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RESUMEN Objetivo: Determinar las características clínicoecográficas pre y postquirùrgicas de niños intervenidos por criptorquidia. Material y métodos: Estudio descriptivo y longitudinal, los datos recolectados de historias clínicas del Hospital Sabogal, las variables fueron edad del diagnóstico, tiempo de espera de orquidopexia, testículo afectado, ubicación del testículo y volumen testicular. Resultados: Se incluyeron 34 niños menores de 14 años con criptorquidia, la edad del diagnóstico fue 44 meses y de la orquidopexia 49 meses. El tiempo de espera para la orquidopexia fue 4,72 meses, el testículo más afectado fue el derecho (58,82%). Se incluyeron 39 testículos, la ubicación primaria canalicular (71,79 %), la ubicación final escrotal (50,0%), la técnica operatoria fue inguinal (91,18%). El incremento de volumen testicular fue de 0,39 cm3, p = 0,0006, IC 95% (-0,62, -0,17). Conclusiones: La edad de la orquidopexia fue 49 meses y el volumen testicular aumentó en 0,39 cm3 después de la orquidopexia. ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the preand post-surgical clinical-ultrasound characteristics of children operated on for cryptorchidism. Material and methods: Descriptive and longitudinal study, data collected from medical records of the Hospital Sabogal, the variables were age at diagnosis, waiting time for orchidopexy, affected testicle, location of the testicle and testicular volume. Results: We included 34 children under 14 years with cryptorchidism, the age of diagnosis was 44 months and orchidopexy 49 months. The waiting time for orchidopexy was 4.72 months, the most affected testicle was the right (58.82%). 39 testicles were included, the primary canalith location (71.79 %), the final scrotal location (50.0%), the operative technique was inguinal (91.18%). The increase in testicular volume was 0.39 cm3, p = 0.0006, 95% CI (-0.62, -0.17). Conclusions: The age of orchidopexy was 49 months and testicular volume increased by 0.39 cm3 after orchidopexy.

Objective Steroid measurement is a challenge in pediatric endocrinology. Currently, liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) is considered a gold standard for this purpose. The aim of this study was to compare both LC-MS/MS and immunoassay (IA) for androgens before and after human recombinant chorionic gonadotropin (rhCG) stimulus in children with 46,XY disorders of sex development (DSD). Methods Nineteen patients with 46,XY DSD were evaluated; all of them were prepubertal and non-gonadectomized. Testosterone, dihydrotestosterone (DHT), DHEA and androstenedione were measured by IA and LC-MS/MS before and 7 days after rhCG injection. The correlation between IA and LC-MS/MS was analyzed by the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient (SCC). For concordance analysis the Passing and Bablok (PB) regression and the Bland and Altman (BA) method were used. Results Testosterone showed excellent correlation (ICC = 0.960 and SCC = 0.964); DHT showed insignificant and moderate correlations as indicated by ICC (0.222) and SCC (0.631), respectively; DHEA showed moderate correlation (ICC = 0.585 and SCC = 0.716); and androstenedione had poor and moderate correlations in ICC (0.363) and SCC (0.735), respectively. Using the PB method, all hormones showed a linear correlation, but proportional and systematic concordance errors were detected for androstenedione, systematic errors for testosterone and no errors for DHEA and DHT. By the BA method, there was a trend of IA to overestimate testosterone and androstenedione and underestimate DHEA and DHT when compared to LC-MS/MS. Conclusion Traditional IA should be replaced by LC-MS/MS for the androgens measurement in prepubertal children whenever is possible.

The use of cotton co-products in animal feed is restricted by the presence of gossypol, which is a toxic and highly reactive molecule of complex minerals. In mammals, part of the offspring phenotype is influenced by dam nutrition. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ewe diet, with and without cottonseed (gossypol), on the testicular development of lambs from birth to weaning through the assessment of lamb live weight (LW), macro and histological morphology of testes, and mass fraction of chemical elements by neutron activation analysis (NAA) and microprobe X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, as well as the multielement distribution map in the testes. Eighteen lambs were used with an average LW at birth of 4 ± 1.0 kg. All lambs were offspring of Santa Inês ewes, fed on ration either with or without cottonseed during mating, gestation, and lactation, thus forming two treatments: control group (C) without cottonseed and treatment group with cottonseed (G). The animals were weighed from birth to 60 days of age, at fortnightly intervals. At 60 days of age, the lambs were orchidectomized to collect their testes for macroscopy, histological, neutron activation, and X-ray fluorescence analysis. Besides dry matter (DM), protein, ether extract (EE), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K) were higher in the ewe milk from the C group compared with the G group (P 0.05). Lambs from the C group showed higher LW from 45 days onwards, as well as higher average daily gain when compared with the G group (P 0.05). They also presented higher testicular weight, volume, length, width, as well as tubule and lumen diameters compared with lambs from the G treatment (P 0.05). Multielementary NAA revealed higher mass fractions of rubidium (Rb), selenium (Se), and cesium (Cs) in the testes of lambs from the C group when compared with the G group, while G showed higher zinc (Zn) content (P 0.05). No differences between treatments were found for element levels and distribution using X-ray fluorescence microanalysis (P 0.05). In conclusion, the maternal cottonseed diet compromised performance and testes development of the lambs and reduce the content of Se in the testes.

Bats belong to the order Chiroptera, family Phyllostomidae, and present a wide diversity of reproductive strategies. However, information on the reproductive biology of male bats is scarce, mainly in the Northeast Region of Brazil. Thus, this study evaluated the seasonal testicular histomorphometry of the bat Carollia perspicillata in fragments of the Atlantic Forest in Pernambuco state. To this end, adult males were collected, euthanized for removal of the testicles, and later submitted to a routine histological technique. Histomorphometric analysis included assessment of the areas of tubular and intertubular compartment occupation, as well as quantification of spermatocytes, rounded spermatids, elongated spermatids, and Sertoli and Leydig cells. Results indicated that this bat species presents reproductive seasonality, because significantly higher averages of the testicular parameters were observed in the rainy season, which is a period of greater availability of food resources. Such inferences indicate that there is a synchrony between peak spermatogenesis and hormonal inversion in the months of high precipitation; furthermore, a higher carrying capacity of the Sertoli cells is noted. C. perspicillata males possibly present greater sperm and androgenic activity in the rainy season, associated with increased tubular area and number of spermatogenic cells, as well as with the intertubular area and number of Leydig cells, respectively. RESUMO: Os morcegos pertencem a ordem Chiroptera, família Phyllostomidae, e apresentam ampla diversidade de estratégias reprodutivas. Entretanto, as informações relacionadas à biologia reprodutiva dos machos são escassas, principalmente no Nordeste do Brasil. Dessa forma, o trabalho avaliou a histomorfometria sazonal testicular de Carollia perspicillata em fragmentos de Mata Atlântica de Pernambuco. Para tanto, os machos adultos foram coletados, eutanasiados para a remoção dos testículos, e posteriormente submetidos à técnica histológica de rotina. As análises histomorfométricas avaliaram as áreas de ocupação do compartimento tubular e intertubular, assim como a quantificação dos espermatócitos, espermátides arredondadas, espermátides alongadas, células de Sertoli e de Leydig. Os resultados indicaram que a espécie apresenta sazonalidade reprodutiva, visto que maiores médias significativas dos parâmetros testiculares foram encontradas na estação chuvosa, que é um período de maior disponibilidade de recursos alimentares. Tais inferências indicam que existe uma sincronia entre o pico de espermatogênese e investimento hormonal nos meses de alta precipitação, atrelado a isso, nota-se ainda, uma maior capacidade de suporte das células de Sertoli. Os machos de C. perspicillata possivelmente apresentam uma maior atividade espermática e androgênica na estação chuvosa, associadas ao aumento da área tubular e do número de células espermatogênicas, assim como da área intertubular e do número das células de Leydig, respectivamente.

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is related to reduced reproductive performance in males and females in several species. Children and adolescents showed a high risk of exposure to DON, however, no study has evaluated reproductive effects of DON at puberty. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of DON at peripuberty on the testicles of pubertal rats. To achieve this, 10 Wistar rats (28 days old) were fed for 28 days with a DON-contaminated diet (9.4 mg/kg) or a control diet. After the experimental period, rats (56 days old) were euthanised and the following evaluations were performed in the testicles: dynamics of spermatogenesis, tubular morphometry, number of Sertoli cells and Leydig cells, analysis of caspase-3 expression, and the index of cell proliferation using the nucleolus organising regions (NOR) method. Ingestion of DON-contaminated diet induced a significant reduction in the number of Sertoli and Leydig cells and the number of seminiferous tubules in stage XIV. A significant increase in the number of NORs in seminiferous tubules in stage I-VI was observed in animals receiving the DON diet. No significant difference was noted in tubular morphometry or caspase-3 expression. Taken together, our results unravelled that the peripubertal exposure to DON compromised the testicular structure of pubertal rats, changing the dynamics of spermatogenesis.

The tripletail Lobotes surinamensis inhabits tropical and subtropical oceans, including the South Atlantic, where information about its reproductive biology is scarce. We combined physiological and morphological tools to study the reproductive cycle of L. surinamensis in the western South Atlantic. Adult females and males were sampled in Paraty Bay (Rio de Janeiro, southeastern Brazil) for 2 years, and the animals were grouped into three seasons: spring, summer, and autumn/winter. Gonadal morphology, plasma levels of gonadal steroids, 17β-estradiol (E2), 11-ketotestosterone (11-KT), and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone (17α-OHP) were quantified in females, and testosterone (T) and 11-KT were quantified in males. The gene expression of the β subunit of pituitary gonadotropins, luteinizing hormone (LH), and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) were evaluated in all seasons. The histological analysis of the gonads showed that L. surinamensis is a multiple spawner with an asynchronous oocyte development. The gene expression of fshβ did not change throughout the reproductive cycle in males and females, while the gene expression of lhβ in males was higher in the summer compared to the autumn/winter periods. Plasma E2 was higher in females and 11-KT in males during spring. Gonadal development, plasma level of E2 (females), and 11-KT (males) are indicators that L. surinamensis reproduce during the spring and summer in Paraty Bay, while the gene expression levels of gonadotropins in females and fshβ in males were not useful physiological tools to establish the reproductive season. The results suggest an active expression throughout the year, a profile expected in multiple spawning species, as proposed here for the L. surinamensis.

In commercial pig breeding farms, boars are often exposed to stressful situations, such as confined housing conditions, inadequate environmental temperature, food restriction, lameness, diseases, among other challenges. Confined housing conditions, such as crates, are reported as a major source of stress for pregnant sows, and were banned in the UK and in Europe, however there is limited information about the impact of this housing system for boars. The goal of this study was to investigate the impact of three different housing conditions for boars and the consequence on the testicles. We studied 27 crossbred boars (F1 large white and landrace), housed in crates (n = 9), pens (n = 9), or enriched pens (n = 9), during 10 weeks. We collected data of scrotal superficies mean temperature (SSMT) with a thermal camera; we measured testicular parenchyma perfusion (ultrasound evaluation); and we measured sperm characteristics. We found that boars housed in crates had a higher SSMT (p < 0.05) and higher testicular parenchyma perfusion than boars housed in pens and enriched pens (p = 0.01). Regarding the semen features, we found that boars housed in crates showed more agglutinated semen, and higher values of linear curved linear velocity (VCL) than boars housed in pens and enriched pens, both indicators of reduced fertility. These results indicates that boars housed in pens and in enriched pens showed better indicators of testicular health, better sperm motility features (VCL, p = 0.046), and less agglutinated sperm (p < 0;05) than that observed in boars kept in crates.

Resumen El eje hipotálamo-hipófiso-testicular es activo en la vida fetal y durante los primeros meses de la vida posnatal: la hipófisis secreta hormona luteinizante (LH) y folículo-estimulante (FSH), mientras que el testículo produce testosterona y factor insulino-símil 3 (INSL3) en las células de Leydig y hormona anti-Mülleriana (AMH) e inhibina B en las células de Sertoli. En la infancia, los niveles séricos de gonadotrofinas, testosterona y factor INSL3 disminuyen a valores prácticamente indetectables, pero los de AMH e inhibina B permanecen altos. En la pubertad, se reactivan las gonadotrofinas y la producción de testosterona e INSL3, aumenta la inhibina y disminuye la AMH, como signo de maduración de la célula de Sertoli. Sobre la base del conocimiento de la fisiología del desarrollo del eje, es posible utilizar clínicamente estos biomarcadores para interpretar la fisiopatología y diagnosticar las diferentes formas de hipogonadismo que pueden presentarse en la infancia y la adolescencia.

Background Reproductive capacity can be altered by challenges experienced during critical periods of development, including fetal development and early neonatal life. Gossypol is a polyphenolic compound, commonly found in cotton seeds, that impairs male reproduction. Here, we investigated whether the exposure to gossypol in utero and during lactation alters male reproductive function in sheep. From conception until 60 days postpartum, ewes were randomly assigned to a control diet or a gossypol-rich diet based on cottonseed. Lamb testicles were removed at 60 days of age and subjected to RNA-sequencing. Results Lambs derived from the maternal cottonseed diet showed significantly lower growth and lower testis weight as a proportion of the total body weight, and reduced testosterone levels. In addition, the testis transcriptome was significantly altered by the maternal cottonseed diet. Most of the altered genes are directly implicated in testis development and sperm biology, cell communication, iron ion metabolism, calcium homeostasis and signaling, among other functions. Interestingly, network analysis revealed that exposure to gossypol significantly disturbed coexpression patterns among spermatogenesis-related genes, suggesting a disruption in coregulation mechanisms. Conclusions Our findings provide evidence that maternal exposure to gossypol alters male reproductive function in the offspring, with potential lasting or lifelong negative consequences.

This research evaluated the cytoprotective effects of L-carnitine on the testis of albino rats treated with vincristine sulfate in the prepubertal stage. Ninety animals were used, 30 of which were controls, 30 treated with vincristine sulfate, and 30 treated with L-carnitine and vincristine sulfate. Drug applications occurred at 15 days of life, and euthanasia at 40, 64, and 127 days of life, allowing the analysis of the gonads at different stages of development. Biometric measurements (body weight, absolute testicular weight, relative testicular weight, testicular volume, major and minor testicular axes) and stereological measurements (length and volume densities of the seminiferous tubules and interstitial tissue) were performed. The results showed that the preventive use of L-carnitine can reduce the testicular deleterious effects caused by vincristine sulfate, since variables such as absolute testicular weight, relative testicular weight, and testicular minor axis indicated the mitigation of damages resulting from the action of the antineoplastic, mainly in acute and subacute phases. Esta investigación evaluó los efectos citoprotectores de la L-carnitina en los testículos de ratas albinas tratadas con sulfato de vincristina en la fase prepuberal. Se utilizaron 90 animales, 30 de los cuales eran controles, 30 tratados con sulfato de vincristina y 30 animales tratados con L-carnitina y sulfato de vincristina. Las aplicaciones de fármacos ocurrieron a los 15 días de vida, y la eutanasia a los 40, 64 y 127 días de vida, lo que permitió el análisis de las gónadas en diferentes etapas de desarrollo. Se realizaron mediciones biométricas (peso corporal, peso testicular absoluto, peso testicular relativo, volumen testicular, ejes testiculares mayor y menor) y estereológicas (densidad de longitud, densidades de volumen de los túbulos seminíferos y tejido intersticial). Los resultados mostraron que el uso preventivo de L-carnitina puede reducir los efectos deletéreos testiculares causados por el sulfato de vincristina, ya que variables como peso testicular absoluto, peso testicular relativo y eje menor testicular indicaron la mitigación de los daños resultantes de la acción del antineoplásico, principalmente en las fases aguda y subaguda. Esta pesquisa avaliou os efeitos citoprotetores de L-carnitine sobre os testículos de ratos albinos tratados com sulfato de vincristine na fase pré-púbere. Foram utilizados 90 animais, sendo 30 animais controles, 30 tratados com sulfato de vincristine e 30 animais tratados com L-carnitine e sulfato de vincristine. As aplicações das drogas ocorreram aos 15 dias de vida, e a eutanásia aos 40, 64 e 127 dias de vida, possibilitando a análise da gônada em diferentes fases de desenvolvimento. Foram realizadas medidas biométricas (peso corpóreo, peso testicular absoluto, peso testicular relativo, volume testicular, eixos testiculares maior e menor) e medidas estereológicas (densidade de comprimento, densidades de volume dos túbulos seminíferos e do tecido intersticial). Os resultados demonstraram que o uso preventivo da L-carnitine pode reduzir os efeitos deletérios testiculares provocados pelo sulfato de vincristine, uma vez que variáveis como peso testicular absoluto, peso testicular relativo e eixo menor testicular apontaram mitigação dos danos decorrentes da ação do antineoplásico, principalmente em fase aguda e subaguda.

ResumenEl mesotelioma es una entidad poco común y agresiva que compromete el mesotelio, involucrando así los diferentes órganos cubiertos por membranas serosas. El mesotelioma de túnica vaginal es una neoplasia muy rara, con un cuadro clínico poco específico y de difícil diagnóstico con las técnicas imagenológicas actuales. Presentamos el caso de un paciente con hidrocele rápidamente progresivo que fue llevado a hidrocelectomía. Se realizó un diagnóstico histopatológico de mesotelioma epitelial maligno de túnica vaginal que requirió orquidectomía radical, hemiescrotomectomía y linfadenectomía retroperitoneal. A un año de seguimiento, el paciente no tiene evidencia de la enfermedad.

O sertolioma é um dos tumores que mais afetam cães idosos, sendo mais incidentes em animais criptorquidas. Geralmente esses tumores são extremamente expansivos, podendo comprimir e destruir os tecidos adjacentes. Para sua identificação é necessário à realização de exame histopatológico. Este trabalho teve por objetivo relatar a ocorrência de gonadopatia criptorquidica direita, acompanhada por processo neoplásico associado em um cão de 10 anos de idade. Após a orquiectomia os testículos foram encaminhados ao Laboratório de Patologia Animal da Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, e para a análise histopatológica o material foi processado rotineiramente para inclusão em parafina e colorações por hematoxilina-eosina (HE), e Tricrômico de Gomory. Histologicamente, observou-se espessamento albugíneo pela proliferação de tecido conjuntivo. No parênquima testicular os túbulos possuíam somente células de Sertoli, estavam diminuídos em número e espaçados por tecido conjuntivo denso proliferado. O processo neoplásico situava-se em uma região mais central e, morfologicamente, observou-se na configuração tubular, células demonstrando vacuolização citoplasmática e, alguns locais, dispondo-se em paliçadas, aspectos morfológicos característicos de sertolioma.

This study aimed to assess the capacity of Morada Nova (MN) and Santa Ines (SIN) rams to maintain body and testicular homeothermy under thermal challenge. For 5 days in the summer, 16 males (SIN = 7 and MN = 9) underwent a heat tolerance test, i.e., period 1—animals maintained in the shade (11 to 12 h); period 2—animals exposed to sunlight (12 to 13 h); and period 3—animals returned to the shade (13 to 14 h). The respiratory rate, heart rate, rectal temperature, and infrared surface temperatures (IRT) of the trunk, back, eyeball, and testicles were assessed in each period. The index of capacity of tolerance to insolation (ICTI), which indicates the animals’ level of adaptability, was calculated for each animal. Semen quality and testicular parenchyma integrity were assessed before and after the thermal challenge. Statistical analyses were performed at 5% significance. In period 1, the variables had baseline values for both genotypes. In period 2, the variables involved in thermolysis significantly increased (P

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the racial crossing on scrotum-testicular biometric characteristics of four sheep Santa Ines and four crossbred (Santa Ines x Dorper) submitted to scrotal insulation, following the return of these characteristics to values previously reported. For this, two measurements were made regarding the scrotal circumference (SC), length (L) and testicular width (W) before treatments. The testicular volume (V) was calculated by the formula V=2 [(r2) x π x H]. The pouches were made with double-layer plastic, internally lined with cotton, and fixed around the spermatic funiculus and scrotum with adhesive tape and bandage remaining in this position for seven days. Measurements were made every seven days, totaling 15 measurements throughout the experiment. The data were submitted to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to a randomized block design with two blocks, 15 treatments and four replications. The variables analyzed were subjected to Dunnett test at 5% probability, to compare the values obtained before and after insulation. For comparison between the breeds, the variables were submitted to Tukey test at 5% probability. All animals studied suffered significant influence (P

Thyroid dysfunctions, such as hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, are the second most prevalent endocrinopathies and are associated to reproductive disorders in men. Several genes are differentially modulated by thyroid hormones in testes and imbalances in thyroid hormone levels are also associated to alterations on sperm functionality. Imbalances on antioxidant defense mechanism and stress oxidative have been pointed out as the main factors for the impairments on male reproductive function. To clarify this issue, we investigated the expression and activity of antioxidant enzymes in testis, followed by their proteomic profile in attempt to characterize the mechanisms involved in the alterations induced by hypo- or hyperthyroidism in adult male rats. Hypothyroidism reduced the Gsr transcript expression and the activity of CAT and GSR enzymes, while the hyperthyroidism reduced the Gpx4 var2 transcript expression. Among 1082 identified proteins, 123 and 37 proteins were downregulated by hypothyroidism compared to euthyroid and hyperthyroid condition, respectively, being 36 proteins commonly reduced in both comparisons and one exclusively in hypo-hyperthyroidism comparison. A network containing 29 nodes and 68 edges was obtained in protein-protein interaction analysis and the functional enrichment analysis of differentially expressed proteins revealed significant alterations for several functions in hypo-euthyroid and hypo-hyperthyroid comparisons, such as ATP metabolic process, coenzyme binding, sperm part, peroxiredoxin activity, mitochondrial protein complex, intramolecular oxidoreductase activity, binding of sperm to zona pellucida, glutathione transferase activity, response to testosterone. Thus, there is a correlation between thyroid disorders and impaired antioxidant defense mechanism, resulting in reproductive dysfunctions, as infertility, mainly observed in hypothyroidism.

This paper reports a case of unilateral extracorporeal ectopic testes in a captive coati (Nasua nasua) in the State Park of Dois Irmãos Zoo, Recife/PE, Brazil. The testicle was located in the subcutaneous tissue of the inguinal region not adhered to the surrounding tissues. After bilateral orchiectomy, both testes were measured, fixed with 10% formalin buffered and embedded in paraffin for histopathological evaluation. The left testis measured 1.2 cm width by 1.7cm length, and the right one measured 1.5 cm width by 2.0 cm length. The ectopic testes had seminiferous epithelium without post-meiotic germ cell lines. The non-ectopic testis had several changes in the seminiferous epithelium that indicated degeneration. In both epididymis, the lumen did not contain sperm and the major epithelial structural alterations were more distinct in the epididymis associated to the ectopic testicle. In conclusion, the ectopic testis and epididymis had lesions compatible with testicular exposition to body temperature. Non-ectopic epididymis and testis had minor lesions but could be related to the infertility of the coati.

Spermatogonial stem cells (SSC) are the most undifferentiated germ cell present in adult male testes and, it is responsible to maintain the spermatogenesis. Age has a negative effect over stem cell, but the aging effect on SSC is not elucidated for bovine. The present study aim to evaluate the effect of age on the expression of undifferentiated spermatogonial markers in testis and in enriched testicular cells from prepubertal calves and adult bulls. In this matter, testicular parenchyma from calves (3-5 months) (n=5) and bulls with 3 years of age (n=5) were minced and, isolated cells were obtained after two enzymatic digestions. Differential platting was performed for two hours onto BSA coated dish. Cell viability was assessed by Trypan Blue solution exclusion method and testicular cells enriched for SSC was evaluated by expression of specific molecular markers by qRT-PCR (POU5F1, GDNF, CXCR4, UCHL1, ST3GAL, SELP, ICAM1 and ITGA6) and flow cytometry (GFRA1, CXCR4 and ITGA6). CXCR4 and UCHL1 expression was evaluated in fixated testes by immunohistochemistry. We observed that age just affected the expression of selective genes [SELP (Fold Change=5.61; p=0.0023) and UCHL1 (Fold Change=4.98; p=0.0127)]. By flow cytometry, age affected only the proportion of ITGA6+ cells (P

RESUMO: Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da estação do ano sobre a estrutura testicular de ovinos SRD. Foram utilizados 10 animais com idade entre dois e três anos. Os testículos foram seccionados e fixados em solução de Bouin por 24h. Os fragmentos foram submetidos ao processamento histológico, emblocados em parafina e corados com hematoxilina eosina. Foram avaliadas a proporção volumétrica dos compartimentos testiculares, o diâmetro dos túbulos seminíferos, altura do epitélio seminífero e frequências dos estágios do ciclo do epitélio seminíferos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância a 5% de probabilidade, do programa estatístico SAS 9.0. Os resultados revelaram todos os valores pesquisados sofreram influência da estação do ano. O valor do diâmetro tubular foi de 143,98±17,83 e 170,37±26,64μm, a altura do epitélio seminífero foi de 44,92±9,23 e 50,06±13,61μm e a proporção volumétrica foi de 78,32±13,68 e 80,13±15,14% nos períodos seco e chuvoso, respectivamente. A quantificação das células germinativas e de Sertoli mostrou todos os valores foram maiores no período chuvoso quando comparados com o seco. Concluiu-se que a estação do ano interferiu na estrutura testicular, tendo em vista que todos os valores da proporção volumétrica dos componentes testiculares mostraram diferença significativa entre as estações do ano, pois os valores foram mais acentuados no período chuvoso. ABSTRACT: To evaluate influence of the year season related with the testicular structure of cross bred sheep, the testes of ten 2 to 3-year-old sheep were sectioned and fixed in for 24 hours in bouin's solution. The fragments were subjected to histological processing, embedded in paraffin and stained with hematoxylin-eosin. The volumetric proportion of testicular compartments, the seminiferous tubules, seminiferous epithelial height and frequency of the seminiferous epithelium stages of the cycle were evaluated. Data were subjected to analysis of variance at 5% probability. The results showed that all values studied were influenced by year's season. The tubular diameter was 143.98±17.83 and 170.37±26.64μm, the seminiferous epithelium height was 44.92±9.23 and 50.06±13.61μm, and the testicle parenchyma volume density was 78.32±16.68 and 80.13±15.14% in the dry and rainy periods, respectively. The germ cells and Sertoli cells quantification showed that all values were higher in the rainy season compared with the dry season. It can be concluded that the year season interfered in the testicular structure, given that all values showed significant differences between the seasons, as the values were more pronounced during the rainy season.

EnglishCryopreservation of testicular tissue enables the maintenance of reproductive capacity in different animal species, and contributes to the formation of gene banks for endangered species. The spermatogonia present in the testes can be grown in vitro and the sperm obtained can be used in artificial breeding programs. This review aimed to describe the main techniques of testicular cryopreservation, the main cryoprotectants used, as well as the progress made in different animal species thus far. In the last decade, significant progress has been made in obtaining viable and functional germ cells from testicular tissue. However, more research is needed to better establish protocols that can be used in clinical practice with various species. Key words: testicle; conservation; cryoprotectants portuguesA criopreservacao do tecido testicular possibilita a manutencao da capacidade reprodutiva em diferentes especies animais e contribui para a formacao de bancos de germoplasma nas especies ameacadas de extincao. As espermatogonias presentes nos testiculos podem ser cultivadas in vitro e os espermatozoides obtidos utilizados em programas de reproducao artificial. Assim, esta revisao teve como objetivo descrever as principais tecnicas de criopreservacao testicular, os principais crioprotetores utilizados e os avancos obtidos ate o presente momento nas diferentes especies animais. Na ultima decada, os avancos obtidos com a utilizacao do tecido testicular para obtencao de celulas germinativas viaveis e funcionais foram significativos. Todavia, o estabelecimento de protocolos que possam ser utilizados na rotina clinica em diferentes especies ainda necessitam de maiores esclarecimentos. Palavras-chave: testiculo; conservacao; crioprotetores

Perinatal testicular torsion, defined as torsion occurring in the prenatal period or in the first month after birth, accounts for 10% of all cases of testicular torsion in pediatric patients. Most are extravaginal, and intravaginal torsion is rare. Its management is controversial, due to the low viability of the testis and the possibility of bilateral torsion. Ultrasonography is the method of choice to study testicular torsion. Combining B-mode and power Doppler imaging facilitates a fast reliable diagnosis. We review the ultrasonographic appearance of neonatal testicular torsion for each presentation, the differential diagnosis with other causes of increased scrotal volume in neonates, and its treatment.

ResumenEl cáncer testicular es el tumor sólido más frecuente entre 15 y 35 años. Las metástasis óseas asociadas a sección medular son poco frecuentes.Se presenta masculino de 28 años de edad, que inicia 4 años previos con crecimiento testicular derecho. Se evidencia testículo derecho pétreo de 20cm. Imagen heterogénea por ultrasonido, marcadores preoperatorios con deshidrogenasa láctica (DHL) y alfafetoproteína (AFP) elevada, metástasis pulmonares bilaterales y retroperitoneales. Se realiza orquiectomía radical con tumor germinal mixto, con teratoma inmaduro 70 % y senos endodérmicos 30 %. En su postoperatorio presenta paraplejía y retención urinaria; se documenta actividad tumoral en columna cervical y lumbar con sección medular completa; se maneja con esteroide y radioterapia, posteriormente 4 ciclos de bleomicina-etopósido-cisplatino (BEP), con progresión. Un mes después presenta dolor intenso e imposibilidad para movilizar hombro izquierdo, documentándose actividad tumoral en dicha región, manejándose con radioterapia. No se administra segunda línea de quimioterapia y fallece.Las metástasis vertebrales derivadas de tumores testiculares pueden generar compresión epidural. El manejo se basa en esteroide y radioterapia, requieren de cirugía de descompresión urgente para evitar la pérdida funcional; el déficit neurológico tiende a per sistir. Se acompañan de enfermedad metastásica voluminosa y requieren quimioterapia, con mal pronóstico.Las metástasis óseas de tumores no seminomatosos testiculares se pueden manifestar como dolor óseo o síntomas de compresión medular. En la literatura médica nacional no existen casos reportados.AbstractTesticular cancer is the most frequent solid tumor in men between 15 and 35 years of age. Bone metastases associated with spinal cord injury are rare.We present the case of a 28-year-old man whose disease began 4 years prior with enlargement of the right testis. Physical examination revealed a hardened right testis measuring 20cm. An ultrasound study showed a heterogeneous image and the patient had elevated preoperative levels of the tumor markers, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and bilateral pulmonary and retroperitoneal metastases. Radical orchiectomy revealed a mixed germ cell tumor made up of 70 % immature teratoma and 30 % endodermal sinuses. In the postoperative period, the patient presented with paraplegia and urinary retention. Tumor activity was documented in the cervical and lumbar spine with complete spinal cord injury. He was managed with steroid treatment and radiotherapy and then with 4 cycles of bleomycin-etoposide-cisplatin (BEP), but had disease progression. One month later he presented with intense pain and was unable to move his left shoulder due to tumor activity in that area, which was managed with radiotherapy. Second-line chemotherapy was not administered and the patient died.Vertebral metastases derived from testicular tumors can cause epidural compression. Management is based on steroid treatment and radiotherapy and emergency decompression surgery is required to prevent functional loss. The neurologic deficit tends to persist. These tumors are accompanied by bulky metastatic disease and require chemotherapy. Their outcome is poor. Bone metastases of nonseminomatous testicular tumors can manifest as bone pain or as spinal cord compression symptoms. No cases have been reported in the Mexican medical literature.

The present study is aimed at describing scrotal collections observed at ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging. The authors describe the main features of hydrocele, hematocele and pyocele, as well as the most common causes, clinical manifestations and associated diseases, with a brief review of the embryology and anatomy of the scrotum. Collections are frequently found in the evaluation of the scrotum, which is often performed on an emergency basis, and in most cases can be differentiated by means of imaging studies. With the consolidation of magnetic resonance imaging as the method of choice complementary with ultrasonography, the authors also describe magnetic resonance imaging findings of scrotal collections as well as the situations where such method is indicated.

Dogs are considered the main domestic host of Leishmania infantum. The transmission between vertebrate hosts normally occurs during blood feeding of Lutzomyia sp., a genus of phlebotomine sand flies. However, other forms of transmission without a vector have been reported. Presence of amastigotes of Leishmania sp. in different organs can cause several pathologies depending on the immune status of the host and the parasite load. The aim of this study was to evaluate histopathological changes in the reproductive tract of male dogs. Samples of testes, epididymis, and prostate gland were collected from 70 animals that were grouped according to serology test results for visceral leishmaniasis and clinical symptoms. Three experimental groups were formed based on serological results and clinical presentation: asymptomatic, symptomatic and control. Prostatic changes were seen regardless of the serological results; however, the changes were more severe in symptomatic animals. In the testes and epididymis, lesions such as interstitial infiltrate, degeneration, and fibrosis were seen more frequently and were more severe in positive animals when compared to the control group. These results demonstrate that dogs infected with Leishmania sp. can develop nonspecific changes in the reproductive tract, which are more severe in symptomatic animals. Os cães são considerados os principais hospedeiros domésticos de Leishmania infantum. A transmissão entre hospedeiros vertebrados normalmente ocorre durante o repasto sanguíneo de Lutzomyia sp., gênero de flebotomíneo. Entretanto, outras formas de transmissão sem a presença do vetor têm sido relatadas. A presença de amastigotas de Leishmania sp. em diferentes órgãos pode causar diversas patologias de acordo com o status imune do hospedeiro e a carga parasitária. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as alterações histopatológicas no trato reprodutivo de cães machos. Amostras de testículo, epidídimo e próstata foram coletadas de 70 animais, os quais foram agrupados conforme o resultado da sorologia para leishmaniose visceral e os sinais clínicos. Três grupos experimentais foram formados baseados nos resultados sorológicos e manifestações clínicas: assintomático, sintomático e controle. Alterações prostáticas foram observadas independentemente dos resultados sorológicos; entretanto, foram mais acentuadas nos animais sintomáticos. Nos testículos e epidídimos, lesões como infiltrado intersticial, degeneração e fibrose foram observadas mais frequentemente e de forma mais severa nos animais positivos quando comparados ao grupo controle. Estes resultados demonstram que cães infectados com Leishmania sp. podem desenvolver alterações não específicas no trato reprodutivo, as quais são mais severas nos animais sintomáticos.

A preguiça pode ser designada, zoologicamente, como um mamífero da classe Eutheria, ordem Edentata, subordem Xenarthra e família Bradypodidae. O gênero Bradypus é constituído de três espécies distintas: a preguiça-de-bentinho (B. tridactylus), restrita à região amazônica; a preguiça-comum (B. variegatus), de ampla distribuição, ocorrendo nas Américas Central e do Sul e a preguiça-de-coleira (B. torquatus), única seriamente ameaçada de extinção. Percebe-se a necessidade de uma investigação mais aprofundada sobre a espécie B. variegatus, a fim de contribuir de forma efetiva com a elaboração de tratados de anatomia da fauna silvestre, além de buscar mais informações sobre a anatomia do sistema reprodutor do bicho preguiça (Bradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825) e, desta forma, aplicar os novos conhecimentos na sua preservação. Utilizamos quatro indivíduos machos e três fêmeas, pertencentes ao banco de espécies da Área de Anatomia do Departamento de Morfologia e Fisiologia Animal da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (DMFA/UFRPE), as quais foram dissecados e evidenciamos a vascularização das gônadas, bem como suas localizações e aspectos morfológicos e morfométricos dos testículos e ovários. Como resultados, observou-se que o macho possui testículos localizados no interior do espaço intraabdominal, ligados às glândulas adrenais por um ligamento de peritônio. A vascularização não é feita por um plexo pampiniforme, mas por uma artéria e uma veia testicular. Os testículos possuem, em média, volume igual a 1,42cm³ e espessura, largura e comprimento, respectivamente iguais a 0,98, 1,23 e 1,45cm. Os ovários também estão no interior do espaço intra-abdominal, no fundo do útero, protegidos por uma bolsa ovariana, composta por mesovário e mesossalpinge. A vascularização é realizada por um plexo arteriovenoso que irriga e drena o útero, e suas ramificações na parede uterina atingem os ovários. Os ovários possuem, em média, espessura, largura e comprimento, respectivamente iguais a 0,37, 0,73 e 0,62 cm. The sloth can be zoologically designated as a mammal from class Eutheria, order Edentata, suborder Xenarthra and family Bradypodidae. The genus Bradypus is constituted by three different species: B. tridactylus, restricted to the Amazon region, B. variegatus, widely distributed through Central and South Americas, and B. torquatus, the only in serious danger of extinction. There's a need to investigate more deeply the B. variegatus, to effectivelly contribute to the literature of wild species' anatomy, besides search for more informations about the anatomy of the reproductive system of the sloth (Bradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825) and so, apply the new knowledge into the preservation of this species. We used four males and three females individuals, from the species' bank of the Anatomy Area, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (DMFA/UFRPE) which were dissected and we evidenced the gonads' vascularization, as well as its localizations, morphological aspects and morphometric data of the analyzed testicles and ovaries. As results, it was seen that the male has internal testicles, connected to the adrenal glands by a ligament of peritoneum. The vascularization is not made by a pampiniform plexus, but by one testicular artery and vein. The testicles have, in average, volume equals to 1.42 cm³; thickness, width and length, respectively equals to 0.98, 1.23 and 1.45 cm. The ovaries are also inside the intra-abdominal space, above the uterus, protected by an ovarian bursa, consistuted by mesovary and mesosalpinx. The vascularization is made by an arteriovenous plexus, which irrigates and drains the uterus, and its ramifications over the uterine wall reaches the ovaries. The ovaries have, in average, thickness, width and length, respectively equals to 0.37, 0.73 and 0.62 cm.

El estrés prenatal, como la privación del agua, afecta el proceso de desarrollo embrionario. Este estudio evaluó los efectos de la falta de agua en la rata preñada sobre los parámetros histológicos del testículo de las crías. Las ratas preñadas fueron divididas en dos grupos (control y experimental). En los animales de experimentación, se eliminó el agua durante 48 h al final del término de la gestación (19-21 días). Junto al análisis histopatológico e histomorfométrico se realizó el ensayo TUNEL en los testículos de las crías en la edad puberal (60 días). La motilidad de los espermatozoides se comparó entre los dos grupos. Los resultados mostraron que la privación de agua prenatal induce alteraciones histopatológicas tales como vacuolización del epitelio, descamación y desunión (P

Los seres humanos y la vida animal están diariamente expuesta a mezclas de compuestos conocidos como perturbadores endocrinos (PEs), entre ellos destacan los ftalatos: [bis 2-etil-hexil ftalato (DEHP), dipentil ftalato (DBP), bencil-butil ftalato (BBP)] y los alquifenoles: [4-Nonilfenol (NP) y 4-terc-Octilfenol (OP)], por formar parte de la manufactura de productos de uso cotidiano, como plásticos y utensilios de limpieza, y liberarse de sus contenedores contaminando el medioambiente. Estos compuestos pueden alterar la homeostasis del sistema endocrino principalmente a nivel reproductivo, afectando la biosíntesis de testosterona o estrógenos. Dado que la producción de ambas hormonas controla la gametogénesis y la espermatogénesis la exposición a estos compuestos desde etapas muy tempranas del desarrollo gestacional, ha sido asociado a patologías reproductivas e infertilidad en los machos adultos. Los mecanismos por los cuales ejercen su acción aun son pocos conocidos. Sin embargo, involucran cambios en la expresión de transcritos que codifican proteínas importantes para el desarrollo y mantenimiento de la función testicular. En este aspecto toma relevancia el estudio de los microRNAs, que son RNAs pequeños no codificantes, que actúan como reguladores negativos de la expresión génica a nivel post-transcripcional. Sin embargo, se desconoce la participación de los microRNAs en las alteraciones testiculares inducidas por la exposición a mezclas de ftalatos y alquifenoles. Por ello, en esta tesis doctoral se planteó la hipótesis de “La exposición crónica a una mezcla definida de ftalatos y alquifenoles desregula los niveles de microRNAs, implicados en el balance testosterona/estrógenos lo cual afecta la fertilidad en ratones machos”. Para responder esta hipótesis, diseñamos en ratones un modelo de exposición crónica a una mezcla de los ftalatos DEHP, DBP y BBP en dosis de 0,3 mg/Kg/día cada uno y los alquifenoles NP y OP en dosis de 0,05 mg/Kg/día cada uno, estas dosis son equivalentes a los niveles de exposición en humanos. Esta mezcla fue administrada en el agua de ingesta de hembras preñadas desde el día 0,5 post-coitum hasta la adultez de las crías machos (60/75 días). Como grupo control a unos animales se les administro en el agua de bebida, únicamente los compuestos en que se diluyeron los ftalatos y alquifenoles. Nuestros principales hallazgos mostraron que, los testículos de ratones expuestos a la mezcla de ftalatos y alquifenoles, presentan una disminución en los niveles intratesticulares de estradiol vía cambios en los niveles de mensajero y proteínas de enzimas de la vía esteroidogénica (principalmente una disminución de aromatasa), alteraciones en la espermatogénesis y apoptosis de células germinales vía cambios en la expresión de proteínas implicadas en este proceso. Estas alteraciones fueron asociadas con un incremento en la expresión de transcritos que participan en biogénesis (Drosha), edición (Adar-1S) y estabilidad de miRNAs (Tut-4). Además, en los testículos de los animales expuestos detectamos por secuenciación masiva (NGS) 2 microRNAs sobre-expresados y 8 miRNAs disminuidos, estos datos fueron validados por qPCR, Junto con ello , se detecto por NGS 36 variantes de miRNAs (isomiRs) que presentaron cambios en sus niveles de expresión, siendo algunos de estos isomiRs, variantes de los miRNA canónicos alterados. Analizando las interacciones entre microRNAs/mRNAs se encontró que, la pérdida del control pos-transcripcional de miR-18a-5p hacia LxR-β estaría implicado en la sobreexpresión de Star, Cyp17a1 y en la disminución de Cyp19a1, lo cual serelaciona directamente con la disminución en la síntesis de estradiol que observamos en los animales expuestos.

As key factors in intercellular adhesion processes, cadherins play important roles in a plethora of developmental processes, including gametogenesis. In a previous study on cadherin localization in the gonads of honey bees, performed with heterologous pan-cadherin antibodies, we detected these proteins as (i) associated with cell membranes, (ii) as homogeneously distributed throughout the cytoplasm, and (iii) as nuclear foci in both somatic and germline cells, raising the possibility of alternative functions. To further investigate such unusual intracellular cadherin localization we produced specific antibodies against the N- and C-terminal domains of honey bee N- and E-cadherin. A 160 kDa protein was recognized by the E-cadherin antibodies as well as one of approximately 300 kDa from those raised against N-cadherin. In gonad preparations, both proteins were detected as dispersed throughout the cytoplasm and as nuclear foci in both germline and somatic cells of queen and worker ovarioles, as well as in the testioles of drones. This leads us to infer that cadherins may indeed be involved in certain signaling pathways and/or transcriptional regulation during gametogenesis. In late oogenesis stages, immunolabeling for both proteins was observed at the cell cortex, in conformity with a role in cell adhesion. In testioles, E-cadherin was seen in co-localization with fusomes, indicating a possible role in cyst organization. Taken together, the distribution of N- and E-cadherins in honey bee gonads is suggestive of alternative roles for cadherins in gametogenesis of both sexes.

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma zoonose causada pelo protozoário Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi. A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é a doença de maior relevância zoonótica. Usualmente, a infecção ocorre entre um hospedeiro invertebrado para um hospedeiro vertebrado, entretanto, a transmissão na ausência do vetor já é conhecida. O objetivo principal deste estudo foi identificar a presença de formas amastigotas, quantificar as células leucocitárias, estimar o risco relativo da presença de formas amastigotas no aparelho reprodutivo de cães sorologicamente positivos com e sem sinais clínicos. Para isso, foram utilizados cães sem raça definida, sexualmente maduros e testados sorologicamente para LVC (com sinais clínicos, n=25; sem sinais clínicos, n=25), que após eutanásia, tiveram fragmentos de testículo, epidídimo (cabeça, corpo e cauda) e glândula prostática (selecionados ao acaso) impressos em lâminas. Um grupo de 20 cãs sorologicamente negativos e sem sinais clínicos foi usado como controle. Amostras do baço foram incluídas como controle parasitológico positivo. O percentual de linfócitos foi superior (P

Introducción: Los progresos alcanzados en los últimos años en el estudio de las células madre y la ingeniería tisular demuestran que probablemente se trate de unos de los campos de la investigación más prometedores para el futuro. Gran parte de las enfermedades urológicas podrían beneficiarse del desarrollo de disciplinas como la medicina regenerativa, pues en la actualidad ya se han conseguido resultados esperanzadores en esta materia. Material y métodos: Realizamos una búsqueda electrónica mediante la base de datos Pubmed, tanto de artículos originales como de revisiones, utilizando los criterios de búsqueda «stem cells urology», «kidney stem cells», «testis stem cells», «urinary sphincter», «cell therapy urology», «tissue engeneering urology» y «regenerative medicine urology». Resultados: Hemos revisado un total de 33 trabajos publicados hasta enero de 2010, intentando resumir los hallazgos más relevantes de los últimos años y su aplicación clínica, así como el punto en el que nos encontramos hoy en día. Conclusión: La terapia celular y la medicina regenerativa se están imponiendo como uno de los campos de investigación urológica más en auge en los últimos años. Sin embargo, queda aún mucho por investigar para que todos los rápidos avances de la investigación básica puedan ser trasladados a la clínica. Introduction: Progress in stem cell study and tissue engineering reached during the last times proves that this may be one of the most promising research fields in the future. Most urological diseases could profit from the development of disciplines such as regenerative medicine as, up to now, there have been encouraging results in this subject. Material and methods: We performed an electronic research through the Pubmed database, of both original and review publications, with the following search criteria: "stem cells urology", "kidney stem cells", "testis stem cells", "urinary sphincter", "cell therapy urology", "tissue engeneering urology" y "regenerative medicine urology". Results: We reviewed 33 articles published up to January 2010, trying to summarize the most relevant findings within the last years, the clinical applications and the point we have come to this day. Conclusion: Cell therapy and regenerative medicine are showing themselves to be one of the most promising fields within urological basic investigation in the last years. However, there is much work to be done yet, to make the advances reached in basic research be applicable to the clinic.

PURPOSE: To study the effect of finasteride on the spermatogenesis of adult Mesocricetus auratus. METHODS: Twenty adult hamsters were evaluated. The animals were one year-older, and were randomly divided in 2 different groups: control group with ten animals (n=10) and experimental group also with ten animals (n=10). The animals in the experimental group were shot 7.14 ng/mL (0.5mL) of finasteride by 100mg/Kg, subcutaneously in the dorsal region three times per week during 90 days. This dose correspondes to 5mg of the drug used in adult men for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). After three months, the animals were anesthetized through association of 200mg/kg ketamine chloridrate and 2.5 mg/kg of diazepan and were dead through hypovolemia.. The testis removed along with the whole genitourinary apparel were fixed with 10% formalin and submitted to histological analisys by optical microscopy. The hematoxilin-eosin (HE) method was used to stain the slides. RESULTS: The mean weight of animals in the control group before death was 129.0±18.8gr. The mean weight of animals in experimental group was 145.0±15.25gr. The mean age of animals in control group before death was 15.2±1.13 months. The mean age of animals in experimental group before death was 17.16±0.82 months. The mean difference in weight between both groups was not statistical significant (p=0.0514). The totality of animals in control group (100%) presented no tubular alterations and showed no disturbancy in the spermatogenesis stages. Four animals (40%) in the experimental group showed hypotrophy of the seminiferous tubules and six (60%) showed normal spermatogenesis, however reduced compared to control group. There was statiscally significant difference (p=0.043) between the control and experimental group related to testicular alterations. CONCLUSION: The animals that were administered finasteride showed significant tubules atrophy and spermatogenesis reduction compared to control group. OBJETIVO: Estudar o impacto da finasterida na espermatogênese do Mesocricetus auratus, adulto. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 20 hamsters adultos, com idades superiores a 1 ano, distribuídos em dois grupos: grupo controle com dez animais (n=10) e grupo experimental também com dez animais (n=10). No grupo experimental foi aplicado 7,14ng/mL (0,5mL) de finasterida por 100mg/Kg/peso, subcutâneo (SC), na região dorsal do animal, três vezes por semana por 90 dias, dose correspondente a 5mg da droga usada em homens adultos, para tratamento da hiperplasia benigna da próstata (HBP). No final de três meses, esses Hamsters foram mortos por hipovolemia, após serem anestesiados com cloridrato de quetamina, na dosagem de 200 mg/kg juntamente com diazepam, na dosagem de 2,5 mg/kg. Os testículos foram retirados em monobloco juntamente com todo o aparelho geniturinário, fixados em formalina a 10% e encaminhados à histotécnica para posterior análise histológica em microscópico óptico. Foram usadas para coloração das lâminas a hematoxilina e eosina (HE). RESULTADOS: Quando foram mortos, os Hamsters do grupo de controle pesaram em média 129,0g e desvio padrão (DP) de 18,8g. O grupo de experimento apresentou média de peso de 145,0g e DP de 15,25g. A idade dos animas de controle quando foram mortos apresentou média de 15,2 meses e DP de 1,13 meses. Os animais de experimento apresentaram média de idade de 17,16 meses e DP de 0,82. A diferença das médias de peso entre os dois grupos não teve significado estatístico (p=0,0514). Os animais (100%) do grupo controle não tiveram alterações tubulares e apresentaram todas as etapas da espermatogênese normais. Quatro animais (40%) do grupo de experimento apresentaram hipotrofia dos túbulos seminíferos, e seis (60%) desses animais apresentaram espermatogênese normal, mas diminuída em relação ao grupo controle. Do ponto de vista estatístico houve significância (p=0,043) entre o grupo de experimento e controle em relação às alterações testiculares. CONCLUSÃO: Os animais em uso de finasterida apresentaram atrofia tubulares significativas e diminuição da espermatogênese em comparação com o grupo-controle.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:42:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1676-06032007000100006.pdf: 311096 bytes, checksum: 07480c187e56b52a8dc165fba46b68c8 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:42:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1676-06032007000100006.pdf: 311096 bytes, checksum: 07480c187e56b52a8dc165fba46b68c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T18:42:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1676-06032007000100006.pdf: 311096 bytes, checksum: 07480c187e56b52a8dc165fba46b68c8 (MD5) S1676-06032007000100006.pdf.txt: 38728 bytes, checksum: 04b584761f2fcebedb82bf3fdce5aede (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T14:01:24Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1676-06032007000100006.pdf: 311096 bytes, checksum: 07480c187e56b52a8dc165fba46b68c8 (MD5) S1676-06032007000100006.pdf.txt: 38728 bytes, checksum: 04b584761f2fcebedb82bf3fdce5aede (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T14:01:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1676-06032007000100006.pdf: 311096 bytes, checksum: 07480c187e56b52a8dc165fba46b68c8 (MD5) S1676-06032007000100006.pdf.txt: 38728 bytes, checksum: 04b584761f2fcebedb82bf3fdce5aede (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-01-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Este trabalho descreve variações morfológicas nos órgãos e estruturas do aparelho reprodutor masculino em Chaunus ornatus, analisados independentemente das alterações promotoras de variações estruturais. Foram utilizados sete exemplares adultos da espécie, coletados no Município de Botucatu (São Paulo, Brazil) na época de atividade reprodutiva. Os espécimes foram dissecados e medidas do comprimento rostro-cloacal, análises anatômicas descritivas e biométricas foram obtidas. Três destes animais foram encaminhados à rotina histológica para a análise da arquitetura testicular e esquematizada em papel vegetal com caneta nanquim. Análises estatísticas (média, desvio-padrão, teste de Shapiro-Wilk, teste t de Student e Regressão Linear Simples) foram empregadas para interpretação dos resultados. Os testículos de C. ornatus são cilíndricos com coloração branco-leitosa e possuem uma estrutura ovariana rudimentar, o órgão de Bidder, em sintopia com a extremidade testicular cranial. O aparelho reprodutor masculino de C. ornatus apresenta conspícuas variações anatômicas intra e interindividuais, especialmente no que concerne à forma e tamanho dos testículos e dos órgãos de Bidder, os quais não apresentaram relação com o tamanho do indivíduo. Quanto à localização, os testículos dispõem-se ventralmente aos rins, mas ocorrem em alturas diferentes, acompanhando diferenças atribuídas à própria posição dos rins. Nos corpos adiposos abdominais, a disposição e número de prolongamentos que o constitui é variável entre os membros do par, e conseqüentemente entre indivíduos. Histologicamente não foram observadas diferenças quanto ao arranjo do epitélio germinativo na constituição do lóculo seminífero, portanto estas características parecem seguir o padrão da descrição para os demais anuros. A heterogeneidade morfológica quanto às variações anatômicas nessa espécie teve uma constatação pouco significativa. Assim, outros estudos ainda são necessários para o estabelecimento de relações morfológicas e suas implicações filogenéticas, bem como para compreender como as pressões evolutivas atuam moldando a anatomia dessas estruturas nos anuros. This work describes morphologic variations in the organs and structures of the male reproductive system in Chaunus ornatus, analyzed independently from the alterations that promote structural variations. Seven adult samples were used, they were collected in Botucatu (São Paulo State, Brazil) during reproductive activity period. The specimens were dissected and rostrum-cloacal length measures were taken. Descriptive and biometrics anatomical analyses were also obtained. Three of these animals were sent to histological routine for the analysis of the testicular architecture, where it was schematized in vegetable paper with pen Indian ink. Statistical analyses (mean, standart deviation, Shapiro-Wilk test, Student's t and Simple Lineal Regression) were used for interpretation of the results. The testes of C. ornatus are cylindrical with white coloration and they possess a rudimentary ovarian structure, the Bidder's organ, in the testicular cranial extremity. The male reproductive system of C. ornatus presents conspicuous anatomical variations intra and interindividuals, especially to the form and size of the testes and of the Bidder's organ, which did not present relationship with the size of individual. As for the location, the testes are disposed ventral to the kidneys, but they are in different levels, accompanying differences attributed to the kidneys levels. The disposition and number of extensions in the abdominal fatty bodies is variable among the pair's members, and consequently among individuals. Histologically differences regarding the germ epithelium arrangement were not observed. The germ epithelium is arranged in seminiferous locule, therefore these characteristics seem to follow the pattern of the description for the other anurans. The morphologic heterogeneity for anatomical variations in that species were few significant. Thus, other studies are still necessary for the establishment of morphologic relations and its phylogenetic implications, as well as to understand how the evolutionary pressures act modeling this anuran structures anatomy. Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas Departamento de Biologia UNESP IBILCE Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências Letras e Ciências Exatas Departamento de Biologia UNESP IBILCE Programa de Pós-graduação em Biologia Animal

ResumoO tumor adenomatoide é uma neoplasia benigna rara de origem mesotelial que poderá surgir no trato genital de ambos os géneros. No sexo masculino a sua localização mais comum é paratesticular, afetando o epidídimo. O tratamento cirúrgico consiste em excisão tumoral e conservação do testículo sempre que possível. Apresentamos um caso clínico de um doente de 40 anos de idade, com queixas de desconforto escrotal, massa palpável no polo inferior do testículo direito e marcadores tumorais normais. O paciente foi submetido a excisão de tumor paratesticular direito com preservação do testículo, dada a ausência de relação do tumor com a albugínea testicular. O diagnóstico anátomo‐patológico (com uso de marcadores imuno‐histoquímicos)foi de tumor adenomatoide paratesticular.AbstractThe adenomatoid tumor is a rare benign neoplasm of mesothelial origin, possible to occur in the genital tract in both sexes. It is commonly paratesticular, mainly in the epididymis. Surgical treatment consists of tumor resection and preservation of the testis whenever possible. We describe a case of a 40 years old man presenting scrotal discomfort, palpable lower pole mass of the right testicle and normal tumor markers. The patient underwent local excision of nodule with right testis preservation, as the neoplasm was unrelated with the albuginea. Subsequent pathology study (with histology and immunohistochemical markers) diagnosed a paratesticular adenomatoid tumor.

Oxidative stress plays a main role in the development of diabetes complications. The impairment of gonadal antioxidant potential and endocrine disturbance in diabetic males causes testicular damage and failure in sperm production. Plants have been widely used to control diabetes due their hypoglycemic and antioxidant potential, contributing towards the recovery of testicular function. Current study comprises a review of the literature on the main medicinal plants used in the recovery of testicular oxidative damage in animals with experimental diabetes. Eighteen plant species in the nineteen studies selected from the search strategy were evaluated. Plant extracts were evaluated according to their effects on blood glucose and insulin levels, antioxidant enzymes and oxidant levels, lipid peroxidation, total protein, testosterone levels, gonadosomatic index, diameter of seminiferous tubules, seminiferous epithelium height and integrity, number of germ cells at stage VII and apoptosis in the seminiferous epithelium, sperm production, motility, viability and morphology. After the analysis of the studies, it was observed that plant species, used alone or in combination, may control testicular oxidative damage triggered by diabetes. The antioxidant potential varies among species, with some plants proving to have a better performance in the recovery of reproduction parameters than others. Resumo O estresse oxidativo desempenha um dos principais papéis no desenvolvimento das complicações do diabetes. Em machos diabéticos, as alterações ao potencial antioxidante gonadal e os distúrbios endócrinos resultam em danos testiculares e falhas na produção de espermatozoides. Plantas têm sido amplamente utilizadas como um método de controle do diabetes devido aos seus potenciais hipoglicemiante e antioxidante, contribuindo para a recuperação da função testicular. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo é fazer uma revisão da literatura sobre as principais plantas medicinais utilizadas na recuperação de danos oxidativos testiculares em animais induzidos ao diabetes experimental. Nos dezenove estudos selecionados a partir da estratégia de busca, dezoito espécies de plantas foram utilizadas. Os extratos das espécies vegetais foram avaliados de acordo com os seus efeitos nas concentrações de glicose e insulina, níveis das enzimas antioxidantes e dos oxidantes, peroxidação lipídica, quantidade de proteínas totais, níveis de testosterona, índice gonadossomático, diâmetro dos túbulos seminíferos, altura e integridade do epitélio seminífero, número de células germinativas no estágio VII, número de células em apoptose no epitélio seminífero, produção, motilidade, viabilidade e morfologia espermática. Depois das análises aos estudos, foi observado que as espécies vegetais, sozinhas ou em combinação, podem ajudar a controlar os danos oxidativos testiculares desencadeados pelo diabetes. Contudo, o potencial antioxidante varia entre as espécies, algumas tenho uma melhor performance na recuperação dos parâmetros reprodutivos do que outras.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:54:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0101-81752005000200023.pdf: 15207965 bytes, checksum: 64ec645644ee10ef068260238bd88b6a (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:54:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0101-81752005000200023.pdf: 15207965 bytes, checksum: 64ec645644ee10ef068260238bd88b6a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:46:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0101-81752005000200023.pdf: 15207965 bytes, checksum: 64ec645644ee10ef068260238bd88b6a (MD5) S0101-81752005000200023.pdf.txt: 26713 bytes, checksum: fb04f1dfa699623467068e59796aba97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:12:27Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0101-81752005000200023.pdf: 15207965 bytes, checksum: 64ec645644ee10ef068260238bd88b6a (MD5) S0101-81752005000200023.pdf.txt: 26713 bytes, checksum: fb04f1dfa699623467068e59796aba97 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:12:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0101-81752005000200023.pdf: 15207965 bytes, checksum: 64ec645644ee10ef068260238bd88b6a (MD5) S0101-81752005000200023.pdf.txt: 26713 bytes, checksum: fb04f1dfa699623467068e59796aba97 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-06-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) O presente estudo foi realizado com o intuito de relatar a ocorrência e morfologia de células pigmentares viscerais constituintes do sistema pigmentar extracutâneo em Physalaemus nattereri (Steindachner, 1863) (Leptodactylidae). Foram utilizados dez exemplares machos para a análise macroscópica e obtenção de fragmentos testiculares incluídos em resina e corados com H/E. Os anuros, dentre outros animais exotérmicos, possuem células especiais, os melanócitos, que se caracteriza por intensa pigmentação e sintetiza melanina, além de melanomacrófagos, que se caracteriza por atividade fagocítica e muitas vezes apresentam intensa pigmentação. A nomenclatura destas células não é consensual e, por isso, várias denominações são apresentadas, principalmente nos seguintes órgãos: fígado (como sinônimo de células de Kupffer), rins, baço e menos freqüentemente em outras localizações, com os termos - células pigmentares, células pigmentares extracutâneas, macrófagos pigmentados, melanomacrófagos, melanófagos, melanóforos e melanócitos. Para os anuros os estudos são recentes e relatam células pigmentares em poucas espécies. em Physalaemus nattereri e alguns anuros, os pigmentos melânicos são encontrados, além da cútis, em outros órgãos constituindo um sistema pigmentar extracutâneo, com diferentes ocorrências, tipos e quantidade em distintas espécies. Associados ao aparelho reprodutor de P. nattereri, os melanócitos foram observados nas gônadas, na albugínea e no interstício, especialmente associado com vasos sangüíneos. A notória presença de numerosas células com pigmento distribuídas no testículo confere uma coloração que varia do preto mesclado com branco ao preto intenso. Trata-se de uma rara peculiaridade e não há informações sobre seu significado funcional ou valor biológico. The testes in the anurans are paired ovoid organs constituted by seminiferous structures surrounded by the fibrous connective tissue, commonly unprovided of pigments. This study tried to analyze the morphological characteristics of rare and conspicuous pigment-containing cells and their relationship with other structures. The pigment cells are variously and indistinctly also termed Kuppfer cells in the liver, pigment cells, extracutaneous pigment cells, pigmented macrophages, melanomacrophages, melanophage, melanophores and melanocytes in the liver, spleen and kidney and other visceral structures of exothermic vertebrates. Ten male samples of Physalaemus nattereri (Steindachner, 1863) (Leptodactylidae) were used. After macroscopic analyses, the testicular fragments were submitted to the histological routine, fixed with karnovisky, embedded Historesin and coloration with Haematoxylin/Eosin. A rare peculiarity was the presence of numerous pigment-containing cells (melanocytes) randomly distributed in the albuginea tunic and testicular interstitium, giving the testes a dark brown coloration. This unusual characteristic has been rarely described and in other lower vertebrates, the pigment cells can be found in different organs, constituting an extracutaneous pigmentary system of unknown function. Further, it was identified a conspicuous variation, as to presence and distribution pattern due to possible species-specific aspects. However, histologically there is no difference in the germ epithelium arrangement. Between the seminiferous locules, there is an inter-locular tissue composed by Leydig interstitial cells, fibroblasts, efferent ductules, melanocytes and blood vessels. This inter-locular tissue is relatively scarce, presenting melanocytes in all specimens analyzed intimate associated with blood vessels. They are irregular cells with numerous melanosomes and long cytoplasmic processes. Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Biologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Departamento de Biologia

São apresentados três pacientes com a condição clínica conhecida como "homem XX", rara na faixa etária pediátrica, caracterizada por um fenótipo masculino (em geral não associado a ambigüidade genital), testículos, porém cariótipo 46,XX. O diagnóstico costuma ser feito no adulto devido à esterilidade; na faixa etária pediátrica, ele é feito nos casos com ambigüidade genital ou ginecomastia. Na maioria dos pacientes é detectado o gene SRY (Sex-determining Region of the Y chromosome), o que explica a diferenciação testicular, porém em 20% dos casos ele está ausente, o que torna evidente que a determinação gonadal é um processo dependente de múltiplos genes e fatores de transcrição. O diagnóstico de apenas 3 casos em dois serviços de referência num período de quase 30 anos indica sua raridade entre os casos de anomalias da diferenciação sexual.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T19:04:19Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S1413-95962003000900003.pdf: 352248 bytes, checksum: fa83d747bf773579da4922dfaec62217 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T19:04:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S1413-95962003000900003.pdf: 352248 bytes, checksum: fa83d747bf773579da4922dfaec62217 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-01-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T20:07:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1413-95962003000900003.pdf: 352248 bytes, checksum: fa83d747bf773579da4922dfaec62217 (MD5) S1413-95962003000900003.pdf.txt: 17543 bytes, checksum: 6047cbe706a51aedcf0716fcdb3f8c4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-01-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T13:11:59Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S1413-95962003000900003.pdf: 352248 bytes, checksum: fa83d747bf773579da4922dfaec62217 (MD5) S1413-95962003000900003.pdf.txt: 17543 bytes, checksum: 6047cbe706a51aedcf0716fcdb3f8c4e (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T13:12:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S1413-95962003000900003.pdf: 352248 bytes, checksum: fa83d747bf773579da4922dfaec62217 (MD5) S1413-95962003000900003.pdf.txt: 17543 bytes, checksum: 6047cbe706a51aedcf0716fcdb3f8c4e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003-01-01 O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o rendimento da espermatogênese de cutias criadas em cativeiro, por intermédio das razões encontradas entre tipos celulares do epitélio seminífero. Os resultados apontaram que o rendimento da espermatogênese da cutia dos nove aos quatorze meses de idade não chegou a um ponto de estabilização. O coeficiente de eficiência de mitoses espermatogoniais não aumentou com a idade. O rendimento meiótico, o rendimento geral da espermatogênese e o índice de células de Sertoli mostraram variações numéricas em função da idade, entretanto, não detectadas estatisticamente. This study has as objective to evaluate the spermatogenesis yield of Agoutis rised in captivity, through the rates found between cellular types of the seminiferous epithelium. The results showed that the spermatogenesis yield of the Agoutis since 9 to 14 months of age did not reach the stabilization point. The coefficient of efficiency of the spermatogonium mitoses, did not increase with the age. The meiotic yield, usual spermatogenesis yield and the Sertoli cells index didn't showed numeric variation at function of the age, however, it was not detected by statistic data. Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (UFCG) Centro de Saúde e Tecnologia Rural Universidade Federal do Piauí (FUFPI) Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária USP Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia Departamento de Cirurgia Escola Superior Agrícola de Mossoró Universidade Estadual Paulista Unidade Diferenciada de Dracena Universidade Estadual Paulista Unidade Diferenciada de Dracena

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:55:32Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:55:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-06-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:48:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-06-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T15:12:50Z No. of bitstreams: 0 Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T15:12:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2002-06-01 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Devido ao fato da biopsia testicular poder acarretar hemorragia, inflamação, degeneração, aderência e fibrose, especialmente com as técnicas incisionais ou abertas, este trabalho avaliou a aplicabilidade de uma técnica menos invasiva (biopsia com agulha Tru-Cut) em ovinos na obtenção de material para histologia e acompanhou as lesões testiculares posteriores. Trinta carneiros foram igualmente divididos em três grupos: 1) controle, animais não submetidos à biopsia; 2) submetidos à biopsia + cola de fibrina nos locais da biopsia testicular e incisões da pele; e 3) submetidos à biopsia + sutura da pele escrotal após a biopsia. Exames ultra-sonográficos foram realizados pré e pós biopsia. No centésimodia, os testículos foram avaliados macro e microscopicamente após orquiectomia. A ultra-sonografia permitiu mapear as alterações ocorridas e acompanhar a evolução das seqüelas. Ao exame macroscópico, pequenas áreas de calcificação foram observadas em 55 e 70% dos testículos nos grupos 2 e 3, respectivamente. A biopsia com agulha Tru-Cut forneceu material suficiente para histologia mas ocasionou lesões focais restritas à área biopsiada. Apesar da possível ocorrência de calcificação e outras lesões mínimas, foi demonstrado que a biopsia com agulha Tru-Cut em ovinos é um procedimento seguro por não ter comprometido significativamente as características estruturais e funcionais dos testículos. Because testicular biopsy can cause hemorrhage, inflammation, degeneration, adhesion, and fibrosis, especially if using the incisional or open biopsy techniques, the present study evaluated if testicular biopsy with Tru-Cut needle (a less invasive technique) in rams provides enough material for histology, and followed the subsequent testicular lesions. Thirty rams were evenly assigned to three groups: 1) control, no biopsy; 2) biopsy + fibrin glue on biopsy sites and skin incisions; and 3) biopsy + scrotal skin suture after biopsy. Ultrasonographic examinations were performed before and after biopsy. Orchiectomy was carried out on day 100 and the testicles were examined for gross and microscopic lesions. Ultrasonography permitted to map testicular alterations and to follow the evolution of the lesions. Small areas of calcification were observed in 55 and 70% of testicles from groups 2 and 3, respectively. Testicular biopsy with Tru-Cut needle provided enough material for histology but induced small and focal areas of testicular lesions close to the biopsy site. In spite of the potential occurrence of calcification and other minimal lesions, it was shown that testicular biopsy with Tru-Cut needle in rams is safe because did not significantly compromise the functional and structural testicular characteristics. University of Wisconsin Dairy Science Department UNESP Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia University of Wisconsin UNESP Instituto de Biociências UNESP Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia UNESP Instituto de Biociências

Las especies reactivas de oxígeno (EROs) son moléculas capaces de actuar como segundos mensajeros y desencadenar respuestas de supervivencia. Sin embargo, si sobrepasan las concentraciones fisiológicas, las consecuencias pueden ser perjudiciales para la célula debido al estrés oxidativo que generan. Para contrarrestar el posible efecto nocivo de estas moléculas existen los antioxidantes, dentro de los cuales, la superóxido dismutasa dependiente de manganeso (SOD2) constituye la primera línea de defensa. Esta enzima ejerce su función en la mitocondria, donde se encarga de transformar el anión superóxido en peróxido de hidrógeno. Se ha observado que las EROs con capaces de contribuir a la diferenciación celular en el testículo. Sin embargo, irregularidades en los niveles de enzimas antioxidantes pueden conducir a desajustes en la diferenciación y en última instancia, provocar reducción del contenido espermático e infertilidad. Debido a su importancia en la correcta diferenciación de las células espermatogénicas, se pretende localizar la proteína SOD2 en el testículo de ratón y estudiar cómo afecta la variación en los niveles de esta proteína a dicho proceso. Se cree que un descenso en los niveles de SOD2 podría hacer que el balance oxidantes – antioxidantes se decantara a favor de los primeros y esto alterase el proceso de diferenciación. Para localizar la proteína se realizaron ensayos de inmunohistoquímica e inmunofluorescencia. Además se cuantificó morfométricamente el número de espermatogonias y espermatocitos y, mediante PCR-semicuantitativa, se estudió el efecto que produce la variación de SOD2 sobre las distintas estirpes celulares. Los resultados muestran que la mayor expresión de este antioxidante se produce en las células de Leydig, aunque también hay cierta expresión en las células espermatogénicas. En cuanto al recuento morfométrico, los ratones con una copia menos del gen Sod2 presentan menos espermatocitos a las 10 y a las 24 semanas. Estos datos se verifican con los obtenidos con la PCR-semicuantitativa, donde se observa que tanto espermatocitos como espermátidas disminuyen notablemente en los ratones SOD+/- a las 10 y 24 semanas respecto a los de 6 semanas y a sus controles WT de la misma edad. Estos resultados apoyan la hipótesis inicial; niveles disminuidos de la enzima SOD2 pueden conducir a un desajuste en el proceso de diferenciación a lo largo del tiempo, el cual a su vez puede estar intensificado por el incremento en los niveles de EROs que se producen con la edad y la falta de un sistema antioxidante eficaz.

Se reporta un caso encontrado en matadero de hipoplasia testicular en un búfalo (Bubalus bubalis), de la raza bufalipso. Al examen macroscópico post mortem, se encontró el testículo derecho aparentemente normal y el izquierdo marcadamente reducido, de tamaño compatible con el diagnóstico de hipoplasia testicular unilateral. Los hallazgos histopatológicos demuestran la presencia de lesiones en ambos testículos. Se observa una marcada fibrosis peritubular con atrofia de tubos seminíferos, pérdida de la línea germinal, espermatogonias con esferoides, material eosinofílico granular tipo mineral intratubular e intersticial, con respuesta gigantocelular. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue reportar un caso de hipoplasia testicular, hallado en matadero, en un búfalo proveniente de un rebaño venezolano. It was reported the presence of a case of slaughterhouse found of testicular hypoplasia in Buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), Bufalipso breed. On macroscopic examination post mortem, the right testis was normal and the left apparently markedly reduced in size compatible with the diagnosis of unilateral testicular hypoplasia. However, histopathological findings showed the presence of lesions in both testes. There is a marked peritubular fibrosis with atrophy of seminiferous tubules, loss of the germline, spermatogonial with spheroids, eosinophilic granular material is evident intratubular and interstitial mineral type and giant cell response is observed. The aim of this study was to report one case of testicular hypoplasia, found in slaughterhouse, in a buffalo from a Venezuelan herd. 33 - 36 cespeder@hotmail.com Bimestral

The golden mussel Limnoperna fortunei is an invasive species that has quickly dispersed and colonized several potential different habitats distributed all over the world, causing environmental and economic impacts. Thus, in order to contribute to a better understanding of the reproductive aspects of L. fortunei, we described the cellular dynamic of the male and female germinal epithelium during the annual reproductive life history of this species, with the use of high resolution histology. An approximate of 1 200 specimens of L. fortunei were sampled periodically on the upper Paraná River floodplain (Brazil), from March 2010 to December 2012. Based on the activity of the germinal epithelium and consequent germ cell development, this study has resulted in the recognition of the following reproductive phases: Developing, Spawning Capable, Regressing and Regenerating. In the characterization of these phases, the following germ cells were described for males: spermatogonia, primary and secondary spermatocytes, spermatids and spermatozoa. Cell nests, oogonia, early prophase oocytes, previtellogenic oocytes and vitellogenic oocytes (early vitellogenic oocytes, middle vitellogenic oocytes and full-grown oocytes) were described for females. The morphological data and reproductive parameters obtained, showed the value of the cellular dynamics of the germinal epithelium, for the understanding of the cyclic gonadal events during the adult reproductive life of the mollusk in general. These results on the gametogenesis of this invasive species may be a fundamental tool for the development of control strategies and programs implementation, to reduce their proliferation and impacts in natural local environments. Rev. Biol. Trop. 64 (2): 521-536. Epub 2016 June 01. ResumenEl mejillón dorado Limnoperna fortunei (Dunker, 1857) es una especie invasora que se ha dispersado rápidamente y ha colonizado diferentes hábitats potenciales distribuidos por todo el mundo, causando impactos ambientales y económicos. El control de esta especie depende del conocimiento de los aspectos reproductivos. Entre marzo 2010 y diciembre 2012 fueron muestreados periodicamente alrededor de 1 200 especímenes de L. fortunei en la planicie de inundación del Alto Rio Paraná, Brasil. Con el fin de contribuir con una mejor comprensión de los aspectos reproductivos de L. fortunei, se describió la dinámica celular del epitelio germinativo masculino y femenino durante la vida reproductiva anual de esta especie, mediante histología de alta resolución basada en la actividad del epitelio germinal y el consecuente desarrollo de las células germinales. En este estudio se reconocieron las siguientes fases reproductivas: desarrollo, capacidad de desove, regresión y regeneración. En los machos se describieron las siguientes células germinales: espermatogonias, espermatocitos primarios y secundarios, espermátidas y espermatozoides. Mientras que en las hembras se estudiaron: nidos celulares, ovogonias, ovocitos profásicos tempranos, ovocitos pre-vitelogénicos y ovocitos vitelogénicos (ovocitos vitelogénicos tempranos, ovocitos vitelogénicos y ovocitos completamente desarrollados).Los datos morfológicos y parámetros reproductivos que se muestran aquí confirman cómo la dinámica celular del epitelio germinal permite la comprensión de los acontecimientos cíclicos gonadales durante la vida reproductiva de adultos del molusco, en general. El conocimiento de la gametogénesis de esta especie invasora puede convertirse en una herramienta fundamental para el desarrollo de estrategias de control y aplicación de programas para disminuir su proliferación en ambientes naturales.

Cuando las células germinales primordiales (CGPs) son trasplantadas al testículo de otro individuo de la misma especie; colonizan el lumen de los túbulos seminíferos, buscando su nicho para diferenciarse en espermatozoides. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar la colonización intraluminal de una suspensión de células de la masa celular interna (MCI) obtenidas de blastocistos de ratones. Una suspensión de MCI obtenidos mediante una inmunocirugía en la red testicular de animales tratados previamente con ciclofosfamida para disminuir su propia espermatogénesis fueron trasladados a animales receptores. Se comprobó la presencia de minitúbulos intraluminales en 2 de 100 túbulos seminíferos, lo que demuestra que el trasplante de una suspensión de células de la masa celular interna pueden colonizar los túbulos seminíferos y además mantener una espermatogénesis xenogénica de manera sincrónica con el receptor., Primordial germ cells (PGC`s) are transplanted to testicle of other individual of the same species, they colonize the lumen of the seminiferous tubules, seeking a niche to differentiate into sperm. Our objective was to evaluate the intraluminal colonization of a suspension of cells in the inner cell mass (IMC`s) of blastocysts obtained from mice, using a novel technique. It was transplanted a suspension of ICM by mean of inmunosurgery into the rete testis of recipient animals which were previously treated with cyclophosphamide to reduce their own spermatogenesis. We confirmed the presence of intraluminal minitubules in 2 of 100 seminiferous tubules, demonstrating that transplantation of a suspension of cells from the inner cell mass can colonize the seminiferous tubules and also maintain a synchronously xenogenic spermatogenesis with the receiver.

Las proteínas sustrato del receptor de insulina (de sus siglas en Inglés: IRS) son mediadores clave en la señalización dependiente de insulina y del factor de crecimiento semejante a insulina tipo 1 (IGF1). En ratones, la supresión de Irs2 causa diabetes tanto en los machos como en las hembras. Las hembras son infértiles, sin embargo, el papel de IRS2 en el sistema reproductor de los machos aún no se conoce. Por ello, los objetivos del presente estudio se centraron en determinar si la ausencia de Irs2 altera el desarrollo y función testicular. Los ratones macho adultos deficientes en Irs2 presentan una reducción significativa en el peso y en el tamaño de los testículos. Existe una disminución significativa en el número de células de Sertoli, espermatogonias, espermatocitos y espermatozoas, sin embargo no existen diferencias en el número de células de Leydig ni se detectan cambios en la concentración plasmática de testosterona. Aparentemente, la morfología testicular no parece verse afectada. Las asociaciones celulares observadas son normales y tampoco se aprecian anormalidades en el tracto epitelial del tubo seminífero. La expresión a nivel génico y de proteína de IRS1, IRS3 e IRS4 no mostró cambios significativos en ratones deficientes en Irs2 indicando que los otros miembros de esta familia de proteínas no compensan la pérdida de expresión de Irs2. La expresión del ARN mensajero del receptor de la hormona de crecimiento y la expresión proteica de SOX9 se encuentran significativamente reducidas en ratones deficientes para Irs2. Los ratones Irs2-/- presentaron mayores niveles de fosforilación de AKT, GSK3β y ERK en comparación a los silvestres pero no mostraron diferencias en la expresión de ciclina D1 o p27, proteínas relacionadas con el control del ciclo celular. En resumen, los resultados presentados en este estudio demuestran que IRS2 juega un papel crítico en la regulación del tamaño testicular. IRS2 podría modular el tamaño de los testículos al reducir o retrasar la proliferación de células de Sertoli durante el desarrollo embrionario y/o en estadíos postnatales tempranos. Los presentes resultados proporcionan una importante base con fundamentos para entender los efectos de la señalización dependiente de IRS2 y la diabetes en la función del sistema reproductor masculino., Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins are key mediators of insulin and insulin-like growth factor (IGF) 1 signaling. In mice, deletion of Irs2 causes diabetes and females are infertile. However, the role of IRS2 in male reproduction is unknown. Therefore, the objectives of these studies were to determine if Irs2-deficiency alters testicular development and function. Irs2-deficient adult and neonatal male mice exhibited reduced testicular size and weight. There was a reduction in the number of Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, spermatocytes, and spermatozoa, however there were no differences in the number of Leydig cells or the concentration of testosterone in serum. Testicular morphology appeared unaffected, and there were normal cellular associations without obvious abnormalities in the seminiferous epithelium. Gene and protein expression of IRS1, 3, and 4 were unchanged in Irs2-deficient mice indicating that the other IRS proteins did not overcompensate for the loss of Irs2. Gene expression of growth hormone receptor and protein expression of SOX9 were significantly reduced in Irs2-deficient mice. There was increased phosphorylation of AKT, GSK3β, and ERK in the testes of Irs2-/- mice but no differences in protein expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins cyclin D or p27. In summary, the results from these studies demonstrate that IRS2 plays a critical role in the regulation of testis size, and that IRS2 may modulate testis size by reducing or delaying Sertoli cell proliferation during embryonic and early postnatal development. These results provide an important platform for further understanding the effects of IRS2 signaling and diabetes on male reproductive function

La domesticación del conejo (Oryctolagus cuniculus), ha permitido el paso de una reproducción de tipo anual a una de tipo no estacional, observándose pariciones durante todo el año. Sin embargo, existen parámetros reproductivos que nos indican que aún existe cierta estacionalidad, por ejemplo, la ubicación testicular, correspondiendo el conejo a un estacional de días largos. El presente estudio analiza la morfología de testículos y epidídimos, comparando la bioestructura de las cubiertas testiculares del conejo macho (Oryctolagus cuniculus), durante los meses de Enero y Septiembre. Para esto, se utilizaron seis conejos machos, tres correspondientes al mes de Enero, y tres al mes de Septiembre. Los ejemplares se encontraban clínicamente sanos y sexualmente maduros, de peso promedio 2,5 kg. Se obtuvieron los testículos junto a sus respectivos sacos escrotales, los que se procesaron mediante técnica histológica corriente y tricrómico. Se consignó el Indice espermatogénico (IE) e índice celular interticial (ICI) según Grocock & Clarke. Durante el mes de Enero, se evidenció una clara disminución de los parámetros reproductivos testiculares, con un IE =3, y un ICI=4. Por el contrario, durante el mes de Septiembre, se observó un IE=5 y ICI=5. La túnica albugínea mostró diferencias de espesor en ambos períodos. Sin embargo, se encontró un gran desarrollo de la musculatura cremastérica en ambas etapas, por lo que se concluye que ésta última no sufre atrofia durante el mes de Enero, atribuible posiblemente, a la criptorquidia facultativa que posee esta especie.

Objetivos: Recordar la presencia de tumores testiculares secundarios y revisar la literatura acerca de esta patología. Métodos: Presentamos un paciente con tumor mucosecretor testicular metastásico atendido en urgencias por un cuadro de escroto agudo diez meses después de ser intervenido de un tumor combinado de ciego. La aparición de este tipo de tumores es rara, y el tratamiento de elección es la orquiectomía pero aún así el pronóstico de este tipo de metástasis es malo. Resultados: Los tumores mucinosos pueden presentar diseminación de modo tardío; por lo que es necesario un seguimiento a largo plazo evaluando los lugares más frecuente de asiento. El paciente falleció a los 21 meses del diagnóstico. Conclusiones: La metástasis testiculares y de tumor intestinal mucosecretor son raras. Generalmente afectan a mayores de 60 años, pero también aparecen en jóvenes. Como en los tumores primarios el tratamiento es la orquiectomía.

Objetivo: Presentar dos casos clínicos de linfoma de células T con compromiso testicular diagnosticados y realizar una discusión sobre este tema. Métodos: Caso 1. Hombre de 42 años, con masa y dolor testicular derecho, de 2 meses de evolución. Cuya ecografía testicular evidencio aumento difuso del tamaño del testículo, con alteración de la ecogenicidad. Fue llevado a orquidectomía, diagnosticando con estudios de histopatología e inmunohistoquímica un linfoma de células T periférico inespecífico. Caso 2. Hombre de 44 años quien consulta por aumento de volumen del testículo izquierdo de 3 meses de evolución, con lesiones maculares cutáneas en muslo y espalda de color pardo rojizo, asociadas, con posterior compromiso del testículo derecho. La ecografía muestro testículos aumentados de tamaño, con alteración difusa de su ecogenicidad. Por lo anterior, realizan orquidectomía izquierda. Con el estudio histopatológico e inmunofenotípico, diagnóstico un linfoma no Hodgkin, T periférico no especificado. Conclusión: Los linfomas de células T pueden comprometer los testículos en casos infrecuentes, que merecen especial atención debido al pobre pronóstico de esta enfermedad, y a la necesidad de realizar un adecuado diagnóstico que puede ayudar a implementar mejores estrategias terapéuticas.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the protective role of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) in a rat model of testis ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). METHODS: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomized in two equal groups. Control rats (G-1) received saline 2.0 ml intraperitoneally (ip) 21, 9 and 1 h before torsion. Experimental rats (G-2) received ip injections of 3% aqueous solution of DMSO, 0.1ml/10g body weight. Saline was added to complete 2.0ml when necessary. I/R injury was induced in anesthetized rats by torsion of the right testis lasting 3 hours. Testis and blood samples were collected at the end of ischemia (T-0) and 3 hours later (T-3) for assessment of testis malonaldehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and plasma total antioxidant power (TAP). RESULTS: MDA levels decreased significantly in G-2 rats compared with G-1 animals in all time-points. GSH levels increased significantly in T-0 and T-3 time-points in DMSO pretreated rats compared with G-1 rats. GSH levels increased significantly during reperfusion in G-2 rats. TAP was similar in both groups denoting absence of systemic effects in this study. CONCLUSION: Pretreatment with DMSO reduces testis lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress caused by torsion/detorsion of the testis. OBJETIVO: Avaliar o papel protetor do dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO) utilizando um modelo de isquemia/reperfusão (I/R) do testículo do rato. MÉTODOS: Vinte e quatro ratos machos Wistar, randomizados em dois grupos iguais e tratados com solução salina 2,0 ml (grupo Controle-G-1) ou solução de DMSO (3%, 0,1ml/10g peso corporal), acrescida de solução salina até completar 2,0 ml (grupo Experimento-G-2) por via intraperitoneal, as 21, 9 e 1 h antes da torção. .A lesão de I/R foi induzida por torção do testículo direito e mantida por 3 horas, em ratos previamente anestesiados. Amostras (sangue e testículo direito) foram coletadas ao término da isquemia (T-0) e após 3 horas de reperfusão (T-3) para determinação das concentrações de malonaldeído (MDA), glutationa reduzida (GSH) e capacidade antioxidante total do plasma (CAT). RESULTADOS: As concentrações de MDA diminuíram significativamente nos ratos do G-2. comparados ao G-1, nos tempos estudados. As concentrações de GSH aumentaram significativamente nos testículos dos ratos do G-2 comparado aos controles no T-0 e no T-3 e durante a reperfusão no G-2. Os valores obtidos na análise do CAT foram semelhantes. CONCLUSÃO: O pré-tratamento com DMSO reduz a peroxidação lipídica e o estresse oxidativo decorrentes da torção/destorção do testículo, no rato.

OBJETIVOS Aportamos dos nuevos casos de tumor testicular de celulas de Sertoli, realizando busqueda en Medline y Cochrane de los casos publicados a nivel internacional. METODOS Revision de nuestra serie de neoplasias testiculares, incidencia de los tumores estromales, presentacion, clinica, tratamiento y pronostico, asi como de la experiencia reflejada en la literatura. RESULTADOS La prevalencia de los tumores testiculares en nuestra area de salud es del 0,09 %, suponiendo el tumor de Sertoli el 2,3 % de ellos. La incidencia es levemente superior a la informada en otros trabajos, con cifras del 0,4% al 1,5% de los tumores testiculares en el adulto y hasta el 4% en los ninos. La presentacion mas habitual es la masa testicular indolora, pudiendo existir semiologia secundaria a la produccion hormonal. CONCLUSIONES El tumor de celulas de Sertoli presenta una incidencia no superior al 4% de las neoplasias testiculares. La clinica mas habitual es la tumoracion indolora, existiendo casos de manifestaciones endocrinas que varian segun la edad del paciente Hasta un 10% de ellos se comportan de manera maligna.

OBJETIVOS Describir el caso de un paciente con un hemangiopericitoma paratesticular y realizar una revision de la literatura. METODOS Se describio el caso clinico de un paciente con hemangiopericitoma paratesticular. Se realizo una busqueda exhaustiva de la literatura en diferentes bases de datos con las que se sustento la discusion del caso. RESULTADOS Se presento el caso de un varon de 64 anos con una masa de crecimiento progresivo en el escroto derecho, quien fue sometido a reseccion completa de la masa. El resultado de la patologia reporto hemangio pericitoma/tumor fibroso solitario y se presenta el manejo instaurado. CONCLUSIONES Se presento un caso poco frecuente de hemangiopericitoma paratesticular. La mayoria de estos tienen un comportamiento benigno, sin embargo se debe tener en cuenta los criterios de malignidad para tomar decisiones con respecto a su manejo.

Los tumores de células de Leydig (TCL) en niños son escasos, con una incidencia de 1-3% de todos los tumores testiculares en niños. Su presentación clínica es masa testicular, dolor y alteraciones hormonales como pubertad precoz o ginecomastia. Presentamos un caso de TCL y su manejo conservador luego de su hallazgo incidental. Se revisó la literatura.