Search

The aim of this article is to outline the problem of foreign language teaching in translation studies. The author postulates that translation should be an integral part of not only traditional translation classes, but also language courses. He argues that it is necessary to implement mediation activities, which include translation. Mediation holds an important place in the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), yet its potential seems to be still underestimated. One of the teaching approaches that use multilingualism and mediation is the so-called plurilingual (integrated) approach, which aims at teaching plurilingual communicative competence (PCC) and thus supporting interlingual and intercultural communication. The last part of the article examines the classification of translation competencies proposed by the PACTE research group (2018). Celem niniejszego artykułu jest nakreślenie problematyki nauczania języków obcych w ramach studiów przekładoznawczych. Autor postuluje, że tłumaczenie – jako czynność mediacyjna – powinno być nieodzowną częścią nie tylko zajęć typowo translacyjnych, ale również językowych. Mediacja zajmuje istotne miejsce w Europejskim Systemie Opisu Kształcenia Językowego, a jej potencjał wydaje się być wciąż niedoceniany. Jedną z metod nauczania wykorzystujących wielojęzyczność i mediację jest tzw. podejście plurilingwalne (zintegrowane), którego celem jest kształcenie plurilingwalnej kompetencji komunikacyjnej (PKK), a tym samym wspieranie komunikacji interlingwalnej i interkulturowej. W ostatniej części artykułu przeanalizowano podział kompetencji translatorskich zaproponowany przez grupę badawczą PACTE (2018).

Çeviri, sadece farklı milletlerden farklı insanların iletişiminde değil, aynı zamanda bir milletin siyasetinin, kültürünün ve toplumunun gelişmesinde de önemli bir rol oynamaktadır. Farsçadan Türkçeye birçok eser tercüme edilmiş, her iki dil ve kültür etkileşim içinde olmuştur. Bu çalışmada, İranlı şair Nizâmi Gencevî’nin hamselerinden biri olan Leyla ile Mecnun adlı mesnevisinin Ali Nihat Tarlan (1965), A. Naci Tokmak (2013) ve Samed Vurgun (2019) tarafından yapılan Türkçe çevirileri, Belçikalı bilim insanı André Lefevere tarafından öne sürülen “yeniden yazma” kavramına göre değerlendirilmektedir. Çalışmada ilk olarak “yeniden yazma” kavramı genel hatlarıyla ele alınarak çalışmanın genel çerçevesi belirlenmektedir. Çalışma üç bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde André Lefevere’nin savunduğu çeviride yeniden yazma kavramı hakkında bilge verilmektedir. İkinci bölümde çalışmanın temellendirilmesi için kaynak metin ve yazarı hakkında kısaca bilgi verilmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde çeviri aracılığıyla yapıtların farklı kültürlere taşındığı savunulan yeniden yazma kavramı doğrultusunda kaynak ve erek metinlerden alınan örneklerle çevirmen yorumları, çeviri stratejileri tespit edilmektedir. Çalışma, kaynak metin aktarımının erek metinlerdeki görünümünü, çevirmenin ekleme ya da çıkarma yapıp yapmadığını ve çevirmenin yeniden yazma eylemini tespit etmeyi amaçlamaktadır., Translation plays an important role, not only in communication between people of different nationalities, but also in the development of politics, culture, and society. Many works have been translated from Persian to Turkish, and the languages have been in interaction for centuries. In this study, Turkish translations of Leila and Majnun, one of the masnavi of the Iranian poet Nizami Ganjavi, by Ali Nihat Tarlan (1965), A. Naci Tokmak (2013) and Samed Vurgun (2019) are evaluated according to the concept of rewriting put forward by the Belgian scientist André Lefevere. The general framework of the study is determined by first considering the concept of rewriting in general terms. This study includes three parts. In the first part, information is provided about the concept of rewriting in translation, as advocated by André Lefevere. In the second part, brief information about the source text and its author are provided to justify the study. In the third chapter, translator comments and translation strategies are determined with the examples taken from source and target texts in line with the concept of rewriting, which claims to transfer works to different cultures through translation. The study aims to determine the appearance of the source text transfer in the target texts, whether the translator adds or removes something, and the translator’s rewriting action.

Even though studies at the intersection of translation and media are a burgeoning subfield within Translation Studies, the integration of media theory into the scholarship on translation remains underdeveloped. Joining a recent surge of interest in adapting media theory to a broad analysis of the impacts of the technologies that organise and support translation, this article takes up the concept of cultural technique to argue that, just as technological revolutions have reshaped translation practices, translations have structured media systems. Following its exploration of a medial methodology in Translation Studies and the benefits of a historicist perspective, the article turns to a set of case studies, all sourced from the Romantic period, which was characterised by a complex attitude to mediality and translation prefigurative of the current digital turn. The case studies demonstrate the benefits of a medial view in the study of translation.

Recenzja książki

The paper deals with the translation of the discourse pertaining to the field of Translation Studies. The case study under scrutiny is the chapter entitled “A Manifestation of Translation” in The Experience of the Foreign by Antoine Berman. We examine certain translation difficulties of Berman’s discourse and, in particular, the apparent untranslatability of key concepts of his work. Our approach starts with a general analysis of the translatability of Translation Studies works, which includes a review of the metalanguage. We then expose the fundamental principles of Berman’s philosophy in order to be able to identify, in the last part of the paper, the terminological and discursive challenges implied by the translation of Berman’s discourse. Notre travail est une réflexion sur la traduction du discours traductologique. Prenant comme étude de cas le chapitre « La traduction au manifeste » de l’Épreuve de l’étranger d’Antoine Berman, nous examinons les difficultés de traduction du discours bermanien et, en particulier, l’apparente intraduisibilité des concepts-clés de l’ouvrage. Notre démarche commence par un examen général de la traduisibilité du discours traductologique, qui comprend une analyse des particularités du métalangage. Par la suite, nous passons en revue les axes fondamentaux de la philosophie de Berman, pour identifier dans la dernière partie les défis d’ordre terminologique et discursifs de la traduction du discours bermanien.

Recensione di Francesco Camera (a cura di), Celan. Incontri, voci e silenzi nello spazio della poesia (Interlinea, 2020).

Cet article se propose de revoir le débat classique en histoire des idées politiques entre Leo Strauss (et les « straussiens ») et l’école de Cambridge, en particulier Quentin Skinner, sous l’angle du mystère, du secret et de la chasse aux signes. La notion de « chasse », comprise à la fois comme cynégétique du pouvoir et pratique textuelle de la pensée politique, permet de comparer une méthode interprétative, celle de Strauss, qui prétend retrouver les questions essentielles de la philosophie dans une démarche mystérieuse de lecture « entre les lignes » avec celle du « contextualisme » de l’école de Cambridge qui propose plutôt la mise au jour du vouloir-dire de l’auteur au moyen d’une étude du contexte dans lequel il a écrit. À partir de cette comparaison, nous proposons de mettre à l’épreuve les affirmations des deux écoles par l’« onomasiologie » de leurs pratiques intellectuelles (traduction et commentaire de textes). En conclusion, nous proposons de voir ce débat comme le lieu d’une décision quant au mystère : en dévoiler la vérité ultime ou l’entretenir pour les générations à venir.

Exploring questions of representativeness, balance and comparability is essential to tailoring corpus design and compilation to research goals, and to ensuring the validity of research results. This is especially true when the target population of texts under examination is very large and transcends a restricted area of specialization and/or covers multiple genres, as in the case of texts translated in institutional settings. This paper describes the multilayered sequential approach to corpus building applied in a comparative study on legal translation in three of these settings. The approach is based on a full mapping and categorization of institutional texts from a legal perspective; it applies an innovative combination of stratified sampling techniques integrating quantitative and qualitative criteria adapted to the research aims. The resulting corpora, categorization matrix and selection records, together with the methodological detail provided, can be useful for building other multi-genre corpora in translation studies and further afield.

The thesis abstract, as a genre has a set of communicative functions mutually-understood by established members of the academic community. A vast majority of translation studies of source language (SL) and target language (TL) equivalence seems to have overlooked the inherent relationship between form and function when translating. The purpose of this study was to find out whether the Arab students would translate the English passive structures into their corresponding Arabic passive in order to maintain the pragma-generic functions associated with these constructions or would employ other translation replacements when translating English passives into Arabic. A further purpose was to find out what grammatical factors constrain the choice of these translation options. To fulfill these purposes, we investigated the voice choice in 90 MA thesis abstracts and their 90 Arabic translated versions written in English by the same MA students, drawn from the field of Linguistics. The data analysis revealed that when the Arab student-translators come across the English passive sentence, they resort to either of the following options: Transposing English passives into verbal nouns (masdar), or into pseudo-active verbs or active sentence structures, or into vowel melody passives, or omitting these passive structures.

This article tackles directionality as one of the most contentious issues in translation studies, still without solid empirical footing. The research presented here shows that, to understand directionality effects on the process of translation and its end product, performance in L2 → L1 and L1 → L2 translation needs to be compared in a specific setting in which more factors than directionality are considered—especially text type. For 26 professional translators who participated in an experimental study, L1 → L2 translation did not take significantly more time than L2 → L1 translation and the end products of both needed improvement from proofreaders who are native speakers of the target language. A close analysis of corrections made by the proofreaders shows that different aspects of translation quality are affected by directionality. A case study of two translators who produced high quality L1 → L2 translations reveals that their performance was affected more by text type than by directionality.

Aim. The use of feedback (including peer-generated feedback) for learning has been widely investigated across many fields of study, however, no research into its use in Translation studies has been conducted yet. To fill in this gap, the present small-scale study was carried out at a university in Lithuania. It investigated undergraduate translation students’ feedback on their peers’ ESP oral performance by addressing the main research question: what areas are identified as those that need further work on? Methods. The present research was conducted with the participation of 42 undergraduate students who were majors in Translation studies. To carry out the research, qualitative methodology was chosen. The data were drawn from the study participants’ feedback sheets and investigated using inductive content analysis. Results. The study resulted in the identification and detailed description of four major categories and ten subcategories that reflect the areas that call for further work on, including the study participants’ presentation content, the use of language, presentation delivery mode, and the use of slides. Conclusion. The findings lead to the conclusion that peer feedback, as used in this study, can be viewed as a tool providing its receivers with an opportunity for learning as it supports and directs them toward further improvement.

This research investigates the applicability of a relatively new concept from cognitive linguistics, Radical Construction Grammar (RCG) (Croft：2001), as an analytical model in the study of the translation process. Based on the fundamental concepts of RCG, this article puts forward a construction-oriented view of translation and the following six construction-based translation principles: the semantic function priority principle, the conceptual space-based principle, the gestalt principle, the interactivity principle, the taxonomic principle, and the prototype priority principle. These RCG-based translation conceptions and principles will be detailed and verified in translation examples with the Chinese polysemic word 'yao' in different constructions, selected from the translation of the Chinese classic A Dream of Red Mansions (Cao & Gao:1994). The results of this study show that RCG can provide an innovative linguistic model for translation studies, particularly for the issue of polysemy. Esta pesquisa investiga a aplicabilidade de um conceito relativamente novo da linguística cognitiva, Gramática de Construção Radical (‘Radical Construction Grammar’ RCG) (Croft：2001), como um modelo analítico no estudo do processo de tradução. Baseado nos conceitos fundamentais da RCG, este artigo apresenta uma visão construtiva da tradução e os seguintes seis princípios de tradução baseados na construção: o princípio de prioridade da função semântica, o princípio de prioridade do espaço conceitual, o princípio da Gestalt, o princípio da interatividade, o princípio taxonômico e o princípio de prioridade do protótipo. Estas concepções e princípios de tradução baseados em RCG serão detalhados e verificados com exemplos de tradução com a palavra polissêmica chinesa 'yao' em diferentes construções, selecionadas a partir da tradução do clássico chinês A Dream of Red Mansions (Cao & Gao:1994) [O Sonho da Câmara Vermelha]. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que a RCG pode fornecer um modelo linguístico inovador para estudos da tradução, particularmente para a questão da polissemia.

How do style and translation interact? What is a stylistic approach to translation and what is a translational approach to stylistics? These are the central questions that this chapter attempts to answer. It begins by considering the location of stylistics with respect to both linguistics and to the study of literature, tracing its origins in early work of the Prague and Moscow Linguistic Circles, and setting its development alongside that of the discipline of translation studies. Both disciplines are concerned with similar linguistic issues: the relation of meaning to form; the choices the originator of a text makes; how these choices are reconstructed by the reader. For stylistics, we can gain interesting insights into the minute detail of a text, and the relations between its form and its meaning, by confronting the text with its translations. For translation studies, conversely, we can consider what a stylistic approach involves and what questions it raises: questions about the role of style in the production of the translation and in its reception. We must also ask in what sense stylistics can affect the practice of translation; one way of doing this is to consider how a stylistically-aware translation might differ from one that takes less account of the nuances of style. Future research might take this practical question further, paying more attention to the way a reader processes the stylistic detail of a translated text, and asking to what extent reading on the assumption that a translated text does not differ in any interesting way from its source text differs from a reading that takes full account of the fact that the translation has changed the text stylistically, and incorporated elements of the style of the translator.

Introduction Chan Sin-wai Acknowledgement Part 1: General Issues of Translation Technology * The Development of Translation Technology: 1967-2013 Chan Sin-wai * Computer-aided Translation: Major Concepts Chan Sin-wai * Computer-aided Translation Systems Ignacio Garcia * Computer-Aided Translation: Translator Training Lynne Bowker * Machine Translation: General Liu Qun and Zhang Xiaojun * Machine Translation: History of Research and Applications W. John Hutchins * Example-based Machine Translation Billy Wong Tak-ming and Jonathan Webster * Open-Source Machine Translation Technology Mikel L. Forcada * Pragmatics-based Machine Translation David Farwell and Stephen Helmreich * Rule-based Machine Translation Yu Shiwen and Bai Xiaojing * Statistical Machine Translation Liu Yang and Zhang Min * Evaluation in Machine Translation and Computer-aided Translaton Kit Chunyu and Wong Tak-ming * The Teaching of Machine Translation: The Chinese University of Hong Kong as a Case Study Cecilia Wong Suk Man Part 2: The National / Regional Developments of Translation Technology * Translation Technology in China Qian Duoxiu * Translation Technology in Canada Elliott Macklovitch * Translation Technology in France Sylviane Cardey * Translation Technology in Hong Kong Chan Sin-wai, Ian Chow and Wong Tak-ming * Translation Technology in Japan Hitoshi Isahara * Translation Technology in South Africa Gerhard van Huyssteen and Marissa Griesel * Translation Technology in Taiwan: Track and Trend Shih Chung-ling * Translation Technology in the Netherlands and Belgium Leonoor van der Beek and Antal van den Bosch * Translation Technology in the United Kingdom Christophe Declercq * A History of Translation Technology in the United States of America Jost Zetzsche and Jennifer DeCamp Part 3: Specific Topics in Translation Technology * Alignment Lars Ahrenberg * Bitext Alan K. Melby, Arle Lommel, and Lucia Morado Vazquez * Computational Lexicography Zhang Yihua * Concordancing Federico Zanettin * Controlled Language Rolf Schwitter * Corpus Li Lan * Editing in Translation Technology Christophe Declercq * Information Retrieval and Text Mining Kit Chunyu and Nie Jian-Yun * Language Codes and Language Tags Sue Ellen Wright * Localization Keiran Dunne * Natural Language Processing Olivia Kwong * Online Translation Federico Gaspari * Part of Speech Tagging Felipe Sanchez-Martinez * Segmentation Freddy Y. Y. Choi * Speech Translation Tan Lee * Subtitling and Technology Jorge Dias-Cintas * Terminology Management Kara Warburton * Translation Memory Alan K. Melby and Sue Ellen Wright * Translation Management Systems Mark Shuttlewort

This paper studies the Japanese translations of Lafcadio Hearn's "From the Diary of an English Teacher" and explores their role in highlighting the multilingual nature of the original text. "From the Diary of an English Teacher" (1894) is based on Hearn's experience as an English teacher in an ordinary middle school (Jinjo Chugakko) and in a normal school (Shihan Gakko) in Matsue. The essay is one of Hearn's most popular works and has been translated several times into Japanese. In his interactions with Japanese colleagues and students, he showed a strong interest in various types of Japanese, such as that used in the Japanese anthem "Kimigayo" or the Imperial Rescript on Education (Kyoiku Chokugo). Hearn sometimes transcribed these Japanese words using Roman characters, while at other times he translated them into English. This makes his writing difficult to translate into Japanese, and it becomes necessary to examine each translated word closely. Hearn also paid attention to the English compositions written by his students. These writings are also difficult to translate into Japanese and require special strategies. In this paper, we analyze the works of three translators of Hearn's essay: Ryuji Tanabe, Teiichi Hirai, and Sukehiro Hirakawa. Tanabe's version was published in 1926 and was included in the first collected works of Hearn in Japanese. Hirai's version was included in his translation of Hearn's works in 1964, which played an important role in making Hearn popular in Japan. Hirakawa's version, however, is the most accessible and widely read of the three.

Translation is closely related to languages, linguistics, pragmatics, sociolinguistics, culture etc. and because of these relations, there are also a lot of theories which give importance either to source language or target language. Linguistic and other features of the source and target texts have been examined for years. But translator is an important element with an important role in translation process as well, and the influence of translators’ personality traits on their translation has been emphasized. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to investigate whether there are relations between translators’ personality characters and their translation strategy preferences. The BFI Test (Big Five-Factor Inventory) is administered to 28 English Translation and Interpreting students at Cappadocia University to determine the personality traits of the participants. Then they are asked to choose one of the suggested translations in accordance with the translation model. The data are analyzed through SPSS (v. 22). The findings indicate that there are significant relationships between personality traits of participants and their use of translation strategies. According to results, agreeableness personality trait has a significant relationship with borrowing strategy, openness and neuroticism have significant relationships with modulation strategy, and conscientiousness has a significant relationship with adaptation strategy. Only extraversion does not correlate significantly with any of the strategies.

This paper proposes the inclusion of a reflexive element into the concept of ‘language mediation’ in the didactics of additional languages, in which a non-essentialist conception of language should be given preference. It is noticeable that in the current discussion one falls back on anachronic conceptions of ‘translation’, a fact that leads to an inadequate perception of the process and makes it difficult to (re-) take it into account in language didactics. The argument is based on long term practical experience, coupled with considerable theoretical production in the relevant areas. Die vorliegende Arbeit schlägt den Einbezug einer reflexiven Komponente in den Begriff ‚Sprachmittlung‘ in der Didaktik von Zusatzsprachen vor. Dabei ist einer nicht-essentialistischen Sprachauffassung der Vorzug zu geben. Es fällt auf, dass in der gängigen Diskussion auf anachronische Konzepte von ‚Übersetzung’ zurückgegriffen wird, was zu einer inadäquaten Wahrnehmung des Prozesses führt und seine (erneute) Berücksichtigung in der Sprachdidaktik erschwert. Das Argument basiert auf langjähriger praktischer Erfahrung, gepaart mit erheblicher theoretischer Eigenproduktion auf den betreffenden Bereichen. Propõe-se aqui que os processos de ‘mediação’ no ensino-aprendizagem de línguas adicionais deveriam incorporar uma componente de reflexão, assumindo uma concepção de linguagem de extração não essencialista. Nota-se que no debate em curso são mobilizadas concepções anacrônicas do que seja ‘traduzir’, o que dificulta uma compreensão adequada do processo e sua (re-) incorporação nas práticas didáticas. O argumento recorre a elementos retirados de longa experiência prática, aliada a significativa produção teórica nas áreas em jogo.

The present contribution takes cultural semiotics as its theoretical vantage point ontranslation, and delves specifically in the concepts of diversity and standardness asthey develop characteristically within the semiosphera (Lotman [1984] 2005).Standardness and diversity define the complex maze of intra-cultural relations thatprefigure and possibilitate the intercultural relation, especially through translation.The semiosphere is the sociocultural system within which the standard texts of theculture coexist with the rest in a hierarchy that places the standard at a position ofprominence. The standard texts of a culture occupy a core position in a hierarchythat defines them as forming the educated core. They are texts that partake of theprestige and pre-eminence of the group that circulates them, distinguishable fromthe substandard texts in the same culture. Within a semiosphere the standard is anorm and the reference point for the interpretation of symbolic value, which, forlanguage and translation studies, relies on the subcultural (High vs. Low)differentiation existing in the intraculture and conditioning the forms of crossculturaltransference. On one hand we claim that translation per se should beradically reconceptualized as being the process that possibilitates communicationthrough an understanding of diversity within –and through– discourse and, also, as aprocess of management of that diversity in pursuit of interpretative convergence(intertextual, intersubjective, intercultural) from an initial position of linguisticdivergence. This divergence is resolved in translation. On the other hand we need tounderline the importance of the individual translators’ task within these widersociocultural processes. The important role played by translators in the modernization of theirsemiospheres will be discussed presently in relation to a highly significant case,which was the onset of Anglo-American Imagism and Literary Modernism at the endof the Meiji Era, or the end of the Victorian era. It was not coincidental that afterdecades of novel translation work (from Japanese into English and from English intoJapanese) conducted by translators like Noguchi, Hearn, Fenollosa, or Ezra Pound,the modernization of Japanese and Anglo-American literature would take place. Inthe process of translating, these translators were learning from Source textualityhow to write Target texts whose new hybrid forms taught them, and the literary profession surrounding them, how to renovate the standards of their nativesemiospheres.

Translation studies have traditionally focused on the textual aspects of a work. This article, instead, concentrates on the multimodal translation practices involved in the translation of covers. When a novel is introduced to another linguistic and cultural sphere, its cover and paratext usually change. The cover is one of the prime factors that influence the first view of a literary work. This article applies content analysis to examine the specific features of the cover imagery and design of 55 contemporary Arabic novels and compare them with the covers of their English translations. The comparison is based on paratextual features such as position of the title and author’s name as well as content-based elements like the selection of cover motive and cultural aspects of that choice. The analysis shows that there are significant differences between the Arabic and English covers regarding color, motive, and design and that whereas the Arabic novels often carry signifiers of a clear cultural identity, that is not the case with the English translations of the same novels. The translated covers are shown to be domesticated versions that are appealing to the target culture, using target culture aesthetics, rather than clear representatives of the source culture.

This paper presents the concept of audiovisual translation (AVT) as it has only recently become an object of interest within the discipline of translation studies. The rise of new technologies has greatly shifted attention and focus from stereotypes of translation to technological and digital aspects of translation. This gives rise to international and intercultural communication and therefore, a dire need arises to investigate audiovisual translation that is considerably linked to socio and intercultural differences and norms. This paper intends to analyze subtitling as the most familiar type of AVT through taking into account important factors including socio-linguistic elements, cultural contexts, and stylistic considerations. The paper discusses film subtitling with the aim of exploring translator's conformity to the socio and cultural considerations when conveying the source language SL messages to the target language TL. It mainly investigates the difficulties involved in subtitling language-specific idioms and swear words. The paper reveals that AVT should be based on cross-cultural awareness and a full comprehension of the cultural aspects of both the source and target languages. The paper also concludes that handling the translation of subtitles has specific characteristics and poses challenges that entail special attention to its transfer and the translation strategies applied in this regard. المستخلص باللغة العربية يتناول هذا البحث مفهوم الترجمة السمعية البصرية کإحدى مجالات دراسات الترجمة التي لم تلق اهتماما إلا في الآونة الأخيرة. ومع ظهور تقنيات جديدة، تحول الانتباه والترکيز بصورة ملحوظة من الأشکال النمطية للترجمة إلى الجوانب التکنولوجية والرقمية للترجمة، وهذا يؤدي إلى التواصل الدولي والتواصل بين الثقافات، ولذا تدعو الحاجة لتناول الترجمة السمعية البصرية التي ترتبط بشکل کبير بالاختلافات والمعايير الاجتماعية البينية للثقافات. ويهدف هذه البحث إلى تحليل ترجمة الحوار باعتبارها أکثر أنواع الترجمة السمعية البصرية شيوعا من خلال مراعاة عدة عوامل مهمة منها العناصر الاجتماعية واللغوية والسياقات الثقافية والاعتبارات الأسلوبية. ويناقش البحث ترجمة الحوار بهدف اکتشاف مدى مطابقة المترجم للاعتبارات الاجتماعية والثقافية عند نقل رسائل لغة المصدر إلى لغة الهدف. ويفحص البحث بشکل أساسي الصعوبات التي تنطوي عليها ترجمة التعبيرات الثابتة وألفاظ السباب ذات الخصوصية الثقافية. ويوضح البحث أن الترجمة السمعية البصرية يجب أن تستند إلى الوعي عبر الثقافات والفهم الکامل للجوانب الثقافية لکل من لغة المصدر ولغة الهدف. کما توصل البحث أيضا إلى أن معالجة ترجمة الحوار لها خصائص محددة وتشکل تحديات تستلزم اهتماما خاصا بنقلها واستراتيجيات الترجمة المطبقة في هذا الصدد.

Introduction to the Special Issue of the Journal on Translation and Interpreting Studies 17:3 (2022)

In 2021, the State Publishing Institute (Państwowy Instytut Wydawniczy) published a new edition of The Stranger translated by Marek Bieńczyk. This is the second translation officially published in Poland, the previous was created by Maria Zenowicz in 1958. The article analyses these two Polish translations of The Stranger. The author compares some parts of the text and shows differences between Polish versions trying to find out how a new translation has changed a perception of the novel among Polish readers.

Initiatives in natural language processing (NLP) for training natural conversation and communication between people and virtual assistants (VAs) is taking off. Many are gathering and offering large, crowdsourced data sets for this purpose. An ongoing challenge is that most are English and geared towards the US context. In recognition of this, new efforts have started to be undertaken with the goal of ensuring that a diversity of languages and cultural contexts are represented. Most are crowdsourced translation activities. However, critical analyses have raised concerns about biases in translation, notably around gender and word choice. One issue that remains under-explored is how pronouns are translated from language to language. Languages vary greatly on pronoun use. For example, in English, a small set of pronouns are commonly used, but in Japanese, pronouns are less common and arguably more varied. Translators would need to make careful choices about how to translate pronouns in a case-by-case fashion, and also be aware of the cultural context of variable pronouns such as "they/them," which can be interpreted as a neutral plural pronoun or a singular non-binary pronoun. As a first step, we evaluated pronoun translations in four open NLP data sets that were translated from English to Japanese through crowdsourcing on two respects: (i) relative number of pronouns linked to certain genders and (ii) whether or not direct translations of pronouns were faithfully preserved. We aim to raise awareness of sociocultural biases that may be embedded in translation work and offer a technical solution to account for pronoun diversity and context-sensitive variability.

Данная статья посвящена происхождению обертонального перевода строки: «И он поднялся на высокую гору, и устроил логово скотам своим среди льда» (Иов. 40:15) в Эфиопской Книге Иова. Автор обращает внимание на то, что эфиопский перевод книги Иова создавался христианами, и переложение стиха Иов. 40:16 из-за сложности и метафоричности текста возникло под влиянием Псалтири (Пс. 48:12 и Пс. 48:15) и патристической философской литературы. Автор статьи приходит к выводу, что из-за лингвистических сложностей составители Эфиопской Книги Иова обратились к перифрастическому переводу и понимали «логово среди льда» как тартар, адскую бездну, «скотов» как демонов или грешных людей в аду, а «зверя зверей» как искусителя, «духа злобы поднебесной»., This article is devoted to the origin of the overtonal translation of the verse: «And he went up on a high mountain, and made a den for his cattle among the ice» (Job. 40:15) in the Ethiopian Book of Job. The author draws attention to the fact that the Ethiopian translation of the book of Job was created by Christians, and the verse by Job. 40:16, due to the complexity and metaphorical nature of the text, arose under the influence of the Psalms (Ps. 49:12 and Ps. 49:15) and patristic philosophical literature. The author of the article comes to the conclusion that due to linguistic difficulties, the compilers of the Ethiopian Book of Job turned to a periphrastic translation and understood the “den among the ice” as tartar, the hellish abyss, “cattle” as demons or sinful people in hell, and the “beast of beasts” as tempter, «spirit of wickedness in high places».

Introduction to the Special Issue of the Journal on Translation and Interpreting Studies 17:3 (2022)

Resumo O que seria a tradução como objeto sociológico? A partir dessa pergunta que norteia o artigo, analisamos como traduzir sociologicamente a tradução, isto é, como sociologizar a prática tradutória. Discutimos, assim, a tradução como prática inscrita em um conjunto de relações sociais (entre agentes, instituições, por exemplo) e ordenamentos simbólicos (tais como tradições literárias, representações sociais da tradução) – e não como fruto puramente de uma operação entre dois textos, duas línguas. Estabelecemos, nesse movimento, um diálogo com algumas perspectivas desenvolvidas sobretudo a partir do final dos anos 1990, com o que se convencionou chamar a “virada sociológica” nos Estudos da Tradução. Abstract How can translation be explained as a sociological object? Based on this guiding question, we analyze how to sociologically translate translation, that is, how to sociologize translation practice. We discuss translation as a practice inscribed in a set of social relations (among agents, institutions, for instance) and symbolic orderings (such as literary traditions and social representations of translation) and not purely as a result of an operation between two texts or two languages. Thus, we establish a dialogue with perspectives developed mainly since the late 1990s as part of what has been called the “sociological turn” in Translation Studies.

As a testimony to the lockdown life in Wuhan caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Fang Fang’s Wuhan Diary received worldwide attention while triggering extensive controversies in China. Drawing on the concepts of agent and voice in translation studies, this article explores the contextual, paratextual and textual voices of translation agents in the English translation of Wuhan Diary (2020) and their power negotiations, to reveal who has the final say in positioning and rendering the text for an Anglophone readership. In so doing, the article shows that the author rather than the publisher plays a decisive role in producing the paratextual materials for the translation, and that the translator tend to employ the translation technique of omission to protect the author and himself. Furthermore, it finds that the author’s request for the revision of such paratexts as the title and blurb, in conjunction with the translator’s technique of omission in the translated text, boil down to responses to the critical voices from Chinese readers. Therefore, this article argues that the critical voices from Chinese readers have had the final say in the production and presentation of the English translation of Wuhan Diary. © 2021 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.

This article summarizes some of the results of the first QS Subject Focus Summit on Linguistics and Modern Languages held jointly with the RUDN University on December 15-17, 2020. It provides rationale for the choice of venue of this linguistic forum and analyzes the most relevant topics of discussion, including interdisciplinarity in modern linguistic research, comparative studies of languages and cultures, and intercultural and cross-cultural communication. Participants explored the topics as diverse as the role of linguistics in developing artificial intelligence systems and application of artificial intelligence in linguistic research, the dynamics of languages in minority situations and the efforts in preserving endangered languages. They dwelt on the current state of translation studies and discussed prospects for their future in view of advances in computer technologies, and many others. The articles included in this issue and authored by the Summit participants clearly show that language has become an object of interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary studies. Moreover, the interdisciplinary research paradigm is manifested not only in the convergence of linguistics with other areas of humanities, but also with sciences. This article provides a brief overview of the contributions which present major paradigms of modern linguistics. It highlights the importance of applying computer technologies in linguistic research and emphasizes the necessity to modify language policies in order to preserve minority languages and meet the needs of language education in a multilingual and multicultural environment.

This work has been supported by the project RTI2018.093348.B.100, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/FEDER "Una manera de hacer Europa"; and by the Training Program for University Teaching Staff FPU18/02698 (MICIU)., ‘Transcreation’ has appeared in the last decade as a translation-related activity consisting in the creative reinterpretation of texts to suit the characteristics of an intended audience. However, the scientific literature surrounding transcreation does not offer a homogenous definition of the term. Given these disparities, the main objective of this work is to create a reliable source of reviewed scientific information about the topic. A sample of scientific works regarding the topic ‘transcreation’ has been compiled from databases and repositories of recognized reliability and has been analyzed with a qualitative data analysis software (NVivo). Findings show that research on transcreation expanded significantly between 2015 and 2019 and that most studies are of a qualitative nature. A critical analysis of the content connects transcreation with other fields of research: translation, communication, advertising and poetry. Following a concept-centric approach, this Systematic Literature Review has permitted the formulation of definitions for transcreation and the landscape of academic research on the topic to be outlined., MCIN/AEI/FEDER "Una manera de hacer Europa" RTI2018.093348, Training Program for University Teaching Staff (MICIU) FPU18/02698

The work of Grigory Kruzhkov is by all means worth describing and popularizing. He is a respected and awarded Russian translator of English-language poetry, translation theorist, professor at the Department of Russian Translation Theory and Practice of the Russian State University for the Humanities. He is, among others, the author of an extensive anthology of translations of 115 English, Irish and American poets and a selection of English and Irish poems and fairy tales. In 2015, he was awarded an honorary doctorate from Trinity College in Dublin. He sees the translator’s work as creativity which – born out of love and spiritual unity with the author of the original – can grant the latter immortality in other languages. This is what the titles of his essays clearly allude to. Interestingly, in Poland, similar conclusions are formulated with great conviction by Wieslaw Myśliwski, stressing that the translator must create (not recreate) the work in his own language.

Context and genres are relevant concepts in Translation Studies, but paradoxically there is no consensus about their definition and how they challenge text, especially after the 1990s when technology began to impact on translation practices. It is surprising since new writings and textualisation of the interactions have developed concomitant with the dematerialisation of the context. In this study, we will trace the conceptual polysemy of “context”, first in linguistics (taken in a broad meaning) and then in Translation Studies. We will consider to what extent context and contextualisation are related, when translation is defined as a context-dependent meaning-making process. What does re-contextualisation imply, and how does context apply to (multimodal) text in a digital environment?

Translation studies of children’s literature deserve meticulous attention today not only in the wake of active global publishing activity of books for children but due to the culture-specific information the latter may contain. Fairy tales are usually the first narratives children are introduced to and often these stories with a long-reproduction history reveal some features of national culture that form a child’s worldview. From this perspective, the research is set out to identify culture-specific items in fairy tales that originated from oral tradition and to determine what translation procedures should be used and what factors may influence the choice of the translation method. The corpus of the research includes the titles of East Slavic fairy tales limited by culture-specific items and their translations into English and German. Despite the period when translations were made and gender of translators, findings of our research show that in both languages source language-oriented translation procedures prevail in rendering proper names with denotative meaning, and target language-oriented translation methods are dominant for culture-specific common expressions and descriptive elements of proper names. The current research has allowed us to distinguish the factors that may influence the choice of a translation procedure. To this end, a scale of source language- and target language-oriented translation strategies of culture-specific items from fairy tales with the account of target reader’s age and genre has been provided for the translators to reveal the efficiency of certain translation procedures. Given the above, the study of culture-specific items in fairy tales requires a greater focus and thus further lines of inquiry are suggested in this paper.

Unlike humor translation, humor in translation, caused by translation errors, is underresearched in translation studies. Accidental humor, as a subgroup of humor, has been analyzed in translation contexts, but to the best knowledge of the author, not in the interpreting context. This descriptive study, being the first of its kind dealing with the accidental humor in consecutive interpreting, is intended to fill the gap in the verbal manifestations of resources in the English-Turkish interpreting context along with the possible reasons for resources of accidental humor in consecutive interpreting class. As a result of the study, a total of 38 accidentally humorous instances are found. The verbal resources are analyzed and divided into main and sub-categories, and for each, examples from the corpus are discussed. In addition, new linguistic resources were discovered, which may be exclusive to this context. The detected items are by no means meant to be exhaustive, as also stated by the former studies, but nevertheless enables greater understanding about the types and possible causes of accidental humor which may occur during the consecutive interpreting process. Given the dearth of literature on accidental humor in consecutive interpreting, this study may provide some insight for remedial teaching/learning in interpreting studies, as well as linguistics. Future studies may examine, among the others, verbal resources in the simultaneous interpreting context and compare the verbal resources in depth in consecutive with those in simultaneous interpreting.

The autonomic nervous system is responsible for modulating peripheral functions in the human body and consists of sympathetic and parasympathetic branches. Its activation affects, among other things, heart rate, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration, pupillary dilation, and blink rate. For some years now, physiological measurements have found their way into interpreting and translation studies to investigate, in particular, cognitive, emotional and ergonomic demands and stress in translating, interpreting and post-editing. We conducted a meta-review of publications from 1990 until 2020 in order to investigate the relevance of (a) the four constructs of emotional, cognitive and ergonomic demands and physiological stress and of (b) physiological data for translation and interpreting research. With our selection of search terms, we identified 369 publications investigating one of the four constructs, of which 28 use physiological data. Analysis of the 28 studies shows a tendency towards triangulating physiological with other types of data, which reflects the complexity of the investigated tasks and constructs. Moreover, there seems to be an effort to increase sample size, which is an important step towards more robust results in quantitative research in the field.

This paper aims to bring research on different forms of group-level cognition into conversation with Cognitive Translation Studies (CTS), the focal point of the paper being cognitive processes in translation teams. It is argued that an analysis of cognition in translation teams, which exhibit the properties of a cognitive system, needs to be placed on group-level. A case study of a team, translating the Hebrew Bible Book of Psalms into Swedish in the 1980’s, is presented. The empirical base for the case study consists of archival material in the form of draft translations and paratexts. The methodological question is thus raised whether, and if so in what way, cognitive processes may be analyzed retrospectively, and not only from a real time perspective. By treating the archival material as cognitive artifacts which have constituted an integral part of the team’s cognitive process, the question is tentatively answered in a favourable way. This, it is finally argued, opens up interesting possibilities for joining CTS with translator archives research, Genetic Translation Studies (GTS), and cognitive archeology.

The practical orientation of undergraduate translation and interpreting degrees in Spain means that less importance is given to theoretical modules, and it is often thought that students doubt the usefulness of these modules and are therefore reluctant to take them. Previous empirical researchhas shown that students are not as averse to theory as is often assumed; in fact, according to these studies, students rate its contribution to their training quite positively. In order to take a further step in the study of students’ views on translation theory, the present study adds a qualitative perspective to (in)validate the results obtained in previous research and explore them in greater depth. Students’ answers to open questions are analysed using Atlas.ti qualitative analysis software to assess how translation theory contributes to their training and identify the strengths and weaknesses of the translation theory module at Jaume I University (Castellón, Spain). Our findings show that fitting translation theory into the training and education of translators is a complex task and they also reveal that cognitive restructuring is needed to help students overcome their tendency to associate theory with complex, dense, difficult-to-grasp and, ultimately, useless concepts.

À semelhança de outros trabalhos recentes, este artigo afirma a importância da tradução para os Estudos Ibéricos, ilustrando o seu potencial epistemológico na análise das ligações entre as diferentes culturas e literaturas peninsulares. Em primeiro lugar, analisa-se o papel que a tradução tem tido neste campo até hoje e como o seu estudo tem sido abordado a partir de outras disciplinas. Em segundo lugar, partindo de uma aproximação entre os Estudos Ibéricos e os Estudos de Tradução, propõe-se uma abordagem relacional da Península Ibérica como uma “zona de tradução” que sirva de modelo teórico-metodológico para examinar as diferentes formas e práticas de tradução neste espaço. Face ao recente interesse pelo fenómeno da tradução, questiona-se, por fim, se é mesmo possível falar de uma “viragem translacional” nos Estudos Ibéricos.

Since the reform and opening up, China’s comprehensive national strength and international status have been continuously enhanced. Compared with its economic achievements, however, China has a disproportionate discourse power in international communities. Consequently, it becomes a top priority for the country to further strengthen its international communication and elaborately construct an external discourse system to meet the national strategy of telling China’s stories well and making China's voice heard. As an important medium of communication, translation studies should be integrated with intercultural communication studies in response to the urgent issue: How to effectively translate China and enhance its external discourse power in the world. From an interdisciplinary perspective, this article proposed that the boundaries of translation studies should be expanded to integrate correlated research domains including external discourse studies, intercultural communication studies, and national translation studies for the sake of exploring effective paths for the promotion of Chinese culture abroad.

This paper seeks to demonstrate the importance of translation strategies as informed by Translation Studies in the foreign language (FL) classroom. The current study aims to map how translation, as perceived in Translation Studies, can be beneficial for students’ writing skills in the FL classroom. It focuses on undergraduate students in three French Composition classes: a control class in fall 2014, a second control class in fall 2015, and an experimental class in spring 2016, and explores how the students’ writing in the latter class improved after being exposed to translation strategies, such as explicitation, amplification, modulation, and approaches, such as Skopos theory. To determine whether translation strategies enable students to improve naturalness in L2 writing, their compositions and summaries were error coded using Kobayashi/Rinnert’s (1992) method of awkward form and wrong lexical choice, McCarthy’s collocation search, and Owen’s (1988) native speaker input. Statistical analyses were also performed. Results show that translation strategies are a useful tool to help students understand the foreign language and write more naturally.

This study aims to investigate the concept of social actor in collective health. For that, 1,830 articles, thesis, and dissertations were identified in the databases Lilacs, SciELO, Web of Science, and PubMed, as well as in the Catalogue of Theses and Dissertations of the Higher Education Personnel Improvement Coordination (CAPES). Articles were selected based on the following criteria: (1) pertaining to the field of collective health; (2) defining or conceptualizing “social actor”; (3) adopting a conceptual perspective that constitutes social action; (4) utilizing social action associated with the concept/notion of “social actor” as theoretical framework; (5) consisting of a theoretical study on the subject or including empirical data from research processes; and (6) being conducted in Latin America and the Caribbean. After analysis and evaluation, 18 documents were included in this review. In these studies, the “actors” of health actions were classified using different nomenclatures, including several authors in the field of social sciences. Moreover, most of the works combined theoretical references in different manners. Translation theory comprises a theoretical possibility little explored in the field of collective health, presenting a brief review of the actor-network theory. In conclusion, the various theories dialoguing with collective health seek to explain the various aspects of the subject performing the action, but much study on this matter is still to be produced.v

In this article, the issues of preserving traditional art and reality in the translation of the novel are discussed, and a comparative analysis is made on the example of the works carried out.

Translation studies (TSs) has emerged as a new international and interdisciplinary academic field in the last three decades. Due to the interdisciplinary nature of TSs, many developments are observed in this field concerning the translation process. TSs is a discipline characterized by theories such as Scopos, post-structuralism, feminism, semiotics, and linguistics such as pragmatics and critical discourse analysis. When the developments in the field of TSs since the cultural turn in the early 1980s are examined, it is seen that linguistics is undoubtedly one of the most important disciplines affecting the field of TSs. In addition to linguistics, it is seen that the disciplines such as psychology, communication, literature, and philosophy that translation scientists benefit from in this process and the methodologies specific to these disciplines -as an integrative discipline-are constantly adapted to serve the needs of TSs. In addition, during the 1990s, TSs has been a field of research and discussion in the conceptual and interdisciplinary field, influenced by linguistics, communicative, psycholinguistic, and cognitive approaches. The aim of this study is to examine the developments in the field of TSs in the last thirty years and to contribute to the literature by discussing the disciplines that have historically influenced or been affected by TSs.

Dans son Cahier d’un retour au pays natal, Aimé Césaire déploie une poétique polyglossique. Souterrain mais fondamental, ce « dialogisme » (M. Bakhtine) participe d’une « reterritorialisation » (A. Dyck) de la langue française tant au niveau diachronique – avec le latin – qu’au plan synchronique – avec le créole. En particulier, une relecture ironique de Terence Afer exprime la dimension humaniste de cette esthétique plurilingue. Ainsi, suivant le fil d’une intuition de Derek Walcott, la présence du créole est explorée dans un passage capital : celui où le narrateur s’érige en porte-voix. Cette analyse détermine alors des choix de traduction dialogiques et écologiques : le rejet de la « déviance maximale » au profit d’une appréhension humaniste des variétés martiniquaises, le respect de la structure grammaticale de la source et l’adoption de l’équipement orthographique de Gilbert Gratiant. Aimé Césaire’s Cahier d’un retour au pays natal reflects a polyglossic poetics. This hidden “dialogism” (M. Bakhtine) constitutes a “reterritorialization” of French language (A. Dyck). This reterritorialization is based on a diachronic relation with Latin language, and on a synchronic relation with Creole language. Moreover, an ironic rereading of Terence Afer expresses the humanist dimension of this multilingual aesthetics. Thus, following the thread of Derek Walcott’s intuition, the presence of Creole language is explored within the section where the narrator strikingly sets himself up as a spokesperson. Accordingly, this investigation determines dialogical and ecological options for the translation: the rejection of “optimal deviance” for the benefit of a humanist apprehension of Martiniquan’s varieties, the respect of the source’s grammar and the adoption of Gilbert Gratiant’s orthographic system.

The articles reflects how reduplication matters in the process of transferring meaning from the source language into the closest equivalent meaning in the target language. Indonesian reduplications are varied in their types and meaning that cover reduplications of verbs, nouns and adjectives and each has its own function such to indicate plurality in reduplicated noun, to indicate repeated action, to convey intensity, to emphasise or to form other meaning from the root. This study aims at investigating the types of Indonesian reduplication and the types of translation procedures applied in retaining the meaning of Indonesian reduplication into English as the target language. Descriptive translation study is applied as it provides a method for the description of language use in translation in the form of parallel corpora. The results show that the types of Indonesian reduplication are: full reduplication, partial reduplication and reduplication (stem and affix), and the translation procedures found are couplet, equivalent, modulation, and synonymy. This study gives the implication that in translating Indonesian reduplication into English; the translator should fully comprehend the meaning of the reduplicated word in the source language before defining its equivalent in the target language in order not to distort the meaning being expressed in the source language when it is transferred into the target language