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The development of industry in the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy has left a mark on the urban fabric due to the many factories and plants that were built at the time. These buildings were later abandoned during the process of de-industrialization, which left a number of spaces idle and empty (brownfields). This paper examines the attitude towards the industrial heritage of the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy in the cities of Vienna, Budapest and Zagreb, on the basis of six selected examples. The main focus of the research is residential re-use carried out on the industrial complexes in Vienna and Budapest, which could serve as a positive example and contribute to the future discussion on the revitalization of similar cases in Zagreb., Istraživanje propituje odnos prema industrijskom naslijeđu Austro-Ugarske Monarhije na području Zagreba, Budimpešte i Beča komparativnom analizom šest odabranih primjera. Brzi razvoj industrije na području cijele Monarhije ostavio je snažan otisak u urbogenezi metropola izgradnjom brojnih tvornica i postrojenja na tadašnjim rubovima gradova. U procesu deindustrijalizacije tijekom 20. stoljeća ti su prostorni sklopovi napušteni, što je za posljedicu imalo velik broj praznih prostora u izgrađenom gradskom tkivu. Literaturom su ta područja definirana kao brownfield, a rasprava o njihovoj revitalizaciji i uključivanju u suvremeni urbani život goruća je tema gradskih uprava. Načini prenamjene ili prepuštanje vremenu nameću pitanje radi li se uglavnom o neželjenoj baštini ili mogućem važnom čimbeniku urbanoga identiteta koji je ključno očuvati, revitalizirati i učiniti održivim. Kada je riječ o Zagrebu, austrougarsko je naslijeđe česta tema stručnih i teorijskih rasprava, ali praktična provedba izostaje. Budimpešta i Beč izdvojeni su kao primjeri metropola koje su jedan dio svojih napuštenih građevina i sklopova prenamijenili te ih aktivno integrirali u urbano tkivo. Takva vrste prenamjene u zagrebačkom kontekstu u praksi nema, no i dalje predstavlja velik društveno-kulturni i ekonomski potencijal. Primjeri industrijskih sklopova iz Beča, Budimpešte i Zagreba izdvojeni su prema arhitektonskim i urbanističkim značajkama koje su omogućile (ili bi, u slučaju Zagreba, mogle omogućiti) stambenu prenamjenu, te prema kronološkim i stilskim kriterijima. Odabrani su bečki bivši spremnici plina Gasometar i tvornica kruha Anker, budimpeštanski mlin Gizella i bivše skladište plinare Riverloft te zagrebački Paromlin i bivša tvornica svile Bubara. Analitička metoda uključuje pristup koji se temelji na znanstvenom projektu Heritage Urbanism te na razmatranju kategorija čimbenika identiteta i utjecaja, kriterija, metoda, modela i scenarija. Istraživanje ukazuje na nužnost očuvanja industrijske i tehničke arhitekture kao urbanog povijesnog dokumenta te na različite modele pristupa očuvanju i oživljavanju tih lakuna u gradskom tkivu. Obrađen je i širi utjecaj koji njihova revitalizacija ima na urbanu strukturu i doživljaj grada kao ugodnog mjesta, način na koji rješava probleme nesigurnosti i zagađenja te dodaje nove vrijednosti u vizuri grada, poput slojevitosti i prepoznatljivosti. Po uzoru na komparativne primjere u Beču i Budimpešti, kriteriji za revitalizaciju građevina u Zagrebu uključuju tipove građevina kao i rješavanje ekonomskih i pravnih pitanja koja su do sada priječila taj proces. Autorice se zalažu za revitalizacijski model koji bi u najvećoj mjeri očuvao ono što je preostalo od sklopova Paromlina i Bubare prilikom njihove prenamjene za stanovanje, a u slučaju nove izgradnje osiguralo harmoničan odnos novog i starog. S obzirom na nekada periferni, a danas centralni smještaj industrije u gradovima, radom su istaknuti i mogući negativni aspekti stambene prenamjene kao što su visoke cijene zemljišta i gentrifikacija, koji imaju znatan utjecaj na lokalnu zajednicu.

Located on the north eastern edge of Manchester city centre, Ancoats was the first industrial suburb in the world when early steam-powered mills were built in the late Eighteenth Century. After it was severely hit by industrial decline over the course of the Twentieth century and its industrial buildings fell into disrepair, this area benefitted from a regeneration process which was implemented in the 1990s. It relied on the conservation and conversion of historic buildings and was influenced by the urban village model. This paper explores the mutation of an urban quarter born out of a pioneering experiment in industry-led urban development which was to become an urban village two centuries later. However, the urban village concept was an idealised vision of regeneration that was not fully compatible with the industrial character of Ancoats. The Ancoats Urban Village Company thus developed a different urban design approach, thereby carrying out an urban regeneration experiment of its own which reflects both change and continuity. Située au nord-est du centre-ville de Manchester, Ancoats fut la première banlieue industrielle au monde; c’est là que furent construits, à la fin du dix-huitième siècle, les premiers modèles de filatures fonctionnant à la vapeur. Après avoir été durement touché par le déclin industriel tout au long du vingtième siècle, et que ses bâtiments industriels ont été laissés à l’abandon, ce quartier a bénéficié d’un processus de régénération mis en œuvre à partir des années quatre-vingt-dix. Celui-ci reposa sur la conservation et la reconversion de bâtiments historiques et a été influencé par le concept de village urbain. Cet article explore la mutation d’un quartier urbain né d’une expérimentation pionnière en matière d’urbanisation liée à l’industrie, qui allait devenir un village urbain deux siècles plus tard. Néanmoins, le concept de village urbain reposant sur une vision idéalisée de la régénération, il n’était pas totalement compatible avec le caractère industriel d’Ancoats. Ancoats Urban Village Company développa alors une autre stratégie d’aménagement urbain, en menant sa propre expérimentation en matière de régénération urbaine, laquelle reflète à la fois le changement et la continuité.

Arctic mining towns are vulnerable to de-industrialization, as most jobs are in a single industry, with long distances to other employers or business opportunities. Other challenges are the legacies of mining that companies leave behind. Research has shown that such legacies can be used for sustaining industrial settlements beyond the end of the industries that supported them. This chapter seeks to understand under what circumstances legacies of mining can contribute to the long-term sustainability of Arctic mining towns in crisis. It explores the history of two Arctic mining towns, Kiruna in Sweden and Schefferville in Canada, and how actors there dealt with the crisis, how they used legacies from the past in this process, and what the outcomes were, after both towns were hit by economic crisis in the 1970s. By using the concepts of re-use and heritagization we show that the possibilities to sustain Arctic mining towns in crisis by creating new values out of mining legacies, depends on several factors: institutions, perceptions of values, and the momentum embedded in socio-technical systems for mining. Local initiatives for sustaining Arctic mining towns in crisis are discussed. ISBN for host publication: 9781009110044

Scholia for Software is a project to add software profiling features to Scholia, which is a scholarly profiling service from the Wikimedia ecosystem and integrated with Wikipedia and Wikidata. This document is an adaptation of the funded grant proposal. We are sharing it for several reasons, including research transparency, our wish to encourage the sharing of research proposals for reuse and remixing in general, to assist others specifically in making proposals that would complement our activities, and because sharing this proposal helps us to tell the story of the project to community stakeholders. A "scholarly profiling service" is a tool which assists the user in accessing data on some aspect of scholarship, usually in relation to research. Typical features of such services include returning the biography of academic publications for any given researcher, or providing a list of publications by topic. Scholia already exists as a Wikimedia platform tool built upon Wikidata and capable of serving these functions. This project will additionally add software-related data to Wikidata, develop Scholia's own code, and address some ethical issues in diversity and representation around these activities. The end result will be that Scholia will have the ability to report what software a given researcher has described using in their publications, what software is most used among authors publishing on a given topic or in a given journal, what papers describe projects which use some given software, and what software is most often co-used in projects which use a given software.

To move away from fossil fuels, the electrochemical reaction plays a critical role in renewable energy sources and devices. The anodic oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is always coupled with these reactions in devices but suffers from large energy barriers. Thus, it is important for developing efficient OER catalysts with low overpotential. On the other hand, there are large amounts of metals in electronic waste (E-waste), especially various transition metals that are promising alternatives for catalyzing OER. Hence, this work, which focuses on upcycling Class II BaTiO3 Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors, of which two trillion were produced in 2011 alone. We achieved this by first using a green solvent extraction method that combined the ionic liquid Aliquat® 336 and hydrochloride acid to recover a mixed solution of Ni, Fe and Cu cations, and then using such a solution to synthesize high potential catalysts NiFe hydroxide and NiCu hydroxide for OER. NiFe-hydroxide has been demonstrated to have faster OER kinetics than the NiCu-hydroxide and commercial c-RuO2. In addition, it showed promising results after the chronopotentiometry tests that outperform c-RuO2. National Environmental Agency (NEA) National Research Foundation (NRF) Published version All authors acknowledge financial support from the SCARCE project, which is supported by the National Research Foundation, Singapore, and National Environment Agency, Singapore under its Closing the Waste Loop Funding Initiative (Award No. USS-IF-2018-4).

La publication de Pierre Durvin sur « Le silex de Thiverny », en 1956, ouvrit la voie à une problématique toujours d’actualité sur la question de la présence de silex taillés en contexte âge du Fer : quelle valeur accorder à ce mobilier dont on reconnaît qu’il est en partie de facture néolithique ? Doit-on le considérer comme exclusivement intrusif malgré sa présence récurrente ? Peut-on envisager la pérennité d’activité de taille et l’usage d’outils en silex dans une société où il semble acquis que le métal a remplacé la pierre taillée ?Le développement de l’archéologie préventive va fournir depuis les années 1980 un nombre toujours croissant de sites comportant un mobilier lithique taillé dont les quelques études apportent des résultats qui tendent à remettre en cause une origine purement accidentelle. Les études faites par des lithiciens restent toutefois encore trop indigentes pour pouvoir convaincre la communauté scientifique de la part réelle à accorder à ce mobilier au sein de cette période de la Protohistoire. Celles entreprises sur l’outillage macrolithique dans des matériaux lithiques différents, développées par quelques chercheurs (exemples de M.-Y. Daire, K. Donnart, C. Hamon, M. Pieters) apparaissent désormais plus convaincantes et acceptées, ayant la pertinence de mettre en évidence une problématique spécifique à cette période qui, nous allons le voir, s’applique aussi aux silex taillés.Dans le cadre de nos recherches dans le nord-ouest de la France et plus particulièrement en Normandie orientale liée à cette problématique, nous avons pu identifier quatre types d’outils qui, ayant fait l’objet d’analyses lithiques plus poussées, montrent des indices d’un rattachement à l’âge du Fer. Il s’agit de pièces à bord émoussé, de bouchardes et d’un outil inédit dans cette région, les lames de type herminettes. Nous nous sommes interrogé également sur la présence fréquente de lames de haches polies en contexte âge du Fer dont des pièces entières, ce qui ne semble pas dû au hasard. L’ensemble de la documentation, accumulée depuis plusieurs années sur ces quelques outils, permet de réaliser désormais une synthèse les concernant dont nous publions ici l’essentiel dans cette modeste publication avec l’espoir que cela permettra d’ouvrir des pistes de recherche sur d’autres outils lithiques taillés que l’on pourrait attribuer à cette période.L’objectif serait d’y trouver des indices qui permettraient d’expliquer leur présence, voire leur usage, dans ce contexte si particulier de façon plus détaillée. Pour ce faire, il conviendrait de multiplier les analyses technologiques et typologiques et notamment celles tracéologiques, comme les lithiciens le font pour le mobilier lithique des périodes antérieures. Cela permettrait, entre autres, de révéler des activités domestiques ou artisanales encore hypothétiques et peut-être propres à l’âge du Fer du nord-ouest de la France et pour lesquels l’usage du métal aurait été inopérant. The publication by Pierre Durvin on “The flints of Thiverny”, in 1956, opened the way for research on an issue that is still topical, the presence of worked flints in Iron Age features. What importance should be given to these finds, some of which were manufactured in the Neolithic? Should they be considered as residual, despite their recurrent presence? Could the manufacture and use of flint tools have continued in a society where metal tools and weapons predominated?The development of preventive archaeology has produced, since the 1980s, an ever increasing number of sites with these lithic finds, and so far studies tend to question the idea of a purely accidental origin. Yet there are still too few specialist lithic studies to convince the archaeological community of the genuine significance of this material in the Iron Age. These studies, together with work on macrolithic artefacts in other raw materials by various researchers (M.-Y. Daire, C. Hamon, M. Pieters, etc.), have at least revealed a research issue that is specific to this period which is valid also for another worked flints.Within the framework of our research in north-western France, and more particularly in eastern Normandy, we have been able to identify four types of tools which, having undergone more detailed lithic analysis, show signs of being Iron Age. These are blunt-edged pieces, bush-hammered pieces and an unusual tool in this region, the adze-type blades. We also questioned the frequent presence of polished axe blades in an Iron Age context, including whole pieces, which does not seem to be due to chance. The documentation accumulated over several years on these few tools now makes it possible to carry out an extensive overview, the essence of which we publish here in the hope that it will open up avenues of research on other knapped lithic tools that could be dated to this period. These pieces could reveal specific domestic or craft activities dating to the Iron Age in north-western France.

The fashion sector contributes significantly to global environmental pollution. Clothing manufacturing and transportation produce a large amount of greenhouse gas emissions. Recent research has shown that nowadays, the number of consumers that are more willing to pay higher prices for clothes with high sustainability content is growing. This paper provides a broad framework of current trends in the fashion, textile, and garment industry, highlighting circular and slow fashion values that companies and policymakers should address in the coming years to maintain their competitiveness in the market and promote sustainable development. The EU Strategy for Sustainable and Circular Textiles is expected to help fashion enterprises achieve more circular, sustainable, and resilient value chains. Notably, encouraging natural and recycled textiles, design for reuse and recycling, second-hand retail and repair, and product-as-a-service models, particularly for items with high turnover rates, have been highlighted as critical factors for reducing the fashion industry's environmental implications.

Rethinking urban water through the circular economy and resilience lenses offers an opportunity to transform the urban water sector and deliver water supply and sanitation services in a more sustainable, inclusive, efficient, and resilient way. Circular Economy principles have emerged as a response to the current unsustainable linear model of "take, make, consume, and waste." In a circular economy, the full value of water – as a service, an input to processes, a source of energy and a carrier of nutrients and other materials – is recognized and captured. This report presents the Water in Circular Economy and Resilience (WICER) Framework together with global case studies that show the benefits of becoming circular and resilient. It describes the key actions needed to achieve three main outcomes: 1) deliver resilient and inclusive services, 2) design out waste and pollution, and 3) preserve and regenerate natural systems. The report sets out to demystify circular economy by showing that both high-income and low-income countries can benefit from it.

Currently, there is a global trend to produce a variety of products, goods and energy using renewable organic raw materials based on the widespread application of biotechnology. That is, the bioeconomy creates bioeconomic advantages in the interaction between the economy, environment, technology and society due to the fact that it uses scientific and technological innovations that act as drivers. For PJSC Zhytomyr Butter Plant such measures are priority areas in production, organizational and technical activities. In particular, the new line “Straightline SL1100 F2 from Tetra Pak” will make it possible to reduce the production cost of 1 ton of ice cream and improve its quality. According to the enterprise’s estimates, in 2020 the sales turnover will be 51,840.0 thousand items; the unit cost will be UAH 30. As a result, the revenue will be UAH 1,554.0 thousand. Over the years, sales turnover and price will increase, so sales revenue will also increase and will amount to UAH 1,631.2 in 2021, UAH 1,675.6 in 2022, UAH 1,703.3 in 2023. The amount of profit will grow annually in the range from 6.4 % to 9.0 %. Thus, the enterprise can create bioeconomic advantages through high quality products, lower production costs, and most importantly, through the development of key competencies that create unique value for consumers.

Interest from the research and policy community in the circular economy (CE) is growing. This research describes how the potential for a circular economy in open economies can be estimated by using different assessment methods. Methods and indicators have been selected that have a relevance for one or more of the public policy objectives for circular economy: Openness Index, economic structure, Balassa Index, value chain analysis, substitution potential of Sustainable Materials Management (SMM) strategies, waste treatment scenarios based on physical and hybrid Input-Output (IO) analysis. These methods differ in scope and degrees of complexity and are used at different assessment levels. The potential for a circular economy in this paper is assessed by evaluating the contribution to the public policy objectives for CE: resource efficiency, reduction of dependency on materials, competitiveness, creation of domestic jobs, reduced Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emissions. Results obtained by these methods are shown for Belgium and, in some cases, compared to the results of other countries to illustrate the differences between economies. CE activities (in response to public policy objectives) will enhance the ongoing trend of reducing the share of primary sectors in economies. The openness of an economy is expressed as the ratio of sum of import and export and Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Imported products add to the potential of domestic closed-loop circular initiatives like re-use, repair, remanufacture, recycling, but this will require knowledge about composition and spare part availability. Exported products are no longer available for these domestic CE initiatives, reducing the domestic potential for CE and the domestic export activity is vulnerable to CE activities abroad. Especially the increasing geographical distance in trade complicates the practical and legal barriers to close the loop. In open economies, both global and domestic substitution effects due to new circular economy policy initiatives are important to consider.

Geç Antik Çağ’da Hristiyan ayinlerinin gerçekleştirildiği başlıca yapı tipi olan bazilikal planlı kiliseler, kendi içlerinde farklı çeşitlemeleri ve boyutlarıyla; yeni mekân eklemeleri, küçük değişiklikler ve tamiratlar gibi birtakım müdahalelerle, VII. yüzyıla kadar kullanılmaya devam etmiştir. Doğu Roma İmparatorluğu’nun “Karanlık Çağ”ının sona ermesiyle, bu bazilikaların da çoğu yıkıntı haline gelmiş ve terk edilmiştir. Bunu izleyen dönemlerde, bazı eski yıkıntı bazilikaların içlerine küçük boyutlu ve genelde tek nefli yeni şapeller inşa edilmiştir. Bu yeni şapeller, küçük ölçekleri ve basit litürjik kurgularıyla, düzenli gerçekleştirilen büyük ayinlere hizmet edecek kapasiteye uygun tasarlanmamış görünmekte; dolayısıyla Geç Antik Çağ bazilikalarının Orta Çağ’daki bu türlü dönüşümlerinin başka gerekçeler temelinde değerlendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu makalede “kilise içinde kilise” uygulaması, eski kilise alanının anlamı ve devamlılığı bağlamında tartışılmaktadır. Bu giriş niteliğindeki çalışmamız, bir yandan “kilise içinde kilise” uygulamasının altında yatan temel sebebin eski kutsal alanı canlı tutmakla ilgili olduğunu göstermişken; Lykia’da tanımlayabildiğimiz birtakım örneklerin hac, anı ve mezarlık kiliseleri işlevinde kullanılmalarının yanı sıra; bazı durumlarda küçük çaplı ve sadece belli başlı ayinlere hizmet eden şapeller olarak hizmet gördüklerine işaret etmiştir., Basilicas as the main church type of Early Christianity, with diversity of type and scale, continued to be used at least until the turn of the VIIth century, with additions, modifications and repairs. The end of “Dark Ages” of Byzantine Empire found most of these basilicas in ruins or abandoned. In the later stages, smaller, mostly single nave chapels were constructed within the ruins of these former basilicas. The new chapels were almost inadequate to host a regular mass, with their small size and simple layout. Therefore, other motives must be considered behind the re-use of the Late Antique basilicas in the Middle Ages. The article discusses the phenomenon of “church in church” with the concepts of continuity and meaning of the site. This preliminary study indicates that the underlying motive of building a so called “church in church” is essentially related to keeping the former sacred area alive and the Lycian examples show that some of these functioned as pilgrimage, memorial and cemetery churches as well as chapels used probably for some small-scale rites rather than regular ceremonial masses which are expected to be celebrated in a larger space

(2019). Social packaging. Design for wide sustainability. The Design Journal: Vol. 22, Running with Scissors: 13th International Conference of the European Academy of Design, Dundee, 10-12th April, 2019, edited by Louise Valentine, Joanna Bletcher and Leon Cruickshank, pp. 737-749.

Revenir sur le film Reprise d’Hervé Le Roux (1997) est l’occasion d’interroger les effets d’une mobilisation d’archives audiovisuelles dans le cinéma documentaire d’auteur au côté de figures de style propres à la fiction. Il s’agit d’une part de chercher à expliquer son succès d’audience en regardant du côté de sa capacité à mettre en mouvement la réflexion du spectateur par une dynamique d’intrigue, notamment face à une scène iconique du cinéma militant. Il s’agit d’autre part de relever les propriétés des images d’élicitation qu’il utilise pour voir si elles pourraient être reprises dans des configurations d’enquête en sciences sociales, tout particulièrement pour susciter des paroles importantes sur des réalités sociales du travail qui sont difficiles à énoncer, où l’émotion du cinéma, la force d’implication des images et la proximité entre l’intrigue policière et la quête de connaissance propre à la recherche peuvent aider à surmonter des formes d’empêchement dans la relation d’enquête par entretiens. Returning to Hervé Le Roux’s movie Reprise (1997) is an opportunity to question the effects of mobilizing audiovisual archives in author-driven documentary cinema in conjunction with stylistic figures specific to fiction. On the one hand, it is an attempt to explain its audience success by observing its ability to trigger the viewer’s reflection through the dynamics of intrigues, especially when faced with an iconic scene of activist cinema. On the other hand, it is a question of noting the properties of the elicitation images that he uses to see if they could be taken up in social science investigations, especially to elicit important words on social working realities that are difficult to state, where the emotion of cinema, the force of implication of the images and the proximity between the detective intrigue and the quest for research —— specific knowledge can help overcome forms of impediment in the investigative relationship through interviews.

The transition towards a circular economy, where the value of products, materials and resources is maintained for as long as possible, is an essential contribution to the European Union's efforts to develop a sustainable economy. Re-use of packaging items plays a key role in the achievement of this goal. The aim of this study is to assess the environmental impacts associated to the life cycle of Intermediate Bulk Containers (IBCs) as the number of uses (the so-called “rotations”) changes, by using the life cycle assessment (LCA) methodology. The results of the contribution analysis show that the impacts of the life cycle of IBCs mainly come from the IBCs manufacturing, whereas the reconditioning process accounts for less than 20% of the overall impacts. Moreover, the system where IBCs are reconditioned and re-used has better environmental performance than the system where IBCs are used only once and then sent to recycling/disposal. The advantages of such a system increase with the number of rotations.

The large number of conservation and restoration works recently completed in Qatar show that there exists a need to enhance appreciation of the local architectural and building traditions, as a way of bringing to light the historical memory of these local places, using local techniques and materials to conserve existing buildings and to typologically integrate them. This paper offers an update on the status of some recent conservation projects in Qatar, analysing and comparing a number of completed restorations of historic buildings on the basis of the categories into which they can be organised; the extent to which they had deteriorated before restoration; the methods that were adopted; the construction materials and techniques used; the philosophical approach taken to restoration; and the various proposals for reusing the restored buildings. Comparison and analysis of the data make it possible to classify these methods and techniques in ways that could be applied to other conservation projects in future. The aim is to define a philosophy and methodologies that are consistent, and will be able to give expression to the specific local culture in matters of conservation, while respecting shared international rules. ? 2017, ? The International Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works 2017. Scopus

Railway transportation developed rapidly within the borders of Europe and the Ottoman Empire with the Industrial Revolution, and it has affected the urban fabric and architecture of the settlements through which the train way pass. Georgala or Yorgola Inn, which is the main subject of this research, was built with a mosque and a barracks in Ayvalık on the possibility of constructing the 'Bandırma, Balıkesir, Soma, Kasaba (Turgutlu) Railway' line that was granted in 1873. Therefore it is possible to conclude that Georgala Inn, which is designed in a neoclassical style and a two-storey masonry structure with an inner courtyard surrounded by porticos, was probably built in the 1870s or just after. After the inn was used for a short period in its original accommodation function, it remained dysfunctional during the Great War era, and then it was adapted for different functions during the Republic Period. At the present, the building has been abandoned and partially lost its authenticity value, and it is planned to be reused through a proper conversion by the Municipality of Ayvalık. The purpose of the present study is to explain the steps of the preservation process of this special building, which started by preparing the Conservation Project. Within the scope of the study, the original architectural features of Georgala Inn and the changes it went through in the historica process were examined, the analytical survey was made, restitution proposals were prepared according to the documents obtained from the archive research, and the restoration project was proposed, including the appropriate new function determined for the building, along with intervention decisions. By this study; the authenticity values and conservation problems of Georgala Inn, which is not well known in the literature up to date, have been identified, and intervention methods have been proposed to preserve it with a new function. Georgala Inn was a complex example to deal with the history, layers, interventions, and additions, but it provides a very instructive process and experience to understand how to study 'inside' and during the research practice 'outside' of a cultural asset. The first part of the article gives information about the architectural and urban characteristics of the Ayvalık district. In the second part, the historical background, location, spatial organization, construction technique, and materials of the building are examined throughly. The Inn is shaped around a central inner courtyard surrounded by porticos and covered with a glass skylight supported by metal construction elements, which is thought to had been built in later periods as an addition. The street façade of the four-open-faced building is stone-coated in Neoclassical style and is one of the most characteristic façades in Ayvalık. The restitution or historical analysis process is the main theme of the third part of the present study. There was a lack of archival documents about the building to enable an understanding of the first construction period Given the circumstances, the study brings the importance of physical traces which can be found on the building itself into the light, as a complimentary way of conducting retrospective research on specific architecture when the archive records are insufficient. As a result of examination with the findings of analytic survey and restitution projects, the original condition, previous layers, and current additions have been successfully identified. Besides, the observation tower which does not exist today has been identified through the old photographs and has been included in the first construction period restitution study. The fourth section of the study revolves around how some of the Georgala Inn's initial features were lost over time, due to the building's positioning as an internal factor, and traffic density, long term natural causes, improper uses and repairs, abandonment as external causes After evaluating the analytical survey and restitution, it is proposed to reuse the building as a 'Cultural Centre' in the restoration approach which is presented in the fifth part. During the adaptation to the new proposed function, the main approach is to preserve the original layout and spaces, thus improper addition walls will be removed and the new required spaces will be designed with divider walls made of easily demountable materials. The concept of preserving the building with the pre-existing additions has been adopted due to the reasons listed below; - The lack of historic records that based on first construction period of the building; - People of Ayvalık remembering the structure as a 'hospital', as it was previously used as a medical institution; - The thought that removing the additions can cause damage to the building. In line with the restoration approaches introduced as the principal framework, the restoration practise of this important building which bears the importance of being a 'historical document', has 'antiquity', 'authenticity' and 'artistic' as well as 'uniqueness', 'group', 'memory' and 'use' values, should be carried out meticulously by conservation experts.

An internal workshop of the Helmholtz Association on research data management and information infrastructures in 2012 provided a starting point for a series of web seminars on research data projects, open science, and re-use of research data and research software. The Helmholtz Open Science Webinars (https://os.helmholtz.de/bewusstsein-schaerfen/workshops/webinare/) are directed at scientists, data practitioners, and research software engineers who use the webinars to participate in expert talks via the internet and discuss questions in a live chat. The webinars proved a valuable tool for networking between scientists and staff from Helmholtz Centres and beyond and for sharing best practices when working with research data and research software. To date, around 50 Helmholtz Open Science Webinars have been organised by the Helmholtz Open Science Coordination Office on topics like, for instance, research data publishing, open science tools, and software citation. The webinar series will be continued.

Le domaine de La Brède (Gironde) est entré dans la famille Secondat de Montesquieu en 1686. Classé au titre des monuments historiques depuis 1951, il est aujourd’hui la propriété de la fondation Jacqueline de Chabannes. Celle-ci mène actuellement la restauration intérieure du château ainsi que d’une partie de son mobilier dont fait partie le lit de Charles-Louis de Secondat, baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, dit « Montesquieu » (1689-1755), célèbre philosophe des Lumières. La DRAC Nouvelle-Aquitaine assiste le maître d’ouvrage dans cette opération. Le lit dit « du Président » présente un ensemble rare et exceptionnel de tissus des xviie et xviiie siècles qui se caractérise par son montage complexe, fait de remplois et de rapiéçages variés au cours des siècles (on a pu distinguer treize damas différents et une brocatelle). Ces réparations successives s’expliquent d’une part par les pratiques domestiques de l’époque moderne et d’autre part, par la volonté des descendants du philosophe de conserver la mémoire matérielle et symbolique du grand homme. L’état sanitaire et visuel médiocre du décor du lit ainsi que son montage composite interrogent sur la restauration à mener afin d’assurer la conservation dans le temps de l’objet, d’améliorer sa lecture et de préserver sa valeur symbolique et mémorielle. The La Brède estate in the Gironde department passed into the hands of the family of Secondat de Montesquieu in 1686. Given statutory protection as a historical monument in 1951, it is owned today by the Jacqueline de Chabannes Foundation. The restoration of the interiors of the chateau was begun in 2016 and comprises a part of the chateau’s furniture, including the bed of Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de Montesquieu, better known as ‘Montesquieu’ (1689-1755), the famous Enlightenment philosopher. The regional services of the ministry of culture in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine region are helping the Foundation in this work. The Montesquieu bed, known as the ‘President’s bed’, presents some exceptional and rare fabrics of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, characterized by the complexity of the way they have been sewn together and patched up over the years. They comprise thirteen different types of damask and a piece of brocatelle. The successive repairs are to be explained by the economical housekeeping customs of the time but also by the wishes of the philosopher’s descendants to preserve his material and symbolic memory. The poor state of the bed’s fabrics and their composite montage raises tricky questions for the best type of restoration to be carried out, ensuring the bed’s lasting preservation, improving its appearance and perpetuating its symbolic and memorial values.

The life of products and the life of human beings are related to each other at a deeper level than it's assumed in general. Products, that make us happy, let us (re)think and ease our daily-life, actually have their own life. During the stages of design to production, usage to recycle, all their collected experiences re-shape them. In addition to sustainable sensitivity to keep products and their components in circulation, the product’s emotional life could also be extended by giving it a chance of rebirth for the spiritual continuation. This paper argues the possible ways of extending emotional life of products non-used during after- use for re- use.Rather than applying the re-use practices like recycle , vintage ,retro , second-hand , the reincarnation of the product’s soul in another body of design is proposed for new emotional experiences. The project based research has been conducted in Department of Fashion Design in Izmir University of Economics in 2003 based on a project titled as ‘ reincarnation’ designed and produced by one of the authors of this paper.

While the recycling, re-use and maintenance of tools and objects have been the subject of thorough investigation regarding prehistoric lithic or bone products, and metals for the most recent periods, pottery has still rarely been considered from this standpoint, especially for the protohistoric periods (Bronze and Iron Ages). Sensitive to mechanical and thermal shocks, ceramics are a material of choice to address questions related to technical systems but also the functioning and socio-economic patterns or symbolic representations of these societies. Centred on protohistoric Corsica, essentially on contexts in the south of the island, this article considers re-use and maintenance techniques for ceramic materials, their frequency, their distribution and the astonishing diversity of recycling processes (floor paving, elements for hearths, cutting supports, re-use as different utensils such as spoons for instance, etc.). In order to assess the modalities of re-use and recycling of pots, we combined observations on different scales regarding ceramic vessels in order to highlight mending clues (old cracks or breaks that had been filled in or sealed, repair perforations, etc.), use-wear analysis and the chemical analysis of adhesive materials still preserved on some sherds. Recycling was investigated through the study of ceramic fragments involved in the construction of several structures such as floors, hearths, etc. This investigation is based on the study of a wide ceramic corpus of over 100,000 sherds (from nearly 40,000 vessels) from 91 Corsican protohistoric sites, but comparisons are also made with Nuraghic Sardinia. The results obtained show that Corsican Bronze and Iron Age potters developed a large variety of solutions and techniques to meet their daily needs by extending the lifespan of pottery vessels and sherds resulting from breakage. Two models of repairs were highlighted : stitching and gluing. The former is part of a ubiquitous technical tradition with adaptations over time related to the tools used to drill the holes, since iron is more efficient for this task than bronze. The use of birch-bark tar as an adhesive for different damaged parts of a pot is more surprising for the chrono-cultural context considered here (Late Bronze Age and essentially Early Iron Age in Southern Corsica). This is indeed the most southern evidence of this substance. This adhesive, known elsewhere on the continent since the Middle Palaeolithic onwards, was widely used during the Neolithic in Europe, but there was previously no evidence of its use during the protohistoric periods south of the Loire River. Furthermore, the identification of beeswax and pine resin, together with birch-bark tar in a few samples, provides evidence regarding the exploitation of a wide variety of natural substances. Interestingly, the materials involved in the maintenance of ceramic vessels provide evidence for various acquisition networks. Some of them were easily found in the local environment of the sites, such as lead in Sardinia, while others required external input. This is the case for the birch-bark tar that has been chemically identified on the site of Cuciurpula, that necessarily comes from the inland mountainous part of the island, where it is still present. By comparing repair methods with the general characteristics of the pottery (shape, size, domestic versus luxury vessels, use of local or exogenous clay, etc.), it appears that ceramic vessels were not all submitted to the same treatment when they broke : fine, polished and bright ceramics made with exogenous clay (Corsican but probably produced in specialized workshops) were never repaired, probably because they would have lost their aesthetic value by such an operation. On the other hand, more common vessels, especially large locally made containers, were regularly repaired when broken. This provides evidence for a distinction of status between different classes of ceramic vessels. These differences are also perceptible through the reintroduction of sherds from broken vessels within other functional systems in recycling operations. The diversity of recycling methods gives evidence of rational management of the ceramic material and waste to meet specific needs. This also reveals choices that do not result from material constraints. Thus, the detailed study of repair procedures, re-use and recycling of ceramics is of prime importance to fully understand the economy of ceramics and to gain full knowledge of their lifespan. The descriptions proposed here show that the knowhow developed by the islanders was varied and sometimes independent of local resources. They also illustrate mechanisms of discrimination which offer a social dimension, general or particular, to the phenomena of gluing and re-use., Si les procédés de réparation, réutilisation et recyclage ont fait l’objet de recherches spécifiques en ce qui concerne les productions lithiques ou osseuses préhistoriques, et les métaux pour les périodes plus récentes, les poteries n’ont encore que rarement été considérées de ce point de vue, en particulier pour les époques protohistoriques. Sensibles aux chocs mécaniques et thermiques, et donc renouvelés fréquemment, les ensembles céramiques représentent un matériau de choix pour appréhender ces questions porteuses d’informations sur les systèmes techniques mais aussi sur le fonctionnement et les conceptions socio-économiques, voire symboliques, des sociétés considérées. Centré sur la Corse protohistorique, cet article fait le point sur les techniques de réparation et de remploi et les modalités de recyclage, leur fréquence et leur distribution. Pour ce faire, nous avons combiné les observations à différentes échelles sur les récipients en céramique afin de tracer des indices de réparation (anciennes fissures ou fractures colmatées, trous de part et d’autre d’une fissure, etc.) ou de remploi (traces d’usure) et l’analyse chimique des matières adhésives conservées sur certains tessons afin d’en déterminer la nature. La question du recyclage a, quant à elle, été surtout abordée par l’étude des fragments de céramiques intégrés dans des structures, qu’il s’agisse de sols de circulation, de radiers de fours, de foyers ou de comblements. Les résultats présentés dans cet article résultent de l’étude d’un important corpus de vestiges céramiques : plus de 100 000 tessons issus de près de 40 000 vases (estimation NMI). Deux procédés principaux de réparation ont été mis en évidence : la méthode traditionnelle de la suture et le collage. Pour ce dernier, c’est du brai de bouleau qui est majoritairement utilisé. Au-delà de l’importance de ce matériau pour prolonger la vie des céramiques, la découverte de brai de bouleau est une donnée nouvelle dans ce contexte chronoculturel. Il s’agit en effet du témoignage le plus méridional de son emploi, montrant la perduration d’une substance qui a été fabriquée sur le continent dès le Paléolithique moyen, qui a été largement utilisée au Néolithique, mais dont l’exploitation n’était pas documentée jusqu’à présent pendant la Protohistoire au sud de la Loire. Par ailleurs, l’identification, dans certains échantillons, de cire d’abeille et de résine de pin, conjointement au brai de bouleau, témoigne de l’exploitation d’une large gamme de ressources naturelles. Les modalités de recyclage, fortement diversifiées (pavage de sols, éléments de foyers, supports de découpe, éléments d’objets et ustensiles variés, etc.), témoignent d’une gestion raisonnée du matériau céramique répondant à des besoins spécifiques mais révélant également de choix dépassant les seules contraintes matérielles et mécaniques. Au-delà de ces données sur les systèmes de réparation des poteries et de recyclage des tessons, ce sont les mécanismes d’acquisition des matières premières impliquées dans les réparations ainsi que les choix techniques et socioéconomiques réalisés et l’évolution des pratiques qui sont discutés et intégrés au sein d’une réflexion plus globale sur les sociétés protohistoriques de Corse. Les descriptions proposées ici montrent que les savoir-faire développés par les insulaires sont variés et parfois indépendants des disponibilités du milieu. Elles illustrent également des mécanismes de discrimination permettant d’offrir une dimension sociale, générale ou particulière, aux phénomènes de suture ou recollage et de remploi., Pêche-Quilichini Kewin, Rageot Maxime, Regert Martine. Systèmes de réparation, de réutilisation et de recyclage des vaisselles céramiques protohistoriques de Corse. In: Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française, tome 114, n°1, 2017. pp. 137-166.

Sharing research data is an increasingly necessary requirement for the advancement of science. The goal of this paper is twofold. First, to analyze the policies on openness in sharing scientific research data in a sample of pediatric journals and to determine whether there is any correlation with a journal’s impact factor; second, to determine if there have been changes in the opening policies from 2013 to 2016. Journals included in the Pediatrics area of the Journal Citation Reports were used for the analysis, with reference to the instructions to authors published on the journals’ websites. These instructions were revised in 2012 and in 2016. The majority of pediatric journals advise authors to deposit their data but do not provide specific instructions on how to do so. No correlation was found between the value of the impact factor of the journals and their open data policies. Deposit policies vary among publishing entities, with predominantly PubMed Central and repositories of clinical trials among those suggested for data deposit. Most pediatric journals recommend that authors deposit their data in a repository, but they do not provide clear instructions for doing so. No correlation was found between the value of a journal’s impact factor and the availability of open data. Policies regarding deposit in specific repositories vary among publishing entities, with PubMed Central and various clinical trial repositories being those primarily suggested for deposit., This work benefited from assistance by the National R + D+I of the Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness of the Spanish Government (Projects: CSO2012-39632-C02-01 and CSO2015-65594-C2-2-R) and the 2015-Networks of Excellence Call (Project CSO2015-71867-REDT).

De Théophraste aux Pères de l’Église, en passant par les Lapidaires grecs ou Pline l’Ancien, un important discours scientifique et littéraire a servi à composer une vision polychrome de l’architecture antique qui s’est concrétisée dans les romans médiévaux et a culminé, au xve s., dans Le Songe de Poliphile. Cette vision a engendré, au Moyen Âge puis à la Renaissance, des œuvres somptueuses dans lesquelles les marbres grecs – en particulier le porphyre vert de Lacédémone « plus riant qu’aucun autre » – tiennent une place de choix, aussi esthétique que symbolique. Esthétique par leur mariage avec d’autres variétés colorées, symbolique par la puissance dont elles furent investies : la puissance mémorielle de leurs bigarrures qui faisaient ressurgir de manière particulièrement voyante et suggestive les mystères, les rêves et les charmes d’un âge d’or. Ainsi le réemploi de roches grecques, qui furent des matériaux romains, a-t-il pu exprimer la quête de l’Antiquité et, au-delà encore, un sempiternel désir d’hellénisme. From Theophrastus to the Fathers of the Church, passing through the Greek Lapidaries or Pliny the Elder, an important literary and scientific discourse has served to compose a vision of polychromatic marble in ancient antique architecture, that was given concrete expression through medieval novels, and crystallized during the 15th century with Le Songe de Poliphile (Poliphilo’s Strife of Love in a Dream). This vision, from Medieval Times up until the Renaissance, generated luxurious masterpieces in which Greek marble, and in particular, green porphyry from Lacedemonia “plus riant qu’aucun autre” (more pleasant than any other), held a place of esthetical and symbolical choice. An Esthetical choice by its marriage with other colored varieties, and a Symbolic choice by the power that was invested in it: the renowned supremacy of its mottled appearance that re-emerged in a particularly gaudy and suggestive manner unveiling the mysteries, dreams and charms of a golden age. In this manner, the re-use of Greek rock, that was a roman material, could have expressed the quest for Antiquity, and above all, a never-ceasing desire for Hellenism. Από τον Θεόφραστο έως τους Πατέρες της εκκλησίας, περνώντας από τα ελληνικά κείμενα Περί λίθων και τον Πλίνιο τον πρεσβύτερο, ένας σημαντικός επιστημονικός και φιλολογικός λόγος βοήθησε στη σύνθεση μιας πολύχρωμης αντίληψης της αρχαίας αρχιτεκτονικής, η οποία συγκεκριμενοποιήθηκε στα μεσαιωνικά διηγήματα και έφτασε στο αποκορύφωμά της το 15° αι. στην Υπνερωτομαχία του Πολύφιλου. Η άποψη αυτή συνέβαλε, πρώτα στο Μεσαίωνα και έπειτα στην Αναγέννηση, στην παραγωγή υπέροχων έργων, στα οποία τα ελληνικά μάρμαρα και ιδιαιτέρως ο πράσινος πορφυρίτης της Λακεδαίμονος, « πιο ευχάριστος από οποιονδήποτε άλλον », κατέχουν ξεχωριστή θέση, τόσο αισθητικά, όσο και ως προς το συμβολισμό τους. Αισθητικά λόγω του συνδυασμού τους με άλλα χρωματιστά μάρμαρα και συμβολικά από τη δύναμη με την οποίαν περιεβλήθησαν: την ισχύ δηλαδή της ποικιλοχρωμίας τους, μέσα από την οποία αναδύονταν με πολύ φανταχτερό και διεγερτικό τρόπο τα μυστήρια, τα όνειρα και τα θέλγητρα μιας χρυσής εποχής. Έτσι, η επαναχρησιμοποίηση των ελληνικών λίθων, που ήταν ρωμαϊκά υλικά, μπόρεσε να εκφράσει την αναζήτηση της αρχαιότητας και, ακόμα παραπέρα, μια ακατάπαυστη επιθυμία για τον ελληνισμό.

This paper presents the development of a modelling and simulation approach oriented to the prediction of possible re-use phenomena in the field of existing buildings and built heritage. Its scope is to support the complex balancing of conservation and functional requirements. The approach is based on an Agent-Based Modeling approach that includes entities belonging to the three macro areas - building, use process and users - considered.

Public sector information (PSI) is a very valuable resource that, back in 2003, the EU parliament and council decided to appraise by incentivizing its re-use via a dedicated Directive. In 2013, the directive was revised to further promote the development of a single European market for information goods and services. On the bases of the European and national case law, this article investigates the main competitive issues that this EU law about PSI triggers.

Mining and metallurgical processes produce significant amounts of waste. In South Africa, mining and metallurgical wastes constitute one of the biggest challenges to the environment. If not managed properly, these types of wastes can result in irreversible damage to the environment and constitute a hazard to humans. Despite the environmental challenges associated with mining and metallurgical wastes, the mining and metal extraction industries can be integrated to form a circular economy model that promotes zero waste through the recycling and re-use of these waste materials. In other words, the different waste streams can in fact be considered as secondary sources of valuable minerals and metals. In this paper we review some of the research and emerging trends in the recycling and re-use of mining and metallurgical wastes. A brief overview is provided of how some of the key aspects of sustainability can be integrated into the teaching and research space in engineering sciences.

In an article titled Sincerità (Ariel, 1898) Pirandello criticizes the artistic simulation, particularly the theft of other authors’ motifs and ideas. On the same topic Pirandello’s friend Ugo Fleres writes a novel, L’Anello (1898): the mediocre Ottavio Gandolfi attributes himself the authorship of a died composer’s genial opera, but he can’t repeat its success and gets mad, nullifying himself in the musician’s ghost. The simulation assumes therefore a hermeneutical function, revealing to the protagonist his limits; at the same time the attemps made by Ottavio for avoiding the fiction determine new creative ways, based on the re-use of the existing; so the motif of the counterfeit takes in the novel a very important meaning, anticipating the contemporary artistic forms. The novel mirrors the crisis of the arts in the Twentieth Century commercialized society, and the efforts to find new expressive modalities. After a few years Luigi Capuana, in the short story Il sogno di un musicista (1901), redefines the above mentioned motif telling the story of a composer obsessed by an otherworldly music, unduly ‘stolen’ for playing it in the surface world; the plot, parodized by Livia De Stefani in the Sixties with the brief tale Un antenato di qualità (1963) , shows the marginalization of the ‘sublime’ art in modern times, since the loss of the ‘aura’ of any cultural product has become apparent.

The Palace of Baron Empain in Cairo is a unique architectural masterpiece of its kind. Edward Empain, a rich Belgian, built it in 1911 influenced by the architecture of the famous Cambodian temple of Angkor Wat. The palace is composed of three floors (basement, ground and first) and a roof, it is surrounded by a garden from all sides. It suffered from neglect for decades, and recently appeared initiatives for its restoration and re-use. This paper aims to provide a proposal for the re- use of the palace. For this purpose, the palace was visually inspected and the signs of damage were documentated and explained. A re-use proposal was developed in which the ground floor is re-used as a small museum after being furnished on the historical style. The first floor is re-used as a museum and/or a motel. The roof is re-used in holding cultural seminars, and as a place for distinctive imaging types. The palace garden is to be re-used similar to its historical usage as an open space for celebrations and parties. The basement is re-used as a service floor for the visitors. To support this re-use proposal, a 3D numerical model of the palace was created and the new expected loads were applied on it. It was found that the palace’s walls and foundations can sustain the new loads. The slabs were found to be unable to sustain the new loads at certain places and further investigation and analysis is needed to judge its actual capacity.

Public transcriptomic assets in the nuclear receptor (NR) signaling field hold considerable collective potential for exposing underappreciated aspects of NR regulation of gene expression. This potential is undermined however by a series of enduring informatic pain points that retard the routine re-use of these datasets. Here we describe a coordinated biocuration and web development approach to redress this situation that is closely aligned with ideals articulated in the FAIR (findable, accessible, interoperable, re-usable) principles on data stewardship. To improve findability, biocurators engage authors of studies in collaborating journals to secure datasets for deposition in public archives. Annotated derivatives of the archived datasets are assigned digital object identifiers and regulatory molecule identifiers that support persistent linkages between datasets and their associated research articles, integration in relevant records in gene and small molecule knowledgebases, and indexing by dataset search engines. To enhance their accessibility and interoperability, datasets are visualizable in responsively designed web pages, retrievable in machine-readable spreadsheets, or through an application programming interface. Re-use of the datasets is supported by their interrogation as a universe of data points through the Transcriptomine search engine, highlighting transcriptional intersections between NR signaling pathways, physiological processes and disease states. We illustrate the value of our approach in connecting disparate research communities using a use case of persistent interoperability between the Nuclear Receptor Signaling Atlas and the Pharmacogenomics Knowledgebase. Our FAIR-aligned model demonstrates the enduring value of discovery-scale datasets that accrues from their systematic compilation, biocuration and distribution across the digital biomedical research enterprise.

En el aula, como sucede en nuestro estudio, cada proyecto hace aparecer y desarrollar unos intereses que los ayudan a avanzar y que van más allá que la solución específica, más allá de las circunstancias concretas, de la urgencia del encargo. Esto permite desarrollar unos temas a larga distancia, donde cada proyecto fija una reflexión que tendrá un eco en el próximo. En el aula hemos querido trasladar esas reflexiones, aproximarlas a los estudiantes con un ejercicio donde poder compartir y contrastar otras maneras posibles de interpretarlas y actuar. In the classroom, as in our study, each project makes appear and develop interests that help it move forward and go beyond the specific solution, beyond the specific circumstances, of the urgency of the assignment. This allows developing long-distance topics, where each project sets a reflection that will have an echo in the next. In the classroom we wanted to transfer these reflections and bring them closer to the students with an exercise where they can share and contrast other possible ways of interpreting and acting.The re-use of buildings, their adaptation to host new programs is one of the issues that concern and fascinate us at the same time, and we have brought it to the ETSAB classrooms and other schools where we have been teaching during these last years. We thought it was a good time to show it in this gigantic showcase that is the Venice Architecture Biennale, where each participant, in addition to responding to the Biennale commissioners manifesto, has their own reflection topics to share in an international debate field.

Die im Beitrag vorgestellten Beispiele belegen eine intensive Verwendung römischer Spolien zur Zeit der frühosmanischen Herrschaft über Tripolis. Während dieser Epoche kam es aus den unterschiedlichsten Gründen zu einer Weiterentwicklung des Stadtbildes. Der Beitrag befasst sich weniger mit der Verwendung von Spolien als Baumaterial in den wichtigsten islamischen Bauten (Moscheen) als vielmehr mit dem Einsatz von Spolien zum Zweck der Bewahrung und dauerhaften Sichtbarmachung der auf die römische Zeit zurückgehenden Stadtstrukturen. Ein besonders aufschlussreiches Beispiel ist das Tetrapylon des Marc Aurel im römischen Tripolis (Oea) und dessen architektonisches/städtebauliches „Zitat“ in Gestalt der Kreuzung von Arbaʾ Arsat, die im arabischen und osmanischen Tarabulus als die „Vier Säulen“ bezeichnet wurde – offensichtlich ein formales und funktionales Abbild des römischen Vorbildes. Auch wenn die Anlage auf die Zeit vor der türkischen Herrschaft zurückgeht, gewann sie in frühosmanischer Zeit deutlich an Symbolkraft. The examples studied testify an ample and significant use of Roman spolia during the first Ottoman domination of Tripoli. In this period a variety of causes led to the improvement of the urban image of the city. The study focuses less on the re-use of spolia as construction material inside the main Muslim buildings (mosques) and more on the re-use of spolia for the specific urban purpose of preserving and immortalizing the Roman urban matrix. Particularly significant is the case of the Tetrapylon of Marcus Aurelius of the Roman Tripoli (Oea), and its ‘quotation’: the cross-roads of Arbaʾ Arsat, known as the Four Columns of the Arab and then Ottoman Tarabulus. The second is an evident reproduction of the form and urban function of a Roman model. Its genesis may have preceded Turkish rule, but its symbolic value was certainly consolidated during the first Ottoman domination.

This research is part of the present debate on the regeneration of public space through the reutilization of abandoned industrial buildings or buildings falling into disuse, which new condition has led to the creation of fractures in the territory and, in the worst case, to a situation of decay. In this context, power plants are significant. In order for the power stations to provide energy in a reliable and safe way, they must be technically, environmentally and economically efficient. However, over time, some of these power plants have become obsolete or inadequate. The objective is to demonstrate how the industrial heritage of these power plants can have an extraordinarily high potential value. Through the methodological research that has been undertaken we are aiming at analyzing the potential of the industrial heritage, which is intrinsic in each "architectural object", and also in the potential for its urban surroundings, landscape and soil renewal, plus its social, territory and symbolic aspects. Finally, these strategies will eventually be applied to the case-study of the Port of Genoa and its coal-fired power plant that will soon be dismantled in 2020. This power plant is an example of a building conceived in an extra-urban reality that, with the progressive extension of the well-established city nucleus, is now found within a suburban context, or better said, sub-port context, an urban fabric where it has not been planned, neither in a functional level, nor in a social and physical connection level. La investigación se inserta en un debate muy actual sobre la regeneración del espacio público a través del reúso de edificios industriales abandonados o en proceso de cese de la actividad productiva, cuya condición produce fracturas en el territorio y, en el peor de los casos, situaciones de extrema degradación. El caso de las centrales eléctricas en este contexto es muy significativo. Para que puedan garantizar una base de suministro de energía continuo y seguro deben ser eficientes en términos técnicos además de económicos y ambientales. Sin embargo, con el paso del tiempo, algunas de ellas se han convertido en obsoletas e inadecuadas. El objetivo es el de demonstrar cómo el patrimonio industrial de las centrales eléctricas puede tener un extraordinario potencial para ser valorizado. En esta búsqueda metodológica se quieren analizar los potenciales del patrimonio industrial, intrínseco a cada “objeto arquitectónico”, pero también el de sus entornos urbanístico, paisajísticos y de recalificaciones del suelo, así como los aspectos sociales, territoriales y simbólicos. Finalmente se intentará aplicar estas metodologías al caso de estudio del Puerto de Génova y de su central eléctrica a carbón que se cesará y devolverá al ciudad en el 2020. La central es un ejemplo de edificio nacido en una realidad extra-urbana que, con el progresivo aumento de la ciudad consolidada, se encuentra ahora incorporado en un contexto periurbano o mejor dicho peri-portuario, un tejido urbanizado para el cual no había sido pensado ni a nivel funcional, ni a nivel de conexiones sociales y físicas.

Die antike Landschaft Algeriens – Überreste von Städten, Festungen, Villen – war einer radikalen Veränderung durch die französische Armee ausgesetzt, als diese 1830 in das Land einfiel und eine große Anzahl von Truppen, Hilfskräften und später Kolonisten mit sich brachte und zu versorgen hatte. Für die nun nötigen Bautätigkeiten wurden Materialien aus Römischen Ruinen neu genutzt. Das französische Offizierskorps und ebenso die Beamten hatten oft eine klassische Ausbildung genossen, weshalb ihre Berichte über Entdeckungen und Zerstörungen der Altertümer sehr umfangreich ausfallen. Dennoch erforderten die Bedürfnisse der Kriegstechnik und der kolonialen Siedlungstätigkeit – Straßen, Schienen, Krankenhäuser, Kasernen – die Zerstörung eines großen Teils des römischen Algeriens. Ohne den Guerilla-Krieg, welcher das Land über Dekaden verwüstete und eine anhaltende Nutzung von Festungen erforderte, wären vermutliche viele Überreste der Römer unversehrt geblieben. The antique landscape of Algeria – remains of towns, fortresses, villas – was radically altered by the French army, which invaded in 1830, and sought through its building activities to cater for a large number of troops and auxiliary services, and then colonists, recycling materials from Roman ruins for many of their buildings. The French officer-corps was often educated in the classics, as was the bureaucracy, so accounts of discoveries and destruction are often comprehensive. Alas, the requirements of technology, war and colonial settlement – roads, railways, hospitals, barracks – ensured the destruction of much of Roman Algeria. Without the guerilla war which plagued the country for decades, and the continuing need for forts, many of the remains would probably have remained intact.

The main goal of this study is to design new and innovative packaging for agricultural products with the use of eco-friendly raw materials, processes and practises. The products considered in this study were local Greek produce like olive oil, tsipouro, raki, fruits and vegetables. These products are currently packaged in a very conventional way and it is generally recognised that the current packaging solutions do not reflect the quality of the produce or the ecological trends worldwide. The whole study was based on the use of Computer Aided Design programs and other digital technology. Glass and wood was used for the packaging of the fluid produce (olive oil, tsipouro and raki) and the raw material for the packaging solutions for the fruits and vegetables (crates) was olive tree pruning and wood wastes with the use of ecological glues. Other ecological aspects that were considered and utilised in the current proposal/study were 1. the re-use of the packaging. 2. the use of less raw material than current practises, 3. Ease of assembly and disassembly (separation) of materials.

This study was part of the VUNA project aimed to develop an affordable sanitation system that produces a valuable fertiliser, reduces pollution of water resources and promotes health. Urine diversion dry toilets (UDDTs) simplify the on-site hygienisation of faeces and allow for nutrient recovery from urine. Social acceptance is vital for the implementation of the UDDT, because sanitation is only effective if the system not only provides a well-designed toilet and effective waste management, but also offers users a facility that caters to their needs and is sensitive to their cultural lifestyle. This study used qualitative and quantitative methods to investigate acceptance, use and maintenance of UDDTs. Key findings indicate lower levels of acceptance of UDDTs among the elderly, who are accustomed to traditional pit toilets. The users aspire to own a flush toilet, perceived to be indicative of household wealth. A dominant concern was emptying the pit and the quality of the building material. Community interventions are required that will promote acceptance, understanding and encourage proper use and maintenance of the UDDT, and may need some technology modification. There is an urgent need for increased community participation to address users’ perceptions, attitudes and behaviour concerning the UDDT.

From the article: "ABSTRACT: The research group Supply Chain Redesign in the Built Environment of HU University of Applied Sciences is working on research that combines principles of the circular economy with open source architectural design & urban planning. The aim is finding new ways to re-use demolition waste and recycled materials in small scale urban area developments. And to “democratize” traditional processes in the built environment. Different recent studies have shown the potential benefits, such as a reduction of emissions. In “Hof van Cartesius”, a practical case-study in Utrecht, the ambitions and implications of this approach are being questioned, investigated and tested."

From the article: "ABSTRACT: The research group Supply Chain Redesign in the Built Environment of HU University of Applied Sciences is working on research that combines principles of the circular economy with open source architectural design & urban planning. The aim is finding new ways to re-use demolition waste and recycled materials in small scale urban area developments. And to “democratize” traditional processes in the built environment. Different recent studies have shown the potential benefits, such as a reduction of emissions. In “Hof van Cartesius”, a practical case-study in Utrecht, the ambitions and implications of this approach are being questioned, investigated and tested."

In recent years, a wide range of organizations in developed countries have embarked on efforts to address the economic, environmental and social impacts of “food waste.” Based on more than 120 interviews and complementary observations in the United States and France, this paper examines how recent mobilizations impact the way surplus food is actually managed with respect to sustainable production and consumption. This analysis of multiple stakeholders' interests and motives complements a growing literature on food waste prevention and management focused on technical evaluations of “solutions.” Recent frameworks on food surplus and waste establish one hierarchy of preferable categories of solutions: first, prevention (reducing surplus at the source), then recovery (reusing for human consumption) and finally recycling (feeding animals, creating energy or compost). Fieldwork results show that actors with different interests in food commodity chains actually develop competing solutions, both within and between three hierarchies based on environmental, social and economic goals. In the long term, the solutions they promote may therefore not achieve “win-win-win” benefits for all actors and at all scales. Drawing on a distinction between “weak” and “strong” sustainability, this paper argues that “strong” prevention based on holistic changes in the food system is the most sustainable solution to food surplus and waste. It suggests that academics focus on strong food surplus prevention, but also that advocates encourage government and corporate actors to differentiate between weak and strong actions to diffuse strong sustainability across organizations and countries.

The aim of this work is to evaluate the conjugation of advanced processing techniques, such as spray forming, extrusion and ECAP as a processing route for reuse of machining chips generated during aircrafts manufacturing parts from AA7050-T7451 raw material plates supplied according to AMS 4050H¹. In this way, the sprayforming process was used for remelting, and billet production, followed by extrusion and ECAP. At the end of the process, an artificial aging according to AMS 2772E ² was conducted. An assessment of chemical composition, microstructure, and mechanical properties evolution throughout the process were performed. The results have showed that this proposed route may be used as a potential technological route for secondary aluminum source. For extrusion route for overaged condition, 144 MPa yield strength and 14% of elongation was attained. Beside this, at this stage of work, was verified that the hot extrusion process is more effective for reduction of porosity and microstructure development than ECAP, but on the other hand this one has reduced porosity dispersion significantly for the extrusion parameters adopted. The adopted homogenization schedule, followed by artificial aging after has resulted in excessive grain growth.

For most materials used to provide buildings, infrastructure, equipment and products, global stocks are still sufficient to meet anticipated demand, but the environmental impacts of materials production and processing, particularly those related to energy, are rapidly becoming critical. These impacts can be ameliorated to some extent by the ongoing pursuit of efficiencies within existing processes, but demand is anticipated to double in the next 40 years, and this will lead to an unacceptable increase in overall impacts unless the total requirement for material production and processing is reduced. This is the goal of material efficiency, and this paper aims to stimulate interest in the area. Four major strategies for reducing material demand through material efficiency are discussed: longer-lasting products; modularisation and remanufacturing; component re-use; designing products with less material. In industrialised nations, these strategies have had little attention, because of economic, regulatory and social barriers, which are each examined. However, evidence from waste management and the pursuit of energy efficiency suggests that these barriers might be overcome, and an outline of potential mechanisms for change is given. In bringing together insights into material efficiency from a wide range of disciplines, the paper presents a set of 20 open questions for future work.

ObjectivesTo explore the views of intermittent catheter (IC) users regarding the advantages and disadvantages of single-use or reuse of catheters.DesignQualitative study with semi-structured interviews. The interviews were recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically.SettingParticipant’s own homes in Hampshire and Dorset, UK.ParticipantsA convenience sample of 39 IC users, aged 23–86 years, using IC for at least 3 months.ResultsThe analysis revealed four main themes: concerns regarding risk of urinary tract infection (UTI); cleaning, preparation and storage; social responsibility; practicalities and location. The main concern was safety, with the fear that reuse could increase risk of UTI compared with single-use sterile catheters. If shown to be safe then around half of participants thought they might consider reusing catheters. The practicalities of cleaning methods (extra products, time and storage) were considered potentially burdensome for reuse; but for single-use, ease of use and instant usability were advantages. Always having a catheter without fear of ‘running out’ was considered an advantage of reuse. Some participants were concerned about environmental impact (waste) and cost of single-use catheters. The potential for reuse was usually dependent on location. The analysis showed that often the disadvantages of single-use could be off-set by the advantages of reuse and vice versa, for example, the need to take many single-use catheters on holiday could be addressed by reuse, while the burden of cleaning would be obviated by single-use.ConclusionsIf shown to be safe with a practical cleaning method, some participants would find reuse an acceptable option, alongside their current single-use method. The choice to use a mixture of single-use and reuse of catheters for different activities (at home, work or holiday) could optimise the perceived advantages and disadvantages of both. The safety and acceptability of such an approach would require testing in a clinical trial.

What is understood by the circular economy concept is the re-use and recycling of used materials and waste. In many used products, hazardous compounds are found or might be present either because of the products’ present intended use or former applications that have been banned in the meantime. Clearly, recycling activities should not endanger man and environment through carryover of contaminants. To learn more about how hazardous chemicals in waste impede the circular economy, it is necessary to investigate the ways in which products containing hazardous compounds have been handled up to now in order to avoid secondary contamination. For this study, cadmium (Cd) in NiCd batteries and accumulators and Cd compounds used as stabilisers for PVC profiles were selected as examples. The situation in the European Union was analysed, with a focus on legislation, collection, recycling, disposal and the further fate of “co-recycled” Cd. Insufficient collection rates, partially unsafe disposal and carryover were identified as the main problems. An advanced management strategy for Cd and its compounds is needed in order to mitigate problems in the circular economy. Used products containing hazardous substances ought to be recycled without contaminating the environment or recycled materials. The results suggest that circular economy is faced with different, partially insurmountable challenges.

The production of waste has increased over the years and, lacking a recycle or recovery solution, it is forwarded to landfill. The incorporation of wastes in cement-based materials is a solution to reduce waste deposition. In this regard, some researchers have been studying the incorporation of wastes with different functions: aggregate, binder and addition. The incorporation of wastes should take advantage of their characteristics. It requires a judicious analysis of their particles. This research involves the analysis of seven industrial wastes: biomass ashes, glass fibre, reinforced polymer dust, sanitary ware, fluid catalytic cracking, acrylic fibre, textile fibre and glass fibre. The main characteristics and advantages of each waste are enunciated and the best type of introduction in mortars is discussed. The characterization of the wastes as particles is necessary to identify the most suitable incorporation in mortars. In this research, some wastes are studied with a view to their re-use or recycling in mortars. Thus, this research focuses on the chemical, physical and mechanical characterization of industrial wastes and identification of the potentially most advantageous type of incorporation.

3 Tablas.-- 3 Figuras, The present work investigates the feasibility of re-using partially purified iron fixation solutions by electro-coagulation followed by ozonation in another fixation stage of black ripe olive processing and/or as cover brines in packaging. Re-use after the addition of ferrous gluconate during the color fixation stage involves a slightly lower amount of iron penetrating into the olives than when tap water is used. As a result, the olives are slightly less dark before packing when a gluconate solution is re-used. However, it is possible to completely re-use the partially purified solution using 50% of it as a color fixing liquid and 50% to prepare the cover brine in the packaging or to fix the color using tap water to prepare the gluconate solution and 100% purified solution as cover brine, in which case this waste-water is completely eliminated from the industry. Iron concentration in the flesh and surface color are the same for these two working methods and ripe olives present the same flavor as olives produced following the traditional procedure using only tap water., This work was supported by the Spanish Government (project AGL2010-15494 and AGL2013-42739-R, partially financed by European regional development funds, ERDF), and the Junta de Andalucía (through financial support to group AGR-125).

There is a growing interest among teachers in using games as a part of their lesson plans. A standardised, interoperable approach to the sharing of such game-based lesson plans would allow teachers and educational technologists to compare and contrast Digital Game Based Learning scenarios, allowing best practices and lessons learned to emerge. Although games can be used as 'add-ons' in educational contexts, greater benefits can be attained by integrating games more fully into the educational process, i.e. by repurposing existing games to target the specific learning objectives. In this article we analyse this problem. We developed two possible solutions based on the integration and the interaction of games and learning scenarios. The first solution is based on 'pedagogical wrappers', where games are linked to e-learning flows but without interaction and communication. The second solution sees a tighter integration which supports ongoing interaction and communication between game and e-learning flow. We applied both solutions to a generic game. This game was firstly programmed in Action Script and later re-used for learning purposes and represented in IMS Learning Design. We analysed the pros and cons of each solution and identify research topics for further research.

Background: Reusing orthodontic mini-screws would reduce treatment cost and lead to more use of mini-screws and improvement of orthodontic treatments. This study has assessed the effects of reprocessing and reusing the titanium mini-screws on their maximum insertion, removal and fracture torque (FT). Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 20 titanium mini-screws (1.6-mm × 8-mm) were randomly divided into two equal groups. In the test group, the screws were first sterilized by autoclave and then their FT was assessed. In the control group, FT was assessed after 5 times of insertion, cleaning, processing (37% phosphoric acid for 10 min, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite for 30 min) and sterilizing with autoclave. The maximum insertion and removal torque values were compared using the repeated measure ANOVA and the FT data were analyzed by the t-test. The data were analyzed using the SPSS software (version 13.0) and the significance was set on 0.05. Results: The paired t-test for maximum insertion torque (MIT) showed that MIT1 was significantly lower than other MIT values (P = 0.02) and also MIT2 was significantly higher than MIT5 (P = 0.01), but other MIT values had no significant differences. The paired t-test for maximum removal torque (MRT) showed that only MRT2 was significantly higher than other MRT values (except MRT1) (P = 0.046). Regarding FT, the t-test showed that there was no significant difference between FT0 and FT5 (P = 0.485). Conclusion: Within limitations of this study, five time insertion, cleaning, processing and steam sterilization had no significant negative effect on insertion, removal and FT of the mini-screws.

El proceso de curtido consiste en transformar la piel de ganado vacuno u otrosanimales, en cuero, mediante la aplicación de taninos que son sustancias de origenvegetal, o también de cromo. Este elemento es un contaminante cuya concentraciónmáxima permisible en vertimientos industriales es de 1 mg/L, según la Resolución1074 de 1997 del Departamento Administrativo de Medio Ambiente (DAMA), para elDistrito Capital, por la cual se establecen estándares ambientales en materia devertimientos. Se evaluó la factibilidad técnica para recuperar y reutilizar cromo de lasaguas residuales del proceso de curtido de una curtiembre en San Benito (Bogotá),precipitándolo con soda cáustica 4 M y regenerándolo con sulfato de sodio y ácidofórmico grado industrial en reemplazo de ácido sulfúrico, regulado porestupefacientes, para reutilizar la sal de cromo en el mismo proceso de curtido. Suimplementación minimiza contaminación de aguas con cromo y disminuye costos deproducción. Se redujo el contenido de cromo del agua residual del proceso decurtido en 99,9% desde concentraciones promedio de 2.475 mg/L hasta nivelesinferiores a 1,0 mg/L, permitiendo reutilización del agua para lavado de pielessaladas que ingresan al proceso, después de tratamiento con hidroxicloruro dealuminio e hipoclorito de sodio, disminuyendo significativamente su consumo. Sedeterminó la calidad del cuero obtenido mediante pruebas de encogimiento yresistencia a la flexión. Los procesos de reutilización de materiales producidos comodesecho en procesos de curtiembres son fundamentales en la sostenibilidadambiental de estas industrias. The tan processes consist in the transformation of cattle or other animal skin inleather through the application of tannins which are substances from vegetal origin,or also with chromium. This element is a pollutant which maximum allowedconcentration from industrial disposal is 1 mg/L, under Resolution 1074 of 1997 fromthe Administrative Department of the Environment (ADE) for the Capital Districtwhich establishes environmental standards on dumping. Technical feasibility forchrome recovery and reuse of wastewater from the tanning process in a tannery inSan Benito (Bogotá) was evaluated, accelerating it with 4 M caustic soda andregenerating it with sodium sulfate and formic acid (industrial grade) in place of sulfuric acid, regulated by drugs, to reuse the chromium salt in the tanning process. Its implementation minimizes water pollution with chromium and decreases production costs. Chromium content of residual water in the tanning process decreased 99.9% from average concentrations of 2,475 mg / L to levels below 1,0 mg/L, allowing reuse water for salted skins wash that start the process after treatment with aluminum chloride hydroxide and sodium hypochlorite, reducing its consumption significantly. The quality of leather obtained was determined byshrinkage tests and bending strength. Processes of materials produced reuse as waste in tan processes are fundamental to the environmental sustainability of these industries.

[EN]: Introduction: The open Access to publications and the raw data allows its re-use and enhances the advancement of science. The aim of this paper is to identify these practices in Spanish pediatrics journals. Method: We reviewed the author's instructions in 13 Spanish pediatrics journals, identifyingtheir open access and deposit policy. Results: Eight journals allow open access without restriction, and 5 provide information on theability to re-use and depositing data in repositories or websites. Conclusions: Most of the journals have open access, but do not promote the deposit of additionalmaterial or articles in repositories or websites., [ES]: Introducción: La publicación en abierto de los artículos y de los datos brutos que han servido de soporte a la investigación permite su reutilización y mejoran el avance de la ciencia. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar estas prácticas en las revistas pediátricas españolas. Método: Se han revisado las instrucciones de 13 revistas pediátricas españolas, identificando su política sobre acceso abierto y depósito. Resultados: Ocho revistas permiten el acceso abierto sin restricciones y 5 ofrecen indicaciones sobre la reutilización de los datos y el depósito en repositorios o páginas webs personales o institucionales. Conclusiones: La mayor parte de las revistas son accesibles en abierto pero no promocionan el depósito de material suplementario ni de los artículos en repositorios institucionales o en páginas webs., Este trabajo se ha beneficiado de una ayuda del Plan Nacional de I + D + I del Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (CSO2012-39632-C02-01) y de la Fundación MAPFRE (Convocatoria 2012).

Nach 1350 waren die Aktivitäten des Baugewerbes in den chemaligen sudlichen Niederlanden hauptsachlich auf den Bau oder die Verstärkung der Stadtmauern ausgerichtet. Dies hatte eine erhôhte Nachfrage nach Baumaterialien zur Folge, insbesondere nach Quadersteinen (Sandsteine und schwarze Steine), aberauch nach Backsteinen. Die Untersuchung der Baustellen im Douai (Nord) des XIV und XV Jh. ermöglicht es, die Wege der Baumaterialversorgung in einer mittelalterlichen Stadt aufzudecken ; sie scheint eng mit dem Zustand der Verkehrswege (zu Lande oder zu Wasser) zusammenzuhängen. Die genaue Buchfùhrung über den Bau des Tors Notre-Dame erlaubt es uns, die Zabi der bei einem mittelalterlichen Gebäude verwendeten Quadersteine abzuschätzen und einen Teil des von den Steinmetzmeistern benutzten Wortschatzes festzustellen. Dieser Wortschatz spiegelt die Komplexität des Mauerwerks zur Zeit der Gotik wider ; ein Text aus der zweiten Hälfte des XIII. Jh. über die Benediktinerklosterkirche Sankt Peter im Tal zu Bad Wimpfen (unweit Heidelberg) bezeichnet es als opus francigenum. Baumaterialien zur Folge, insbesondere nach Quadersteinen (Sandsteine und schwarze Steine), aberauch nach Backsteinen. Die Untersuchung der Baustellen im Douai (Nord) des XIV und XV Jh. ermöglicht es, die Wege der Baumaterialversorgung in einer mittelalterlichen Stadt aufzudecken ; sie scheint eng mit dem Zustand der Verkehrswege (zu Lande oder zu Wasser) zusammenzuhängen. Die genaue Buchfùhrung über den Bau des Tors Notre-Dame erlaubt es uns, die Zabi der bei einem mittelalterlichen Gebäude verwendeten Quadersteine abzuschätzen und einen Teil des von den Steinmetzmeistern benutzten Wortschatzes festzustellen. Dieser Wortschatz spiegelt die Komplexität des Mauerwerks zur Zeit der Gotik wider ; ein Text aus der zweiten Hälfte des XIII. Jh. uber die Benediktinerklosterkirche Sankt Peter im Tal zu Bad Wimpfen (unweit Heidelberg) bezeichnet es als opus francigenum., After 1350, building activity in the old southern Netherlands was mainly turned towards the building and reinforcement of city walls. This engendered an increase in the demand for building materials, in particular for cut stone (sandstone and black stone), and also for brick. The study of 14th and 15th century building sites at Douai (Nord) sheds light on the politics concerning the supply of building materials adopted by a medieval town, politics which seem closely related to the state of the communication infrastructure - road and river. The precision of the Notre-Dame Gate account provides the means of estimating the amount of cut stone used on a medieval edifice, and of identifying a part of the technical vocabulary used by the master-masons ; this vocabulary reflects the complexity of the distinctive Gothic bonding, qualified in a text from the second hal of the 13th century concerning the collegiate church of Saint-Pierre de Wimpfen-en-Val (near Heidelberg), as opus Francigenum., Après 1350, l'activité du bâtiment dans les anciens Pays-Bas méridionaux fut principalement orientée vers la construction ou le renforcement des enceintes urbaines. Il s'en suivit une demande accrue en matériaux de construction, en particulier en pierres de taille (pierres de grès et pierres noires), mais aussi en briques. L'étude des chantiers menés à Douai (Nord) aux XIVe et XVe siècles permet d'éclairer la politique d'approvisionnement en matériaux de construction menée par une ville médiévale, politique qui apparaît comme étroitement liée à l'état du réseau des voies de communication, routières ou fluviales. La précision des comptabilités de la porte Notre-Dame nous donne les moyens d'estimer le nombre de pierres taillées mises en œuvre sur un édifice médiéval et d'identifier une partie du vocabulaire technique utilisé par les maîtres-maçons. Ce vocabulaire reflète la complexité de l'appareil propre à l'époque gothique, qu'un texte de la seconde moitié du XIIIe siècle concernant la collégiale Saint-Pierre de Wimpfen-en-Val (près d'Heidelberg) qualifie d'opus francigenum., Salamagne Alain. L'approvisionnement en pierre des chantiers médiévaux : l'exemple de Douai (Nord) aux XIVe et XVe siècles. In: Archéologie médiévale, tome 26, 1996. pp. 45-76.