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In recent years, the water–energy–food (WEF) nexus approach has been widely used as a framework in the context of urban Sustainability. However, some elements of the approach are normative, leading to a technical view of resources and technocratic policy implementation. To avoid such tendencies, this study uses the framework of ‘nexus of humility’. We used insights from the Science and Technology Studies to better assess the interactions between water, energy, and food, and consider the social construction aspects of the nexus itself. The approach of Pathways to Sustainability is combined with this framework to analyze two government programs in the cities of São Paulo and Guarulhos, Brazil; namely, the Green and Healthy Environments Program and the Environmental Health Program, respectively. We interviewed 20 individuals linked to these policies and analyzed narratives inductively and deductively. The results showed six groups of narratives, namely: environmental and social determinants of health, health prevention and promotion, intersectorality, politics and economy, territory, learning, and participation. Moreover, we concluded that narratives related to the WEF nexus, even if not explicitly part of the government guidelines, are present within the existing axes of action. Public health was understood as an important support pillar for the development of synergies related to Sustainability in urban areas. Finally, we sought to contribute to the literature by showing how this new framework can ‘open up’ avenues for sustainability within the contexts of high urban vulnerability and social inequality.

Understanding the nature and scope of existing social capital is essential to building the resilience of people living in vulnerable urban settings. This paper explores the question of how aid organisations can better utilise social capital to build the resilience of communities in slums. It specifically examines the relationship between social capital and urban vulnerability. The study used a mixed-methods approach to understand the diverse perspectives of social capital and uncover relationships that exist between social capital, absorptive and adaptive coping strategies in Kibera and Kawangware slums in Nairobi, Kenya. The findings show that coping is not a community or a societal issue; people living in slums resort to either absorptive or adaptive coping strategies or a combination of both due to the precariousness of livelihoods in such contexts. Measures of bonding, bridging, and linking social capital in slums are significantly associated with adaptive coping strategies. Families that had more dependents, were taking care of ill members or that had no regular source of income were more likely to resort to withdrawing children from school, begging, selling assets, amongst others. Livelihood studies overlook critical aspects of social capital such as bridges and linkages, which are essential for building the transformative capacities of slum dwellers. Therefore, aid actors should focus on social capital if they are to build the capacities of people living in slums. More attention should be given to the role of local organisations and initiatives in establishing bridges and linkages so as not to undermine communities’ existing capacities and resource base.

Introducción. En el ámbito de las Ciencias Sociales cada vez es más frecuente el empleo de programas informáticos en el análisis de datos cuantitativos y cualitativos. El presente artículo tiene por objeto presentar la aplicación del software MAXQDA a partir de un estudio de caso comparado sobre vulnerabilidad urbana en el Sur (Guatemala) y en el Norte (España). Para ello, se presenta una revisión teórica internacional sobre la aplicación de plataformas ofimáticas bajo la denominación de CAQDAS, cuyo surgimiento y aplicación ha supuesto en el ámbito de la investigación social nuevos métodos de análisis cualitativos y mixtos. Dentro de dicha denominación, MAXQDA se presenta como una plataforma profesional multifacética para el análisis descriptivo y de contenido de datos cualitativos y métodos mixtos, presentando potencialidades tanto en el proceso de análisis empírico como en la presentación de los resultados. Metodología. La metodología seleccionada se ha correspondido con la cualitativa, a través de la técnica de la audición. Se han realizado un total de veinte audiciones, diez en el barrio de El Gallito (Guatemala) y nueve en el barrio de La Coma (Paterna, España). Estas audiciones se han realizado a los distintos agentes comunitarios y agentes clave de la ciudadanía, administración local y recursos técnicos de los respectivos barrios. Para el análisis de los resultados a partir de la selección de esta técnica cualitativa, se ha desarrollado un sistema de categorías y subcategorías de análisis de la vulnerabilidad urbana de acuerdo con el mapa de diseño de la investigación. Resultados. Entre los resultados obtenidos a partir del estudio de caso propuesto, se detallan los pasos necesarios para la utilización de MAXQDA a partir de dicho sistema de categorías y subcategorías y, por otra parte, se ejemplifican parte de las funcionalidades propias del software a partir de múltiples representaciones gráficas. Su ejemplificación en el apartado de resultados, permite observar la simplificación de fenómenos abstractos –como sucede con la vulnerabilidad urbana–, en categorías y subcategorías operativas de análisis (category-based), a través de las que generar respuestas y propuestas de actuación. Discusión. La discusión de resultados muestra que los análisis cualitativos sustentados en la category-based permiten simplificar fenómenos y objeto de estudio complejos, tanto de disciplinas afines a las Ciencias Sociales como de otras disciplinas afines a otras ramas de conocimiento, en categorías de estudio empíricas; haciendo de esta plataforma una herramienta de potencial aplicabilidad al conjunto de investigaciones. Además de ello, su utilización no implica renunciar a la metodología cuantitativa, sino que es posible la importación de datos procedentes de otras plataformas y desarrollar investigaciones a través de métodos mixtos. Conclusiones. El artículo concluye con propuestas de aplicación futuras no únicamente extrapolables a estudios desarrollados desde otras disciplinas académicas, sino también la posibilidad de replicar su utilización en pro de las nuevas formas de gobernanza desde las Administraciones Públicas. Introduction. In the field of Social Sciences, it is increasingly common to use computer programmes for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of data. The purpose of this article was to present the use of the MAXQDA software based on a comparative case study on urban vulnerability between a Southern (Guatemala) and Northern (Spain) region of the world. To this end, an international theoretical review is presented on the application of office automation platforms under the name CAQDAS. The emergence and utilisation of these platforms have led to new qualitative and mixed methods of analysis in the field of social research. Within this denomination, MAXQDA is a multifaceted professional platform for descriptive and content analysis of qualitative data and mixed methods. It offers a potential regarding both empirical analysis and the presentation of results. Methodology. A qualitative methodology was selected, based on the audition technique. Twenty auditions were held, ten in the El Gallito neighbourhood (Guatemala) and nine in the La Coma neighbourhood (Paterna, Spain). These auditions were conducted with different community agents and key agents from citizenry, local administration, and technical resource teams of the respective neighbourhoods. To analyse the results based on this qualitative technique selection, we developed a system of categories and subcategories of urban vulnerability analysis according to the research design map. Results. On the one hand, a detailed description of the necessary steps to use MAXQDA, based on system of categories and subcategories mentioned above is given. On the other, examples are provided of a number of the software’s own functionalities using multiple graphic representations. The exemplification in the results section allows us to observe how abstract phenomena– in this case, urban vulnerability – is simplified and sorted into categories and operational subcategories of analysis (category-based). The latter allow generating responses and proposals for action. Discussion. The results show how category-based qualitative analyses allow simplifying complex phenomena and objects of study – whether in the Social Sciences or in other disciplines – into empirical study categories. This platform is therefore potentially applicable to research in general. Furthermore, its use does not imply excluding the application of a quantitative methodology: it is possible to import data from other platforms and perform mixed methods studies. Conclusions. The article concludes with proposals of future implementations, not only in other academic disciplines, but also using the tool to support new forms of governance of Public Administrations.

The concepts of resistance to unforeseen disasters and rapid post-disaster recovery of historic cities are necessary due to the earthquakes that have profoundly influenced their evolution. The improvement of this property strongly depends on the effectiveness of the preventive tools. In this work, an operational framework for the resilience assessment of a historical city characterized by high cultural and historical elements is developed, which corresponds to the main contribution of this research. The research includes multicriteria analysis based on the in-depth knowledge of the city’s historical development, the study of the effects of past earthquakes, structural vulnerability analysis of pombalino buildings, architectural types and socio-economic aspects. The aim is to obtain the necessary elements to guide an aware plan for improving resilience and the reduction of vulnerability through a GIS tool aimed at preventing and defining urban intervention priorities. The framework proposed is applied to Lisbon downtown.

Globally, cities respond differently to their most vulnerable urban populations, notably so during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. In the City of Tshwane, there seems to be a general paralysis of the church and theological education in relation to urban vulnerability. If the church and theological education are to participate as change agents to help transform urban vulnerability, a deliberate theological praxis and deep urban diaconate – in solidarity with the city’s most vulnerable realities – are proposed. This is done with reference to Harvey Cox’s assertion that the task of the church in the city is that of Diakonos and the provocations of Philippino liberation theologian, Daniel Pilario. Contribution: This article proposes that urban vulnerability and various responses to it need to be reflected upon as a priority, much more deliberately, considering how the entire urban household ( oikos ) is at risk.

[EN] There is a growing interest in model-based decision support systems contributing to strategic planning. The application of these in the case of urban infrastructure planning requires methods specifically aimed at addressing the relational uncertainties arising from the complex, multi-scale, nature of this field. This study presents UPSS, a comprehensive urban planning support system integrating the generation of planning alternatives, the evaluation of alternatives under a set of relevant scenarios selected dynamically in a cognitive way, and the proposal of policies to accompany the planning alternative. For this purpose, UPSS integrates two novel methods. These deal respectively with the ex post identification of relevant scenarios for the evaluation of the vulnerability and resilience of the alternatives, and with the assessment of relational uncertainty. According to the risks and opportunities borne by the system, the process makes it possible to select an infrastructure plan to alleviate the problem of urban vulnerability, as well as a set of relational contracts for its proper implementation across the different governmental scales of the infrastructure system. The whole process is tested via a case study, in which USPP first proposes optimal urban infrastructure plans that contribute to ameliorate the problem of urban vulnerability in Spain, then evaluates the risks and opportunities attached to the planning alternatives, and finally presents sets of policy measures to accompany the implementation of the alternative selected., The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitiveness, along with FEDER funding (Project: BIA2017-85098-R).

Urban water, energy, and food (WEF) challenges are among the main barriers to poverty reduction and are some of the central targets of sustainable development goals (SDGs). SDGs seek to improve livelihoods in a sustainable manner through adequate and equitable distribution of the resources. In southern Africa, the scarcity of the resources has escalated due to increased pressure from urbanisation and climate change. This paper focuses on problems of the adaptive strategies that the communities are using in response to WEF challenges as well as the environmental implication of these choices. This article is based on qualitative research methods constituting interview guides administered to 6 city council officials, 2 NGO representatives, 35 households, and 1 Harare residents’ association. Observations were undertaken, and review of secondary data was also done to collect information. Data were collated into a narrative, which was then exposed to qualitative content analysis. Findings reveal the use of underground water in both low- and high-income areas. Firewood and charcoal are preferred for cooking in the low-income suburbs, with gas dominating in the high-income areas. Mobile tuckshops, extensive backyard farming, and open-space agriculture were the prevalent sources of food. Inaccessibility and lack of affordability are some of the identified WEF challenges. Overdependence on underground water lowers the water table, increasing the ecological footprint. Uncontrolled urban agriculture exposes available water sources to pollution.

Este Trabajo de Fin de Grado obedece, como su propio título indica, al codiseño como herramienta de desarrollo urbanístico de barrios vulnerables a través de la participación e involucración de la comunidad, en especial en la edad infantil, en el barrio de El Puche, ubicado en la localidad de Almería. La experiencia se desarrolla desde la perspectiva de la calidad urbana, en términos de espacio público, y desde la perspectiva social, tratando la construcción de la identidad de sus habitantes con el barrio. El barrio de El Puche es una barriada marginal caracterizada por su condición de isla, situada en la periferia de la ciudad, que se comienza a construir a raíz de las pérdidas que sufrieron cientos de familias con las lluvias torrenciales de 1970. Inicialmente, la mayoría de la población realojada en el barrio era de etnia gitana, aunque en la actualidad los residentes son principalmente extranjeros. A pesar de la dotación en infraestructuras, equipamientos y viviendas, tanto la tipología edificatoria como la escasa calidad urbanística presentan la problemática social que ha convertido en un auténtico gueto a la barriada, con su consiguiente deterioro a todos los niveles. This Final Degree Project is based, as its title indicates, on co-design as a tool for the urban development of vulnerable neighbourhoods through the participation and involvement of the community, especially children, in the neighbourhood of El Puche, located in the town of Almería. The experience is developed from the perspective of urban quality, in terms of public space, and from the social perspective, dealing with the construction of the identity of its inhabitants with the neighbourhood. The neighbourhood of El Puche is a marginal neighbourhood characterised by its island status, located on the outskirts of the city, which began to be built as a result of the losses suffered by hundreds of families in the torrential rains of 1970. Initially, the majority of the population rehoused in the neighbourhood were Gypsy, although today the residents are mainly foreigners. Despite the provision of infrastructures, facilities and housing, both the building typology and the poor quality of the urban planning present the social problems that have turned the neighbourhood into a real ghetto, with its consequent deterioration at all levels. Universidad de Sevilla. Grado en Fundamentos de la Arquitectura

espanolDesposesion inmobiliaria, renta e inmigracion en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria (Espana) Las actuaciones judiciales de desposesion son elementos esenciales para entender el impacto de la crisis economica en las ciudades espanolas. En este estudio se analizan las que tuvieron lugar entre 2009 y 2017 en Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, su dimension cuantitativa y su distribucion intraurbana. Esta perspectiva permite apreciar su relacion con la desigual distribucion de la renta y de la extranjeria, factores que ganan un gran protagonismo en las investigaciones sobre perdida de propiedad. Para alcanzar este objetivo se han utilizado los registros del Servicio Comun de Notificaciones y Embargos y los datos del Ministerio de Hacienda y del Padron de Poblacion, combinando analisis estadistico y cartografico, con el fin de establecer asociaciones y factores predictores. El estudio revela que se produce una fuerte concentracion de la perdida de la propiedad inmobiliaria en zonas centrales de la ciudad y que las pautas de distribucion de la desposesion estan relacionadas de forma inversa con el nivel de renta de los distritos urbanos y de forma directa con la poblacion extranjera. Esto viene a confirmar que la desposesion debe ser interpretada como resultado de mecanismos de acumulacion capitalista que refuerzan las desigualdades socio-urbanas. EnglishThe legal proceedings of real estate dispossession are essential elements in understanding the impact of the economic crisis on Spanish cities. Those that took place between 2009 and 2017 in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, their quantitative dimension and their intra-urban distribution are analysed in this study. This perspective allows an appreciation of their relationship with the unequal distribution of income and alien status, factors leading the investigations on the loss of property. In order to achieve this objective, the records of the Common Service of Notifications and Seizures have been used together with data of the Inland Revenue Ministry and Municipal Register, combining statistical and cartographical analysis with the purpose of finding associations and predictive factors. The study reveals that there is a great concentration of real estate deprivation in the central areas of the city and that the standards of distribution of dispossession are inversely related to the level of income of the urban districts and directly related to the foreign population. This tends to confirm that dispossession must be interpreted as the result of mechanisms of capitalist accumulation, which reinforce socio-urban inequalities.

The earthquake is one of the most devastating natural hazards that most of the Iranian cities. District 9 of Tehran will be vulnerable due to old residential texture, proximity to North Tehran fault and industrial land use in case of earthquake. Therefore, reducing the vulnerability to this natural disaster is one of the main goals of this study. In the present research, to evaluate vulnerability due to earthquake hazard, 10 indices are studied as effective factors in cities buildings vulnerability. These factors are selected on the basis of indices in previous studies. Indices involving materials type, type of facade building density, the age of building, the number of floors, ground area of buildings, compatibility of adjacent users, distance from the fault, geology formation and width of passageways are analyzed by using computational method of ANP scored by experts. The criteria weight is applied in effective layers in vulnerability. At last, by integrating the layers in GIS environments, general vulnerability map is extracted in the area. In order to evaluate the buildings vulnerability against earthquake, data obtained and from ANP analysis were made fuzzy. Finally, vulnerability map in district 9 of Tehran against earthquake was extracted. The research results show that if earthquake occurs, in district 9 of Tehran, 19.46% and 10.69% of buildings respectively have trivial and low vulnerability, while 50.29 percent of buildings have medium vulnerability. Also, 17.62% and 1.91% of building have high and very high vulnerability respectively, or they are completely damaged.

Introducción. En el ámbito de las Ciencias Sociales cada vez es más frecuente el empleo de programas informáticos en el análisis de datos cuantitativos y cualitativos. El presente artículo tiene por objeto presentar la aplicación del software MAXQDA a partir de un estudio de caso comparado sobre vulnerabilidad urbana en el Sur (Guatemala) y en el Norte (España). Para ello, se presenta una revisión teórica internacional sobre la aplicación de plataformas ofimáticas bajo la denominación de CAQDAS, cuyo surgimiento y aplicación ha supuesto en el ámbito de la investigación social nuevos métodos de análisis cualitativos y mixtos. Dentro de dicha denominación, MAXQDA se presenta como una plataforma profesional multifacética para el análisis descriptivo y de contenido de datos cualitativos y métodos mixtos, presentando potencialidades tanto en el proceso de análisis empírico como en la presentación de los resultados. Metodología. La metodología seleccionada se ha correspondido con la cualitativa, a través de la técnica de la audición. Se han realizado un total de veinte audiciones, diez en el barrio de El Gallito (Guatemala) y nueve en el barrio de La Coma (Paterna, España). Estas audiciones se han realizado a los distintos agentes comunitarios y agentes clave de la ciudadanía, administración local y recursos técnicos de los respectivos barrios. Para el análisis de los resultados a partir de la selección de esta técnica cualitativa, se ha desarrollado un sistema de categorías y subcategorías de análisis de la vulnerabilidad urbana de acuerdo con el mapa de diseño de la investigación. Resultados. Entre los resultados obtenidos a partir del estudio de caso propuesto, se detallan los pasos necesarios para la utilización de MAXQDA a partir de dicho sistema de categorías y subcategorías y, por otra parte, se ejemplifican parte de las funcionalidades propias del software a partir de múltiples representaciones gráficas. Su ejemplificación en el apartado de resultados, permite observar la simplificación de fenómenos abstractos –como sucede con la vulnerabilidad urbana–, en categorías y subcategorías operativas de análisis (category-based), a través de las que generar respuestas y propuestas de actuación. Discusión. La discusión de resultados muestra que los análisis cualitativos sustentados en la category-based permiten simplificar fenómenos y objeto de estudio complejos, tanto de disciplinas afines a las Ciencias Sociales como de otras disciplinas afines a otras ramas de conocimiento, en categorías de estudio empíricas; haciendo de esta plataforma una herramienta de potencial aplicabilidad al conjunto de investigaciones. Además de ello, su utilización no implica renunciar a la metodología cuantitativa, sino que es posible la importación de datos procedentes de otras plataformas y desarrollar investigaciones a través de métodos mixtos. Conclusiones. El artículo concluye con propuestas de aplicación futuras no únicamente extrapolables a estudios desarrollados desde otras disciplinas académicas, sino también la posibilidad de replicar su utilización en pro de las nuevas formas de gobernanza desde las Administraciones Públicas. Introduction. In the field of Social Sciences, it is increasingly common to use computer programmes for the quantitative and qualitative analysis of data. The purpose of this article was to present the use of the MAXQDA software based on a comparative case study on urban vulnerability between a Southern (Guatemala) and Northern (Spain) region of the world. To this end, an international theoretical review is presented on the application of office automation platforms under the name CAQDAS. The emergence and utilisation of these platforms have led to new qualitative and mixed methods of analysis in the field of social research. Within this denomination, MAXQDA is a multifaceted professional platform for descriptive and content analysis of qualitative data and mixed methods. It offers a potential regarding both empirical analysis and the presentation of results. Methodology. A qualitative methodology was selected, based on the audition technique. Twenty auditions were held, ten in the El Gallito neighbourhood (Guatemala) and nine in the La Coma neighbourhood (Paterna, Spain). These auditions were conducted with different community agents and key agents from citizenry, local administration, and technical resource teams of the respective neighbourhoods. To analyse the results based on this qualitative technique selection, we developed a system of categories and subcategories of urban vulnerability analysis according to the research design map. Results. On the one hand, a detailed description of the necessary steps to use MAXQDA, based on system of categories and subcategories mentioned above is given. On the other, examples are provided of a number of the software’s own functionalities using multiple graphic representations. The exemplification in the results section allows us to observe how abstract phenomena– in this case, urban vulnerability – is simplified and sorted into categories and operational subcategories of analysis (category-based). The latter allow generating responses and proposals for action. Discussion. The results show how category-based qualitative analyses allow simplifying complex phenomena and objects of study – whether in the Social Sciences or in other disciplines – into empirical study categories. This platform is therefore potentially applicable to research in general. Furthermore, its use does not imply excluding the application of a quantitative methodology: it is possible to import data from other platforms and perform mixed methods studies. Conclusions. The article concludes with proposals of future implementations, not only in other academic disciplines, but also using the tool to support new forms of governance of Public Administrations.

El derecho a la ciudad fue un concepto empleado por primera vez por Lefebvre (1968) entendido como aquel derecho de la ciudadanía a constituir ciudades que respondan a las necesidades humanas. De este modo, las necesidades de una ciudad no son más que la manifestación expresa de las necesidades colectivas de sus residentes reflejadas en el espacio urbano y comunitario (Caravantes, 2018). A las necesidades colectivas cabe sumársele las necesidades específicas de las personas que forman parte activa e integrante de las ciudades. La concentración de tales necesidades, así como de fenómenos vinculados al ámbito residencial conllevan a la “acumulación de clases desfavorecidas en las ciudades” (Subirats, 2016, p. 43). Por su parte, Alguacil et al. (2014, p. 77) refieren que esta acumulación hace referencia a la vulnerabilidad urbana, entendida como “aquella potencialidad de que la población de un determinado espacio urbano concreto sea afectada por alguna(s) circunstancia(s) adversa(s). La desigualdad social y la fragilidad que se genera en la estructuración de determinados territorios y la ubicación de grupos sociales en los mismos (Subirats, 2005), se explica a través de dos procesos diferentes: el primero de ellos manifestado a través del perfil socio-demográfico y socio-económico de la comunidad, donde confluyen etnias minoritarias. En segundo lugar, por las características estructurales de los barrios, incluidas en éstas tanto la disponibilidad de los recursos y/o servicios como el acceso a los mismos. En este último punto, el alejamiento de los recursos comunitarios determina el nivel de bienestar disponible para la población y sus carencias, marcarán sus puntos más sensibles para la comunidad. En base a ello, existen diferentes instrumentos a nivel estatal y autonómico que permiten identificar geográficamente la ubicación de entornos vulnerables en las ciudades. Desde el Atlas de la Vulnerabilidad Urbana del Ministerio de Fomento, pasando por estudios autonómicos como el Mapa de Riesgo Social de Zaragoza (MRSZ), la identificación de ámbitos de vulnerabilidad residencial de Barcelona, al Visor de Espacios Urbanos Sensibles (VEUS) de la Comunitat Valenciana desarrollado por la Conselleria de Vivienda, Obras Públicas y Urbanismo. En este último caso, el VEUS mide la vulnerabilidad urbana a partir de secciones censales, en base a variables de carácter residencial, socioeconómico y socio-demográficas. A partir de ello, se identifican tres tipologías de vulnerabilidad urbana concernientes a: vulnerabilidad integral, polivulnerabilidad y vulnerabilidad residual. Con ello, el objeto de la presente comunicación se corresponde con analizar la evolución de los barrios vulnerables de la CV desde 1991 – 2016. No obstante, las fuentes que permiten realizar un estudio de panel en base a ese periodo, se identifican con el Atlas de la Vulnerabilidad Urbana y el Mapa sobre Vivienda y Comunidad Gitana en España. Además de ello, la identificación territorial por tipologías de vulnerabilidad desarrollada por el VEUS, permite además cartografiar cada una de las provincias por sección censal e identificar los núcleos territoriales con mayores índices de vulnerabilidad residencial, socioeconómica y socio-demográfica. Según los resultados obtenidos a través del Ministerio, la CV ha experimentado un incremento de barrios vulnerables similar al acontecido en España. En 1991 se delimitaron un total de 24 barrios vulnerables en 9 ciudades, mientras que en 2001 se identificaron 38 en 12 ciudades. Las dinámicas de concentración poblacional responden a “una serie de inercias que forman parte del sistema en que vivimos, que se encuentran presentes tanto en las políticas que conducen a la pobreza como, en ocasiones, en las fuerzas que intentan combatirlas” (Varea et al., 2016, p. 100). Según el último informe FOESSA (2019), las personas migrantes y de etnia gitana se encuentran entre aquellos perfiles con mayor riesgo de exclusión social, duplicando la tasa de exclusión social de la CV con respecto al resto de CC.AA. De forma paralela, si contemplamos los datos de la Fundación Secretariado Gitano, València es la provincia valenciana donde mayor índice de barrios o asentamientos con población gitana dispone (5.534), seguida de Alicante con 5.515 (Ministerio de Sanidad, Servicios Sociales e Igualdad, 2016). De este modo, entre los resultados se aportan, tanto datos cuantitativos que evidencian la emergencia, cada vez más notable de barrios vulnerables, como mapas de la vulnerabilidad urbana de la Comunitat Valenciana donde aparecen reflejados este tipo de entornos en base a las tres provincias. Asimismo, el VEUS (2018) identificó un total de 830 secciones censales con una representación de los Espacios Urbanos Sensibles (EUS) del 24% siendo en Alicante un 37,47% (458), València con 17,92% (324) y Castellón con un 10,48% (48). En este sentido, la identificación de EUS abarca un mayor espacio territorial que la delimitación administrativa ofrecida por el Atlas de la Vulnerabilidad y ofreciendo una radiografía de la CV más detallada desde el ámbito local y de proximidad. Entre las principales conclusiones cabe destacar que, tanto en la configuración del derecho a la ciudad como en la identificación de aquellos espacios marcados por la vulnerabilidad, el fenómeno de la exclusión residencial es una cuestión esencial que no puede eludirse desde los poderes públicos en la garantía de este derecho. El abandono de las políticas públicas en pro del derecho a la ciudad, agrava y cronifica las desigualdades existentes en este tipo de entornos urbanos. Actualmente, el argumentario político continúa escudándose en la ya consolidada crisis económica y encontrando importantes resistencias a desarrollar una gobernanza territorial de carácter local que permita atajar los procesos de desigualdad. El dret a la ciutat va ser un concepte emprat per primera vegada per Lefebvre (1968) entès com aquell dret de la ciutadania a constituir ciutats que responguin a les necessitats humanes. D'aquesta manera, les necessitats d'una ciutat no són més que la manifestació expressa de les necessitats col·lectives dels seus residents reflectides en l'espai urbà i comunitari (Caravantes, 2018). A les necessitats col·lectives cal sumar-se-les necessitats específiques de les persones que formen part activa i integrant de les ciutats. La concentració d'aquestes necessitats, així com de fenòmens vinculats a l'àmbit residencial comporten a la "acumulació de classes desfavorides a les ciutats" (Subirats, 2016, pàg. 43). Per la seva banda, Alguacil et al. (2014, pàg. 77) refereixen que aquesta acumulació fa referència a la vulnerabilitat urbana, entesa com "aquella potencialitat que la població d'un determinat espai urbà concret sigui afectada per alguna (s) circumstància (s) adversa (s). La desigualtat social i la fragilitat que es genera en l'estructuració de determinats territoris i la ubicació de grups socials en els mateixos (Subirats, 2005), s'explica a través de dos processos diferents: el primer d'ells manifestat a través del perfil socio- demogràfic i socioeconòmic de la comunitat, on conflueixen ètnies minoritàries. En segon lloc, per les característiques estructurals dels barris, incloses en aquestes tant la disponibilitat dels recursos i / o serveis com l'accés als mateixos. En aquest últim punt, l'allunyament dels recursos comunitaris determina el nivell de benestar disponible per a la població i les seves mancances, marcaran els seus punts més sensibles per a la comunitat. En base a això, hi ha diferents instruments a nivell estatal i autonòmic que permeten identificar geogràficament la ubicació d'entorns vulnerables a les ciutats. Des del Atles de la Vulnerabilitat Urbana de el Ministeri de Foment, passant per estudis autonòmics com el Mapa de Risc Social de Saragossa (MRSZ), la identificació d'àmbits de vulnerabilitat residencial de Barcelona, a l'Visor d'Espais Urbans Sensibles (VEUS) de la Comunitat Valenciana desenvolupat per la Conselleria d'Habitatge, Obres Públiques i Urbanisme. En aquest últim cas, el VEUS mesura la vulnerabilitat urbana a partir de seccions censals, basant-se variables de caràcter residencial, socioeconòmic i sociodemogràfiques. A partir d'això, s'identifiquen tres tipologies de vulnerabilitat urbana relatius a: vulnerabilitat integral, polivulnerabilitat i vulnerabilitat residual. Amb això, l'objecte de la present comunicació es correspon amb analitzar l'evolució dels barris vulnerables de la CV des de 1991 - 2016. No obstant això, les fonts que permeten realitzar un estudi de panell en base a aquest període, s'identifiquen amb l'Atles de la Vulnerabilitat Urbana i el Mapa sobre Habitatge i Comunitat Gitana a Espanya. A més d'això, la identificació territorial per tipologies de vulnerabilitat desenvolupada pel VEUS, permet a més cartografiar cadascuna de les províncies per secció censal i identificar els nuclis territorials amb majors índexs de vulnerabilitat residencial, socioeconòmica i sociodemogràfica. Segons els resultats obtinguts a través del Ministeri, la CV ha experimentat un increment de barris vulnerables similar a l'esdevingut a Espanya. El 1991 es van delimitar un total de 24 barris vulnerables en 9 ciutats, mentre que el 2001 es van identificar 38 a 12 ciutats. Les dinàmiques de concentració poblacional responen a "una sèrie d'inèrcies que formen part de el sistema en què vivim, que es troben presents tant en les polítiques que condueixen a la pobresa com, de vegades, en les forces que intenten combatre-les" (Varea et a l' ., 2016, pàg. 100). Segons l'últim informe FOESSA (2019), les persones migrants i d'ètnia gitana es troben entre aquells perfils amb major risc d'exclusió social, duplicant la taxa d'exclusió social de la CV pel que fa a la resta de CC.AA. De forma paral·lela, si contemplem les dades de la Fundació Secretariat Gitano, València és la província valenciana on major índex de barris o assentaments amb població gitana disposa (5.534), seguida d'Alacant amb 5.515 (Ministeri de Sanitat, Serveis Socials i Igualtat, 2016). D'aquesta manera, entre els resultats s'aporten, tant dades quantitatives que evidencien l'emergència, cada vegada més notable de barris vulnerables, com mapes de la vulnerabilitat urbana de la Comunitat Valenciana on apareixen reflectits aquest tipus d'entorns en base a les tres províncies. Així mateix, el VEUS (2018) va identificar un total de 830 seccions censals amb una representació dels Espais Urbans Sensibles (EUS) de l'24% sent a Alacant un 37,47% (458), València amb 17,92% (324) i Castelló amb un 10,48% (48). En aquest sentit, la identificació d'EUS abasta un major espai territorial que la delimitació administrativa oferta per l'Atles de la Vulnerabilitat i oferint una radiografia de la CV més detallada des de l'àmbit local i de proximitat. Entre les principals conclusions cal destacar que, tant en la configuració de el dret a la ciutat com en la identificació d'aquells espais marcats per la vulnerabilitat, el fenomen de l'exclusió residencial és una qüestió essencial que no pot eludir-se des dels poders públics en la garantia d'aquest dret. L'abandonament de les polítiques públiques en pro deel dret a la ciutat, agreuja i fa croniques les desigualtats existents en aquest tipus d'entorns urbans. Actualment, l'argumentari polític continua escudant-se en la ja consolidada crisi econòmica i trobant importants resistències a desenvolupar una governança territorial de caràcter local que permeti tallar els processos de desigualtat. The right to the city was a concept used for the first time by Lefebvre (1968) understood as that right of citizenship to constitute cities that respond to human needs. In this way, the needs of a city are nothing more than the express manifestation of the collective needs of its residents reflected in the urban and community space (Caravantes, 2018). The specific needs of the people who are an active and integral part of the cities can be added to the collective needs. The concentration of such needs, as well as phenomena linked to the residential environment, lead to the “accumulation of disadvantaged classes in cities” (Subirats, 2016, p. 43). On the other hand, Alguacil et al. (2014, p. 77) report that this accumulation refers to urban vulnerability, understood as “that potentiality of the population of a specific urban space being affected by some adverse circumstance (s). The social inequality and fragility that is generated in the structuring of certain territories and the location of social groups in them (Subirats, 2005), is explained through two different processes: the first one manifested through the socio-social profile. demographic and socio-economic community, where minority ethnic groups converge. Secondly, due to the structural characteristics of the neighborhoods, including the availability of resources and / or services and access to them. In this last point, the distancing of community resources determines the level of well-being available to the population and their deficiencies, they will mark their most sensitive points for the community. Based on this, there are different instruments at state and regional level that allow geographically identifying the location of vulnerable environments in cities. From the Atlas of Urban Vulnerability of the Ministry of Development, through autonomous studies such as the Social Risk Map of Zaragoza (MRSZ), the identification of areas of residential vulnerability in Barcelona, to the Viewer of Sensitive Urban Spaces (VEUS) of the Community Valenciana developed by the Department of Housing, Public Works and Urban Planning. In the latter case, VEUS measures urban vulnerability based on census sections, based on residential, socioeconomic and socio-demographic variables. From this, three types of urban vulnerability are identified concerning: integral vulnerability, poly-vulnerability and residual vulnerability. With this, the purpose of this communication corresponds to analyzing the evolution of the vulnerable neighborhoods of the CV since 1991 - 2016. However, the sources that allow to carry out a panel study based on that period, are identified with the Atlas of Urban Vulnerability and the Map on Housing and Roma Community in Spain. In addition to this, the territorial identification by types of vulnerability developed by the VEUS, also allows mapping each of the provinces by census section and identifying the territorial nuclei with the highest rates of residential, socioeconomic and socio-demographic vulnerability. According to the results obtained through the Ministry, the CV has experienced an increase in vulnerable neighborhoods similar to what happened in Spain. In 1991, a total of 24 vulnerable neighborhoods were defined in 9 cities, while in 2001 38 were identified in 12 cities. The dynamics of population concentration respond to “a series of inertia that are part of the system in which we live, which are present both in the policies that lead to poverty and, sometimes, in the forces that try to combat them” (Varea et al., 2016, p. 100). According to the latest FOESSA report (2019), migrant and Roma people are among those profiles with the highest risk of social exclusion, doubling the rate of social exclusion of the CV with respect to the rest of Autonomous Communities. If we look at the data of the Fundación Secretariado Gitano, Valencia is the Valencian province where the highest index of neighborhoods or settlements with Roma population has (5,534), followed by Alicante with 5,515 (Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality, 2016). In this way, the results provide both quantitative data that show the emergence, increasingly noticeable of vulnerable neighborhoods, and maps of the urban vulnerability of the Valencian Community where these types of environments are reflected based on the three provinces. Likewise, VEUS (2018) identified a total of 830 census sections with a representation of Sensitive Urban Spaces (EUS) of 24%, being in Alicante 37.47% (458), Valencia with 17.92% (324) and Castellón with 10.48% (48). In this sense, the identification of EUS encompasses a larger territorial space than the administrative delimitation offered by the Vulnerability Atlas and offering a more detailed X-ray of the CV from the local and proximity level. Among the main conclusions, it should be noted that, both in the configuration of the right to the city and in the identification of those spaces marked by vulnerability, the phenomenon of residential exclusion is an essential issue that cannot be avoided by the public authorities in the guarantee of this right. The abandonment of public policies in favor of the right to the city aggravates and chronicles the inequalities existing in this type of urban environment. Currently, the political argument continues to be scrutinized in the already consolidated economic crisis and encountering significant resistance to developing a territorial governance of a local nature that allows to tackle the processes of inequality. Agradecer al Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades la financiación de la Tesis Doctoral titulada: “Ciudades sostenibles: el análisis de la vulnerabilidad urbana. Propuesta de una política urbana de intervención en espacios vulnerables de la Comunitat Valenciana” cuyos primeros avances son presentados en esta ponencia.

Nature-based solutions (NbS) include all the landscape’s ecological components that have a function in the natural or urban ecosystem. Memorial Parking Trees (MPTs) are a new variant of a nature-based solution composed of a bioswale and a street tree allocated in the road, occupying a space that is sub-utilised by parked cars. This infill green practice can maximise the use of street trees in secondary streets and have multiple benefits in our communities. Using GIS mapping and methodology can support implementation in vulnerable neighbourhoods. In this research, we based vulnerability assessments for London, Rio de Janeiro, and Los Angeles on the following three indicators: extreme temperature, air quality, and flood-prone areas. Evidence is emerging that disadvantaged populations may live at higher risks of exposure to environmental hazards. The income and healthcare accessibility of neighbourhoods are the two indicators that will help us target these communities for a better and faster decision-making process. The contrast between the results and the 15-min city concept supports our detecting and prioritising neighbourhoods for MPTS implementation, among other NbS solutions integrated into a more inclusive and sustainable urban design.

Climate change is one of the alarming global environmental changes likely to have deleterious effects on natural, social, cultural and human systems. The risks associated with it call for a broad spectrum of policy responses and strategies at local, regional, national and global levels. This study seeks to explore the nexus between geospatial techniques in assessing climate change and sustainable development, discussing evidenced effects of climate change with considerations into sustainable development efforts in Owerri, Nigeria. This study uses Landsat 5, Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 satellite data of 1986, 2000 and 2016 respectively to evaluate land cover and temperature variation as climatic change in the study area over three decades. The results from the adopted geospatial analysis revealed that climate change resulted from development activities in urban cities, and is evidently affecting every sector of human activities and limiting life expectancy, thus working against sustainable development. This confirms that changes in impervious surfaces significantly produce corresponding effect in increasing urban heat in the city. This study recommended that adequate land use planning be enforced by adopting green city planning techniques.

Heat stress is a serious risk, which affects groups such as the elderly or patients with chronic diseases in particular, and is especially pronounced in cities. The ageing of society, progressive urbanization and climate change are increasing the risk of people being affected by heat stress. One way to reduce the risk is to adapt everyday behaviour. To encourage and support such a change of behaviour, we propose a two-step approach. The first step is a route planner for pedestrians which can find a route with minimal heat exposure. The second step is a tool that helps the user to select the time of day with minimal heat exposure to venture outside. The route planner is then used to calculate the heat stress and present the optimal route at that point in time. We evaluate our approach for the city of Karlsruhe. Our results show that the combined approach, as well as its individual steps, can reduce heat exposure and therefore the heat stress for typical daily tasks in a European city.

With the change of global climate and increased urbanisation, urban dry and hot hazards is becoming a more urgent problem that may affect sustainable city development. In the case of pronounced increase of air temperature and duration of dry periods, cities may experience long-lasting heat waves, soil dryness, and water shortages that concern the urban population, ecosystems, and socio-economic sectors. The research investigates urban vulnerability towards compound dry and hot hazards in one of the largest Polish cities - Wroclaw. The aim of the paper was the development of multi-hazard framework to establish a set of metrics for a hot and dry hazards monitoring system that would provide insights into better management and sustainable development of the city in the long run. The developed indicators and thresholds system for hazard assessment covers meteorological and hydrological drought indices, heat waves, long lasting dry spells, extremely hot days, cooling degree days and low flows identification procedures. Analysis of long-term variability of the indicators values including frequency and trend analysis were the basis for the estimation of hazard levels. The main socio-economic sectors were examined in terms of their vulnerabilities to dry and hot hazards with regard to the spatial variation of sensitive city components. A combination of the estimated hazard levels and the vulnerability of the respective city sectors supported with expert judgments provided a local multi-risks urban assessment matrix. Reducing risks of dry and hot hazards requires coherent actions including educational, organisational, and technical solutions.

Civil responders currently have limited information available to them to support flood incident planning. A new generation of tools are emerging that produce more detailed understanding of flood impacts on people and accessibility during floods. These are typically applied in isolation, proving only a partial assessment of impacts. This paper integrates analysis of flood hydraulics, transport accessibility and human safety to explore the impact of flooding on pedestrians and drivers, and its implications on emergency routes and service areas. A reference scenario, developed and used by the local Civil Protection Agency, is applied to Galluzzo in Florence (Italy). Results shows that 37% of inhabitants live close to roads where they can be swept away, and 78% live in locations where parked vehicles can be transported by floodwaters. Furthermore, at its worst 22.5% of road extension is inaccessible; and all hospitals, fire and police stations cannot be reached, highlighting the need to take preventative action from the outset of an event that is predicted to lead to substantial inundation. Integration of multiple indicators of flood impacts, especially those most relevant to human safety, is fundamental to civil responders if they are to successfully planning and implement emergency response operations in urban environments.

Social capital has been identified as crucial to the fostering of resilience in rapidly expanding cities of the Global South. The purpose of this article is to better understand the complexities of urban social interaction and how such interaction can constitute ‘capital’ in achieving urban resilience. A concept analysis was conducted to establish what constitutes social capital, its relevance to vulnerable urban settings and how it can be measured. Social capital is considered to be constituted of three forms of interaction: bonds, bridges and linkages. The characteristics of these forms of interaction may vary according to the social, political, cultural and economic diversity to be found within vulnerable urban settings. A framework is outlined to explore the complex nature of social capital in urban settings. On the basis of an illustrative case study, indicators are established to indicate how culturally specific indicators are required to measure social capital that are sensitive to multiple levels of analysis and the development of a multidimensional framework. The framework outlined ought to be adapted to context and validated by future research.

The 2008 crisis entailed a turning point in the process of creating and managing cities and territories. There has been a change from a city model, based on expansive growth, which was also speculative and deregulated, had provoked an unprecedented expansion of the outskirts of towns and cities, and the artificialization of thousands of hectares of land, to a model based on the reconstruction of the original city, before the impact of the crisis. Gone are the days of urban mega-projects—source of indebtedness for local administrations- and big urbanizations, which, in many occasions, have not been inhabited. The financial, social, and residential reality requires a better thinking of the city models, as well as recuperating the neighborhoods and recomposing the social gap and conflicts, which had become affected by unemployment, evictions, and austerity policies. In this paper, two models of understanding and managing cities have been presented, as a way of identifying strengths, weaknesses, and impacts on the modern city. Several case studies have been collected at a regional level (Extremadura and Valencian Community), and at an urban level (Las Palmas, Madrid, Barcelona, Valencia, and Toledo), and even at a sub-urban level (via the study of certain neighborhoods).

L’anàlisi dels processos de conformació i/o elements de potenciació de les xarxes veïnals de quotidianitat és una part fonamental de la perspectiva relacional centrada al voltant del capital social dels barris com a base per al disseny d’espais urbans que afavoreixin la cohesió social. Aquest article resumeix la problemàtica existent al voltant d’aquesta perspectiva, exposa la metodologia desenvolupada per a l’anàlisi relacional dels barris estudiats al Mapa de Risc Social de Saragossa, i analitza els resultats obtinguts comparant entre si els barris identificats, respectivament, com a vulnerables i no vulnerables pel Ministeri de Foment, concloent la inexistència d’una relació lineal entre capital social, heterogeneïtat social i vulnerabilitat urbana., The analysis of the processes of conformation and/or elements of empowerment of the neighborhood networks of daily life is a fundamental part of the "relational perspective" focused on the potential of the social capital of the neighborhoods as a basis for the design of urban spaces that favor social cohesion. This article summarizes the main problems related to this perspective, it presents the methodology developed for the relational analysis of the neighborhoods studied in the Social Risk Map of Zaragoza, and analyzes the results obtained comparing the neighborhoods identified as vulnerable and not vulnerable by the Ministry of Development, concluding that there is no linear relationship between social capital, social heterogeneity and urban vulnerability., El análisis de los procesos de conformación y/o elementos de potenciación de las redes vecinales de cotidianeidad es una parte fundamental de la perspectiva relacional centrada en torno al potencial del capital social de los barrios como base para el diseño de espacios urbanos que favorezcan la cohesión social. Este artículo resume la problemática existente en torno a dicha perspectiva, expone la metodología desarrollada para el análisis relacional de los barrios estudiados en el Mapa de Riesgo Social de Zaragoza, y analiza los resultados obtenidos comparando entre sí los barrios identificados como vulnerables y no vulnerables por el Ministerio de Fomento, concluyendo la inexistencia de una relación lineal entre capital social, heterogeneidad social y vulnerabilidad urbana.

Tras el estallido de la burbuja inmobiliaria en España parece que ha aumentado el número de agentes que se han unido a los que criticaban el modelo de crecimiento indefinido para establecer que debe ser la intervención en la ciudad consolidada la protagonista del nuevo ciclo. El artículo analiza algunos de los cambios acaecidos en los últimos años y parte de las claves que deberían guiar estas intervenciones. Pensamos que no existe una solución universal para abordar los problemas y necesidades de nuestros barrios, y que la financiación pública será necesaria en muchas de las áreas urbanas necesitadas de intervención.

The aim of this article is the characterization of the urban vulnerability of two workerclass districts in Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: San Nicolás y La Isleta. The lifecycle of these districts and of their neighbors parallel run, so the aging of their population and of housing fabric is shown as an obvious sign of obsolescence and urban and demographic atony in the main city of Gran Canaria (Spain). To determine the current level of their vulnerability quantitative and qualitative methods are used in this research. The first of them allow the sociodemographic study (Census of Population and Continuous Census) and of the housing and urban fabric (Census of Housing and Cadaster); the second (interviews and discussion groups) offer the statements of their neighbors with regard to their feelings of belonging to those districts. The results of the research developed exhibit the interest of environmental gerontology at a microscale level, to diagnose situations that require differentiated treatment in urban areas, contributing to palliate the vulnerability and to construct fairer cities from a social and spatial point of view., El objeto de estudio de este artículo lo constituye la caracterización de la vulnerabilidad urbana de dos barrios obreros de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria: San Nicolás y La Isleta. El ciclo de vida de dichos barrios y el de sus vecinos corren paralelamente, de forma que el envejecimiento de sus poblaciones y de su tejido habitacional se muestra como un signo de obsolescencia y de atonía urbana y demográfica en la capital de Gran Canaria (España). Para definir el estado actual de vulnerabilidad que los afecta, en esta investigación se utilizan técnicas cuantitativas y cualitativas de análisis. Las primeras permiten el estudio sociodemográfico (Censo de Población y del Padrón) y de su tejido habitacional y urbano (Censo de Viviendas y Catastro); las segundas (entrevistas y grupos de discusión) ofrecen el testimonio de sus residentes en relación con su sentimiento de pertenencia a dichos barrios. Los resultados de la investigación desarrollada muestran el interés de la gerontología ambiental, a nivel de microescala, para diagnosticar situaciones que requieren un tratamiento diferenciado en ámbitos urbanos, con la intención de paliar la vulnerabilidad y contribuir a la construcción de ciudades más justas desde un punto de vista social y espacial.

Low-latitude areas generally experience relatively large precipitation totals, but droughts/dry spells do occur periodically and are potentially hazardous in these regions - especially within rapidly developing urban settlements. These areas typically have high water demand and therefore may potentially be subjected to water scarcity. Effective local water resource management lowering risks and vulnerabilities to drought is thus paramount, and these policies may be affected in regions with national borders sharing a common transboundary water resource. In this study, we (a) quantify and identify drought episodes using the Palmer Drought Severity Index in the neighbouring equatorial regions of Singapore and Johor, Malaysia, and (b) qualitatively examine each region's drought impacts and consequent responses through archival research over the past fifty years. The data indicate that both frequencies and intensities of drought episodes in both Singapore and Johor have increased over time, suggesting greater exposure to this hazard. However, there are distinct variations in drought impacts in Singapore and Johor, and how each region addresses water resource management to drought with varying degrees of success. Despite the close geographical proximity, significant variations in regional adaptive capacities suggest that different drought vulnerabilities exist. We discuss the efficacy of drought responses over different time scales, and suggest that a combination of demand- and supply-side policies, especially in the long-term, should be considered to reduce vulnerability to this hazard. Published version

Las ciudades españolas viven inmersas en una crisis que es global por su dimensión pero tiene manifestaciones locales muy diversas. Una de las principales es el fuerte aumento del paro registrado, que muestra tasas de incremento desiguales en función de la vulnerabilidad de cada territorio, lo que plantea la importancia de la trayectoria y las características locales, tanto para interpretar el impacto específico de la crisis económica como para plantear respuestas que permitan la regeneración urbana. El artículo propone una breve reflexión teórica sobre estas cuestiones, analiza lo ocurrido en la región metropolitana de Madrid y centra la atención en los contrastes entre los distritos y barrios de la capital, proponiendo una tipología y buscando posibles asociaciones espaciales entre el desempleo y diversos indicadores de vulnerabilidad socioeconómica, Spanish cities are in a crisis that is global in its dimension but have very different local manifestations. One of the main is the strong increase in registered unemployment, showing uneven growth rates in terms of the vulnerability of each territory, raising the importance of the path dependence and local characteristics, both to interpret the specific impact of the economic crisis as to pose responses that enable urban regeneration. This article offers a brief theoretical reflection about these issues. It analyzes what occurred in the metropolitan area of Madrid and focuses on the differences between the districts and neighbourhoods of the capital, proposing a typology and looking for possible associations between unemployment and a number of indicators of socio-economic vulnerability

[EN] The metropolitan areas have undergone deep transformations linked to neo-liberal globalization, whose effects have been disseminated with uneven intensity depending on their specific local paths. The current economic crisis and the austerity policies applied in the European periphery shows their contradictions and causes new social and spatial asymmetries that are best reflected in these large urban areas, modifying their development paths. This paper proposes an interpretation on the territorial dimension of the economic crisis, discusses some of its main metropolitan manifestations and proposes various lines of research. The effect of the financialisation in the production of urban space through the real estate investment, the unequal vulnerability to the impact of the crisis and the austerity policies implemented in many countries, the characteristics and local action of the new urban social movements which arise as a response to the above, or the debate about resilience strategies constitute their essential contents, [ES] Las aglomeraciones metropolitanas han experimentado profundas transformaciones vinculadas al proceso de globalización neoliberal, cuyos efectos se han difundido con desigual intensidad según sus específicas trayectorias locales. La actual crisis económica y las políticas de austeridad aplicadas con especial intensidad en los países de la periferia europea ponen de manifiesto sus contradicciones y provocan nuevas asimetrías sociales y espaciales que tienen su mejor reflejo en esas grandes áreas urbanas, alterando sus trayectorias de desarrollo. El artículo propone una interpretación sobre la dimensión territorial de ese proceso, analiza algunas de sus principales manifestaciones metropolitanas y propone diversas líneas de investigación. El efecto de la financiarización sobre la producción del espacio urbano a través de la inversión inmobiliaria, la desigual vulnerabilidad frente al impacto de la crisis, o las características y funcionamiento de los nuevos movimientos sociales urbanos que surgen como respuesta a lo anterior, junto al debate sobre las estrategias de resiliencia más adecuadas constituyen sus contenidos esenciales, [FR] Les agglomérations métropolitaines ont connu des profonds changements liés au processus de la mondialisation néolibérale, dont les effets se sont propagés avec une intensité variable en fonction de leurs trajectoires locaux spécifiques. La crise économique actuelle et les politiques d'austérité appliquées à des degrés divers dans les pays de la périphérie européenne révèlent des contradictions et provoquent des nouvelles asymétries sociales et spatiales qui sont mieux refletés dans ces grandes aires urbaines et qui modifient leurs trajectoires de développement. L'article propose une interprétation de la dimension territoriale de ce processus, analyse certaines de ses expressions essentielles, et propose des différentes axes de recherche. Les contenus essentielles sont l'effet de la financiarisation sur la production de l'espace urbain à travers l'investissement immobilier, l’inégale vulnérabilité face à l'impact de la crise, et les caractéristiques des nouveaux mouvements sociaux urbains qui se posent en réponse, ainsi que la discussion à propos des stratégies de résilience les mieux adaptées

Risk management is particularly problematic in cities with high density, subject to multiple dangers in a limited time-space frame. In such fast-growing metropolis of the developing world, ancient practices as much as more recent policies show an ever increasing awareness of the problem. Adopting a ternary definition of risk -hazard, vulnerability process, social perceptions -, we conducted a research on the flood risk in Addis-Ababa (Ethiopia). We focus on the urban evolution as a way to unveil the mechanism producing vulnerability; tackling the different paths at the origin of the dangers, we analyse the management policies and the social-spatial strategies directly or indirectly related to the threat. Addis-Ababa, founded in 1886, has a population of more than three million people and a significant part of its urban fabric is exposed to flood. The rainy season produces heavy flood, often with very important runoffs. Of this well known phenomenon, the vulnerability process has grown significantly due mainly to the practices and policies of the various stake holders. According to the 1997 report from the City’s Environmental Protection Bureau, several parts of the Addis-Abada have been damaged by floods and an estimated 8000 persons are still exposed, only to the rise in river levels. Attempts to prevent these disasters exist: building of flood retention walls and victims displacements. But despite those efforts, the problem remains mostly as it was, and a lot of urban dwellers live in a state of a latent flood risk, La problématique des risques se pose de façon spécifique en ville par la concentration de personnes soumises en même temps à des dangers multiples dans un espace restreint. Dans les métropoles à forte croissance des pays en développement, particulièrement exposées, des pratiques anciennes ou des politiques plus récentes montrent l’existence d’une préoccupation grandissante à l'égard de ce problème. En nous fondant sur une définition ternaire du risque: aléa, processus de vulnérabilisation et représentations sociales, nous proposons un décryptage du risque d’inondation à Addis-Abeba (Éthiopie). L’étude de l'évolution urbaine de la capitale est ainsi mobilisée pour éclairer les mécanismes de vulnérabilisation afin de cerner les modes d’émergence du danger et d’analyser les politiques de gestion et les stratégies socio-spatiales se rattachant explicitement ou indirectement à la menace. Addis-Abeba, fondée en 1886, possède une population de plus de trois millions d’habitants et les inondations concernent une grande partie de son tissu urbain. L’aléa d’origine naturelle, des crues exceptionnelles de saison de pluies et des ruissellements importants, est connu depuis longtemps, mais le processus de vulnérabilisation a fortement augmenté voire s’est accéléré par le jeu des pratiques et politiques des différents acteurs. Plusieurs parties de la ville ont déjà été endommagées par les inondations; en 1997 un rapport du service de protection de l’environnement de la ville estime à 8000 les personnes qui restent encore directement exposées aux seules crues. Des tentatives de réponse ont été apportées pour prévenir ces catastrophes: construction de digues ou déplacements des populations touchées. Il n’en reste pas moins que le problème dans son ensemble demeure et que beaucoup de citadins vivent dans une situation de risque latent d’inondation., Tamru Bezunesh. L'émergence du risque d'inondation à Addis-Abeba : pertinence d'une étude des dynamiques urbaines. In: Annales de Géographie, t. 111, n°627-628, 2002. pp. 614-636.