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Non-consensual dissemination of intimate images (NCII) is a growing problem of sexual violence with grave consequences for victims. However, despite recent criminalization and civil and legal sanctions, there is reason to suspect that the majority of NCII cases remain unreported. The reasons for that may be similar to the ones accounting for under-reporting in cases of physical sexual violence and are tied to society’s attitude toward victims. Being a relatively new form of violence, psychological research on perceptions of NCII victims and offenders is scarce. The purpose of the present study was to extend the current knowledge by comparing perceptions toward female and male victims of NCII, while manipulating the victim’s role in producing the intimate material. Drawing on rape research, it was hypothesized that gender stereotypes interact with victims’ sex and behavior to influence the way victims are perceived. Five-hundred and thirty-nine male and female students were presented with a scenario depicting an NCII offense in which the intimate material was either self-generated by the victim (selfies) or stealth-taken by the victim’s ex-intimate partner. Victim and offender sex were also manipulated. The findings indicate a differential treatment toward female and male victims of NCII, depending on their role in the taking of the intimate images. More blaming was attributed toward a female victim whose intimate images were self-taken, in comparison to all other research conditions, and negative feelings toward her were the highest as well. These blame attributions, as well as negative feelings toward female victims, were particularly high on the side of male participants. The findings are interpreted as reflecting perceptions of traditional gender roles and a double standard toward female and male sexual behavior.

The present work aims to contextualize the innovations brought by Law no. 13.718 / 18, with the main scope of the practice known as Revenge Porn (Revenge Porn or Pornographic Revenge), also address its characterization in the light of Criminal Law. The Vengeance pornography phenomenon is approved by the disclosure without consent of photos, videos, audios and other types of media that contain intimate content of the victim, in the virtual environment (social networks, instant messaging applications, hosting on websites, among others). Consequently, this research has also studied the crimes arising from Law 13.718 / 18, and their conformation. After the analysis of the initial concepts about the fact, the applicability of the crime of art. 218-C, § 1 to the Neymar Jr. Vs. Najila Trindade case, since the author after being reported for rape, released images and conversations with the victim, without identification and a blurred face. Finally, it will be examined for the player's conduct in conjunction with the framing mechanisms of the criminal incriminating type and the possibility of criminal liability.

While responses to non-consensual intimate image distribution (NCIID) often highlight criminal law remedies, little is known about how young people are choosing to respond to this act and whether they perceive legal intervention as a useful tool. Drawing from interviews with 10 teenagers and survey responses from 81 adult supporters, we provide insight into how young people perceive the supports available to them for responding to NCIID. We find young people may avoid seeking support from both the criminal justice system and adults in general due to fears of adult overreaction, victim blaming and shaming, and self/peer criminalization.

Research informs that bisexual women face harsher sexual stereotypes than lesbian and straight women. We, therefore, explored the relationship between objectification and victim blame in cases of r...

Women endure the most severe and sustained forms of harassment on the internet. In response, activists around the world are mobilizing against conduct that endangers women online. At a time when fe...

In 2019, the US State of Maryland’s highest court upheld the conviction of a 16-year-old minor for distributing her own ‘child pornography’ when she privately sent a clip of her performing a (completely legal) sexual act to a social media group of which only she and her two best friends were members. Considering that the child porn statute was never meant to prosecute legal and consensual sexting, this criminalization appears to be contra legem in light of the fact that the Court would not have regarded it as an offence if the girl was two years older (which does not make any difference to the legality of the sexual act since the age of sexual consent in Maryland is 16). The Court’s penalization of this act of sexting seems inappositely puritanical especially when it is noted that the convict was a victim of ‘revenge porn’ since one of the two friends leaked the clip in her school in an apparent act of revenge after their friendship ended. This paper analyses both the majority and dissenting opinions of this 2019 judgment to come to the conclusion that the majority ignores the true purport of the US Supreme Court decisions and wrongly invokes the doctrines for interpreting legislative intent to buttress its stance. As Maryland has criminalized acts of ‘revenge porn’, this article’s focus extends to examining how the Court’s failure of factoring in the effect of Maryland’s ‘revenge porn’ statute in discerning the legislative intent of the ‘child porn’ statute has produced an aberration of a statutory interpretation.

Media, police, and educational responses to nonconsensual pornography (i.e. ‘revenge porn’) have been critiqued for relying on sex negative beliefs that result in victims of this act being blamed and shamed for their own victimisation. In this article I analyse judicial discourse in nonconsensual pornography case law to assess the extent to which sex negativity is embedded in legal responses. I find that, while overt victim blaming and shaming is not present in the judicial discourse, subtle forms of sex negativity are expressed in a minority of cases through references to consensual youth image sharing as inappropriate and through the framing of reputational harms. I argue that it is essential for legal responses to not only avoid sex negative narratives (as most currently do) but to actively reveal and counter the sex negative beliefs that underlie many of the harms associated with nonconsensual pornography.

Online risks and harms, including cyber-bullying, trolling, revenge porn and digital harassment, are an everyday reality in many young people’s lives. Educators are increasingly being called upon t...

Widely referred to as either “revenge porn” or “nonconsensual sharing of sexual imagery,” image-based sexual abuse targets millions of people around the world and causes much harm. This article covers the current state of social scientific knowledge on this key variant of digitized sexual violence and suggests new directions in empirical work. A rapidly growing body of research shows that image-based sexual abuse is committed mainly by men against women and it often co-occurs with offline forms of male-to-female assaults like rape, stalking, and beatings. Additionally, to further understand the scope of factors that contribute to the problems of online image-based sexual abuse online, researchers should examine the relationship between image-based sexual abuse and pornography consumption. Future studies should be specially designed to test theories that prioritize the concepts of gender, power, control, and patriarchy. Further, despite the creation of new legislation aimed at curbing image-based sexual abuse, the criminal justice system’s response has, thus far, been woefully inadequate. Hence, additional means of prevention and control are necessary. A multidisciplinary approach may involve mental health and sexual wellness awareness campaigns that include ethical behaviors in a digital space. Also, clinical assessment and treatment may be part of creating long-term changes at individual, interpersonal, and societal levels with psychosexual education that investigates core beliefs and harmful operating systems that facilitate image-based sexual abuse. Moreover, testing and providing empirically validated treatments for those who experienced sexual trauma and those who perpetrated and consumed digitized sexual abuse are warranted.

There is sparse psychological literature applying feminist psychology to gendered sexual violence online. Therefore, this Cyberpsychology MSc Research aims to investigate the differences in perceptions of self-objectification, sexual agency and victim blaming across non-consensual pornography scenarios, and the extent to which engaging male attention is a determining factor in producing these differences in perceptions.

Background In the last few years, many countries have introduced laws combating image-based sexual abuse (IBSA), colloquially known as “revenge pornography.” However, the significant growth in the body of literature on the legal perspectives on IBSA, and the media coverage of high profile cases have not been equally met with appreciable victimization studies. Meanwhile, the need for a victim-centered approach in studying IBSA in Nigeria is underscored by the pervasiveness and normalization of sexual violence as a result of societal attitudes about gender and sexuality in the country. Therefore, this study explored the social and psychological implications of IBSA victimization. Methods Using qualitative methods, 27 adult women whose sexual images have been non-consensually shared publicly through online channels were purposively selected and interviewed for the study, between September 2019 and April 2020, and a thematic analysis of the participants’ narratives carried out. Results Victims of IBSA were found to be subjected to higher social condemnation, stigmatization, and isolation based on greater attribution of blames to them by their social network. Evidences of institutional re-victimization were documented. Victims also reported self-blame, paranoia, anger, guilt, depression, suicidal ideation and attempt in dealing with the abuse, secondary victimization, and social isolation. Conclusion IBSA victims are faced with peculiar social and psychological consequences which separate them from victims of other forms of sexual abuse. The study suggests a review of appropriate laws and social policies to prevent IBSA, deploy more victim support services and perpetrator programs, and protect victims from secondary victimization.

A közösségi média és a mesterséges intelligencia alapú tartalomszerkesztő alkalmazások könnyű hozzáférhetősége kimondottan kedvez az olyan újfajta tartalmak közzétételének, mint a bosszúpornó (revenge porn) és az algoritmusok által manipulált felvételek (deepfake). Ezeknek a tartalmaknak a közzététele Magyarországon jelenleg nem képez külön tényállást a büntető törvénykönyvben. Más országokban már élénk szabályozási diskurzusok folynak a jelenség büntetendővé nyilvánításáról. Az, hogy az USA, Németország, Franciaország, Olaszország és az Egyesült Királyság is megtette a kezdő lépéseket ebbe az irányba, azt mutatja, hogy olyan problémáról van szó, amely országtól és régiótól független, és amelyre figyelni kell. A jövőbeli szabályozás alapjogi szempontból talán az egyik legjelentősebb kérdése az, hogy az egyének számára okozott sérelem indokolja-e a közléstípus előzetes, teljes tilalmát és a szólásszabadság büntetőjogi eszközökkel történő korlátozását. Az egyelőre kezdetleges állami szabályozás hézagjait jelenleg a platformok magánszabályozás révén töltik ki. Ez egyrészről üdvözlendő, hiszen a felhasználók számára a védelem minimális szintje biztosított. Nem szerencsés viszont abból a szempontból, hogy az egyes platformok eltérő szigorral, szemléletmóddal szabályozzák ugyanazokat a jelenségeket.

As of 2020, legal protections for victims of image-based sexual abuse in the United States remain inadequate. For example, no federal law yet criminalizes the sharing of sexually intimate material without a person’s consent (i.e., nonconsensual porn), and existing state laws are patchy and problematic. Part of the reason for this problem may be that U.S. lawmakers and the general public have yet to grasp that nonconsensual porn is a form of sexual abuse, with many of the same devastating, recurring, and lifelong consequences for victims. This review of psychological research on nonconsensual porn includes frameworks for understating this image-based sexual abuse, correlates and consequences of victimization, victim blame, and the nature of perpetration. Then, we analyze U.S. laws on nonconsensual porn in light of this review and argue for comprehensive legislative solutions.

Beyond ‘scandals’ and the public testimonies of victim-survivors, surprisingly little is known about the nature and extent of the harms of ‘image-based sexual abuse’, a term that includes all non-consensual taking and/or sharing of nude or sexual images. Accordingly, this article examines the findings from the first cross-national qualitative study on this issue, drawing on interviews with 75 victim-survivors of image-based sexual abuse in the UK, Australia and New Zealand. We adopt a feminist phenomenological approach that permits more nuanced and holistic understandings of victim-survivors’ experiences, moving beyond medicalised, trauma-based accounts of harm. Our analysis develops five interconnected accounts of the harms experienced, that we have termed social rupture, constancy, existential threat, isolation and constrained liberty. Our findings shed new light on the nature and significance of the harms of image-based sexual abuse that emphasises the need for more comprehensive and effective responses to these abuses.

O estudo busca refletir sobre a prática da pornografia de vingança, entendendo conceitualmente o objeto, perpassando brevemente pelo contexto sociológico das relações modernas. Discute-se sobre a dualidade existente entre a liberdade de expressão no ciberespaço e os danos aos direitos das mulheres. Nesse sentido, pretende-se apresentar uma análise da responsabilidade civil de provedores de aplicação sobre conteúdo produzido por terceiros no caso da pornografia de vingança, como instrumento de violência de gênero, perpassando por uma análise legislativa e jurisprudencial do STJ, além de analisar e propor mecanismos jurídicos cíveis de repressão à prática, com inspiração em mecanismos bem-sucedidos em outros países, por meio do direito comparado.

‘Revenge pornography’ is a concept which embraces a broad spectrum of the non-consensual distribution of private sexual images. Acknowledging the harms that arise from this practice and the human rights implications of ‘revenge pornography’, this paper focuses on the difficulty of removing those images from the Internet. It considers the legal vehicles which can be employed to force websites and third-party operators to remove private sexual images, including privacy law and copyright notice and takedown systems. It concludes that the piecemeal approach to image removal is insufficient, and that a more cohesive and appropriate approach to image removal is required to ensure that victim-survivors’ rights to private and family life are properly protected.

Sexting, the phenomenon commonly defined as the sending, receiving, and forwarding of nude, semi-nude, or sexually explicit images within digital forms of communication, is a practice that has received heightened public attention. While many scholars consider consensual sexting to be innocuous and a normative part of development, the potential for youth engagement to result in instances of cyberbullying, revenge porn, and child pornography has ignited public fear and anxiety, resulting in a messy patchwork of legal responses that often yield disproportionately punitive responses. Upon exploring the legal parameters surrounding youth sexting in Canada, this paper will argue that while the logic of the current legislation in protecting youth from harm is appropriate, its method of implementation is misguided. The legal reform advocated here calls upon child pornography and online harm laws only when the case involves an adult perpetrator, and suggests a more nuanced, graduated juvenile scheme when the behavior involves youth sexting participants.

Based on US and British regulations in force, this article offers an overview of legislation of two Common Law countries in the area of modern forms of law infringements focusing on the notions of revenge porn and fake porn. The first part contains definitions and descriptions of the terms ‘revenge porn’ and ‘fake porn’, pointing out to the context of the relationship between the dynamic technological development and use of artificial intelligence on the one hand and the regulatory framework failing to meet the current needs on the other. Further, examination is conducted of US and British legislation in force divided into civil and criminal law, indicating legislative gaps as well as the inefficiency of the existing legal solutions and presenting a range of proposals of legislative changes. The considerations have been supplemented with the results of the author’s assessment of sociological and statistical research available in source literature carried thus far in the field in question. The following section is dedicated to a comparative assessment of American and British legal solutions based on selected, critical issues. The final parts of the article serve to postulate systemic changes in legislation and is a proposal to introduce out-of-court dispute settlement methods in legal disputes pertaining to the matters discussed herein, and to frame future research directions.

Although the issue of revenge porn dates back before the popularization of social media, concerns over its gender bias and other adverse concomitant ramifications have recently attracted attention from a human rights perspective. While it has been widely acknowledged that women subjugation through revenge porn is a reality in Zimbabwe, this has not been met with the radical policy reformations that the challenge demands. Using a qualitative approach, this paper explored the dynamics surrounding revenge porn as a phenomenon thwarting the efforts of women-NGOs in their fight against gender inequality and women exclusion. The paper underscores the urgent need to enact laws that would provide a clear legal and policy framework for dealing with revenge porn in Zimbabwe.

Sextortion, a portmanteau of “sexual” and “extortion,” is the threat to distribute intimate, sexual materials unless a victim complies with certain demands. Cyber sextortion is part of a larger continuum of image-based sexual offending in which images are used for harm. Despite the serious nature of this crime, there exists a dearth of empirical knowledge of sextortion. This article employed a qualitative content analysis of media articles and court documents to explore the crimes of 152 cyber sextortion offenders. Characteristics of offenders, victims, demands, and methodology were identified and synthesized to generate a qualitative understanding of offenders who employed cyber sextortion. The results revealed four different themes of offenders based on crime characteristics: minor-focused cyber sextortion offenders, cybercrime cyber sextortion offenders, intimately violent cyber sextortion offenders, and transnational criminal cyber sextortion offenders. The diverse nature of cyber sextortion has implications for crime control policies. Certain offenders are more likely to be apprehended and prosecuted depending on the crime victim and methodology. In addition, there has been a lack of legislative action targeting cyber sextortion, which limits legal recourse available for victims. We discuss the contribution of this work to the broader literature on cyber sextortion and address some of the challenges that this crime presents to the criminal justice system.

The aim of this study is to develop a new measure of victimization and perpetration of two frequent forms of image-based sexual abuse, namely sextortion (i.e., the threat of distributing sexual images to pressure the victim into doing something) and nonconsensual sexting (i.e., distributing sexual images of someone without the consent of the victim). Additional aims were to analyze the prevalence of these forms of victimization and perpetration and to examine their temporal stability over a 1-year period. Methods: The sample was made up of 1820 Spanish adolescents (mean age = 13.38, SD = 1.42; 929 girls, 878 boys, 3 nonbinary, and 10 did not indicate gender) who completed self-report instruments on image-based sexual abuse and related variables (e.g., cyberbullying victimization). Results: Confirmatory factor analysis supported a structure composed of the four hypothesized factors: sextortion victimization and perpetration, and nonconsensual sexting victimization and perpetration. Higher sexting, cyberbullying victimization, and symptoms of depression and anxiety had stronger associations with image-based sexual victimization than with perpetration, which showed evidence of concurrent validity. Prevalence was 2.6% and 0.7% for sextortion victimization and perpetration, respectively, and 3.4% and 4.9% for nonconsensual sexting victimization and perpetration, respectively. Temporal stability over 1 year was.26 for sextortion victimization,.19 for nonconsensual sexting victimization,.33 for nonconsensual sexting perpetration (all ps, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (Spanish Government), Grant/Award Number: RTI2018‐ 101167‐B‐I00

The use of images of persons in a pornographic context (without the prior consent of the person concerned) on the internet is an increasingly widespread infringement. Unlawful activities carried out with the use of generated images and artificial intelligence are a variant of this phenomenon. “Revenge porn” and “deepfake porn” illustrate the inadequacy of legal systems vis a vis the fast-changing reality. Using the comparative law method, a comparison was made between the current laws of nine EU Member States to create a map of protection for victims of revenge porn. As the results showed, in three of the studied countries there is a separate incrimination of revenge porn; however, the conceptual scope of its definition is significantly different and it is these differences that determine the legal way for the victims to assert their rights. This article is a comparison of the current legal regulations of selected European Union countries and the means of legal protection used by the victims. The text presents the differences occurring in the legal systems adopted in the countries subject to analysis, as well as an assessment of possible solutions at the legal and technological level to face the existing problem.

Using video recounts from revenge porn victims, this study explores whether levels of victim blaming differs for the sharing of self- and stealth-taken sexually explicit images and videos. Building on previous work which has demonstrated victim blame for both self- and stealth generated images in occurrences of revenge porn (Zvi & Schechory-Bitton, 2020), the reported study presents an original and ecologically valid methodological approach whereby 342 (76 male, 266 female) participants (Mage = 39.27, SD = 11.70) from the UK watched videoed accounts of real experiences of falling victim to revenge porn, rather than using text based, often fictional, vignettes to attribute blame which dominate studies in this area. All data was collected in 2019. The results demonstrated that significantly more blame was assigned to victims when participants were indirectly rather than directly asked who was to blame for the occurrence of revenge porn, supporting the notion of an unconscious processing bias in attributing blame. More blame was also assigned to those victims who themselves generated the material compared to when it had been acquired without their awareness by a perpetrator, suggesting the cognitive bias to be in line with a just world hypothesis. Male participants were more likely to blame a victim than were female participants, although sex of victim and mode of shared sexually-explicit material (video or image) did not appear to affect levels of victim-blame. Findings are considered in terms of extant research and the need for future work in the area of victim blame and revenge pornography.

Over the last decade, nonconsensual porn (NCP), or the sharing of sexually explicit material without a person’s consent, has become a growing problem with potentially far-reaching adverse consequences for victims. The purpose of this article is to propose and consider a framework for advancing the field’s understanding of NCP within the context of intimate relationships including situating NCP relative to other forms of relational abuse. Specifically, we examined the extent to which NCP in intimate partner relationships was perpetrated using tactics from the Power and Control Wheel through a summative content analysis of U.S. news stories on NCP from 2012 to 2017. This analysis established that NCP has been perpetrated using all eight of the abuse metatactics in the Power and Control Wheel, with the three most common being emotional abuse, coercion and threats, and denial/blame/minimization. Treating NCP in relationships as a potential form of partner violence provides a basis on which to understand the etiology, manifestation, motives, and impact of this form of abuse and informs practitioners’ ability to design prevention efforts and engage a trauma-informed response to survivors.

This article gives voice to Mathilde, Karen and Amalie: Three young women who had intimate images of themselves shared non-consensually online. Their experi- ences help build a framework for categorising digital sexual assault (DSA), aswell as giving insight into how shame, in cases of DSA, connects to social media affordances. The empirical data was produced during four creative writing work- shops. The participants described their experiences during these workshops and they collectively developed strategies for defying shame. This article analyses their experiences of shame, their shame-defying strategies, and the role that social media played in forming types of aggressors and assault experiences. I present what I call the onlooker as a digitally augmented aggressor and I show how this aggressor inflicts shame through the look, as described by Sartre. This results in a discussion of imaginary, progressive contra-shaming, which is one of the four coping strategies that showed empowering potential in relation to DSA.

Sexting is a common behavior with studies reporting that 49% of adults have admitted to sending an intimate image and/or video of themselves to a romantic partner. The literature suggests that sexu...

This article analyzes nonconsensual pornography, the form of image-based sexual abuse colloquially known as “revenge porn,” through a consideration of agency and circulation in visual rhetoric as w...

This paper explores the connection between corporate social responsibility and social media safety. By examining the legal framework governing social platforms in the United States and case studies of online harms, we explore whether current U.S. laws and company content moderation policies are effective in eliminating content (revenge porn and acts of terrorism) that is universally agreed to be harmful. Finally, the paper makes a number of suggestions for improvements in policy.

Nonconsensual pornography, commonly known as “revenge porn,” is the dissemination of another’s sexually explicit images or videos without their consent. This article explores this phenomenon in gay and bisexual male online communities. The first part reviews the current sociological and legal literature on online dating, gay culture on the Internet, and revenge porn. Then, based on a survey of gay and bisexual male dating app users, ethnographic interviews, and an analysis of platform content moderation policies, the next part makes three related points. First, it shows that gay and bisexual men who use geosocial dating apps are more frequently victims of revenge porn than both the general population and the broader lesbian, gay, and bisexual community. Second, it shows that geosocial dating apps create powerful norms of disclosure that make sharing personal information all but required. And third, it describes how gay and bisexual male users engage in privacy navigation techniques with the goal of building trust and enhancing safety. The final substantive section then shows how inadequate protections for online privacy and inadequate legal incentives for safe platform design contribute to the problem of revenge porn. The article concludes with a summary and avenues for future research.

In this article I explore judicial interpretations of the relationship between digital technology and non-consensual intimate image distribution (NCIID) (i.e., “revenge porn”). Drawing on my analysis of forty-nine Canadian cases of NCIID, I show that judicial interpretations of digital technology have important influences on how NCIID is understood and responded to in the law. I find that the majority of judges perceive digital technology as making NCIID easier to commit—with the simple “click of a mouse”—and as increasing the amount of harm caused by this act—as digital nude/sexual photos are seen as lasting “forever” and thus as resulting in ongoing and immeasurable harm to victims. These perceptions have substantive impacts on legal rationales and sentencing decisions, with the affordances of digital technology regularly being treated as justifying harsher sentences to denounce and deter this act.

Image-based sexual abuse is the non-consensual sharing of private sexual images or videos. Although image-based sexual abuse has been described in various forms, the appropriate, universal term sho...

Recently, a great amount of concern has been attracted to the phenomena of DeepFake, which has been created for capturing and reenacting faces in a video and swap a face with someone else’s face using neural networks. In Deepfake technology, a computer-generated fake video shows fictional contents as real things. Many unbelievable applications in this technology are starting to be explored. Currently, malicious usages of fake videos are gaining in the computerized world like fake news, celebrity pornographic videos, revenge porn, and financial frauds. So, celebrities, politicians and famous people are facing mostly to Deepfake detection problem. Human’s naked eyes are weak to directly identify the difference between real videos and Deepfake videos because they are quite realistic. So, bothered people require an automated computerized Deepfake detection tool. This paper reviews existing Deepfake detection methods using traditional methods and deep learning technologies. Further this paper discussing the limitations of current methods and availability of datasets in the society. According to the literature, there is not a highly accurate and automated detection method to identify Deepfakes. The unavailability of efficient Deepfake detection method is a big challenge to the world due to the ease of generating Deepfake videos and their rapid spread. However, there are many efforts to solve this phenomenon and deep learning related methods show remarkable performance than other methods.

A primer on legal issues relating to cyberspace, this textbook introduces business, policy and ethical considerations raised by our use of information technology. With a focus on the most significant issues impacting internet users and businesses in the United States of America, the book provides coverage of key topics such as social media, online privacy, artificial intelligence and cybercrime as well as emerging themes such as doxing, ransomware, revenge porn, data-mining, e-sports and fake news. The authors, experienced in journalism, technology and legal practice, provide readers with expert insights into the nuts and bolts of cyber law. Cyber Law and Ethics: Regulation of the Connected World provides a practical presentation of legal principles, and is essential reading for non-specialist students dealing with the intersection of the internet and the law.

In this new textbook, social media professor Jeremy Lipschultz introduces students to the study of social media law and ethics, integrating legal concepts and ethical theories. The book explores free expression, as it applies to students, media industry professionals, content creators and audience members. Key issues and practices covered include copyright law, data privacy, revenge porn, defamation, government censorship, social media platform rules, and employer policies. Research techniques are also used to suggest future trends in social media law and ethics. Touching on themes and topics of significant contemporary relevance, this accessible textbook can be used in standalone law and ethics courses, as well as emerging social media courses that are disrupting traditional public relations, advertising and journalism curricula. Case studies, discussion questions, and online resources help students engage with the complexities and ambiguities of this future-oriented area of media law, making it an ideal textbook for students of media law, policy and ethics, mass media, and communication studies.

Incidents of violence perpetrated through digital technology platforms or facilitated by these means have been reported, often in high-income countries. Very little scholarly attention has been given to the nature of technology-facilitated violence and abuse (TFVA) across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) despite an explosion in the use of various technologies. We conducted a literature review to identify and harmonize available data relating to the types of TFVA taking place in SSA. This was followed by an online survey of young adults through the SHYad.NET forum to understand the nature of TFVA among young adults in SSA. Our literature review revealed various types of TFVA to be happening across SSA, including cyberbullying, cyberstalking, trolling, dating abuse, image-based sexual violence, sextortion, and revenge porn. The results of our online survey revealed that both young men and women experience TFVA, with the most commonly reported TFVA being receiving unwanted sexually explicit images, comments, emails, or text messages. Female respondents more often reported repeated and/or unwanted sexual requests online via email or text message while male respondents more often reported experiencing violent threats. Respondents used various means to cope with TFVA including blocking the abuser or deleting the abused profile on social media.

Affirmative consent is the idea that someone must ask for, and earn, enthusiastic approval before interacting with someone else. For decades, feminist activists and scholars have used affirmative consent to theorize and prevent sexual assault. In this paper, we ask: Can affirmative consent help to theorize online interaction? Drawing from feminist, legal, and HCI literature, we introduce the feminist theory of affirmative consent and use it to analyze social computing systems. We present affirmative consent’s five core concepts: it is voluntary, informed, revertible, specific, and unburdensome. Using these principles, this paper argues that affirmative consent is both an explanatory and generative theoretical framework. First, affirmative consent is a theoretical abstraction for explaining various problematic phenomena in social platforms—including mass online harassment, revenge porn, and problems with content feeds. Finally, we argue that affirmative consent is a generative theoretical foundation from which to imagine new design ideas for consentful socio-technical systems.

Emotion and affect play a complex but critical role in the learning process. Researchers and educators have increasingly incorporated emotional understanding into pedagogy as captured in the now common refrain “teach to the whole student”. Social and emotional learning aims to improve academic outcomes in the classroom as well as promoting necessary emotional development in relationships and career outside the classroom. The proliferation of digital technologies poses opportunities and challenges for supporting the development of students’ emotional self-awareness. the role of emotion in the use and experience of digital technologies is profound. Marketing manipulation, online trolling, revenge porn, and digital escapism are just a few examples of challenges where emotion plays a central role. The increasingly “onlife” nature of our social experience suggests the need for emotional self-awareness (ESA) is only growing. However, there is a lack of coherence in the literature regarding what teaching ESA around digital technologies means. This chapter will argue that ESA ought to play a more prominent role in digital literacy curricula and is undertheorized in digital literacy literature.

Child sexual abuse and exploitation are aspects of the broader problem of violence against children. Child sexual abuse refers to the involvement of a child in sexual activity that he or she does not fully comprehend or for which the child is not developmentally prepared and cannot give consent. Child sexual exploitation constitutes a form of child sexual abuse that can be perpetrated both online and offline, and includes several offenses against children, such as commercial sexual exploitation or child sexual exploitation material. The digital world can be a breeding ground for several risks, such as online grooming, sexting, sextortion, revenge porn and sexual exploitation. Online and offline sexual abuse affects millions of children around the world and can result in serious short- and long-term physical and mental health problems. Several risk and protective factors associated with CSA have been investigated to implement prevention and intervention strategies and mitigate CSA negative outcomes, but critical gaps still need to be addressed.

‘Revenge Porn’ is described as a very serious issue because of its detrimental consequences on victims and society as a whole. This situation generated the need for direct measures which could tackle the issue. However, despite its gravity and severity, the adopted criminal law responses, particularly in England and Cyprus, seem to be misleading, unsatisfactory and inadequate for various reasons. At the same time, the preventive techniques, in these countries, could be described as problematic, unable, in that way, to prevent the commission of the offence by future offenders and protect their potential victims from further damage. This chapter focuses on these issues and, by referring to theorists, reports and researches, attempts to identify the offence and its seriousness. Subsequently, comparing the law in England and Cyprus suggests various legislative improvements and practical, preventive solutions, which could be used to provide coherent and efficient responses to the aforementioned offence.

In adolescence, individuals undergo many changes; peer relationships grow in importance, and puberty sparks a growth in sexual maturity, both of which encourage the initiation of romantic relationships. Adolescents must learn, practice, and acquire the social and relationship skills that are essential to initiating, maintaining, and sometimes terminating close, meaningful romantic relationships. In this chapter, we focus on negative experiences such as dating aggression in online spaces because social media is an important social context in the lives of adolescents. Our approach is to review the current research literature on three forms of online aggression that may occur among romantic partners in adolescence: cyberstalking, revenge porn, and cyberbullying. A conceptual model will be proposed that will aim to integrate the uniqueness of each form of online aggression and identify why adolescents may be involved in these forms of aggression in romantic relationships.

Using only a series of images of a person’s face and publicly available software, it is now possible to insert the person’s likeness into a video and show them saying or doing almost anything. This deepfake technology has permitted an explosion of political satire and, especially, fake pornography. Several states have already passed laws regulating deepfakes, and more are poised to do so. This Article presents three novel empirical studies that assess public attitudes towards this new technology. In our main study, a representative sample of the U.S. adult population perceived nonconsensually-created pornographic deepfake videos as extremely harmful and overwhelmingly wanted to impose a criminal sanction on those creating them. Labeling pornographic deepfakes as fictional did not mitigate the videos’ perceived wrongfulness. In contrast, participants considered nonpornographic deepfakes substantially less wrongful when they were labeled as fictional or did not depict inherently defamatory conduct (like illegal drug use). A follow-up study showed that people sought to impose both civil and criminal liability on deepfake creation. A second follow-up showed that people judge the creation and dissemination of deepfake pornography to be as harmful as the dissemination of traditional nonconsensual pornography, otherwise known as revenge porn, and to be slightly more morally blameworthy. Based on the types of harms perceived in these studies, we argue that prohibitions on deepfake pornographic videos should receive the same treatment under the First Amendment as prohibitions on tradition nonconsensual pornography rather than being dealt with under the less-protective law of defamation. In contrast, nonpornographic deepfakes can likely only be dealt with via defamation law. Still, there may be reason to allow for enhanced penalties or other regulations based on the greater harm participants perceive from a defamatory deepfake than a defamatory written story.

In today’s era, technology and the internet is influencing every aspect of our lives. From kids, to adults, to even elderly, we are exceedingly dependent on technology. Technology has its immense benefits, we can send messages from one part of the planet to the other with a click of a button. But with good, comes bad. With the emergence of social media, we have seen various transgressions, with Cyberbullying and online harassment being the prime examples of it. Cyberbullying means bullying an individual or a group using technology. The present article has four chapters to it. The former part of the first chapter aims to discuss the concept and modes of Cyberbullying, the latter part of it deals with the reasons and effects of Cyberbullying on the victims. The chapter also discusses the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on the Cyberbullying menace in India. The last chunk of the first chapter explains the legal aspects of Cyberbullying in India through legislations and case laws. The objective of the second chapter is to discuss the most recent forms of Cyberbullying, mainly memes, confession pages and revenge porn. These have been explained through real-life cases that have happened in premier educational institutions of India. The penultimate chapter of the article deliberates upon the problem of Cyberbullying through a survey which has been done with a sample size of 100 students from various parts of the country. Students from all fields of education, such as Law, Medical and Engineering have participated in the survey. The questions asked in the survey are revolving around the various aspects of Cyberbullying and revenge porn. The final leg of the article discusses the remedies and solutions to the problem of Cyberbullying and Cyber trolling.

turkish Abstract Cinsel suc kavramindan yalnizca ceza kanunlarinda yer alan suc tipleri dikkate alinacak olursa cinsel taciz, sarkintilik, basit cinsel saldiri ve nitelikli cinsel saldiridan ibaret algilanir. Oysa cinsel suc kavrami bundan genis ve etkileri acisindan ise bunun otesindedir. Ozellikle bilisim devriminden sonra internetin hayatimizin vazgecilmez bir parcasi olmasi ve ozel yasamlarimiz dahil her turlu kisisel verimizin sosyal medyaya tasinmasiyla bu suclarin islenme sikligi ve etki alani ongorulemeyecek bir sekilde artmistir. Internet oncesi devirde bir kisiye cinsel suc islemek icin onunla fiziksel temas kurabilecek yakinlikta olunmasi en azindan mektup vs. gonderilmesi gerekirken, gunumuzde failin anonim kalarak dijital alanda cinsel saldirida bulunmasi son derece kolaydir. Bu bir yandan failin bulunmasini zorlastirirken, diger yandan da sucun islenmesini kolaylastiran bir ortamdir. Son zamanlarda eski sevgili ya da eslerin, diger tarafin ciplak ya da sevisme aninda cekilen goruntu ya da videolarini anonim olarak paylastiklari "intikam pornosu" (revenge porn) olgusu bunun en yaygin ornegidir. Dijital cagin gundeme getirdigi bir baska cinsel suc isleme yontemi ise, bir sekilde dijital ortamda elde edilen ozel goruntulerin ya da bilgilerin kullanilmak suretiyle magdurlarin santaja maruz birakilarak, failin kendisi ya da ucuncu kisilerle cinsel iliski kurmaya zorlanmasidir. Bir diger cinsel suc ise cocuk pornografisi, hayvan pornografisi ya da siddet iceren pornografik iceriklere erisimin kolaylikla saglanmasidir. Ozellikle bunlar tum dunyanin mucadele ettigi suc isleme modelleridir. Makalemde, aslinda cok eski bir suc turu olan cinsel suclarin, gunumuzun dijital dunyasinda gecirdigi donusum, olumsuz anlamda suc failleri icin yarattigi firsatlar ve bunlarla mucadele yontemleri hakkinda genel bir degerlendirmede bulunmaya calisacagim. English Abstract: : If only the types of crimes included in the criminal laws are taken into account from the concept of sexual crime, it is perceived as sexual harassment, molestation, simple sexual assault and qualified sexual assault. However, the concept of sexual crime is broader than that and beyond this in terms of its effects. Especially after the information revolution, the internet became an indispensable part of our lives and the transfer of all kinds of personal data, including our private lives, to social media, the incidence and impact of these crimes increased in an unpredictable way. In the pre-internet era, being close to a person to be in physical contact with a person to commit a sexual crime, at least a letter, etc. Although it should be sent, it is very easy for the perpetrator to act anonymously and sexually assault in the digital space today. While this makes it difficult to find the perpetrator, on the other hand, it is an environment that facilitates the commitment of the crime. The most common example of this is "revenge porn", where ex-lovers or spouses anonymously post images or videos of the other party naked or during sex. Another sexual crime method brought to the agenda by the digital age is the victims being subjected to blackmail by using special images or information obtained in the digital environment, and forcing them to have sexual relations with the perpetrator himself or with third parties. Another sexual offense is child pornography, animal pornography, or easy access to violent pornographic content. In particular, these are the models of crime that the whole world is struggling with. In my article, I will try to make a general evaluation about the transformation of today's digital world, the opportunities created by the criminal perpetrators in the negative sense, and the methods of dealing with them.

'Revenge porn' or 'cyber rape' occurs when intimate images that were previously sent with permission are leaked to a wider audience without consent. This research investigated the perceptions that individuals form about 'revenge porn' victims, aiming to gain more understanding from a victimisation perspective as a first step towards improving victim outcomes. One hundred and twenty-two individuals were presented with a scenario depicting a leaked intimate image with a female victim. Two distinct nudity levels: low (lingerie) and high (bare-chest, breasts exposed) were included, and participants' responses to the Sexual Double Standards Scale were analysed to determine whether acceptance of the traditional sexual double standard was correlated with victim perception. Results indicated that victims were perceived as more promiscuous and more blameworthy when they were more naked, and by participants with more traditional gender roles. There is a need for policy to address potential stigma directed at 'revenge porn' victims.