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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects on chemical and microbiological properties of paddy soil of short-term biochar, straw, and chemical fertilizers compared with chemical fertilization alone. Five soil fertilization treatments were evaluated: regular chemical fertilizers (RF), straw+regular chemical fertilizers (SRF), straw biochar+regular chemical fertilizers (SCRF), bamboo biochar (BC)+regular chemical fertilizers (BCRF), and straw biochar+70% regular chemical fertilizers (SC+70%RF). Their effects were investigated after approximately 1.5 years. The soil pH and cation exchange capacity (CEC) were significantly higher in biochar-treated soils. The soil phosphorous (P) and potassium (K) contents increased with biochar application. The soil Colwell P content was significantly increased with the addition of straw biochar in the treatments of SCRF and SC+70%RF. The oxygen (0):carbon (C) ratio doubled in BC picked from the soil. This indicated that BC underwent a significant oxidation process in the soil. The denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprints of microbial communities differed among the treatments. Soils with added biochar had higher Shannon diversity and species richness indices than soils without biochars. The results suggest that biochar can improve soil fertility.