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The ever-growing penetration of Converter- Interfaced Distributed Renewable Energy Sources (CI-DRES) and the gradual decommission of synchronous generators (SGs) has posed several challenges related to the stability and robustness of the electric power systems. Since the main interface of the CI-DRES with the grid are the Voltage Source Converters (VSCs), there has been a major shift in the VSC control philosophy, where the absence of SGs is compensated by the Ancillary Services (ASs) provided by a new generation of CI-DRES. In order to make these ASs feasible and emulate the dynamic behaviour of a SG, the presence and advanced control of energy storage systems (ESS) together with the CI-DRES is essential, so that the CI-DRES/ESS has a dynamic behaviour similar to SG. In this paper, a new energy management control system is proposed for an ultracapacitor (UC) connected to the DC-bus of a CI-DRES. The aim is to control the DC bus voltage using the UC and, simultaneously, maintain the UC voltage within the limits while a given AS is provided. The control strategy is validated experimentally using a prototype with results revealing a reliable and stable operation.

Global demand for energy is on a progressive increase and there is a need for environmentally friendly technologies to meet this demand. Electrochemical energy systems are hinged on clean and sustainable technologies. The latest trend in electrochemical energy systems is the supercapacitors (SCs). SCs are famous for their attractive properties: power density, charging time, life cycle, operational safety, and simplicity. However, their energy density is generally low and to a great extent, this parameter is invariably dependent on the nature of electrode material used. While high energy density is being sought for in SCs, it is necessary to keep abreast of recent electrode materials and their practical performances. This paper gives a concise description of capacitors with a focus on the non-Faradaic SCs. It also compendiously presents an overview of carbon electrode materials with their practical performances (specific surface area, specific capacitance, energy and power densities) for non-Faradaic SCs, with reference to more than 100 reputable works. Development and investigation of highly active carbon materials with optimized electrolytic compatibilities and manipulative morphologies and pore structures were recommended.

A novel dynamic average-value model (AVM) of energy storage systems (ESS) integration in power grid for long-term control is developed and validated. It is expected to greatly improve the computational speed of power system dynamics in a long-term simulation. To end this, the development of the dynamic AVM of ESS integration including ultracapacitor, DC–DC converter, and voltage source converter is elaborated upon. A new control strategy which uses digital logic circuit is proposed to keep the ultracapacitors from overcharging without significantly increasing the charging time. To validate the proposed dynamic AVM and control strategy, case studies are carried out to perform the dynamics as affected by sudden changing of charging/discharging of ESS. The accuracy of the proposed model and controller is verified by the simulation results with that obtained from the detailed model implemented in MATLAB/Simulink. Moreover, the time-step size is enlarged greatly without sacrificing the accuracy, therefore the computational speed is improved significantly.

A new generation high field spherical tokamak, ST40, is currently under construction at Tokamak Energy Ltd (TE). The main parameters of ST40 are: R 0 = 0.4–0.6 m, A = 1.7–2.0, I pl = 2 MA, B t = 3 T, κ = 2.5. It will have power supplies based on ultracapacitors, liquid nitrogen-cooled copper magnets, up to 2 MW of neutral beam injected (NBI) power, and a pulse length of ∼3 s when operating at full power. To stabilize the highly elongated plasma, in addition to active vertical control, liquid nitrogen-cooled passive plates will be installed. ST40 is aimed at demonstrating burning plasma condition parameters ( nTτ E ) and may also be suitable for DT operations in future. The main physics and engineering challenges are caused by the high toroidal field, relatively high plasma current, and wall and divertor power loads.

The rapid progress in the fields of energy storage and power electronics offers various promising improvements of conventional powertrain architectures. This thesis investigates the improvement potential of Hybrid Energy Storage Systems (HESSs) and Gallium Nitride (GaN) semiconductors in the powertrain of an electric racing motorcycle, designed for the MotoStudent competition. To ascertain the state of the art, the powertrain architectures of several commercial electric motorcycles and racing prototypes are compared. Subsequently, the powertrain of the current prototype, developed at the University of Oviedo, is explained in detail and the performance is analytically assessed. As first potential improvement, HESSs made of Lithium-Ion (Li-ion) batteries and Ultracapacitors (UCs) are evaluated. An optimization algorithm for the design of the HESS, which considers two semi-active topologies, is introduced. Further analysis juxtaposes the optimization results with pure Li-ion battery storage in terms of weight and volume. In the case of the MotoStudent load profi le, results in favor of pure battery storage are presented. Thereupon, the feasibility of a 500 ARMS GaN traction inverter is analyzed. For this purpose, an electrical and thermal co-simulation is performed in PLECS. In order to accurately model the semiconductor losses, 3D lookup tables are utilized. Based on the results, a minimum number of sixteen parallel devices is determined to meet the requirements. As such high numbers of parallel devices have not been studied in literature yet, a double-pulse test Printed Circuit Board (PCB) is designed to evaluate the feasibility. The measurements carried out demonstrate the full functionality of the design and successful parallelization of sixteen GaN transistors.

International audience; Compared to Li-ion batteries, supercapacitors (SCs) boast longer lifespan, higher power density, and wider operational temperature range. Nevertheless, SCs are expensive (almost 40 times more expensive per watthour than Li-ion batteries). SCs aging is critical. Two types of aging tests are usually performed. Floating aging tests apply constant constraints (voltage and temperature), and cycling aging tests apply multiple charges and discharges. We focus our study on floating aging [corresponding for instance to parking mode for electrical vehicles (95% of the time) or uninterruptible power supplies (UPSs) when they are not solicited (quite all the time)]. All results in the literature conclude that voltage level is an acceleration factor for SC aging. According to the literature, it would be interesting to totally discharge the SCs when they are not in active use (i.e., when the UPSs or vehicles are turned off) to improve their lifespan. Contrary to the literature forecasts (i.e., lower voltage increases lifespan of SC), the results obtained in this paper by alternating voltage resets (0 V, 60 °C) and floating aging (2.8 V, 60 °C) show that discharging even very few times the SCs shortens their lifespan drastically. Physical interpretations are presented to explain aging increase with voltage resets.

This article analysis the bidirectional operation of the so called Isolated Efficient Wide Range Converter (I-EWiRaC), equipped with synchronous rectification, including small signal modelling and controller design. The converter is used in fuel-cell-based back-up systems, with ultra capacitors (UC) as intermediated energy storage between the fuel cell and the power converter. Earlier, an additional converter was used to charge the UC to the required DC voltage. The presented idea can improving the system efficiency and reliability and reduce overall system costs.

The on-board energy-storage system of an electric vehicle (EV) should be able to collect large amounts of energy and to deal with fast load variations. The use of hybrid power sources as storage devices is an attractive solution, aiming at maximizing both energy and power density. The battery/ultracapacitors (UCs) combination promises to provide significant benefits. An accurate design of bi-directional converters, capable of proplery managing the charge/discharge of the UCs from/to a voltage bus, is essential. In this paper, a bi-directional DC-DC converter connected to a bank of UCs is described and the simulation results are given as well. The designed converter is a buck-boost type, able to manage a 40kW peak power for a duration of 3s, required by a 48 V bus-connected load.

In this paper, we propose the use of the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy technique for state diagnosis of electric double-layer ultracapacitors. Ultracapacitors under investigation are Maxwell BCAP 0350 and they were stressed in several ways for our study. The analyzed stress conditions include accelerated aging tests, overvoltage, and over temperature tests. Chemical and physical effects on supercapacitor materials are pointed out through a morphologic analysis implemented by means of an environmental scanning electron microscope and a chemical composition analysis obtained by means of an energy dispersive spectrometer. Consequent degradation effects are described in terms of frequency behavior of equivalent circuital parameters.

International audience; In this paper, the control and energy management strategy are proposed for an electric vehicle (EV) application. The hybrid source is composed of Fuel Cell (FC) and Ultracapacitors (UCs). The proposed energy management is used to share the EV energy requirement between the hybrid energy source, where the UCs are connected to DC-bus through a bidirectional DC/DC converter, and the FC is linked to the DC-bus through unidirectional DC/DC converter. The main purpose of this paper is focused on EV requested power sharing in real time operations between the FC stack and the UCs according to the electrical characteristics of these sources using polynomial correctors. In this study, only the traction operation mode is considered. The validity of the control is proofed through reduced scale experimental tests.

Ultracapacitors (UCs), with their features of high power density and high current charge-discharge, have become the best choice for dynamic power compensation to improve the stability of microgrids and are increasingly being applied in microgrids. This paper presents the control of an energy storage system (ESS) based on ultracapacitors in the context of grid-connected microgrids. The ESS is composed of DC/AC and DC/DC converters tied by a dc link. An improved dynamic model for the ESS is proposed. Based on the proposed model a Proportional-Integral-Resonant (PIR) DC link voltage controller is proposed to maintain the DC link voltage through the charging-discharging control of ultracapacitors, capable of working properly under all operating conditions. An extra double frequency component is injected into the UC current by a R controller to dynamically compensate for DC instantaneous power and double frequency AC instantaneous power due to unbalanced grid conditions and disturbances. This feature maintains the DC link voltage constant under unbalanced conditions and increases the degrees of freedom of the DC/AC converter and thus facilitates the application of UCs in microgrids. Simulation and experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

Symmetric ultracapacitors have been fabricated considering nanometric 3-layered films made of alternated layers of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (external and internal layers) and polypyrrole (intermediate layer) deposited on steel uncoated and coated with octanethiol self-assembled monolayer. The highest electrochemical and capacitance parameters (i.e. electroactivity, doping level, stored charge, specific capacitance, Coulomb efficiency, energy density and power density) correspond to the ultracapacitor derived from the assembly of 3-layered films deposited on pre-treated steel. Thus, the interface separating the octanethiol monolayer and the most internal layer of the 3-layered film produces a very favorable interaction, which promotes important electrochemical benefits similar to those found for the interfaces in conventional multilayered films. Moreover, the pre-treatment of the steel electrode enhances the roughness and porosity of the film deposited on it, transmitting this effect layer-by-layer. Structural and morphological characteristics, which have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy, have been related with the electrochemical and capacitance properties of the ultracapacitors.

IECON 2016 - 42nd Annual Conference of the IEEE Industrial Electronics Society, Florence, ITALIE, 23-/10/2016 - 26/10/2016; This article proposes an energy recuperation management of a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) during regenerative braking of an Electric Vehicle. The HESS is composed of a Li-Ion battery, and a high speed Flywheel Energy Storage (FES). At low speed, the integration of a controlled dissipative resistor is used to prevent battery overcurrent and overvoltage. At high speed, Voltage Current Limited Maximum Torque (VCLMT) control method is applied to reach the maximal speed allowed. Sizing of the flywheel and the design of the Permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) control will also be presented. Simulation results show the dynamic behavior of the flywheel according to the PMSM desired control as well as the energy recovery strategy.

International audience; This paper presents the supercapacitor parameters variations due to state of charge (SOC), the number of cycles (NbCy), the frequency of DC-current combined to temperature. The goal of this study consists to show the parameters evolution which can serve to determine the lifetime of supercapacitor for different conditions of use. The contribution of the paper is focused on the impacts of charge/discharge current's frequency and the temperature coupled to number of cycles on supercapacitor resistance and capacitance. The proposed method uses several DC-current profiles based on fluctuations and no fluctuations consideration. To do the supercapacitors characterization, the experimental tests based on charge and discharge operations with fluctuating DC-current are done. The experimental tests results are presented and the impacts of state of charge, the number of cycles, the frequency of DC-current and the temperature are analyzed.

Thin films of manganese oxides have been prepared by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) process on silicon and stainless steel substrates at different substrate temperatures and oxygen gas pressures. By proper selection of temperature and oxygen pressure during the PLD process, pure phases of Mn 2O 3, Mn 3O 4 as well as an amorphous phase of MnO x were successfully fabricated and characterized by X-ray diffraction. The pseudo-capacitance behaviors of those manganese oxides of different phases have also been evaluated by the electrochemical cyclic voltammetry in 0.1 M Na 2SO 4 aqueous electrolyte. Their specific current and capacitance determined at different scan rates were calculated and compared. The results show that polycrystalline Mn 2O 3 phase has the highest specific current and capacitance, while the values for polycrystalline Mn 3O 4 films are the lowest. The amorphous phase MnOx films have the values sitting in between those of Mn 2O 3 and Mn 3O 4. The specific capacitance of Mn 2O 3 films reaches 200 F/g at 1 mV/sec scan with excellent stability and cyclic durability. This work has demonstrated that PLD is a very promising technique for supercapacitor material research due to its excellent flexibility and capability of controlling microstructures and phases of various materials. © 2012 Trans Tech Publications, Switzerland., 7th International Conference on Processing and Manufacturing of Advanced Materials, THERMEC'2011, 1 August 2011 through 5 August 2011, Quebec City, QC

In order to safely operate the supercapacitor (SuperCap) energy storages as peak power units until the end of their lifetime in the real applications, identifying the electrical characteristics of SuperCaps and assessing the energy capacity and energy losses in fast energy conversion are the essential procedures. Until now, most methods are based on the international standard IEC 62391. However, the detected parameters (capacitance and series resistance) are not suitable enough, to precisely represent the energy capacity of the SuperCaps at different voltage levels and to estimate the power losses at different power levels. Therefore, the enhanced methods of characterizing SuperCaps in the fast charging-discharging cycles are developed. Furthermore, the energy losses due to the variation of capacitance during the charging and discharging states are evaluated, and the electrical stability of the SuperCap modules is also observed with respect to the variation of capacitance.

This paper introduces a simulation model that can be used to develop and test designs and control systems for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs). The work involves a novel simulating platform, developed in Simulink, where each component of a series HEV is developed using a first-principles approach in a modular fashion, validated by available experimental data and then integrated to form a coupled nonlinear dynamic model. The vehicle model is capable to act as a platform for the design of supervisory control systems (SCSs) that optimize the energy flow in the powertrain. Simulations with two distinct SCSs and two driving cycles are used to analyze the vehicle performance under varying driving and operating conditions. The results demonstrate the applicability of the model for realistic prediction of both vehicle behavior and component energy losses, design optimization and control system design.

El presente trabajo aporta una visión de los sistemas utilizados en la actualidad, haciendo hincapié en los sistemas de almacenamiento de energía eléctrica, Baterías y Supercondensadores, mostrando simulaciones de su uso y cálculos de eficiencia. Se han utilizado los modelos aportados con Matlab Simulink 2015 para el modelado de este tipo de sistemas. Por último, se ha diseñado un sistema de control de un DC/DC que nos permite observar y verificar la mejora de los sistemas de alimentación híbridos respecto a los de alimentación única., The present work provides a generic view regarding the various energy storage system currently used, with emphasis on electrical energy storage systems, batteries and ultracaps, showing with Matlab Simulink 2015 for modeling of this type of systems, also provides a comparison between the theoretical models and the real ones that are aviable to us in the market. Finally, a control system of a DC/DC has been designed that allows us to observe and verify the importance of the hybrid power systems compared to the current ones seeing the improvement thanks to the combination of both., Grado en Ingeniería Electrónica de Comunicaciones

This paper presents, for a system consisting of a gantry crane, the regulation strategy of an Ultracapacitor (UC) based storage system, and its performance test using a simulated model of the system A model for the study of the accumulation of electrical energy in Ultracapacitors was presented. This model was validated by comparing the simulation model data with experimental data obtained for a gantry crane with 22kW of nominal power. The validated model was used to investigate the behavior of the system for two different capacitance values, while maintaining unchanged the amount of energy drawn from the grid during the whole work cycle (lifting and descending). This investigation can allow to establish in each case, varying the number of work cycles per day and the cost of the plant. whether it is more advantageous to increase the capacity of the UCs reducing the size of the power plant design or, vice versa.

This paper deals with a batteries/ultracapacitors electric energy storage system. Even if till now the main case studies in energy saving and management have been spent in heavy automotive applications (electric vehicle EV and hybrid electric vehicles HEV), it will be proposed and discussed how such a solution could be suitable for a small and light vehicle as a wheelchair. In order to go deeper in the analysis, it has been introduced an inductor, inserted between the battery and ultracapacitors to introduce more delay in the BU operation in order to further reduce the battery current root mean square. In the work have been shown some experimental tests to make comparisons between the achievable configurations (only batteries, batteries/ultracapacitors and finally inserting and inductor among them), pointing out the advantages and disadvantages of each architecture. Some remarks, related to energy saving, have been added.

[ANGLÈS] The goal of this work is to develop the manufacturing process of macroporous silicon capacitors, and to produce and characterize them. For this, as one of the electrodes macroporous silicon was used. As the second electrode, it was proposed in the initial objectives of this project to use a metallic contact obtained by electroplating. This is desirable in order to obtain high conductivity. Also, regarding to the industrial application of these devices, the electroplating is a very economic process and easy to implement. A number of prototypes of macroporous silicon capacitors of high capacity have been fabricated, until the first stable capacitor was achieved, which also can work unpolarized. The prototype implements properly the original specifications without repair processes. The maximum achieved capacitance is 10μF , measured after aging for over two months. On the other hand, the stable capacitor by manufacturing implements 5,8μF in an area of 95mm2 , without noticeable variations during the same aging time. Implements the stable capacity in amplitude and offset voltage. The series resistance measured is below 1Ω and nevertheless it is still largely improvable through a simple contact optimization. The parallel resistance at direct current is above 1GΩ. All this in a useful volume of 0,03cm3 embedded in a twelfth of a wafer of one square inch, with a stable volumetric capacitance density of 182μF/cm3 . The maximum capacitance density achieved is 10μF/cm2 . The maximum capacity density feasible, with 4μm pitch, is 33μF/cm2 corresponding to an oxide thickness of 20 nm. At this reasonable limit the volumetric capacitance density becomes 1000μF/cm3 within ±20V . [CASTELLÀ] El objetivo del presente trabajo es desarrollar la fabricación de condensadores de silicio macroporoso, producirlos y caracterizarlos. Para ello, como uno de los electrodos se ha utilizado silicio macroporoso. Como segundo electrodo, se planteó en los objetivos iniciales el contacto metálico mediante galvanoplastia. Éste es conveniente para obtener alta conductividad. Además, respecto a la aplicación industrial de estos dispositivos, la galvanoplastia es un proceso muy económico y sencillo de implementar. Se han fabricado varios prototipos de condensadores de silicio macroporoso de alta capacidad, hasta que se logró el primer condensador estable y además sin polaridad. El prototipo implementa correctamente las especificaciones originales sin procesos de reparación. La capacidad máxima lograda es de 10μF, medido tras un envejecimiento superior a dos meses. Por otro lado, el condensador estable por fabricación implementa 5,8μF en un área de 95mm2, sin apreciables variaciones durante el mismo tiempo de envejecimiento. Implementa una capacidad estable en amplitud y en offset de tensión. La resistencia serie medida es inferior a 1Ω y sin embargo sigue siendo ampliamente mejorable mediante una simple optimización de los contactos. La resistencia paralelo en corriente continua es superior a 1GΩ. Todo ello en un volumen útil de 0,03cm3 embebido en un doceavo de oblea de una pulgada cuadrada, con una densidad capacitiva volumétrica estable de 182μF/cm3 . La máxima densidad capacitiva lograda es 10μF/cm2 . La máxima densidad capacitiva viable, con 4μm de paso, es de 33μF/cm2 correspondiente a un óxido de 20nm de espesor. En este límite razonable la densidad capacitiva volumétrica llega a 1000μF/cm3 entre ±20V. [CATALÀ] L’objectiu del present treball es desenvolupar la fabricació de condensadors de silici macroporós, produir-los i caracteritzar-los. Per a això, com a un dels elèctrodes s'ha utilitzat silici macroporós. Com a segon elèctrode, es va plantejar en els objectius inicials el contacte mitjançant galvanoplàstia. Aquest és convenient per a obtenir alta conductivitat. A més, respecte a la aplicació industrial d’aquests dispositius, la galvanoplàstia és un procés molt econòmic i senzill d’implementar. S’han implementat diversos prototips de condensadors de silici macroporós de gran capacitat, fins a aconseguir el primer condensador estable i, a més, sense polaritat. El prototip implementa correctament les especificacions originals sense processos de reparació. La capacitat màxima aconseguida és de 10μF, mesurat després d’un envelliment superior a dos mesos. D’altra banda, el condensador estable per fabricació implementa 5,8μF en una àrea de 95mm2 , sense variacions durant el mateix temps d’envelliment. Implementa una capacitat estable també en amplitud i offset de tensió. La resistència sèrie mesurada és inferior a 1Ω i àmpliament millorable mitjançant una simple optimització dels contactes. La resistència paral lel en corrent contínua és superior a 1GΩ. Tot això en un volum útil de 0,03cm3 embegut en un dotzè d’oblia d’una polzada cuadrada, amb una densitat capacitiva volumètrica estable de 182μF/cm3 . La màxima densitat capacitiva aconseguida és 10μF/cm2. La màxima densitat capacitiva viable, amb 4μm de pas, és de 33μF/cm2 corresponent a un òxid de 20nm de gruix. En aquest límit raonable la densitat capacitiva volumètrica arriba a 1000μF/cm3 entre ±20V.

With the purpose of designing the electric powertrain of a high performance electric vehicle capable of running a quarter mile in 10 seconds, firstly it is necessary to calculate the required energy, torque, and power in order to size and select the suitable storage components and electric motors. Secondly, an assessment of the powertrain arrangement is needed to choose the best internal configuration of the vehicle and guarantee the highest efficiency possible. Finally, a design of the power conversion stages, specifically the DC-DC converter that interfaces the storage unit with the electric motors, is required as well. This paper shows the energy calculation procedure based on a longitudinal dynamic model of the vehicle and the selection method of the storage components and motors needed for this application, as well as the design of two 100kW interleaved boost converters with coupled inductors. In addition, a novel operation of the interleaved boost converter is proposed in order to increase the efficiency of the converter. As a result, the designed converter achieved a power density of 24,2kW/kg with an efficiency of 98 %, which was validated by experimental tests of a low power prototype. Para diseñar el tren de potencia de un vehículo eléctrico de alto desempeño capaz de correr un cuarto de milla en 10 segundos, primero es necesario calcular la potencia y energía necesarias para dimensionar y seleccionar los componentes de almacenamiento y los motores adecuados. Segundo, se requiere una evaluación de varios trenes de potencia para seleccionar la mejor configuración interna del vehículo con el propósito de garantizar la mayor eficiencia posible. Finalmente, se necesita un diseño del convertidor de potencia DC-DC que haga la interfaz entre la unidad de almacenamiento y los motores eléctricos con sus respectivos inversores. Este artículo presenta el procedimiento para el cálculo de la energía necesaria para correr el vehículo con base en un modelo dinámico longitudinal. Así mismo, se presenta el método de selección de los componentes de almacenamiento de energía necesarios. Finalmente, se presenta el diseño de dos convertidores intercalados con inductores acoplados de 100kW operando bajo una novedosa operación propuesta para incrementar la eficiencia del convertidor. Como resultado, el convertidor diseñado logró una densidad de potencia de 24,2kW/kg y una eficiencia de 98%, la cual es validada con pruebas experimentales de un prototipo de baja potencia.

The large charging times required by conventional batteries constitute an important limitation in many applications. The use of ultracapacitors as energy storage elements allows substantially faster charging. This paper presents a power supply system developed in order to validate the possibility of providing a mobile robot platform with an electrical energy storage system based on ultracapacitors and batteries, ensuring both the autonomy and the charging time required by this vehicle. Both simulations results and experimental results – also presented in this paper – validate this possibility. Using exclusively one ultracapacitors module as energy-storing device of the new power supply system, the mobile platform achieved an autonomy of 22 minutes after a charging time of 1 minute and 57 seconds. The charging time is less than 10% of the autonomy time. The system also proved its ability to properly charge lead-acid batteries or nickel–metal hydride batteries, which may be used as energy-storing devices, allowing the mobile platform to achieve greater autonomy than the one obtained with ultracapacitors (at the cost of larger charging times)., This work has been supported by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia within the Project Scope: Pest-OE/EEI/UI0319/2014.

International audience; This paper presents the ultracapacitors and the fuel cell (FC) connection for hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) applications. An original method for the embedded energy management is proposed. This method is used to share the energetic request of the HEV between the ultracapacitors and the FC. The ultracapacitors are linked to dc-bus through the buck-boost converter, and the FC is connected to dc-bus via a boost converter. An asynchronous machine is used like traction motor or generator, and it is connected to dc-bus through an inverter. A dc-motor is used to drive the asynchronous machine during the decelerations and the braking operations. The main contribution of this paper is focused on the embedded energy management based on the new European drive cycle (NEDC), using polynomial control technique. The performances of the proposed control method are evaluated through some simulations and the experimental tests dedicated to HEVs applications.

The smallest charging times required by fully discharged conventional batteries are some tens of minutes. This is an important limitation for mobile robot platforms. A previous paper already validated the possibility of integrating ultracapacitors and batteries in the same system. However, it has some significant limitations: 1) It works with an ultracapacitors module or a battery, but it does not work with both devices at the same time; 2) It requires an external dedicated charging station; 3) It is not possible to take profit from a part which is non-negligible - of the energy previously stored in the ultracapacitors. This paper presents a new power supply system for mobile robot platforms that has been developed in order to overcome these limitations. Its main goals are evaluating the feasibility of: 1) Fully integrating batteries and ultracapacitors, working simultaneously as energy-storing devices, with the aim of enabling a mobile robot platform to achieve a reasonable autonomy after a very reduced charging time and considerable autonomy when there are no charging time constraints; 2) Installing all the system in the mobile robot platform, avoiding the use of an external dedicated charging station; 3) Extracting almost all the energy previously stored in the ultracapacitors. Both simulation results and experimental results are presented., This work has been supported by FCT – Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia in the scope of the project: PEst-UID/CEC/00319/2013., info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion

International audience; A judicious study with regard to a more efficient energy management on board of an electric vehicle (EV) is discussed in this paper. This analysis follows the present trend in the field, knowing that the major drawback of the EV is the autonomy problem. Thus, by using a hybrid energy source (formed by ultracapacitors and battery) and with a proper current control (of polynomial type) one can get the proper energy management which will increase the lifetime of the battery. Through numerical simulations and tests at a reduced scale, the authors present a successfully energy management with regard to the DC/DC - battery and DC/AC - electrical machine subsystems operation, used on board of an EV.