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The Representational Theory of Measurement (RTM), especially the canonical three volume Foundations of Measurement by Krantz et al., is a landmark accomplishment in our understanding of measurement. Despite this, it has been far from easy to pinpoint what exactly we can learn about measurement from RTM, and who the target audience for RTM’s formal results should be. In what sense does RTM provide foundations of measurement, and what is the philosophical significance of such foundations? I argue that RTM provides semantic foundations of measurement, and that their philosophical significance lies in a shift towards structural representation.

In this paper I will offer a reading of Alberto Moreiras’ recently published books, but within the context of his life’s work as a whole: which I will consider from the point of view of a questioning of the idea of the time/ history difference. After briefly tracing that overarching concern in his early work, I move to a consideration of a move away from Hegelianism in the more recent publications. This non-Hegelianism is not simply an anti-Hegelian stance. Understanding the difference will take us into the true dimension of infrapolitics. This aspect of Moreiras’ contribution to contemporary debates will be illustrated by way of his paradoxical and unrecognizable Antigone. U ovom radu ću ponuditi čitanje nedavno objavljenih knjiga Alberta Moreirasa, ali u kontekstu njegovog životnog dela u celini. Razmatraću njegovo delo sa stanovišta preispitivanja ideje razlike između vremena i istorije. Nakon kratkog osvrta na tu sveobuhvatnu tematiku njegovog ranog dela, preći ću na razmatranje udaljavanja od hegelijanstva u njegovim novijim publikacijama. Ovaj nehegelijanski stav nije samo antihegelijanski stav. Razumevanje ove razlike odvešć e nas u pravu dimenziju infrapolitike. Ovaj aspekt Moreirasovog doprinosa savremenim raspravama bić e ilustrovan njegovom paradoksalnom i neprepoznatljivom Antigonom.

This article focuses on Leopardi’s Madrigale, which was left unpublished by the author, and found on a single manuscript page among the so-called Neapolitan papers. It appears in two versions, with three variant lines at the bottom of the page. Philologists reasonably consider the second version to be nearer to the author’s will. It is, however, unclear what exactly distinguishes it from the first one. Here, I argue that specific poetic structures set the two versions apart (namely, prosodic phrasing, the metrical structure of one variant line, and the distribution of personal pronouns in the text). After proposing an analysis of these three types of structures, I critically discuss some of the most relevant questions arising from the structural approach. On this basis, I provide a reading of the above analysis drawing on both sociological aesthetics and anthropology, in order to decipher the nature of the Madrigale as a ‘negative Dinggedicht.’, Il saggio indaga una lirica di Leopardi, il Madrigale, inedita in vita, e ritrovata su un’unico foglio tra gli autografi delle carte napoletane. La breve lirica appare in due versioni, con alcuni versi varianti riportati in fondo all’autografo. Se dal punto di vista filologico è evidente che la versione posteriore sia la seconda, non è chiaro cosa esattamente la distingua dalla prima. Il mio argomento è che i testi del Madrigale sono distinti per alcune strutture poetiche (lo schema del fraseggio prosodico, la struttura metrica di un verso variante, e la distribuzione dei pronomi personali nel testo), che sono definite solo nella seconda versione. Dopo aver proposto un’analisi di queste strutture nel Madrigale, discuto criticamente alcuni fondamenti dell’approccio strutturale al testo poetico. Di qui lascio infine emergere una lettura che connette l’analisi strutturale all’estetica sociologica, e all’antropologia letteralmente decifrando la natura di ‘Dinggedichtnegativo’ del Madrigale

The Cours de linguistique générale (1916), which became the master text for structuralist linguistics and semiotics, is characterized by a series of dichotomies. Some of them, e.g. langue and parole, signified and signifier, arbitrary and motivated, are very well known, others less so. This paper looks at Saussure’s semiotics in terms of these dichotomies, and considers how later critiques, such as Voloshinov’s (1929), and reformulations, particularly Hjelmslev’s (1935, 1942) and the concept of enunciation which emerged conjointly in the work of Jakobson, Lacan, Dubois, Benveniste and others, were shaped as responses to the Saussurean dichotomies. Also examined in terms of its contrast with Saussure is Bally’s stylistics. The aim is a fuller understanding of the shapes taken by structuralist semiotics, in view of the heritage on which they were based and the broader intellectual climate, including phenomenology and Marxism, in which they developed.

Cet article revient sur le surréalisme pour montrer de quelles façons la psychanalyse a fourni une lingua franca internationale à la critique de l’humanisme européen et du racisme colonial du milieu du siècle dernier. La Première Guerre mondiale a initié une remise en question des valeurs européennes, qui a été exacerbée par le modernisme de l’entre-deux-guerres et la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Les écrits de Freud ont contribué à cette remise en question. Cela a non seulement été le cas pour l’École de Francfort et la philosophie française, mais également pour les intellectuels et artistes surréalistes des deux côtés de l’Atlantique. Entre leurs mains, des concepts tels que l’inconscient, l’aliénation et le mythe ont proposé un vocabulaire commun pour s’attaquer à la hiérarchie raciale et esquisser un nivellement culturel entre l’Europe et ses autres. Lire le surréalisme en même temps que ses ramifications, de la négritude au structuralisme, permet aux théoriciens contemporains de renouer le dialogue avec ces ancêtres qui ont été oubliés à mesure que l’influence de Freud s’affaiblissait au cours du xxe siècle. This essay revisits surrealism to evoke the ways psychoanalysis provided an international lingua franca for the midcentury critique of European humanism and colonial racism. The First World War initiated searching reassessments of European values which interwar modernism and the Second World War intensified. Freud’s writings contributed to these reassessments. This was true not only for the Frankfurt School and in French philosophy, but also by surrealist intellectuals and artists working on both sides of the Atlantic. In their hands, concepts like the unconscious, alienation, and myth offered a common vocabulary to attack racial hierarchy and affect a cultural leveling between Europe and its others. Reading surrealism together with its offshoots, from négritude to structuralism, brings contemporary theorists back into dialogue with these forebears who have been forgotten as Freud’s influence waned later in the century.

SUMMARYWhen mention is made of Brazil in connection with American linguistics, it usually amounts to a reference to the Linguistic Circle of New York, where Roman Jakobson (1896-1982) and Claude Levi-Strauss (b.1908), who had come from Brazil where he had done ethnological work, met and exchanged ideas. This singular event has cast a shadow on other contacts between Brazil and American linguistics, of which, the one between Jakobson and the Brazilian linguist Joaquim Mattoso Câmara (1904-1970) was much more consequential, at least as far as the implementation of structural linguistics in Brazil and in South America generally during the 1950s and the 1960s is concerned. Mattoso Câmara came to the United States and spent most of his time in New York City (September 1943 till April 1944), where he got exposure to Praguean type structuralism, notably through Jakobson's lectures he attended at Columbia University and at the Ecole Libre of New York, which had been established by European refugees at the time. He also participated in the first meetings of the Linguistic Circle of New York in 1943 as one of its co-founders. Following his return to Rio de Janeiro, Mattoso Câmara proposed, in 1949, as his doctoral thesis a phonemic description of Brazilian Portuguese. The work was published a few years later, in 1953. His most influential work, Principios de Linguistica Gerai, first published in 1954, had two more revised and updated editions (1958, 1967) and served to introduce several generations of Brazilian as well as other South American students to structural linguistics during the 1950s and 1960s.RESUMEQuand on fait reference aux rapports entre le Bresil et la linguistique americaine, on pense surtout au Cercle Linguistique de New York, ou Roman Jakobson (1896-1982) et Claude Levi-Strauss (n.1908), qui avait fait des recherches ethnologiques au Bresil, se sont rencontres au debut des annees quarante. Cet evenement important, mais isole, a mis au deuxieme plan d'autres contacts entre le Bresil et les Etats-Unis a cette epoque, comme la rencontre entre Jakobson et le linguiste bresilien Joaquim Mattoso Câmara (1904-1970). Cette rencontre a eu beaucoup plus de consequences, surtout en ce qui concerne l'etablissement de la linguistique structurale au Bresil et en Amerique du Sud pendant les annees cinquante et soixante. Mattoso Câmara sejourna aux Etats-Unis entre septembre 1943 et avril 1944. Pendant cette periode, Mattoso Câmara a participe aussi aux premieres reunions du Cercle Linguistique de New York en 1943 dont il a ete un des fondateurs. Dans les annees suivantes, apres son retour au Bresil, Mattoso Câmara a propose, en 1949, a l'Universite de Rio de Janeiro, une description phonemique du Por-tuguais du Bresil comme these de doctorat. Ce travail fut publie en 1953, mais son livre magistral, les Principios de linguistica gerai de 1954, a ete revise et elargi a deux reprises (1958, 1967) et introduisait plusieurs generations d'etudiants bresiliens — et sud-americains en general — a la linguistique structurale.ZUSAMMENFASSUNGWenn jemals von einem Kontakt zwischen Amerika und Brasilien in Sachen Sprachwissenschaft die Rede ist, dann denkt man vor allem, wenn nicht gar ausschlieslich, an den Linguistic Circle of New York und das Zusammentreffen von und den Austausch zwischen Roman Jakobson (1896-1982) und Claude Levi-Strauss (geb.1908), der jungst aus Brasilien gekom-men war, wo er ethnologischen Studien betrieben hatte. Dieses besondere Ereignis hat jedoch einen groBen Schatten auf andere Verbindungen zwischen der brasilianischen und amerikanischen Sprachwissenschaft geworfen, worunter das Zusammentreffen zwischen Jakobson und dem brasilianischen Linguisten Joaquim Mattoso Câmara (1904-1970) weit bedeutender war, zu-mindest was die Etablierung der strukturallen Linguistik in Brasilien und all-gemein in Sudmerika wahrend der 1950er und 1960er Jahre anbetrifft. Mattoso Câmara fur zwei Semester in die Vereinigten Staaten und verbrachte die meise Zeit in New York City (September 1943 bis April 1944). Dort fand er Zugang zum Prager Strukturalismus, insbesondere durch Jakobsons Vorle-sungen an der Columbia University und an der Ecole Libre de New York, die zu der Zeit von europaischen Fluchtlingen eingerichtet wurde. Er nahm auch an den ersten Treffen des Linguistic Circle of New York im Jahr 1943 als einer der Mitbegrunder teil. Nach seiner Rlickkehr nach Rio de Janeiro schlug Mattoso Câmara 1949 eine phonemische Beschreibung des brasilianischen Portugiesisch als Doktorarbeit vor. Die Arbeit erschien im Jahr 1953. Sein einfluBreichstes Werk, Principios de linguistica gerai, erstmalig 1954 er-schienen, erlebte zwei weitere, verbesserte und erweiterte Auflagen (1958, 1967) und diente wahrend der 1950er und 1960er Jahre mehreren Generationen von Brasilianern und auch anderen sudamerikanischen Studenten als Einfuhrung in die strukturale Linguistik.

This article is concerned with the status and stakes of Gilles Deleuze’s “break” with structuralism. With a particular focus on a transitional text of Deleuze, the 1967/1972 article “How Do We Recognize Structuralism?,” it asks how Deleuze understood structuralism and why, after his encounter with Felix Guattari and Guattari’s own transitional text, 1969’s “Machine and Structure,” Deleuze felt the need to break with structuralism. It argues that reading these two texts together allows us to see that Deleuze already perceived tensions within the structuralist project, and argues that Guattari’s non-structural account of the machine allowed Deleuze to clarify this perception, and see it as necessitating a departure from structuralism. To close, however, it turns to recent work by philosophers such as Etienne Balibar and Patrice Maniglier that re-examines the structuralist moment and identifies an ongoing legacy that the “poststructuralism” of Deleuze and Guattari may be part of. By considering Deleuze and Guattari’s break with structuralism in light of this work, this article considers how the polemical rejection of structuralism by Deleuze and Guattari may not fully account for the ongoing legacy of the structuralist program and the persistence of a structuralist problematic in their thought.

In this paper, we consider the relative significance of concrete and abstract features for the identity and persistence of a group. The theoretical background for our analysis is the position according to which groups are realizations of structures. Our main argument is that the relative significance of the abstract features (structural organization of the group) with respect to the significance of concrete features (the group’s members) can vary across different types of groups. The argumentation will be backed by introducing the examples in which we show that this difference in significance can affect the identity and persistence of the group.

This article aims to describe and interpret the Zapin Arab and Zapin Malay dances. Zapin dance comes from Arabic and developed within the scope of the Malay community. At first the Zapin dance culture was brought by merchants from Gujarat to various regions in the archipelago in the XV century. Zapin dance has a heroic background, because the movement was originally a sense of uplifting the spirit of the companions of the prophet for war. The development of Zapin Arabic and Malay dances are both expressed in the form of performing arts. The problem in this research is focused on the structure of the Malay zapin dance. In order to approach this problem, the structuralism theory reference from Levi Strauss' model is used. Structural theory is applied to describe Malay society. The data were collected through statements and experiences of sources, observation, and document review, then analyzed descriptively qualitatively. Data analysis uses textual and contestual interpretations, namely interpreting denotative and connotative structures. This study concludes that, (1) the Arabic Zapin dance has Arabic cultural content, and (2) the Malay Zapin dance is an Islamic expression of Malay culture.

This study analyzes the limas house as reflect of Palembang cultural identity, which is interpreted as the identity of "as to becoming". The change in the limas house as a cultural marker is adaptive and dynamic following changes in cultural identity, mainly a family structure, kinship relationship, gender, and marital status. This research uses a qualitative method with the structuralism and phenomenological approach. The informant criteria determined purposively. The data was collected using observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The study uses structural analysis to find the structure of form and the layout of the limas house. The analysis of cultural studies is carried out to provide context for the dynamics of changes in cultural identity that affect changes in the limas house. The results showed the structure of the limas house reflects the organizing the layout of the house according to family structure, kinship relationship, gender, and marital status as the cultural identity Palembang. The cultural identity is dynamic through the processes of production and reproduction, thus influencing changes in the limas house. The dynamics of change show the limas house can accommodate social continuity. Limas house is an arena that shows cultural identity through building changes that are adaptive to the social processes. Limas house needs to be protected, maintained, and developed through reinterpretation and revitalization in line with the cultural dynamics of the society.

The article raises the problem of philosophical principles and origins of Ferdinand de Saussure’s views. The editors of “Course in General Linguistics”, C. Bally and A. Sechehaye, contributed to the emergence of stereotypes about Saussure as the founder of structuralism, who for the first time conceptually distinguished language and speech based on dichotomy, established the systemic nature of language as an abstract entity, developed a bilateral psychological theory of sign and divided linguistics into the synchronous and the diachronic. This prevented the synthesis of Saussure’s concept as a holistic and internally consistent anthropocentric system of views. The conceptual analysis of the fundamental theses of Saussure’s concept, given in Saussure’s autographed materials, which appeared in 2002, showed that its most important feature is that it was an anthropocentric nomothetic proposition aimed at creating the foundations for the study of human language activity as such, language as such and speech as such. The Kantian idea of anthropocentric transcendentalism can be considered the principal philosophical source of Saussure’s nomothetic project.

La présente étude examine l’évolution de l’approche contrastive dans sept grammaires de Français Langue Étrangère à usage d’apprenants hispanophones publiées en 1974 et 2015. Réintroduite dans les grammaires à partir des années 1970 après avoir été évincée de l’apprentissage des langues étrangères pendant des décennies, la perspective contrastive change de visage pendant la période considérée : objet d’une exploitation typographique de plus en plus importante et d’une mise en œuvre toujours plus diversifiée, progressivement imbriqué à la norme grammaticale dont il était initialement indépendant, le contraste avec la langue maternelle acquiert tout au long de la période un rôle de plus en plus central et structurant. Ces évolutions ne peuvent être comprises sans être mises en lien avec le contexte, au sens large, dans lequel prennent place ces grammaires : l’influence du structuralisme américain, à travers la linguistique contrastive, le behaviourisme et le distributionnalisme ; les réflexions sur l’erreur et sur l’interlangue ; enfin l’évolution des méthodes d’apprentissage pendant la période. This study examines the evolution of the contrastive approach in seven French as a Foreign Language grammars for Spanish-speaking learners published in 1974 and 2015. Reintroduced in grammars from the 1970s onwards after having been ousted from foreign language learning for decades, the contrastive perspective is changing its face during the period under consideration—the object of increasingly important typographical exploitation and ever more diversified implementation, progressively intertwined with the grammatical norm of which it was initially independent, the contrast with the mother tongue acquires an increasingly central and structuring role throughout the period. These evolutions cannot be understood without being linked to the context, in the broadest sense, in which these grammars take place—the influence of American structuralism, through contrastive linguistics, behaviourism and distributionalism; the reflections on error and on interlanguage and finally the evolution of learning methods during the period.

El artículo propone analizar los proyectos energéticos de provincias argentinas con actores chinos, en el contexto de la creciente tendencia de los actores subestatales de desplegar acciones internacionales, instrumentalizando la política exterior. Los casos de estudio son las provincias de Jujuy, Neuquén y Santa Cruz. El objetivo es estudiar las relaciones argentino-chinas desde la perspectiva subestatal y estudiar la gestión internacional subestatal en relación con el desarrollo. La metodología es cualitativa con interpretación de documentos, teniendo en cuenta la contextualización y exploración de cada caso. El análisis toma las teorías de la interdependencia compleja y el estructuralismo para explicar la dinámica centro-periferia.

John Updike’s use of setting in his fiction has elicited different and even conflicting reactions from critics, varying from symbolic interpretations of setting to a sense of confusion at his use of time and place in his stories. The present study is an attempt at examining John Updike’s treatment of binary settings in Pigeon Feathers and Other Stories (1962) to reveal theme, characters’ motives and conflicts. Analyzing Updike’s stories from a structuralist’s perspective reveals his employment of two different places and times in the individual stories as a means of reflecting the psychological state of the characters, as in “The Persistence of Desire”, or expressing conflicting views on social and political issues, as in “A&P” and “Home”, or commenting on religious issues as in “Pigeon Feathers.” The study also examines Updike’s use of setting as a structural device to provide unity to the diverse stories in the collection. The study concludes that binary settings provide structural unity to the stories in the collection and add a psychological dimension and depth to the characters.

O presente trabalho busca, através de uma reflexão empírica, compreender como o cinema estrutural – vertente experimental da sétima arte – desenvolve um caráter anticapitalista a partir de suas peculiaridades estéticas. Para dar início a esse estudo, apresenta-se uma exposição teórica de como se comporta o cinema institucional, que não representa apenas o cinema clássico, mas toda a gama de produções cinematográficas com perfil narrativo. Em seguida, é necessário compreender a gênese do pensamento artístico que questiona o institucional: a teoria das vanguardas, inspirada por movimentos artísticos como futurismo, dadaísmo e expressionismo. Por fim, é apresentado o cinema estrutural a partir de suas manifestações teóricas e práticas, criando um breve entendimento da maneira como o estruturalismo cria sua crítica. As questões referentes são expostas com o objetivo principal de apresentar como um ramo cinematográfico não-narrativo pode configurar um ato de resistência por meio de suas características formais.

O ensaio apresenta um panorama amplo do estruturalismo tcheco tal como desenvolvido pela Escola de Praga, tomando como referência a obra de um de seus principais integrantes: Jan Mukařovský. O estudo também aborda a questão do descaso internacional no que se refere ao reconhecimento dos trabalhos da Escola, particularmente pela intelectualidade francesa. Na correlação da obra de Mukařovský com as teorias (literárias) mais recentes, contempla-se, em linhas gerais, entre outros, aspectos importantes do New Criticism, Pós-estruturalismo e Desconstrução.

No final dos anos de 1960, Iuri Lótman, um dos fundadores da Escola de Semiótica Tártu-Moscou, preparou, em cooperação com seus colegas, uma edição em dois volumes de escritos de Jan Mukařovský, um dos fundadores do estruturalismo literário tcheco e da estética semiótica. Embora Mukařovský alegasse lealdade ao marxismo já no início dos anos de 1950 e fosse considerado politicamente aceitável na URSS, tanto seu passado estruturalista quanto a bagagem estruturalista de Lótman eram alheios e suspeitos aos marxistas ortodoxos dominantes e às autoridades de censura soviéticas, especialmente depois da “Primavera Tcheca” de 1968. A edição russa de Mukařovský veio a lume só depois do colapaso da União Soviética (e da morte de Lótman). Baseado em vasta documentação de arquivo, este artigo oferece uma reconstrução detalhada da história da edição inicial não publicada.

Mark Wilson presents a highly original account of conceptual behavior that challenges many received views about concepts in analytic philosophy. Few attempts have been made to rationally reconstruct Wilson’s framework of patches and facades within a precise semantic framework. I will show how a modified version of the structuralist framework offers a semantic reconstruction of scientific theories capable of modeling Wilson’s ideas about conceptual behavior. Specifically, I will argue that Theory-Elements and a modified version of Theory-Nets explicate respectively Wilson’s patches and facades. I will also demonstrate how several wandering phenomena described by Wilson can be adequately reconstructed within my framework.

The problem in this analysis is the motivator character from the story that he can change a lot of people around him. This motivator has brought the most of characters in the novel to become the better person. Not only have the people who love and respect him, but he also changed the people that hate him through his act of persuasion. In this study, the researcher applies the psychological analysis and genetic structuralism, it has a role to explain literary work as structure base on the elements that formed them, which are society and social life. The motivator has changed his character because the kindness of Bishop Myriel, Fantine has changed her character because the evil of Thénardier couples. Meanwhile, the other three characters, Javert, Cosette, and Marius, all of them have changed because the actions of Motivator through the act of persuasion. There are a lot of way to persuade others, and Motivators’ act of persuasion proves to be successful on this novel.

Este artículo es una exposición resumida de la propuesta teórica a la que su autora da el nombre de “hermenéutica estructural”. Con origen en sus anteriores trabajos sobre “hermenéutica constructiva”, Wahnón expone aquí las razones por las que habría optado finalmente por esta nueva formulación, la de hermenéutica estructural, que en un principio utilizaba solamente para caracterizar las aportaciones de autores como Barthes, Bajtin o Ricoeur. Apoyándose en la obra de estos pensadores, así como en las de Lotman o Szondi entre otros, la finalidad de la hermenéutica estructural es proseguir la tarea que, con mayor o menor conciencia, iniciaron todos estos precursores. Se trataría, por tanto, de seguir tendiendo puentes entre dos horizontes teóricos supuestamente contrarios o incluso antagónicos: la hermenéutica, por un lado; el estructuralismo, por otro. La autora realiza aquí un original recorrido por diferentes fuentes y períodos del pensamiento literario, desde la estética kantiana a los Cultural Studies pasando por los textos del formalismo ruso, para argumentar en favor de la necesidad de una teoría literaria integradora que reconcilie la irrenunciable concepción hermenéutica de la literatura con las no menos indispensables contribuciones, tanto teóricas como metodológicas, del estructuralismo y la semiótica.

Este artículo se pregunta por el momento de emergencia de los llamados estructuralismos en España, y especialmente por el lugar y algunos usos de la deconstrucción en el campo crítico español a partir de los años setenta y hasta nuestros días. Una larga autarquía intelectual y la presencia del nacional-catolicismo dificultarán la incorporación de un pensamiento que parte de la muerte de Dios y avanza hacia la muerte del Hombre. En estas páginas se estudia parcialmente la obra de Nora Catelli y de Túa Blesa para ver de qué modo abrieron nuevos horizontes críticos en una España que no habrá dejado de oponer resistencias a la teoría y, más en general, al pensamiento literario. E, igualmente, se llama la atención sobre algunas dinámicas heredadas de la universidad española que llegan hasta hoy y que reclaman la vuelta sobre las propias condiciones materiales del ejercicio de la actividad intelectual en una universidad pública regida por la precariedad.

Hasta inicios del siglo XX , la realidad internacional era estudiada, fundamentalmente, desde la historia diplomática. A partir de entonces, con el surgimiento y desarrollo de la disciplina de las Relaciones Internacionales dominada por el Centro, se buscó, más que una descripción de eventos del pasado provista por los historiadores, la comprensión de los hechos del tiempo presente. Sin embargo, desde la segunda mitad del siglo XX, crecen en importancia los trabajos que abordan la relación Historia-Relaciones Internacionales en perspectivas que ponen en evidencia su necesario ‘diálogo’. En América del Sur, aportes al análisis de las Relaciones Internacionales desde la Historia provienen del Estructuralismo Latinoamericano, el Realismo Periférico, la Escuela de Brasilia y los Estudios Decoloniales. Desde diferentes cosmovisiones, planteos teóricos o categorías de análisis, la historia se presenta como el recorrido necesario para identificar los problemas, desafíos u obstáculos en la inserción de América Latina en un sistema internacional de iguales. En las páginas que siguen presentaremos estas perspectivas considerando, a partir de sus autores más representativos, la base general de sus supuestos en vinculación con la revisión de las corrientes teóricas del Centro, el lugar asignado a la historia, la metodología asociada y las implicancias del abordaje histórico para el análisis de América Latina en el sistema internacional. En el acercamiento de las Relaciones Internacionales a la Historia ha dominado la revisión de principios que son propios de la Modernidad y que llevan a preguntar sobre los objetivos y metas de América, sus propias dinámicas de poder interno, los factores que obstaculizan o posibilitan su inserción internacional y los instrumentos de análisis necesarios para el desenvolvimiento de sus políticas internacionales, así como de conceptos que son explicativos de la propia historia y contribuyen a la propia dimensión disciplinaria de la Relaciones Internacionales en clave americana.

El articulo destaca los principales elementos a tener en cuenta cuando se desea localizar las causas relevantes de la inflacion segun cual sea la estructura economica subyacente. De esta manera, hace hincapie en la necesidad de una respuesta precisa a preguntas como cuando, donde y por que y como se genera un proceso inflacionario, asi como en sus consecuencias economicas, politicas y sociales. Ademas, el trabajo destaca la necesidad de analizar la naturaleza de la inflacion y sus circunstancias, mas que de contrastar estructuralismo frente a monetarismo. En definitiva, pretende especificar las causas de la inflacion, su direccion, intensidad, interaccion para una estructura economica y social concreta. This paper points out the main e1ements under analysis in a study aimed at bringing out the relevant causes of inflation in each kind of economic structure. Thus, it stresses the necessity of a direct answer to questions like when, where, why and how an inflationary process is generated as well as its economic, political and social consequences. Further, it points out the necessity of analyzing the nature of inflation and its circumstances rather than contrasting structuralism vs. monetarism. Thus it seeks to specify the causes of inflation, their direction, intensity and interaction in a given type of economic and social structure. With that aim the ideas of economic efficiency and social welfare are introduced and applied to an interpretation of the Argentine case during the last hundred years. Keywords: Inflation, Structural permanence, economics efficiency, social welfare.

The author recalls her youth in Wroclaw where Jerzy Woronczak — a philologist and one of the pioneers in applying mathematical linguistics to literary analysis — worked. Woronczak was a true master for his students in the nineteen-seventies and eighties. It is interesting to trace the paradoxical journey from traditional Polish philology to mathematical linguistics, semiotics and structuralism fifty years ago, and from them to the new philology as a phenomenon of digital humanities.

Based on the authors’ experience in analyzing and interpreting Russian works of art in a Slovak university, the paper identifies some of the difficulties that arise in the process of teaching Russian literature, culture and the Russian language. The conducted research pays attention to the discursive factors of the study of works of fiction, while relying on the theoretical foundations of the world-famous researchers of discourse. First of all, the authors focus on five codes highlighted by one of the representatives of structuralism and poststructuralism, the French philosopher, literary critic, esthetician and semioticist – R. Bart. Deciphering individual codes of literary works can motivate students of the Russian language and literature to read independently, which develops their critical thinking, broadens the horizons of knowledge, and also contributes to their professional and personal growth. In classes on the interpretation of texts of fiction in the framework of teaching Russian as a foreign language, various difficulties are often encountered, in particular, with the decoding of the named codes. The purpose of this paper is to comment on these difficulties, highlight the factors associated with the interpretation of the elements of literary discourse, and also offer some solutions which teachers can implement to help Slovak students studying Russian as a foreign language get rid of these difficulties. The article can become an incentive for further observations in this area, contribute to an increase in the effectiveness of teaching Russian literature of the 18th – 21st centuries in Slovak universities.

The article reveals the correlation between such concepts as the sign and the garden in the literature, analyzes the difference between the concepts of semantics and semiotics. The concept of the sign is analyzed in a broad sense i.e. in the context of a system of signs. The study also examines the difference between semiotics and structuralism. The theoretical works by Mikhail Bakhtin, Ferdinand de Saussure, Umberto Eco and others were used to determine the best method for studying the sign and sign systems, in particular in the literature. The article applies the method of structuralism to reveal possible errors while sign systems are being investigated. Identifying the weaknesses of structuralism resulted in the rise of a new method called structuralist semiotics. The article describes this method and its main features. The possibilities of using the structuralist semiotics method are shown on the example of Sofiyivka garden, which can be considered as a complex system of signs, and consequently literary works about this garden can be treated as signs of signs, i. e. a literary work about Sofiyivka is presented as a multilevel sign system in which semiotic levels generate each other. The garden is studied as a sign system, and a literary work about the garden can be presented as a sign system generated by another sign system.

O presente texto visa introduzir a discussão acerca da desigualdade social estabelecida e situada no território nacional brasileiro e notadamente no estado de São Paulo. A desigualdade será investigada através da interpretação geográfica, sobretudo pela leitura, análise e aproximação das conceituações do geógrafo brasileiro Milton Santos. O primeiro esforço, portanto, é compreender aspectos de sua teoria, geralmente alocada entre a geografia física e a geografia humana. No entanto, a iniciativa de fundamentar a abordagem através desse pressuposto teórico-metodológico, tem como objetivo último evidenciar o quanto o prédio e a própria Escola, em parâmetros gerais, se tornaram, desde as bases (engenharia e arquitetura), contribuição para a formação da paisagem de um determinado território, seja de periferia ou de centro, mas também, contribuição para a manutenção de um status quo de desigualdade nas dinâmicas da relação social. Portanto, a partir do Estruturalismo, pretende-se contribuir para a maior compreensão acerca das determinações basilares e, por vezes invisíveis, da influência da sociedade de Capital no que se refere à estratificação social através da escola como locus. Palavras-chave Geografia, Escola, Objeto, Ação THE NATURE OF SCHOOL SPACE: contributions of Geography to the school concept of among object and action systems Abstract This text aims to introduce the discussion about the social inequality established and located in the Brazilian national territory and notably in the São Paulo state. Inequality will be investigated through geographic interpretation, above all, by reading, analyzing and approximating the concepts of the great Brazilian geographer, Milton Santos. The first effort, therefore, is to understand aspects of his theory, generally allocated between physical geography and human geography. However, the initiative to substantiate the approach through this theoretical-methodological assumption, has the ultimate objective of showing how the building and the School itself, in general parameters, have become, since its strategic planning, with engineering and architecture assumptions, contribution for the formation of the landscape of a given territory, whether in the periphery or in the center, but also a contribution to the maintenance of an unequal status quo in the dynamics of social relations. Therefore, from Structuralism, it is intended to contribute to a greater understanding of the basic determinations and, sometimes invisible, of the influence of Capital society with regard to social stratification through the school as locus. Keywords Geography, School, Object, Action

espanolLos personajes periodistas heroes y villanos ocupan un lugar destacado en el cine espanol y su estudio aporta una vision de la profesion desde la perspectiva que brinda el rico caleidoscopio del cine. Esta investigacion estudia135 peliculas en siete decadas, desde 1942 hasta 2012, lo que proporciona una inusual panoramica de la evolucion del informador y de los medios de comunicacion a lo largo del ultimo siglo en nuestro pais. La originalidad de la metodologia se encuentra en la recuperacion de Morfologia del cuento(1928) de Vladimir Propp para trasladar el estructuralismo dela literatura ala narrativa audiovisual, una semiosis que configura una exclusiva morfologia del periodista. El autor ruso Propp encontro 31 funciones matrices que se repiten en los cuentos del folclore de su pais y este trabajo 21 funciones en las peliculas. El detallado analisis de guiones, secuencias y encuadres se sintetiza en esferas y acciones en las que se mueven los informadores. Heroes y villanos que conforman un novedoso reflejo en la pantalla del periodismo espanol con un dominio del medio de comunicacion tradicional de la prensa escrita, del personaje masculino y del periodista envuelto en una vida de caos emocional y adicciones. EnglishHero and villain journalist characters occupy a prominent place in Spanish cinema and their study provides a vision of the profession from the perspective provided by the rich kaleidoscope of cinema. This research studies 135 films in seven decades, from 1942 to 2012, which provides an unusual overview of the evolution of the news reporter and the media over the last century in our country. The originality of the methodology is found in the recovery of Morphology of the story (1928) by Vladimir Propp to transfer the structuralism of literature to audiovisual narrative, a semiosis that configures an exclusive morphology of the journalist. The Russian author Propp found 31 matrix functions that are repeated in the folk tales of his country and this work 21 functions in the movies. The detailed analysis of scripts, sequences and frames is synthesized in spheres and actions in which the informants move. Heroes and villains that make up a new reflection on the screen of Spanish journalism with a mastery of the traditional means of communication of the written press, the male character and the journalist involved in a life of emotional chaos and addictions.

Terlepas dari maraknya pendekatan hermeneutika pascastrukturalisme yang mengabaikan tatanan struktur dan sistem tanda, strukturalisme memainkan peranan yang vital dalam jantung hermeneutika modern. Sebagai sebuah alat baca terhadap tanda (dan keterjalinan teks) dalam masyarakat, strukturalisme memberikan fondasi yang kokoh bagi peneliti bahasa dan teks untuk mengkaji pesan bermakna yang disampaikan melalui tanda. Dalam dunia hermeneutika Alkitab, strukturalisme memberikan pengaruh yang signifikan bagi keragaman dan kekayaan penafsiran teks-teks Kitab Suci. Penelitian ini berusah untuk memaparkan strukturalisme sebagai sebuah perangkat hermeneutika modern dan menunjukkan pengaruh strukturalisme bagi dunia penafsiran Alkitab. Menggunakan teks Lukas 18:1-8 dan Mazmur 8:1-9 sebagai alat peraga, penulis mendiskusikan kemampuan dan keterbatasan pendekatan strukturalisme dalam mengkaji teks. Kata Kunci: Ferdinand de Saussure, Strukturalisme, Signified-Signifier, Tanda, Langue-Parole, Sintagmatik-Paradigmatik, Sinkronik-Diakronik. Abstract Despites the rampant approach of post-structuralism hermeneutics which disregards structural pattern and sign systems, structuralism plays a vital role in the heart of modern hermeneutics. As a reading tool toward signs (and inter-texts) in society, structuralism has laid a solid foundation for philologist to decipher meaningful message that is delivered through sign. In the world of bible hermeneutics, structuralism contributes significantly to the diversity and richness of textual interpretation to Scripture. This research endeavors to expound structuralism as a tool of modern hermeneutics and show its influence on the world of bible interpretation. Taking Luke 18:1-8 and Psalms 8:1-9 as teaching tools, the writer discusses the ability as well as the limitation of structuralism in understanding the texts. Kata Kunci: Ferdinand de Saussure, Structuralism, Signified-Signifier, Sign, Langue-Parole, Sintagmatic-Paradigmatic, Synchronic-Diachronic.

A inteligência artificial (IA) participa ativamente do mundo humano pois simula a capacidade de pensamento semelhantemente com o do ser humano, podendo, inclusive, criar invenções. Diante disso, cumpre questionar quem seria o titular da patente referente à invenção desenvolvida por sistemas dotados de inteligência artificial quando não há interferência humana direta? Para responder tal problemática, utiliza-se o método de abordagem dedutivo e como métodos de procedimento empregam-se o estruturalista e histórico. Assim, ao final, verificou-se que, analisando a Lei de Propriedade Intelectual atual, o ideal seria uma reformulação que abarcasse a temática. Porém, para não deixar referido direito descoberto, o melhor caminho até que tal ocorra, é, adotar o entendimento do Instituto Nacional de Propriedade Industrial, no sentido de conceder a titularidade das invenções geradas por sistemas dotados de IA a quem criou o sistema.

It is often claimed that Russellian monism carries a commitment to a structuralist conception of physics, on which physics describes the world only in terms of its spatiotemporal structure and dynamics. We argue that this claim is mistaken. On Russellian monism, there is more to consciousness, and to the rest of concrete reality, than spatiotemporal structure and dynamics. But the latter claim supports only a conditional claim about physics: if structuralism about physics is true, then there is more to consciousness and to the rest of concrete reality than physics describes. Given the fundamental nature of their position, Russellian monists can, we argue, deny the antecedent without inconsistency. We also draw out two significant consequences of that result. One is that it provides a response to some recent objections to Russellian monism, by Alyssa Ney and Eric Hiddleston. The other consequence concerns a line of reasoning known as the structure and dynamics argument—reasoning that is thought to motivate Russellian monism. In David J. Chalmers’s version, which is regarded as canonical, structuralism about physics is implied by a premise. If our main thesis is true, then that version is problematic, at least from the perspective of Russellian monists who take the argument to motivate their theory. However, we argue, the argument can be reformulated without relying on structuralism about physics.

Computational approaches to literary studies have tended to fetishize Russian Formalism. The evolving canon of Digital Humanities scholarship shows persistent leanings on Formalism and the theoretical movements that emerged in its wake, including Prague School structuralism, discourse analysis, and semiotics. Twenty-first-century scholars relive the evolutions, embattled stances, and fraught histories of modern literary theory and its founding figures, whom they claim as their predecessors – from historical poetics to the social turn of discourse analysis. As scholars working in Digital Humanities and Russian literary studies, we attempt to examine the suggestive continuities between Russian literary theory and computational literary analysis. Focusing on the posited link between discourse analysis and topic modelling, we offer a case study of topic modeling using the full run of the academic journal Slavic Review. We briefly review the process of topic modeling for literary analysis, consider some insights from topic modeling Slavic Review and, for comparison, briefly consider two other prominent journals in the field – Slavic and East European Journal and Russian Review.

Nesse ensaio trazemos três apontamentos sobre a filosofia deleuziana, que elaboram uma análise de conteúdo epistemológico com o objetivo de refletir os possíveis usos dessa teoria na fundamentação de pesquisas de pós-graduação desenvolvidas pelo Grupo Rizoma ligado ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em educação da Universidade Federal do Paraná. A proposta é desdobrar o rizoma, conceito criado por Gilles Deleuze e Félix Guattari, traçando a partir destes três pontos um modo de orientação nesta filosofia das multiplicidades. O primeiro apontamento trata da criação de conceitos e métodos que formam a filosofia de Deleuze; o segundo, analisa o texto Em que se pode entender como estruturalismo?; e o terceiro, os elementos e princípios do Rizoma, texto e conceito que foi escrito e criado junto a Félix Guattari. Entendemos que esses três momentos perfazem um percurso interessante e necessário para quem quer fazer uso das abordagens da filosofia da diferença em processos especulativos do campo da educação.

This paper turns to contemporary discussions on the methodology in the history of philosophy and their general context of the humanities. A comparative analysis of the epistemological stances of the history of ideas (using the works by A.O. Lovejoy and I. Berlin, as well as H. Bloom’s studies on the Western canon) and conceptual history (from the pioneer in this area G. Teichmüller to R. Koselleck, Q. Skinner and J. Pocock) allows us to identify the peculiarities of both approaches as well as to reveal any points of converging and differences between them. Moreover, the article dwells on the main consequences of their use by the historians of philosophy as independent areas of research, such as cultural anthropology, study of literature, and linguistics. In addition, the paper discusses the canonization of forms of thinking as an efficient way of making a person identify him/her with a certain “imaginary community”, which simultaneously determines the subject’s way of thinking and is supported by him/her. The analysis performed allows us to infer the following: inquiries of historians of philosophy support the elaboration of paradigms and ideological forms of their representation; their methodological success consists in a specific character of their heuristic strategies that enables them to deal with the genuine genealogy of the present, in which contemporaneity finds its foundations. Thus, historians of philosophy are faced with the situation of hypertext as the research area is formed by the methodology of historical-philosophical inquiry. Such a heuristics brings contemporary historians of philosophy together with theorists of structuralism, which had previously dominated the studies of language and social sciences.

El artículo presenta un panorama de las lecturas, relecturas y reinterpretaciones de la obra de Jean-Paul Sartre en la Argentina, en las décadas del 60 y 70, enfocándose particularmente en las implicancias políticas de su obra leída desde un país periférico. Tras un primer momento de acercamiento a Sartre por los miembros de la revista Contorno, los años 60 observan la confluencia y superposición de ideas sartreanas con el primer estructuralismo.

This article analyses the development of the sociology of culture in Czechia. Its focus is on the sociology of the arts and cultural sociology, which, it is argued, are connected through the notion of the relative autonomy of cultural structures. While the Czech sociology of culture may have been rendered less dynamic by the lack of a critical mass of sociologists specialising in this area and by the country’s frequent political upheavals and its isolation from the international circulation of ideas, it has experienced moments of considerable vitality. Three periods in the development of the field are identified here, each of them marked by a movement toward a stronger and more sociologically adequate conceptualisation of cultural autonomy: (1) from the diffuse culturalism of the field’s founding figures to the functionalist theory of the interwar sociologist Inocenc Arnošt Bláha, whose view of the relationship between art and society was influenced by the work of the Prague School of Structuralism; (2) from the cultural reductionism of Marxist-Leninist theory after 1948 to the eclectic sociology of culture and the arts of the late socialist period; (3) from the demise of this transitional form of a sociology of culture in the 1990s to the increasingly internationalised but also heterogeneous landscape of the 2010s, which is constituted by a semi-institutionalised centre of cultural sociology at Brno and small groups or individuals in Prague and other academic locales. The thread of continuity in an otherwise discontinuous historical development is found in the recurrent motif of the relative autonomy of culture which the Czech sociology of culture absorbed through its exposure to art and literary theory.

Undoubtedly, the second half of the 20th century and the early 21st century are notable for the extensive artistic experiment, including metatextual and metafictional phenomena. Such scholars as Gérard Genette, Anna Wierzbicka, Patricia Waugh, Linda Hutcheon, Robert Sholes, and many others focused on the mentioned issues in their research work. Therefore, this paper considers metatextuality and metafiction in the theoretical perspective tracing the origins of metatextuality and its connections with postmodern literature. The terms ‘metatext’ and ‘metafiction’ appeared as rather close in time. Notably, both of them are based on the discursive practices of the late 20th century. However, the term ‘metatext’ originated in the scholarly practice of structuralism. It is obvious that ‘metatext’ was constructed by analogy with the concept of ‘metalanguage’. Either of them does not exist without the initial text (or language). Metatextual elements are important for analyzing styles, genres, types of expression, discursive functions, and more. On the other hand, the term ‘metafiction’ has an obvious connection with genre studies. Metafiction qualifies as a special kind of literary text that became characteristic of the postmodern era. Such features as self-referentiality of artistic expression, introspection, and self-consciousness became essential for postmodern aesthetics. Metatextuality relates to the narrative theory and metacritiсism, while metafictionality is applicable within the intertextual analysis. Thus, the paper highlights an advance of metadiscourse in the cultural consciousness of the late 20th century.

Summary The initiatives to publish an English translation of the influential Sémantique structurale (1966) by linguist and semiotician A. J. Greimas (1917–1992) provide an instructive case study for the reception of a work in new contexts. The efforts underscore the importance of (dis)connections between cultures’ intellectual traditions and trends, putting in play the relations between continental and American linguistic structuralism, generative semantics, cognitive linguistics, and “French” (post)structuralism throughout the human sciences. The projects also point up the significance of timing and of standards for translation quality – and the possibilities for controversy. In addition to published research, this study draws from archival documents and personal communications with Greimas, his translators and editors, and other principals involved.

Summary This survey article comments on the history of biblical semantics from the beginning of the nineteenth century to the present time. This period of 200 years is divided into three phases, each of which is governed by a predominant paradigm: 1) The era of biblical philology was heavily influenced by the ideas of Wilhelm von Humboldt. 2) Linguistic structuralism was promulgated to biblical scholars by James Barr since the 1960s. 3) The present time, still dominated by structuralism, has nevertheless seen the rise of a new paradigm, namely, cognitive linguistics. Within this domain, particularly frame semantics and the theory of conceptual metaphors have the potential to bring fresh insights to biblical semantics, exegesis and theology. This development is illustrated by means of some examples from the field of biblical Hebrew. Zusammenfassung In diesem Uberblicksartikel wird die Geschichte der biblischen Semantik vom Anfang des 19. Jahrhunderts bis in die Gegenwart nachgezeichnet. Dieser Zeitraum von 200 Jahren lasst sich in drei Phasen einteilen, in denen jeweils ein Paradigma masgeblich ist: 1) Die Epoche der biblischen Philologie war stark von den Ideen Wilhelm von Humboldts gepragt. 2) Der linguistische Strukturalismus wurde in den Bibelwissenschaften seit den 1960er Jahren durch James Barr vorherrschend. 3) In der Gegenwart, die immer noch vom Strukturalismus beherrscht wird, zeichnet sich die kognitive Linguistik als ein neues Paradigma ab. Vor allem die Frame-Semantik und die Theorie der konzeptuellen Metaphern haben das Potential, die biblische Semantik, Exegese und Theologie durch neue Erkenntnisse zu bereichern. Das wird durch einige Beispiele aus dem Bereich des biblischen Hebraisch veranschaulicht. Resume Ce survol examine l’histoire de la semantique biblique du debut du XIXe siecle a nos jours. Cette periode de 200 ans comporte trois phases, chacune dominee par un paradigme different: 1) L’epoque de la philologie biblique est fortement marquee par les idees de Wilhelm von Humboldt. 2) Dans les annees soixante, c’est le structuralisme linguistique de James Barr qui se repand parmi les exegetes. 3) Aujourd’hui, bien que le structuralisme ait encore l’avantage, un nouveau paradigme est ne et se developpe, savoir la linguistique cognitive. Dans ce domaine, la semantique des schemas et la theorie des metaphores conceptuelles en particulier peuvent offrir tant a la semantique biblique, qu’a l’exegese et a la theologie des perspectives nouvelles. La preuve en est donnee par des exemples tires du domaine de l’hebreu biblique.

Plato has devised texts which call the readers to collaborate cognitively with them. An important epistemic stimulation is the schematization, the line segment, which summarizes Plato’s idea of intellectual development. In this research, visual thinking will help us to make the most of the Platonic invitation to investigate further cognitive growth. It will be analyzed how visual discoveries are rendered possible by mental number lines, realizing the epistemological importance of visualization. Thanks to visualization, structuralism will be grasped. It will reveal a connection with Plato’s philosophy which suggests a novel elaboration of the Platonic concept of intellectual growth.

Poetry is a form of expression by a poet in describing a certain thing. It is the same with Sumtu poetry, which describes Palestine's longing for Gaza. This study aims to determine the form of the intrinsic and extrinsic elements in Mahmud Darwish's Sumtu Min Ajli Ghazah based on Goldman's perspective. This research is a descriptive qualitative study with a genetic structuralism approach. In collecting the data, the researcher applied reading and note-taking techniques. Then, they were analyzed based on the Miles and Huberman model. The results showed that the concept of human facts were the problems of misery, oppression, and human violence in Palestine. The concept of a collective subject was a representation of two large conflicting groups consisting of the Israeli Society as superior and the Gazan people as inferior. This poem's world view is to reveal the author's partiality to the Palestinian people to face Israeli oppression. Besides, the concept of understanding - explanation describes societal factors and individual factors. The social factor was also the author's concern for the social situation around him caused by humanitarian problems that never end. Meanwhile, the individual factor that appeared in the poetry reflects the author's thoughts and feelings towards humanitarian problems that never stop in his country.

A respectable assessment of priority-based ontic structuralism demands an elucidation of its metaphysical backbone. Here we focus on two theses that stand in need of clarification: (1) the Fundamentality Thesis states that structures are fundamental, and (2) the Priority Thesis states that these structures are prior to putative fundamental objects, if these exist. Candidate notions to illuminate (1) and (2) such as supervenience and ontological dependence failed at this task. Our purpose is to show that grounding is the best competitor to articulate (1) and (2), and regiment such theses in a desirable unified way. Our strategy is two-fold. First, we make the case that grounding does better than ontological dependence and supervenience. Second, we show that the distinction between partial and full grounds permits us to respond to an objection raised by Kerry McKenzie against the proposal of interpreting priority-based Ontic Structuralism in the idiom of metaphysical determination. Our conclusion is that priority ontic structuralists have compelling reasons for adopting a grounding-based approach.

Este artículo propone un acercamiento a la poesía visual del artista uruguayo Clemente Padín, haciendo hincapié en la heterogeneidad y la forma gráfica del texto como los elementos dadores del significado. Se analizan cuatro ciclos de poemas, provenientes de diferentes etapas de la trayectoria artística del autor: “Signografías y textos” (1967-1972), “Signo” (1974), “Homenaje al cuadrado” (1999) y “Sonetario” (2000), en los que la manipulación del código se realiza como una propuesta teórica y política. A través de una lectura basada en los planteamientos de estructuralismo y semiótica, se investiga la construcción del significado en un poema visual. This research paper presents an analysis of visual poems of the Uruguayan artist Clemente Padín, emphasizing their heterogeneity and graphic form as the elements that enable the meaning of the text. The investigation is based on four cycles of poems that belong to different phases of the artistic path of the author: “Signografías y textos” (1967 – 1972), “Signo” (1974), “Homenaje al cuadrado” (1999) and “Sonetario” (2000), where the manipulation of the linguistic system is performed as a theoretical and political proposal. The construction of the meaning in visual poems is analyzed through the lenses of structuralism and semiotics.

The article is dedicated to the anniversary of Boris Vasilyevich Markov, the famous philosopher of Saint Petersburg, Russia. The author of the article, basing on many years of personal experience and professional communication with the hero of the day, presents an expressive and holistic image of Markov as a person and as a philosopher according to his biography and creativity. An attempt is made to consider the complex philosophical evolution of Markov, which took place in key periods for Russian philosophy when Russian thought actively absorbed the key philosophical texts of the 20th century that had become available. Markov is distinguished by a unique ability to creatively rethink a variety of philosophical trends — classical philosophical schools, phenomenology, existentialism, hermeneutics, analytical philosophy, structuralism — actualizing their significance for modern philosophy and synthesizing their experience in their original understanding. The specificity of Markov’s oral and written language is distinguished by its expressiveness, brightness and aphorism. It is no coincidence that the philosophy of language had a great influence on his philosophical development, remaining as one of the main research topics throughout all his works. Touching upon some of the key books of Professor Markov, written by him at different times, the author strives to briefly mention and analyze the main features of his philosophical style, thinking, and worldview. Special attention is paid to philosophical anthropology, which is directly related to the philosophical activity of the hero of the day over the past few decades. In this regard, emphasis is given to Markov’s book “Mind and Heart”, which marked the beginning of the most productive period of his philosophical work, which is currently associated with the problems of visual anthropology of communication.

The paper presents the philosophy of the French philosopher Michel Serres, with an accent on his working method and unusual methodology. Starting from the thesis that the empiricist trait of Serres’ philosophy remains underexposed if one simply receives his work as that of a structuralist epistemologist, Serres’ monograph The Five Senses (1985) is then discussed in more detail. Here we see both a radical empiricism all his own and a closeness to phenomenology. Nevertheless, perception and language are not opposed to each other in Serres. Rather, his radical thinking of a world-relatedness of the bodily senses and an equally consistent understanding of a sensuality of language – and also of philosophical prose – are closely intertwined. Rad nam predstavlja filozofiju francuskog filozofa Mišela Sera, sa akcentom na njegov radni metod, te krajnje neuobičajenu metodologiju. Polazeći od teze da empirijska crta Serove fi-lozofije ostaje nedovoljno eksponirana ukoliko se njegova dela naprosto recipiraju kao dela epistemologa strukturaliste, prelazi se na detaljniju analizu Serove monografije The Five Sen-se (1985). Tu vidimo i radikalni empirizam, sam za sebe, ali i bliskost sa fenomenologijom. Pa ipak, percepcija i jezik, kod Sera nisu suprotstavljeni. Umesto toga, njegovo radikalna misao o povezanosti telesnih čula sa svetom i podjednako dosledno razumevanje osećajnosti jezi-ka – a takođe i filozofske proze – duboko su isprepleteni.

La tesis del colonialismo interno ha permitido visibilizar las realidades de una serie de poblaciones que, aun encuadradas en las regiones centrales del sistema-mundo capitalista, son víctimas de ciertos modelos de explotación más propios de la periferia colonial. En este artículo se realiza una revisión de dicha tesis con el objetivo de liberarla de un estructuralismo en exceso rígido y de acercarla a ciertas perspectivas, como la poscolonial y la decolonial, que podrían potenciar su utilidad como herramienta teórica. Para ello, se parte de la necesidad de explorar la dimensión social del colonialismo interno, dejada un tanto de lado por la tesis tradicional, a la luz de una proposición conceptual que atienda más a la génesis y transformación de las distintas identidades coloniales: el colonialismo interno como dispositivo fijador de identidades. Finalmente, se efectúa una breve aproximación al caso gallego con la intención de mostrar la potencialidad de este nuevo enfoque teórico. The thesis of internal colonialism reveals the realities that different populations face, and posits that even populations that are within the core central regions of the capitalist world-system are victims of certain exploitation models more typical of the colonial periphery. This article reviews this thesis about internal colonialism with the aim of freeing it from its rigid structuralism and bringing it closer to other perspectives, such as the post-colonialist and decolonialist views, which could ultimately enhance its usefulness as a theoretical tool. Furthermore, this paper addresses the need for an exploration of the social dimension that accompanies internal colonialism, somewhat neglected by the traditional thesis, in light of a conceptual proposition that emphasizes the genesis and transformation of different colonial identities and highlights internal colonialism as an identityfixing dispositive. Finally, this paper briefly examines the Galician case of internal colonialism to demonstrate the potential offered by this new theoretical approach.

The article introduces readers to “Vanishing Theory”, a book by Russian philosopher Aleksandr Smulyanskii, which the author himself con- siders as a new Introduction into underestimated structuralist’s conceptions (M. Foucault, J. Lacan, J. Derrida), and also as a handbook (tutorial) for their timely and correct reception. The author of the review agrees with the main message of the publication in question – the imaginary opposite of structura- lism/post-structuralism is unproductive, recalling the alternative name of the phenomenon: “generalized structuralism”. The reviewer draws attention to the original author’s analysis of the “secular” and “public” in the “Confession” by J.-J. Rousseau, formally associated with the Derrida method. In no way marked in the annotations for the publication, the specific features of the “Vanishing Theory” are explained by the fact that it is based on the material of the lectures given by the author. The reviewer believes that the perception of the book in question is complicated by the unexplained form of the author’s narration (speech, lecture, letter, book), the lack of references to the texts involved, and by reference to the stilted types of the current social and political agenda. Contrary to the objec- tivity of the author’s analysis, the publication is a “structuralism from the first person”. But in a way Smulyanskii shares both advantages and illusions of those authors, whose conceptions he would like to get rid of impoverishing receptions.