted in Switzerland, covering over 690,000 km. Data collected from the CAN Bus of these vehicles indicate that there is a proportional relationship between the CDEs of the fleet, and the Crash Frequency and Crash Rate of a location. Furthermore, a nationwide spatial regression analysis was applied to determine Crash Frequency across the majority of the Swiss road network. We identify the relationship between Crash Frequency, and the CDEs and Trip Frequency of the fleet, along with additional explanatory variables for urban and highway locations. These insights provide first evidence that insurance companies and other industry players with access to a nationwide semi-autonomous fleet can determine existing and emerging locations of high accident probability, enabling more proactive business models and safety focused services.

Purpose This paper aims to revisit the viable system model (VSM) discussing it from both the theoretical and the empirical standpoints, and ascertaining its relevance for organizational governance. Design/methodology/approach A combination of theoretical and empirical components is used: introduction to theory and critique on the one hand; case studies and a large sample empirical study on the other. Findings The VSM has proved to be a powerful means of governance for organizations in turbulent times. It conveys a durable, reliable knowledge. This has been corroborated in both case studies and a large-scale empirical study. Practical implications Application of the model under study can activate a huge potential for the improvement of organizations. Originality/value This contribution tests the VSM in an unseen fashion – qualitatively and quantitatively. The results suggest that a high confidence in the model is justified. It conveys to managers and leaders an unconventional, superior approach to both diagnosis and design of their organizations.

This report summarizes a panel session on gamification designs at the 2019 European Conference on Information Systems in Stockholm, Sweden. The panel explored a research agenda for gamification design. The panel considered the “what, why, and how” to analyze state-of-the-art gamification research. We present an adapted definition of gamification as one outcome of the workshop to better describe what gamification is and what it can be used for. We discuss “why” and “how” to employ gamification for different contexts. Researchers and practitioners can use the report’s research questions and insights to gamify information systems, identity outcomes that gamification concepts address, and explore new ways to gamify. Overall, we present new areas for future research and practice by identifying innovative ways to bring existing gamification concepts to a more impactful level.

Research is often specialized and varies in its nature between disciplines, making it difficult to assess and compare the performance of individual researchers. Specific qualitative and quantitative indicators are usually complex and do not work equally well for different research fields. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to develop an economical questionnaire that is valid across disciplines. We constructed a Short Multidisciplinary Research Performance Questionnaire (SMRPQ), with which researchers can briefly report 11 quantitative and qualitative performance aspects from four areas (research quality, facilitation, transfer/exchange, and reputation) in relation to their peer reference groups (fellow researchers with the same status and discipline). To validate this questionnaire, 557 German researchers from Physics, History, and Psychology fields (53% male, 34% post-docs, and 19% full professors) completed it, and for the purpose of convergent and discriminant validation additionally made assessments regarding specific quantitative and qualitative indicators of research performance as well as affective, cognitive, and behavioural aspects of their research activities (perceptions of positive affect, help-seeking, and procrastination). The results attested reliable measurement, endorsed the postulated structure of the newly developed instrument, and confirmed its invariance across the three disciplines. The SMRPQ and the validation measure were strongly positively correlated, and both demonstrated similar associations with affect, cognition, and behaviour at work. Therefore, it can be considered a valid and economical approach for assessing research performance of individual researchers across different disciplines, especially within nomothetic research (e.g. regarding personal antecedents of successful research).

Artificial intelligence is an emerging topic and will soon be able to perform decisions better than humans. In more complex and creative contexts such as innovation, however, the question remains whether machines are superior to humans. Machines fail in two kinds of situations: processing and interpreting “soft” information (information that cannot be quantified) and making predictions in “unknowable risk” situations of extreme uncertainty. In such situations, the machine does not have representative information for a certain outcome. Thereby, humans are still the “gold standard” for assessing “soft” signals and make use intuition. To predict the success of startups, we, thus, combine the complementary capabilities of humans and machines in a Hybrid Intelligence method. To reach our aim, we follow a design science research approach to develop a Hybrid Intelligence method that combines the strength of both machine and collective intelligence to demonstrate its utility for predictions under extreme uncertainty.

Seit Jahren gewinnt das Wissen über den Handel an Bedeutung. Grund dafür ist die zunehmende Macht der Handelsunternehmen im Distributionsprozess zwischen Produzenten und Konsumenten. Bisherige Publikationen zum Handelsmanagement sind durch eine funktionenorientierte Denkweise geprägt. Der systemorientierte Ansatz aus der St. Galler Managementlehre verhilft diesem Buch zu einer prozessorientierten Sichtweise. Damit gelingt es zum ersten Mal, der zunehmenden Prozessorientierung des Handels in der Ausbildung, im Studium und der Praxis gerecht zu werden und eine gesamtheitliche Sicht des Handels zu vermitteln. Das Buch "Modernes Handelsmanagement" erklärt, welche zehn Handelskompetenzen zukünftig von grosser Bedeutung sein werden. Dabei handelt es sich um folgende Kompetenzen: Prozess-, Strategie-, Kunden-, Verkaufs-, Logistik-, Beschaffungs-, Finanzierungs-, Controlling-, Personal- und Informationskompetenz. Für jedes der zehn Kompetenzfelder erkennt der Leser zunächst dessen Bedeutung, bevor ausgewählte Theoriebausteine sein Wissen stärken. Anhand von zwei bis drei praxisorientierten Werkzeugen lernt er anschliessend Wege kennen, um seine Kompetenz gezielt zu erhöhen. Danach fordern Fallstudien den Leser auf, das Gelernte anzuwenden. Dieses Buch überzeugt durch eine prägnante Darstellung, eine praxisnahe Sprache und viele Beispiele. Es wendet sich an verschiedene Zielgruppen. Einerseits soll es Schülern an Gymnasien und Handelsschulen, Auszubildenden im Einzelhandel sowie Studierenden an Fachhochschulen und Universitäten die Grundlagen für das moderne Handelsmanagement nahe bringen. Andererseits bietet es Handelsmanagern die Chance, ihr Wissen aufzufrischen und neue Managementtools kennen zu lernen. Weiterhin vermittelt das Buch den Dienstleistern und Lieferanten des Handels detaillierte Einblicke in Prozesse, Funktionen und Gesetzmässigkeiten des modernen Handelsmanagements.

Recent technological advances, especially in the field of machine learning, provide astonishing progress on the road towards artificial general intelligence. However, tasks in current real-world business applications cannot yet be solved by machines alone. We, therefore, identify the need for developing socio-technological ensembles of humans and machines. Such systems possess the ability to accomplish complex goals by combining human and artificial intelligence to collectively achieve superior results and continuously improve by learning from each other. Thus, the need for structured design knowledge for those systems arises. Following a taxonomy development method, this article provides three main contributions: First, we present a structured overview of interdisciplinary research on the role of humans in the machine learning pipeline. Second, we envision hybrid intelligence systems and conceptualize the relevant dimensions for system design for the first time. Finally, we offer useful guidance for system developers during the implementation of such applications.

Higher legal standards with regards to the data protection of individuals such as the EU General Data Protection Regulation (EU-GDPR) are increasing the pressure on developers of IT artifacts. This is especially prevalent when considering conversational speech agents (CSA), which are collecting data in new ways and thus are oftentimes producing conflicts with existing law regulations. For this purpose, we introduce the law simulation method, which is a well-known evaluation method among law researchers for capturing the legal compatibility of IT artifacts such as CSA. With this rigorous method, we are able to derive actionable guidance for CSA developers to evaluate developer efforts for increasing legal compatibility. To illustrate our methodological approach, we describe in this paper key steps of the method with respect to the evaluation of CSA. We briefly discuss how this procedure can serve as the foundation for a new evaluation method of legally compatible systems in information systems.

Wie zu Beginn dieses Bandes dargelegt, sind Wissenschaft und Forschung ein zentraler Baustein für unsere Zukunft. Gerade im Kontext aktueller gesellschaftlicher Phänomene und Umwälzungen wird die Bedeutsamkeit der Wissenschaft auf nationaler wie internationaler Ebene herausgestellt: „Nur [durch Wissenschaft] können gesellschaftliche Herausforderungen wie der Klimawandel, die Energiewende, die demografische Entwicklung oder der Fachkräftemangel bewältigt und die enormen Chancen der Digitalisierung genutzt werden” (Humboldt Stiftung, 2017; s. a. EU Kommission, 2017). Eine zentrale Rolle nehmen hierbei die Akteure in Universitäten ein, die im vorliegenden Band im Zentrum stehen. Universitäten sind konstitutiv für das Wissenschaftssystem, da in ihnen meist sämtliche Funktionen der Wissenschaft...

Wissenschaft und Forschung sind der Motor für Innovationen, unter anderem für Wirtschaft und Politik, und von essenzieller Bedeutung für Wohlstand und Fortschritt in unserer (Wissens-)Gesellschaft (Böschen & Schulz-Schaeffer, 2003; Perkmann et al., 2013). Insbesondere können gegenwärtige gesellschaftliche Herausforderungen, wie beispielsweise Klimawandel, weltweite Pandemien (z. B. COVID-19) oder Folgen globaler Migration, nicht ohne ein Zutun von Wissenschaft und Forschung bewältigt werden. Die Relevanz der Wissenschaft zeigt sich besonders eindrücklich, wenn man sich vorstellt, wie unser Leben ohne wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse, etwa der Einstein’schen Relativitätstheorie oder der Erfindung des Buchdrucks, aussähe (Vogt, 2019). Repräsentative Umfragen (Wissenschaftsbarometer; VA Barometer) zeigen, dass das öffentliche Interesse in...

Welche Entwicklungen und Herausforderungen bedrohen derzeit das Vertrauen in Wissenschaft und Forschung? Existierten diese Herausforderungen schon immer? Welche Erklärungen gibt es für Fehlverhalten und Betrug in der Wissenschaft? Welche Folgen haben sie? Welche Konsequenzen ergeben sich daraus für die beteiligten Akteure und die Gesellschaft? Welche Möglichkeiten der Prävention von Betrug und Fehlverhalten lassen sich ableiten? Wie kommen Wissenschaft und Wahrheit (wieder) stärker zusammen? Das Ziel von Wissenschaft ist Wahrheitsfindung in Form fundierter Evidenz. Die Schaffung entsprechend gesicherten Wissens hängt allerdings von Rahmenbedingungen und den beteiligten Akteuren ab. Innerhalb dieser lassen sich korrumpierende Einflüsse abzeichnen, die klar der Wahrheitsfindung entgegenstehen. Um...

Ein Grundpfeiler empirischer Wissenschaften ist das Prinzip, dass die Gültigkeit eines Befundes nicht davon abhängt, wer eine Studie durchführt. Jede Person mit der notwendigen Sachkenntnis kann prinzipiell Studien wiederholen und sollte dabei zu den gleichen Ergebnissen kommen. Dabei wird zwischen Replikation und Reproduzierbarkeit unterschieden. Replikation bezeichnet die Wiederholung einer Studie anhand neuer Daten. Diese Wiederholung kann dabei sehr nahe am Originalexperiment sein (exakte oder direkte Replikation) oder eine Variante der ursprünglichen Studie darstellen, die jedoch dieselbe Forschungsfrage untersucht (konzeptuelle Replikation). Wenn versucht wird, ein berichtetes Forschungsergebnis anhand derselben Daten und derselben Analyseschritte nachzuvollziehen, spricht man hingegen von Reproduktion beziehungsweise Reproduzierbarkeit...

The major driver of global warming has been identified as the anthropogenic release of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from industrial activities. The quantitative monitoring of these emissions is mandatory to fully understand their effect on the Earth's climate and to enforce emission regulations on a large scale. In this work, we investigate the possibility to detect and quantify industrial smoke plumes from globally and freely available multi-band image data from ESA's Sentinel-2 satellites. Using a modified ResNet-50, we can detect smoke plumes of different sizes with an accuracy of 94.3%. The model correctly ignores natural clouds and focuses on those imaging channels that are related to the spectral absorption from aerosols and water vapor, enabling the localization of smoke. We exploit this localization ability and train a U-Net segmentation model on a labeled sub-sample of our data, resulting in an Intersection-over-Union (IoU) metric of 0.608 and an overall accuracy for the detection of any smoke plume of 94.0%; on average, our model can reproduce the area covered by smoke in an image to within 5.6%. The performance of our model is mostly limited by occasional confusion with surface objects, the inability to identify semi-transparent smoke, and human limitations to properly identify smoke based on RGB-only images. Nevertheless, our results enable us to reliably detect and qualitatively estimate the level of smoke activity in order to monitor activity in industrial plants across the globe. Our data set and code base are publicly available., Comment: To be presented at the "Tackling Climate Change with Machine Learning" workshop at NeurIPS 2020

Smart personal assistants (SPAs) are proliferating into our daily lives and are a ubiquitous platform for providing digital services. However, when de-signing such innovative IT artifacts, interdisciplinary domain knowledge is of-ten needed. For example, SPAs utilize a plethora of sensors and cloud-based computation of data to deliver high-quality services, but those services, for ex-ample, may conflict with current regulations of law, e.g., with the Data Protec-tion Regulation (GDPR) in Europe. In that sense, approaches are needed to overcome the limited domain knowledge of developers. Thus, we propose in our study a pattern-based approach to codify interdisciplinary design knowledge. For this purpose, we derive theory-motivated requirements, develop design principles for patterns, and evaluate the utility of the patterns. Our re-sults from a 2x2 fully randomized field study show that the provision of pat-terns for SPA development supports interdisciplinary design through better con-sideration of both service quality and law compatibility. Thus, we provide de-sign contributions concerning how we effectively codify and communicate de-sign knowledge and provide practical guidance for supporting interdisciplinary IS development.

Themenschwerpunkt der zfwu 7/2 im Jahr 2006 war die Politische Okonomie. Wie im Editorial von Olaf J. Schumann zutreffend festgestellt wurde, ist diese Thematik, ja generell das Verhaltnis zwischen Wirtschaftsethik und Wirtschaftstheorie, „bisher eher stiefmutterlich behandelt worden“ (Schumann 2006: 159). Das ist im Grunde erstaunlich: Wirtschaften ist ja eine Form von intentionaler Praxis; jede Theorie, die eine Idee von der rationalen Ausubung solcher Praxis implizit voraussetzt oder sogar – als Idealtheorie rationalen Wirtschaftens – explizit entfaltet, ist unausweichlich von normativen Orientierungen gepragt. Mit anderen Worten: Okonomik ist, sobald sie Praxis anhand ihres Rationalitatskonzepts beurteilt, stets normative Okonomik. Nichts anderes besagt ja auch die klassische, sachlich vollig richtige Bezeichnung der Disziplin als Politische Okonomie.

Digital nudging in privacy has become more important to protect users of information systems while working with privacy-related data. Nudging is about altering a user’s behavior without forbidding any options. Several approaches exist to “nudge” users to change their behavior. Regarding the usage of digital privacy nudges, research still has to understand the meaning and relevance of individual nudges better. Therefore, this paper compares the preferences of users for different digital nudges. To achieve this goal, it presents the results of a so-called best-worst scaling. This study contributes to theory by providing a better understanding of user preferences regarding design variations of digital nudges. We support practitioners by giving implications on how to design digital nudges in terms of user preferences.

Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Bildungswissenschaften 37 (2015) 2, S. 227-247, Kinderkrippen sind für viele Kinder die erste Bildungsinstitution und für die Gleichstellung der Geschlechter bedeutsam. Im Beitrag wird auf der Basis einer ethnographischen Videostudie in vier Deutschschweizer Kinderkrippen untersucht, wie Gender in der pädagogischen Alltagspraxis der Kinderbetreuenden relevant wird. Für die Kodierung der Videodaten werden Interaktionsverläufe in Bezug auf doing und undoing gender, Dramatisierung und Dethematisierung analysiert. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass die Kinderbetreuenden das von Kindern gezeigte Verhalten, sei es doing oder undoing gender, verstärken, jedoch selten intervenieren um Gleichstellung herzustellen. Zur Förderung der Gleichstellung in der Kita sind die Organisationskultur und die pädagogische Qualität entscheidend. (DIPF/Orig.), Pour nombreux enfants, la crèche est la première institution éducative qu’ils fréquentent. La crèche donc est importante par rapport à la question de l’éducation à l’égalité des sexes. Dans cet article, sur la base d’une étude ethnographique et de données vidéo effectuées dans quatre crèches, nous examinons comment les questions de genre s’actualisent dans les pratiques pédagogiques quotidiennes. Le codage des interactions a été réalisé à partir des concepts de doing gender, undoing gender, dramatisation et dé-thématisation. Les résultats montrent que les éducateurs et éducatrices renforcent les comportements des enfants et exigent rarement l’égalité. Pour soutenir la question de l’éducation à l’égalité dans les crèches, la culture d’organisation et la qualité de l’éducation s’avèrent être primordiales. (DIPF/Orig.)

Each time researchers jointly write an article, a decision must be made about the order in which the authors are listed. There are two main norms for doing so. The vast majority of scientific disciplines use a contribution-based norm, according to which authors who contributed the most are listed first. Very few disciplines, most notably economics, instead resort primarily to the norm of listing authors in alphabetical order. It has been argued that (1) this alphabetical norm gives an unfair advantage to researchers with last name initials early in the alphabet and that (2) researchers are aware of this ‘alphabetical discrimination’ and react strategically to it, for example by avoiding collaborations with multiple authors. This article reviews the empirical literature and finds convincing evidence that alphabetical discrimination exists and that researchers react to it.

Incentive-based forms of crowdfunding – such as reward-, equity- and lending-based crowdfunding – are becoming increasingly popular. However, research that studies backers’ motivations for funding in these environments is still in an embryonic state, revealing an inconsistent and narrow picture. The few existing studies are largely guided by the idea that backers are mainly egoistically motivated and do not have prosocial motives. We developed a research model that describes backers’ motivation and conducted an empirical study to examine this model. Results indicate that backers indeed have several self-interest motivations for funding: prospect of a reward; expectation of recognition from others; to lobby a certain project in the hopes of its fruition; and to develop their image. However, some backers are also prosocially motivated in that they develop feelings of liking for a certain venture and/or project team. Furthermore, we found evidence that herding has a significant moderating effect on backers’ reward motivation. Strategic IS researchers as well as crowdfunding practitioners can draw on our findings to systematically design, implement, and evaluate potential incentive systems that respond to reward-, recognition-, lobbying-, image- and liking-motives and thereby attract the crowd more effectively to invest in ventures presented on incentive-based crowdfunding systems.

Electric mobility has an important role to play in the transition to a more sustainable transportation system. However, adoption is still relatively slow in most countries, also within organizations and their corporate fleets. Much cited hard barriers such as the limited availability of charging infrastructure do not fully explain this slow uptake. Consequently, the research field of social acceptance of electric mobility with a focus on acceptance related soft barriers has emerged. This paper adds new theoretical as well as practical insights to the debate. Methodologically, the paper is based on a multi-method approach. Firstly, an online survey with Swiss fleet managers (n = 30) supports the importance of acceptance related soft barriers. 63% of the participants assessed the lack of knowledge as an important barrier and the lack of demand from employees was considered an important barrier by 56% of the participants. Secondly, a behavioral intervention campaign to address those barriers was developed and assessed in a field experiment with carpool users (n = 10) in the city of St. Gallen. The behavioral intervention campaign consisted of a one-week trial period with EVs in the normal course of business life, free of charge, and without obligation. The results of the field experiment indicate that acceptance levels of both hard and soft barriers evolved positively from before (T0) to after (T1) the trial period. This suggests that designing a campaign to address acceptance related soft barriers might help increase social acceptance and the adoption of EVs in corporate fleets.

Firms host online communities for commercial purposes, for example in order to integrate customers into ideation for new product development. The success of these firm-hosted online communities depends entirely on the cooperation of a high number of customers that constantly produce valuable knowledge for firms. However, in practice, the majority of successfully implemented communities suffers from stagnation and even a decrease of member activities over time. Literature provides numerous guidelines on how to build and launch these online communities. While these models describe the initial steps of acquiring and activating a community base from scratch very well and explicitly, they neglect continuous member activation and acquistion after a successful launch. Against this background, the authors propose the Community Fostering Reference Model (CoFoRM), which represents a set of general procedures and instruments to continuously foster member activity. In this paper, the authors present the theory-driven design as well as the evaluation of the CoFoRM in a practical use setting. The evaluation results reveal that the CoFoRM represents a valuable instrument in the daily working routine of community managers, since it efficiently helps activating community members especially in the late phases of a community’s lifecycle.

In most theories that address how individual financial incentives affect work performance, researchers have assumed that two types of motivation—intrinsic and extrinsic—mediate the relationship between incentives and performance. Empirically, however, extrinsic motivation is rarely investigated. To explore the predictive validity of these theories of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in work settings, we tested how both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation affected supervisor-rated work performance, affective and continuance commitment, turnover intention, burnout, and work–family conflict. In the course of three studies (two cross-sectional and one cross-lagged) across different industries, we found that intrinsic motivation was associated with positive outcomes and that extrinsic motivation was negatively related or unrelated to positive outcomes. In addition, intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation were moderately negatively correlated in all three studies. We also discuss the theoretical and practical implications of the study and directions for future research.

Das Forum Wirtschaftsethik, die Zeitschrift des Deutschen Netzwerks Wirtschaftsethik (dnwe), hat kürzlich eine Rezension veröffentlicht, in der in prägnanter Weise die „Theoriestrategien der Wirtschaftsethik“ charakterisiert wurden, wie Karl Homann sie wiederholt dargelegt hat. Seine breit akzeptierte Auslegeordnung wirtschaftsethischer Ansätze versteht sich als systematisch erschöpfend. Sie beansprucht nicht nur alle bisher entstandenen „wirtschaftsethischen Theorien“ einordnen zu können, sondern letztlich sämtliche paradigmatisch möglichen Konzeptionen. Ist dieser Systematisierungsanspruch tragfähig? Die These dieses Beitrags lautet: nein, er ist vielmehr symptomatisch für einen beklagenswerten Stand der Wirtschaftsethik an den deutschen Wirtschaftsfakultäten.

The increasing availability of high–dimensional, fine–grained data about human behaviour, gathered from mobile sensing studies and in the form of digital footprints, is poised to drastically alter the way personality psychologists perform research and undertake personality assessment. These new kinds and quantities of data raise important questions about how to analyse the data and interpret the results appropriately. Machine learning models are well suited to these kinds of data, allowing researchers to model highly complex relationships and to evaluate the generalizability and robustness of their results using resampling methods. The correct usage of machine learning models requires specialized methodological training that considers issues specific to this type of modelling. Here, we first provide a brief overview of past studies using machine learning in personality psychology. Second, we illustrate the main challenges that researchers face when building, interpreting, and validating machine learning models. Third, we discuss the evaluation of personality scales, derived using machine learning methods. Fourth, we highlight some key issues that arise from the use of latent variables in the modelling process. We conclude with an outlook on the future role of machine learning models in personality research and assessment.

Initial Coin Offerings are a new type of crowdbased fundraising mechanism that uses the blockchain to issue tokens to a crowd of people in exchange for funds that blockchain start-ups use to develop their business. Unfortunately, due to the recency of this new phenomenon, there is no systematic understanding of the ICO process and its underlying process characteristics. However, companies engaging in ICOs should be able to evaluate and choose the right process steps to best achieve their goal. Against this background, we develop a taxonomy for ICO processes. In contrast to previous work, this classification scheme focuses exclusively on the processual nature of ICOs and its underlying mechanisms.

What if artificial intelligence (AI) machines became teammates rather than tools? This paper reports on an international initiative by 65 collaboration scientists to develop a research agenda for exploring the potential risks and benefits of machines as teammates (MaT). They generated 819 research questions. A subteam of 12 converged them to a research agenda comprising three design areas – Machine artifact, Collaboration, and Institution – and 17 dualities – significant effects with the potential for benefit or harm. The MaT research agenda offers a structure and archetypal research questions to organize early thought and research in this new area of study.

With rapid progress in machine learning, language technologies and artificial intelligence, conversational agents (CAs) gain rising attention in research and prac-tice as potential non-human teammates, facilitators or experts in collaborative work. However, designers of CAs in collaboration still struggle with a lack of com-prehensive understanding of the vast variety of design options in the dynamic field. We address this gap with a taxonomy to help researchers and designers understand the design space and the interrelations of different design options and recognize useful design option com-binations for their CAs. We present the iterative deve-lopment of a taxonomy for the design of CAs grounded in state of the art literature and validated with domain experts. We identify recurring design option combina-tions and white spots from the classified objects that will inform further research and development efforts.

Companies and other organizations have increasingly ‘discovered’ crowdsourcing as a new form how to organize their work. However, many of the platforms who manage the work system necessary to process that work focus mainly on rather simple work or work of medium complexity. Drawing on work system theory (WST) and insights from literature, in depths-case studies with 14 crowdworking platforms, a written survey among 32 platform providers and four workshops with experts from practice and research, we investigate how these crowdworking platforms can also successfully manage more complex work. Based on our analysis, we present measures to do so, classified along the core WST-elements processes and activities, participants, information, and technologies. One main measure we identified is the close gearing of external and internal crowds, fostering the advantages and mitigating the disadvantages of crowdsourcing. With our research, we aim at providing insights how to further exploit the potential of crowds.

This study explores the feasibility and usefulness of five generic frames (conflict, responsibility, economic consequences, human interest and morality) in analysing framing practices in a multifaceted journalistic field over time. We show that supplementing generic frames through the tonality expressed in news stories enhances analytical quality. Mapping Swiss media outlets by how they frame a highly polarizing policy, we identify different framing practices in covering the issue. Using multiple correspondence analyses, the results first show that, while cultural background and media partisanship lead to heterogeneity in how the issue is initially framed, the state’s involvement homogenizes framing practices over time. Second, unlike previous research, our study provides empirical evidence that both conflict frame and attribution of responsibility frame can measure the same underlying construct. Third, we find evidence that these two frames are strongly associated with a negative tone. Limitations and implications for future research are discussed.

The legibility of train station name signs was analyzed with parallel (0°) and perpendicular (90°) installations regarding different speeds, different lateral offsets, and different widths of the signs. The theoretical analysis resulted in the superiority of perpendicular installations for short lateral offsets from the platform edge (3 m), and a superiority of parallel installations for large offsets (50 m). Sign width effected legibility nearly proportionally, higher speed reduced legibility inversely proportional. In the empirical part, the superiority of the perpendicular installation at short lateral offsets was supported. From a moving train, legibility of perpendicular signs is superior while during a full stop, parallel installations are advantageous. Thus, as a compromise, parallel installations should be used within the inner circle of a train station while at the entry and exit where trains are still moving, perpendicular signs should be preferred.

The Viable System Model by Stafford Beer embodies a theory about the preconditions of organizational viability. This theory has been discussed extensively by the academics and professionals of organizational cybernetics. The theoretical claim of the Viable System Model (VSM) is bold. It asserts to specify the necessary and sufficient preconditions for the viability of any organization. The empirical evidence, to date, amounts to a substantial corpus of case studies from applications that support the claim of the theory. The present contribution leads beyond the status quo. Its purpose is to test the theory empirically, on the grounds of a broad survey and pertinent quantitative analysis. The available data support the hypotheses and therewith corroborate the theory of the VSM. This implies that the VSM is a reliable orientation device for the diagnosis and design of organizations to strengthen their vitality, resilience, and development potential.

In many instances, customers are seen as one of the key resources for new product development (NPD), as they often have deep product knowledge, either in the form of explcit or tacit knowledge. Firms' NPD departments are highly interested in internalizing these forms of customer knowledge with the help of customer integration methods, such as Ideas Competitions, Lead-User-Workshops etc. However, research analyzing how these methods enable transfer of customer's tacit knowledge – which can hardly be expressed – has been neglected. Thus, scholars are constantly calling for research that focuses on understanding the tacit knowledge transfer processes by means of customer integration methods. This research identifies a total of 15 methods with the help of a systematic literature review. By then systematically analyzing these methods, authors found that six of these methods make use of two major strategies to internalise customer's tacit knowledge: Story Telling-Strategy and Observing Customer Activities-Strategy. The rest of these methods do not allow for capturing customer's tacit knowledge at all. Based on these insights, authors derived valuable implications for NPD practice on how each of these methods can leverage tacit knowledge from customers more efficiently.