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Made available in DSpace on 2021-06-25T11:15:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2021-10-01 Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Pharmaceutical co-crystals have been explored by many researchers as a strategy to optimize physicochemical properties of solid-state drugs. Their improvements of solubility, bioavailability, and the reduced tendency for phase transformation occurrence, are factors that highlight benefits of pharmaceutical co-crystals among other solid forms. According to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System (BCS), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are class II drugs, which have low aqueous solubility and therefore co-crystallization has the potential to optimize NSAID product properties. In this review, we highlight the recent progress made on NSAIDs co-crystals, their co-formers, synthesis, methods and use, while we underline some promising results on in vitro and in vivo co-crystal properties. A celecoxib-tramadol co-crystal reaches phase III clinical trials, showing greater analgesic activity than both individual APIs. The aqueous solubility of the co-crystal formed between L-proline and diclofenac is very high in comparison with the pure drug. Naproxen co-crystals with urea and thiourea have an increase of drug release of almost 60%. Co-crystal design brings a new perspective in drug development since the co-former used can also be a biologically active component allowing to combine different anti-inflammatory drugs, which have an incredible spectrum of application due to the analgesic, anti-pyretic and anti-inflammatory properties. São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Chemistry EPSRC Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Continuous Manufacturing and Crystallisation University of Strathclyde São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Pharmaceutical Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP) Institute of Chemistry São Paulo State University (UNESP) School of Sciences

Single crystals of two polymorphic forms of 4′-methyl-2,4-dinitrodiphenylamine were obtained by crystallization and characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis. One of the forms is non-centrosymmetric (space group P21212), while the second is centrosymmetric (space group P¯1) and contains two crystallographically independent molecules in the asymmetric unit. In both forms, the same supramolecular synthon, a dimer linked by bonding N-H···O, O···O, and C-H···O interactions were found. Despite nearly the same connectivity of the bonding interactions, the conformation of the supramolecular synthon is different, including its unavoidably different symmetry in two polymorphs. The comparison of the crystal packing of the orthorhombic polymorph with that of the related 2,4-dinitrodiphenylamine (space group P21/n) shows the quasi-isostructurality of the fragments, infinite π-stacks joined by weak non-directional intermolecular interactions. However, the fragments are linked by the supramolecular synthons via either a two-fold axis or an inversion center, which lead to only the partial isostructurality of the crystals.

The consistency and variability as well as self-assembly evolution mechanism of cresol–piperazine cocrystals are investigated by experiments and molecular simulation., The disposition of functional groups can induce variations in the nature and type of interactions and hence affect the molecular recognition and self-assembly mechanism in cocrystals. To better understand the formation of cocrystals on a molecular level, the effects of disposition of functional groups on the formation of cocrystals were systematically and comprehensively investigated using cresol isomers (o-, m-, p-cresol) as model compounds. Consistency and variability in these cocrystals containing positional isomers were found and analyzed. The structures, molecular recognition and self-assembly mechanism of supramolecular synthons in solution and in their corresponding cocrystals were verified by a combined experimental and theoretical calculation approach. It was found that the heterosynthons (heterotrimer or heterodimer) combined with O—H⋯N hydrogen bonding played a significant role. Hirshfeld surface analysis and computed interaction energy values were used to determine the hierarchical ordering of the weak interactions. The quantitative analyses of charge transfers and molecular electrostatic potential were also applied to reveal and verify the reasons for consistency and variability. Finally, the molecular recognition, self-assembly and evolution process of the supramolecular synthons in solution were investigated. The results confirm that the supramolecular synthon structures formed initially in solution would be carried over to the final cocrystals, and the supramolecular synthon structures are the precursors of cocrystals and the information memory of the cocrystallization process, which is evidence for classical nucleation theory.

Sulfonamide drugs are well known antibacterial and antimicrobial molecules for pharmaceutical development. Building a library of suitable supramolecular synthons for the sulfonamide functional group and understanding their crystal structures with partner coformer molecules continues to be a challenge in crystal engineering. Although a few sulfonamide cocrystals with amides and N-oxides have been reported, the body of work on sulfonamide synthons is limited compared with those that have carboxylic acids and carboxamides. To address this structural gap, the present work is primarily focused on sulfonamide–lactam and sulfonamide–syn-amide synthons with drugs such as celecoxib, hydrochlorothiazide and furosemide. Furthermore, the electrostatic potential of previously reported cocrystals has been recalculated to show that the negative electrostatic potential on the lactam and syn-amide O atom is higher compared with the charge on carboxamide and pyridine N-oxide O atoms. The potential of sulfonamide molecules to form cocrystals with syn-amides and lactams are evaluated in terms of the electrostatic potential energy for the designed supramolecular synthons.

The packing interactions have been evaluated in the context of the self-assembly mechanism of crystal growth and also for its impacts on the aromaticity of the trimesate anion. The structure of ethylammonium trimesate hydrate (1) measured at 100 K and a charge density model, derived in part from theoretical structures, is reported. Theoretical structure factors were obtained from the geometry-optimized periodic wave function. The trimesic acid portion of 1 is fully deprotonated and participates in a variety hydrogen bonding motifs. Topological analysis of the charge density model reveals the most significant packing interactions and is then compared to a complementary analysis performed by the Hirshfeld surface method. The results presented herein demonstrate that in organic salt crystals the small structural motifs are most stable and once formed as stand-alone structures, may direct the self-assembly process. Moreover, when intermolecular interactions supported by the electrostatic forces are analyzed, the care must be taken with interpretation of the results of Hirshfeld surface analysis for organic salts crystals.

Novel supramolecular synthons for primary sulfonamides with cyclic amides (GRAS coformers) are introduced for the crystal engineering of pharmaceutical cocrystals of sulfa drugs. The cocrystals of this model study exhibit isostructurality and isosynthons mediated by SO2NH2⋯CONH hydrogen bonding., The design of novel supramolecular synthons for functional groups relevant to drugs is an essential prerequisite for applying crystal engineering in the development of novel pharmaceutical cocrystals. It has been convincingly shown over the past decade that molecular level control and modulation can influence the physicochemical properties of drug cocrystals. Whereas considerable advances have been reported on the design of cocrystals for carboxylic acids and carboxamide functional groups, the sulfonamide group, which is a cornerstone of sulfa drugs, is relatively unexplored for reproducible heterosynthon-directed crystal engineering. The occurrence of synthons and isostructurality in sulfonamide–lactam cocrystals (SO2NH2⋯CONH hydrogen bonding) is analyzed to define a strategy for amide-type GRAS (generally recognized as safe) coformers with sulfonamides. Three types of supramolecular synthons are identified for the N—H donor of sulfonamide hydrogen bonding to the C=O acceptor of amide. Synthon 1: catemer synthon C 2 1(4) chain motif, synthon 2: dimer–cyclic ring synthon R 2 2(8)R 4 2(8) motifs, and synthon 3: dimer–catemer synthon of R 2 2(8)C 1 1(4)D notation. These heterosynthons of the cocrystals observed in this study are compared with the N—H⋯O dimer R 2 2(8) ring and C(4) chain motifs of the individual sulfonamide structures. The X-ray crystal structures of sulfonamide–lactam cocrystals exhibit interesting isostructurality trends with the same synthon being present. One-dimensional, two-dimensional and three-dimensional isostructurality in crystal structures is associated with isosynthons and due to their recurrence, novel heterosynthons for sulfonamide cocrystals are added to the crystal engineer’s toolkit. With the predominance of sulfa drugs in medicine, these new synthons provide rational strategies for the design of binary and potentially ternary cocrystals of sulfonamides.

Cocrystallization has emerged over the past decade as an attractive technique for modification of the physicochemical properties of compounds used as active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), complementing more traditional methods such as salt formation. Nutraceuticals, with associated health benefits and/or medicinal properties, are attractive as coformers due to their ready availability, known pharmacological profile, and natural origin, in addition to offering a dual therapy approach. Successful studies of favorably altering the physicochemical properties of APIs through cocrystallization with nutraceuticals are highlighted in this review. Many of the key functional groups commonly seen in nutraceuticals (e.g., acids, phenols) underpin robust supramolecular synthons in crystal engineering. This review assesses the structural data available to date across a diverse range of nutraceuticals, both in pure form and in multicomponent materials, and identifies the persistent supramolecular features present. This insight will ultimately enable predictive and controlled assembly of functional materials incorporating nutraceuticals together with APIs.

The cocrystal of 4-oxopimelic acid and 4,4′-bipyridine was isolated in two polymorphic forms depending upon the solvent of crystallisation. Polymorphs exhibit hydrogen-bonded chains formed between the carboxyl and pyridine moieties while different packing arrangements of chains result from C–H⋯O interactions. Solid-state synthesis and interconversion conditions were investigated by grinding and thermal methods.

The title compounds, trans-diaquabis(nitrato-kappaO)bis(pyridine-4-carboxamide-kappaN(1))copper(II), [Cu(NO(3))(2)(C(6)H(6)N(2)O)(2)(H(2)O)(2)], (I), and trans-diaquatetrakis(pyridine-4-carboxamide-kappaN(1))copper(II) bis(perchlorate), [Cu(C(6)H(6)N(2)O)(4)(H(2)O)(2)](ClO(4))(2), (II), are composed of mononuclear coordination entities involving Cu(II) ions and isonicotinamide. In (I), the centrosymmetric tetragonally distorted octahedral copper(II) environment contains trans-related isonicotinamide and water molecules in the equatorial plane and two nitrate ions occupying the axial sites. In (II), the equatorial plane of the C(2)-symmetric distorted octahedron is built up of four isonicotinamide ligands, while water molecules occupy the axial positions. The complex molecules of (I) and (II) are linked into three-dimensional supramolecular frameworks by O-H...O and N-H...O hydrogen bonds. The nitrate and perchlorate ions are building blocks that disturb the robust R(2)(2)(8) amide supramolecular motif commonly found in crystal structures of copper-isonicotinamide complexes.

Four new Zn(II) and Cd(II) picolinamide (pia) complexes with cyanate and azide, e.g . [Zn(OCN) 2 (pia) 2 ] ( 1 ), [Cd(OCN) 2 (pia) 2 ] n ( 2 ), [Zn(N 3 ) 2 (pia) 2 ] ( 3 ) and [Cd(N 3 ) 2 (pia) 2 ] n · n H 2 O ( 4 ), have been prepared and characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy, and thermal (TG/DTA) methods. For the compounds 1 and 3 X-ray analysis revealed mononuclear molecular structure with octahedral N 4 O 2 environment around the zinc(II) center with cis -arrangement of ligands. Only in 1 the amide head-to-head supramolecular motifs, represented by an R 2 2 (8) designator, are observed, while in 3 none of the typical amide motifs were found. While the IR data suggests the polymeric structures for 2 and 4 in the solid state, all the NMR spectra agree with the monomeric structure of the compounds in the solution.