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Weight self-stigma refers to negative self-prejudice due to the internalization of negative social messages about one’s weight. People with high self-stigma may have low self-esteem and decreased social activity. Weight-related self-stigma can create diet-related disorders since it is highly related to the recognition of body types. However, there are no tools available to measure the weight-related stigma of the general public in Korea. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of the Korean version of the Weight Self-Stigma Questionnaire (WSSQ-K). A methodological study was conducted with 150 Korean university students. Construct validity was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis. The WSSQ-K was correlated with body mass index and measures of self-esteem and weight concern to evaluate concurrent validity. Internal consistency reliability was evaluated with Cronbach’s alpha. In the exploratory factor analysis, two factors were proposed: “self-devaluation” (Cronbach’s α = 79) and “fear of enacted stigma” (Cronbach’s α = 82). Factor loadings for the 12 items on two factors ranged from 0.539 to 0.811, which explained 53.3% of the total variance. The WSSQ-K correlated with body mass index, self-esteem, and weight concern. The findings showed that the WSSQ-K was a reliable and valid measure that could be used for evaluating weight self-stigma in normal-weight adults in Korea.

Objective To evaluate the validity of the triage system CLARIPED in a pediatric population in the city of São Paulo, Brazil. Methods Prospective, observational study in a secondary-level pediatric emergency service from Sep-2018 to Ago-2019. A convenience sample of all patients aged 0-18 years triaged by the computerized CLARIPED system was selected. Associations between urgency levels and patient outcomes were analyzed to assess construct validity. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (PPV and NPV) to identify the most urgent patients were estimated, as well as under-triage and over-triage rates. Results The distribution of 24,338 visits was: RED 0.02%, ORANGE 0.9%, YELLOW 23.5%, GREEN 47.9%, and BLUE 27.7% (highest to the lowest level of urgency). The frequency of the following outcomes increased with increasing urgency: hospital admission (0.0%, 0.02%, 0.1%, 7.1% and 20%); stay in ED observation room (1.9%, 2,4%, 4.8%, 24.1%, 60%); use of ≥ 2 diagnostic/therapeutic resources (2.3%, 3.0%, 5.9%, 28.8%, 40%); ED length of stay (12, 12, 15, 99.5, 362 min). The most urgent patients (RED, ORANGE, and YELLOW) exhibited higher chances of using ≥ 2 resources (OR 2.55; 95%CI: 2.23-2.92) or of being hospitalized (OR 23.9; 95%CI: 7.17-79.62), compared to the least urgent (GREEN and BLUE). The sensitivity to identify urgency was 0.88 (95%CI: 0.70-0.98); specificity, 0.76 (95%CI: 0.75-0.76); NPV, 0.99 (95%CI: 0.99-1.00); overtriage rate, 23.0%, and undertriage, 11.5%. Conclusion This study corroborates the validity and safety of CLARIPED, demonstrating significant correlations with clinical outcomes, good sensitivity, and low undertriage rate in a secondary-level Brazilian pediatric emergency service.

Intellectual curiosity - the tendency to seek out and engage in opportunities for effortful cognitive activity - is a crucial construct in educational research and beyond. Measures of intellectual curiosity vary widely in psychometric quality, and few measures have demonstrated validity and comparability of scores across multiple languages. We analyzed a novel, six-item intellectual curiosity scale (ICS) originally developed for cross-national comparisons in the context of the OECD's Programme for the International Assessment of Adult Competencies (PIAAC). Samples from six countries representing six national languages (U.S. Germany, France, Spain, Poland, and Japan; total N = 5,557) confirmed that the ICS possesses very good psychometric properties. The scale is essentially unidimensional and showed excellent reliability estimates. On top of factorial validity, the scale demonstrated strict measurement invariance across demographic segments (gender, age groups, and educational strata) and at least partial scalar invariance across countries. As per its convergent and divergent associations with a broad range of constructs (e.g., Open-Mindedness and other Big Five traits, Perseverance, Sensation Seeking, Job Orientations, and Vocational Interests), it also showed convincing construct validity. Given its internal and external relationships, we recommend the ICS for assessing intellectual curiosity, especially in cross-cultural research applications, yet we also point out future research areas.

Background: For children with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), understanding their condition may lead to better outcomes. Knowledge assessment is imperative to identify where education may be required. An IBD knowledge assessment tool (IBD-KID2) is available in English; the aim of this study was to translate IBD-KID2 in to Italian and assess its validity/reliability among children with IBD. Methods: IBD-KID2 has fifteen items, scoring one point per correct answer. IBD-KID2 items were assessed for cultural comprehension/relevance by Italian gastroenterologists using a content validity index; those items with a maximum score proportion

This study tested the validity and reliability of the Futsal Skill Test (FST) for student actors. Twenty-four futsal players from the university's futsal team comprised men's (n=12) and women's (n=12) teams. The Futsal Skill Test (FST) is carried out on the futsal field and checks skills such as passing, controlling, dribbling, and shooting the ball as quickly as possible by making the minimum possible mistakes. The validity of the content is assessed using experienced futsal trainers and instructors. Data analysis in validity measurements was determined using known group differences between male and female university futsal players, then reliability was determined using Pearson's correlation coefficient (r), intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and variation coefficient (CV) between experimental repeats. The results showed that the variance equivalence test on Performance Time (Time Taken and Penalty Time) showed that F had been 0.048 (0.013 and 0.375) with a significance of 0.829 (0.910 and 0.547). Performance Time for men is different from that of female university players. T-test results for the quality of the means for Performance Time (Time Required and Penalty Time) t=-5.506 p=0.000 (t=-5.5277 p=0.000 and t=-2.060 p=0.051). The CV Time Taken, Penalty Time and Performance Time scores for male students were 6.97%, 28.46%, and 6.88%, for female students, were 6.81%, 19.63%, and 6.38%, both for male and female students were 6.89%, 24.04%, and 6.63%. The FST assessment is an apt score to describe the performance time, that the player with the faster time achieved from the futsal skill Test is more skilled. The Performance Time score consists of Time Taken and Penalty Time., Penelitian ini menguji validitas dan reliabilitas Futsal Skill Test (FST) untuk aktor mahasiswa. Dua puluh empat pemain futsal dari tim futsal universitas terdiri dari tim putra (n = 12) dan wanita (n = 12). Futsal Skill Test (FST) dilakukan di lapangan futsal dan memeriksa keterampilan seperti mengoper, mengontrol, menggiring bola, dan menembak bola secepat mungkin dengan melakukan kesalahan seminimal mungkin. Keabsahan konten dinilai menggunakan pelatih dan instruktur futsal berpengalaman. Analisis data pada pengukuran validitas ditentukan dengan menggunakan diketahui perbedaan kelompok antara pemain futsal universitas putra dan putri, kemudian reliabilitas ditentukan menggunakan koefisien korelasi Pearson (r), koefisien korelasi intrakelas (ICC), dan koefisien variasi (CV) antara pengulangan eksperimental. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa uji varians ekivalensi pada Performance Time (Waktu yang Ditempuh dan Waktu Penalti) menunjukkan bahwa F telah sebesar 0,048 (0,013 dan 0,375) dengan signifikansi sebesar 0,829 (0,910 dan 0,547). Performance Time untuk pria berbeda dengan pemain universitas wanita. Hasil uji-T untuk kualitas rata-rata Waktu Kinerja (Waktu yang Diperlukan dan Waktu Penalti), t = -5,506, p = 0,000 (t = -5,5277, p = 0,000 dan t = -2,060, p = 0,051). Skor CV Time Taken, Penalty Time dan Performance Time untuk siswa laki-laki adalah 6,97%, 28,46%, dan 6,88%, untuk siswa perempuan adalah 6,81%, 19,63%, dan 6,38%, baik untuk siswa laki-laki maupun perempuan adalah 6,89%, 24,04%, dan 6,63%. Penilaian FST adalah skor yang tepat untuk menggambarkan waktu kinerja, bahwa pemain dengan waktu yang lebih cepat dicapai dari Tes keterampilan futsal lebih terampil. Skor Performance Time terdiri dari Time Taken dan Penalty Time.

Background: Most studies on stroke have been designed to examine one deficit in isolation; yet, survivors often have multiple deficits in different domains. While the mechanisms underlying multiple-domain deficits remain poorly understood, network-theoretical methods may open new avenues of understanding. Methods: Fifty subacute stroke patients (7±3days poststroke) underwent diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging and a battery of clinical tests of motor and cognitive functions. We defined indices of impairment in strength, dexterity, and attention. We also computed imaging-based probabilistic tractography and whole-brain connectomes. To efficiently integrate inputs from different sources, brain networks rely on a rich-club of a few hub nodes. Lesions harm efficiency, particularly when they target the rich-club. Overlaying individual lesion masks onto the tractograms enabled us to split the connectomes into their affected and unaffected parts and associate them to impairment. Results: We computed efficiency of the unaffected connectome and found it was more strongly correlated to impairment in strength, dexterity, and attention than efficiency of the total connectome. The magnitude of the correlation between efficiency and impairment followed the order attention>dexterity ≈ strength (strength: | r |=.03, P =0.02, dexterity: | r |=.30, P =0.05, attention: | r |=.55, P Conclusions: Attentional impairment is more sensitive to disruption of coordinated networks between brain regions than motor impairment, which is sensitive to disruption of localized networks. Providing more accurate reflections of actually functioning parts of the network enables the incorporation of information about the impact of brain lesions on connectomics contributing to a better understanding of underlying stroke mechanisms.

The study aimed to evaluate relative validity and reproducibility of seven WHO indicators of dietary practices in children aged 6-23.9 months. Data from probabilistic sample of children who used primary healthcare services in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil were collected using a 24h dietary recall (24HR) and a closed questionnaire (Q1) on feeding in the day before the study. The last one was reapplied (Q2) around 16 days later. Validity was assessed by comparing the prevalence rates estimated by 24HR and Q1 and calculating the positive (PPV) and negative (NPV) predictive values, sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), and accuracy index (AI) for the resulting indicators. For reproducibility, estimated prevalence rates based on Q1 and Q2 were compared and the kappa index and prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa were estimated. Of the seven estimated indicators, the prevalence of two was overestimated (Continued breastfeeding: 50.0% vs 40.0%; Sweet beverage consumption: 65.1% vs 52.7%) and the prevalence of one was underestimated (Zero vegetable or fruit consumption: 6.5% vs 18.1%). For most indicators, Se and PPV were higher than Sp and NPV. The prevalence rates determined with Q1 and Q2 were similar for 6 indicators. More than half showed good, very good or excellent agreement. Resumo O estudo avaliou a validade relativa e a reprodutibilidade de sete indicadores da OMS sobre alimentação de crianças de 6-23,9 meses. Dados de amostra probabilística de usuários de serviços básicos de saúde na cidade do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, foram coletados por meio de recordatório alimentar de 24 horas (R24h) e questionário fechado (Q1) sobre alimentação no dia anterior ao estudo. Este último foi reaplicado (Q2) em torno de 16 dias depois. A validade foi avaliada comparando-se as prevalências estimadas pelo R24h e Q1 e calculando-se os valores preditivos positivo (VPP) e negativo (VPN), sensibilidade (Se), especificidade (Esp) e índice de acurácia (IA) dos indicadores resultantes. Para reprodutibilidade, as prevalências estimadas com base em Q1 e Q2 foram comparadas e estimados o índice kappa e o kappa ajustado pela prevalência. Dos sete indicadores estimados, houve superestimação da prevalência de dois (aleitamento continuado: 50,0% versus 40,0%; consumo de bebidas adoçadas: 65,1% vs. 52,7%) e subestimação da prevalência de um (não consumo de frutas e hortaliças: 6,5% vs. 18,1%). Para a maioria deles, Se e VPP foram maiores do que Esp e VPN. As prevalências determinadas com Q1 e Q2 foram semelhantes para seis indicadores. Mais da metade dos indicadores apresentaram concordância boa, muito boa ou excelente.

Objective: Antibiotic misuse is a significant public health problem worldwide. Parents’ perceptions of antibiotics are critical for the antibiotic intake of children. The study’s aim was to validate the Turkish Parental Perception on Antibiotics Scale. Methods: This is a scale validation study. The data were collected through a questionnaire that consisted of 15 questions about the demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the family and the Turkish Parental Perception on Antibiotics Scale. The scale, developed by Alumran et al., is a 5-point Likert type and consists of 31 items. The high scores obtained from the non-cut-off scale indicate better antibiotics perception. Experts completed the language adaption and content validity of the scale. Confirmatory factor analysis was used for construct validity. Reliability was tested by internal consistency coefficients. Results: One thousand eight people participated in the study. 68.8% of the participants were mothers. The mean age of the mothers was 35.7±5.0, and the mean age of the fathers was 39.4±5.2 years. The percent of high school and above graduates was 51.2% among mothers and 56.0% among fathers. According to the confirmatory factor analysis, the fit index values were standardized root mean square residual (SRMR)=0.06, goodness-of-fit index (GFI)=0.90, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA)=0.06, comparative fit index (CFI)=0.95, non-normed fit index (NNFI)=0.93. The fit index values were good or excellent and confirmed the 5-factor structure. It was found that the internal consistency coefficients calculated for reliability were 0.79 for the whole scale and ranged between 0.63 and 0.86 for the subscales. Conclusion: The Turkish Parental Perception on Antibiotics Scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool. Further research is needed to determine the current situation regarding antibiotic perception. © 2023, DOC Design and Informatics Co. Ltd. All rights reserved.

Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease (CVD) might share heritable underlying mechanisms. We investigated whether preeclampsia in daughters is associated with CVD in parents. In a register-based cohort study, we used Cox regression to compare rates of CVD (ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction) in parents with ≥ 1 daughters who had preeclampsia and parents whose daughters did not have preeclampsia in Denmark, 1978–2018. Our cohort included 1,299,310 parents, of whom 87,251 had ≥ 1 daughters with preeclampsia and 272,936 developed CVD during 20,252,351 years of follow-up (incidence rate 135/10,000 person-years). Parents with one daughter who had preeclampsia were 1.19 times as likely as parents of daughters without preeclampsia to develop CVD at age Preeclampsia and cardiovascular disease (CVD) might share heritable underlying mechanisms. We investigated whether preeclampsia in daughters is associated with CVD in parents. In a register-based cohort study, we used Cox regression to compare rates of CVD (ischemic heart disease, ischemic stroke, myocardial infarction) in parents with >= 1 daughters who had preeclampsia and parents whose daughters did not have preeclampsia in Denmark, 1978-2018. Our cohort included 1,299,310 parents, of whom 87,251 had >= 1 daughters with preeclampsia and 272,936 developed CVD during 20,252,351 years of follow-up (incidence rate 135/10,000 person-years). Parents with one daughter who had preeclampsia were 1.19 times as likely as parents of daughters without preeclampsia to develop CVD at age < 55 years (hazard ratio [HR] 1.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.13-1.25). Having >= 2 daughters who had preeclampsia yielded an HR of 1.88 (95% CI 1.39-2.53). The corresponding HRs for CVD at >= 55 years of age were 1.13 (95% CI 1.12-1.15) and 1.27 (95% CI 1.16-1.38). Patterns of association were similar for all CVD subtypes. Effect magnitudes did not differ for mothers and fathers (p = 0.52). Analyses by timing of preeclampsia onset in daughters suggested a tendency toward stronger associations with earlier preeclampsia onset, particularly in parents < 55 years. Preeclampsia in daughters was associated with increased risks of CVD in parents. Increasing strength of association with increasing number of affected daughters, equally strong associations for mothers and fathers, and stronger associations for CVD occurring before age 55 years suggest that preeclampsia and CVD share common heritable mechanisms.

Aim: Existential breastfeeding difficulty scale (ExBreastS) evaluates mothers who interrupt or terminate breastfeeding because of existential difficulties. Aim of the study was to adapt the scale for Turkish.Materials and Methods: This methodological study was carried out between December 2021 and February 2022 in the obstetrics and gynecology clinic of a hospital in the west of Turkey. The study sample consisted of 139 mothers who fulfilling the study inclusion criteria. The data were obtained using a breastfeeding experience information form and the ExBreastS-Turkish form. Language adaptation and content validity, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were performed to determine the validity of the scale, and internal consistency coefficient, item-total score correlation, split-half reliability, and test-retest analyzes were carried out to establish the reliability of the scale.Results: An exploratory factor analysis showed that the instrument had a 3-factor construction with appropriate factor loads of the items (0.58-0.85). In addition, results of CFA showed that model fit indices of the instrument met the target values. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.87, and the item-total score correlations ranged from 0.35 to 0.77. The test-retest correlation coefficient was 0.90 (p

Differential item functioning (DIF) is a critical step in providing evidence to support a scoring inference in building a validity argument for a psychological or educational assessment. Effect sizes can assist in understanding the accumulation of DIF at the test score level. The current simulation study investigated the performance of several proposed effect size measures under a variety of conditions. Conditions under study included varied sample sizes, DIF effect sizes, the proportion of items with DIF, and the type of DIF (additive vs. non-additive). DIF effect sizes under study included sDTF%, uDTF%, τ^w2, d, R¯Δ2, IDIF2*, and S−DIF−V. The results of this study suggest that across study conditions, τ^w2, IDIF2*, and d were consistently the most accurate measures of the DIF effects. The effect sizes were also estimated in an empirical example. Recommendations and implications for practice are discussed.

Purpose This systematic review aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of the validity and reliability of existing measurement instruments for quantifying head and neck lymphedema. Methods Four databases were searched on January 31st, 2022. The COnsensus-based Standards for selecting health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) checklists were used for the risk of bias (ROB) assessment. Results Out of 3362 unique records, eight studies examined the reliability and validity of five measurement instruments of which one patient reported outcome. The Patterson scale for internal lymphedema and the patient reported head and neck external lymphedema and fibrosis (LIDS-H&N) demonstrated validity and reliability. For external lymphedema, none of the instruments had good reliability for all measuring points. Conclusion There is a lack of sufficiently reliable and valid measurement instruments for external head and neck lymphedema. The Patterson scale and the patient reported LIDS-H&N seem reliable for clinical practice and research.

Caregivers of people with intellectual disabilities may feel overburdened in their work and experience negative psychological consequences. The purpose of this instrumental study was to determine the evidence of internal structure and reliability of the Zarit Caregiver Burden Interview scale. A total of 398 family caregivers, including women and men, participated (M = 47.33, SD = 10.44). The structure of the scale was evaluated by factor analysis and the McDonald Omega coefficient was used to estimate reliability. Sixteen models of the scale were tested, differing in number of items and factor structures. A model of 15 items and 4 dimensions (overload, competence, social relationship, and interpersonal relationship) obtained acceptable fit (χ2 = 184.72; p < 0.001; CFI = 0.95; TLI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.055; SRMR = 0.05) and reliability coefficients above 0.70 in their dimensions. It is concluded that the Zarit scale is valid and reliable for use in caregivers of people with intellectual disabilities.

Objective: Developing basic and clinical communication and clinical reasoning skills is crucial in facilitating medical school students' future medical practice. The path to these skills` development goes through conducting patient-physician interviews. This research aims to conducted to determine the validity and reliability of the Patient-Physician Interview Skill Evaluation Form(P-PISEF) to be used in performance-based tests in the evaluation of patient-physician interview skills.Methods: This study has a descriptive and methodological design and was carried out in June-December 2021. The data were collected from the performance of 197 students with the evaluation of 18 faculty members using the developed form. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses, Cronbach's alpha and item the total score was analyzed.Results: The distribution of the eighteen lecturers (38.88%) was associate professors. P-PISEF, comprising 46 articles, five main sections, and seven components. Lecturers were evaluated in a certain order with over 70% compliance. Over 90% of evaluators evaluated P-PISEF similarly. The Cronbach's Alpha (α) was found at 0.793. The KMO value in this study is 0.733, and the data is moderately adequate for analysis. The result of the Bartlett's test was 5983.586 (p, Amaç: Tıp Fakültesi öğrencilerinin gelecekteki tıp uygulamalarını kolaylaştırmak için temel ve klinik iletişim ve klinik akıl yürütme becerilerini geliştirmek çok önemlidir. Bu becerilerin gelişiminin yolu hasta-hekim görüşmelerinden geçer. Bu araştırma, hasta-hekim görüşme becerilerinin değerlendirilmesinde performansa dayalı testlerde kullanılacak Hasta-Hekim Görüşme Becerisi Değerlendirme Formu'nun (P-PISEF) geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır.Yöntem: Betimsel ve metodolojik bir desene sahip olan bu çalışma, Haziran-Aralık 2021 tarihlerinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Veriler, geliştirilen form kullanılarak 18 öğretim üyesinin değerlendirmesi ile 197 öğrencinin performansından toplanmıştır. Açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri, Cronbach's alpha ve madde toplam puanları analiz edilmiştir.Bulgular: Değerlendirme yapan öğretim üyelerinin %38,88 doçent öğretim üyesi idi. Değerlendirme formu (P-PISEF) 46 madde, beş ana bölüm ve yedi bileşenden oluşmaktadır. Öğretim üyeleri, %70'in üzerinde uyum ile öğrencilerin becerilerini belirli bir sırayla değerlendirmiştir. Değerlendiricilerin %90'ından fazlası P-PISEF'i benzer şekilde kullanarak değerlendirmiştir. Cronbach's Alpha (α) 0,793 olarak bulunmuştur. Bu çalışmadaki KMO değeri 0,733 olup, veriler analiz için orta düzeyde yeterlidir. Bartlett testinin sonucu 5983,586 (p

Objective: The reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction test (RT-PCR) is the gold standard for the diagnosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and antibody tests are useful as supplemental tools for diagnosis, for measuring the population’s immunity levels, and for checking infection in asymptomatic contacts. This study aimed to evaluate the reliability of five commercial antibody detection test kits. Materials and Methods: The reliability of the Colloidal Gold COVID-19 IgG/IgM Rapid Test Kit, Antibody Rapid Test Hotgen, Beijing Hotgen Biotech Co., Ltd., China), Abbott Chemiluminescent Microparticle Immunoassay (Illinois, USA), Roche Electrochemiluminescence Immunoassay (Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland), Siemens Chemiluminescence (Munich, Germany), and Euroimmun ELISA (Lübeck, Germany) for COVID-19 diagnosis was studied. The antibody-negative group included 50 sera from 2018, and the antibody-positive group included 98 patients with positive RT-PCR results from whom blood samples had been collected 3–9 weeks after hospital discharge. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 23.0 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY, USA). The antibody tests’ validity and intra-assay reproducibility were examined, and the Cohen’s kappa coefficients were obtained. The disease prevalence was pegged at 10%. Results: The antibody tests’ sensitivity (69.12–72.46%) and positive predictive values (42.44–100.0%) were low, and their specificity (89.58–100%) and negative predictive values (96.31–97.03%) were high. Their accuracy rates varied from 87.54% to 97.25%, and their intra-assay coefficients of variation varied from 1% to 10%. Conclusion: The agreement between the results of the antibody detection test kits was higher when the kits were classified according to the targeted antigens. The time of blood sample collection, targeted antigens, and antibody types affected the results. Serological tests were found to be useful, and the commercial kits were found to be largely reliable, although, some parameters need to be improved.

THEMIS is a double-blind, randomized trial of 19,220 patients with diabetes mellitus and stable coronary artery disease (CAD) comparing ticagrelor to placebo, in addition to aspirin. The present study aimed to describe the proportion of patients eligible and reasons for ineligibility for THEMIS within a population of patients with diabetes and CAD included in the Reduction of Atherothrombosis for Continued Health (REACH) registry. The THEMIS eligibility criteria were applied to REACH patients. THEMIS included patients ≥50 years with type 2 diabetes and stable CAD as determined by either a history of previous percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery bypass grafting, or documentation of angiographic stenosis of ≥50% of at least one coronary artery. Patients with prior myocardial infarction or stroke were excluded. In REACH, 10,156 patients had stable CAD and diabetes. Of these, 6515 (64.1%) patients had at least one exclusion criteria. From the remaining population, 784 patients did not meet inclusion criteria (7.7%) mainly due to absence of aspirin treatment (7.2%), yielding a 'THEMIS-eligible population' of 2857 patients (28.1% of patients with diabetes and stable CAD). The main reasons for exclusion were a history of myocardial infarction (53.1%), use of oral anticoagulation (14.5%), or history of stroke (12.9%). Among the 4208 patients with diabetes and a previous PCI, 1196 patients (28.4%) were eligible for inclusion in the THEMIS-PCI substudy. In a population of patients with diabetes and stable coronary artery disease, a sizeable proportion appear to be 'THEMIS eligible.' http://www. gov identifier: NCT01991795. The THEMIS trial was funded by AstraZeneca. The REACH registry was sponsored by Sanofi, Bristol-Myers Squibb, and the Waksman Foundation (Tokyo, Japan) and is endorsed by the World Heart Federation. Sí

BACKGROUND A large number of the elderly in Indonesia are affected by an increasing number of disabilities, with reduced mobility being one of the causes. Locomotive syndrome may cause decreased mobility, and its progression can impair the activities of daily living. Early screening is essential to halt its progression. The loco-check, a screening tool for locomotive syndrome, is available in English. A cross-cultural adaptation of this tool for an Indonesian version is important to maintain the validity of the questionnaire for its implementation in Indonesia. The aim of this study was to obtain a valid Indonesian version of the loco-check questionnaire that has been adapted as per Indonesian language and cultural conventions (through a cross-cultural adaptation process). METHODS The subjects in the study were community-dwelling geriatrics over 65 years of age who were recruited using consecutive non-probability judgment sampling according to the inclusion criteria. This study, conducted from February to October 2019, was divided into two stages consisting of: (1) language and cultural adaptation; (2) validity and reliability testing. The seven items on the loco-check were translated using forward-backward translation. The final questionnaire was generated through an expert panel discussion. The validity and reliability were evaluated using concurrent validity and Cronbach's alpha using SPSS Version 23.0. RESULTS In the first stage, the first and second trials showed a strong correlation between the English and Indonesian versions of the questionnaire with r = 0.997 (p

Phonological awareness problems have been identified as predictors of learning difficulties with reading and writing in alphabetic languages. The objective of this study is to present an analysis of the psychometric properties of the Phonological Awareness Assessment Test (PACOF), a computer-based test for assessing syllable, phoneme, and intra-syllable awareness in pre-schoolers. Two studies were conducted to collect: (1) evidence of concurrent validity and reliability (N = 30) and (2) evidence of predictive validity (N = 52). Significant correlations between the scores in PACOF and a different test of phonological awareness were found. Regarding reliability, test-retest results indicated a high stability in the scores over time. Concerning predictive validity, the results revealed that scores on the PACOF and on each of its three sub-scales obtained at the end of preschool predict future reading and writing performance. These findings suggest that the test is a reliable and valid measure to assess phonological awareness in pre-schoolers., Se ha comprobado que los problemas de conciencia fonológica predicen las dificultades de aprendizaje de la lectura y la escritura en lenguas alfabéticas. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar las propiedades psicométricas del Test de Evaluación de la Conciencia Fonológica (PACOF), una prueba informatizada para evaluar la conciencia silábica, fonética e intrasilábica en niños de preescolar. Se realizaron dos estudios para recoger: (1) pruebas de fiabilidad y validez concurrente ( N = 30) y (2) de validez predictiva ( N = 52). Se encontró correlación significativa entre las puntuaciones en el PACOF y otra prueba estandarizada de conciencia fonológica. En cuanto a la fiabilidad, los resultados del test-retest destacan una gran estabilidad en las puntuaciones a lo largo del tiempo. Por lo que respecta a la validez predictiva, los resultados revelaron que las puntuaciones en el PACOF y en cada una de sus tres subescalas obtenidas al final de preescolar predicen el futuro rendimiento en lectura y escritura. Estos resultados sugieren que la prueba es una medida fiable y válida para evaluar la conciencia fonológica en niños de preescolar., This study was financially supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science (FCT) and Technology and the Portuguese Ministry of Science, Technology and Higher Education through national funds within the framework of the Research Centre on Child Studies (UIDB/CED/00317/2020).

Amaç: Bu çalışmada; Sürekli Eylem Süreci Yaklaşımı (SESY) modelinden geliştirilen Fiziksel Aktivite Envanterinin Türkçeye uyarlama çalışması yapılarak geçerlik ve güvenirliğinin test edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yöntem: Fiziksel aktivite envanterinin Türkçeye uyarlanmasında Dünya Sağlık Örgütü’nün önerdiği ölçeklerin adaptasyon ve çeviri süreci prosedürü izlendi. Bu prosedür çerçevesinde envanter çeviri-geri çeviri yöntemiyle Türkçeye çevrilmiştir. Envanterin Türkçeye uyarlanmasında yapı geçerliliğini incelemek için açıklayıcı ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi kullanılmıştır. Güvenilirlik birleşik güvenirlik (CR) değeri ile belirlenmiş, ayrıca yakınsak ve ayırt edici geçerlik irdelenmiştir. Bulgular: Açımlayıcı faktör analizinde motivasyonel fazdaki “algılanan risk ölçeği” hariç özgün envanterde olduğu gibi tüm ölçeklerin tek boyutlu bir yapıda olduğu görülmüştür. Motivasyonel fazdaki “algılanan risk ölçeği” dışındaki tüm ölçeklerin CR değerleri oldukça yüksektir. Motivasyonel ve gönüllü fazı oluşturan ölçeklerin ayırt edici ve yakınsak geçerliğe sahip oldukları değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç: Bu araştırmanın bulgularına göre fiziksel aktivite envanterinin geçerli ve güvenilir sonuçlara sahip olduğu belirlenmiştir. Türkiye’de şizofreni hastalarında bu model çerçevesinde fiziksel aktivite davranışının belirleyicilerini ortaya koymaya yönelik yapılacak çalışmalarda bu envanterin kullanılabileceği söylenebilir., Objective: In this study, it was aimed to test the validity and reliability of the Physical Activity Inventory, which was developed from the Health Action Process Approach (HAPA) model. Method: In adapting the physical activity inventory to Turkish, the adaptation and translation process procedure of the scales recommended by the World Health Organization was followed. Within the framework of this procedure, the inventory was translated into Turkish using the translation-back translation method. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the construct validity of the inventory in Turkish adaptation. Explanatory factor analysis was used to examine the construct validity in adapting the inventory to Turkish. Reliability was evaluated with internal consistency tests. Reliability was determined by the combined reliability (CR) value, and convergent and discriminant validity were also examined. Results: In the exploratory factor analysis, it was observed that all scales had a one-dimensional structure, as in the original inventory, except for the "perceived risk scale" in the motivational phase. Except for the “perceived risk scale” in the motivational phase, the CR values of all scales are quite high. It was evaluated that the scales constituting the motivational and voluntary phases had discriminative and convergent validity. Conclusion: According to the findings of this study, it was determined that the physical activity inventory had valid and reliable results. It can be said that this inventory can be used in studies to reveal the determinants of physical activity behavior within the framework of the HAPA model in schizophrenia patients in Turkey

The aim of this study is to adapt the Smartphone Distraction Scale to Turkish and to examine its psychometric properties. The participants of the study consisted of a community sample of 399 people, 288 (72.2%) women and 111 (27.8%) men, aged between 18-60 (27.14±10.89). In data collection, Sociodemographic Form (SF), Smartphone Distraction Scale-Turkish Version (SDS), Bergen Social Media Scale (BSMS), Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ), Current Symptoms Scale (CSS), and Perceived Multitasking Scale (PMS) were used. The data were analyzed through Cronbach alpha internal consistency coefficient, Pearson product-moment correlation test, item-total score correlation coefficients, confirmatory factor analysis to estimate the construct validity of the scale. Considering the internal consistency reliability of the scale, the Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient was found to be .88 for attention/impulsivity, .80 for alertness, .76 for multitasking, and .76 for emotion regulation. The item and total score correlation coefficients of the scale items were found to be between 0.49 and 0.76. Confirmatory factor analysis supported the 16-item and four-factor structure of the scale. The correlation of SDS with BSMAS, ERQ, CSS, and PMS was found to be statistically significant. The results of the research show that the SDS adapted to Turkish culture is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used in academic studies and clinical settings. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Akıllı Telefona Bağlı Dikkat Dağınıklığı Ölçeği’nin (ATDDÖ) Türkçeye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesidir. Araştırmanın katılımcıları 18-60 (27,14±10,89) yaş aralığındaki 288 (%72,2) kadın ve 111 (%27,8) erkek olmak üzere 399 kişilik toplum örnekleminden oluşmaktadır. Verilerin toplanmasında Sosyodemografik Form (SF), Akıllı Telefona Bağlı Dikkat Dağınıklığı Ölçeği-Türkçe Versiyonu (ATDDÖ), Bergen Sosyal Medya Ölçeği (BSMÖ), Duygu Düzenleme Ölçeği (DDÖ), Mevcut Semptomlar Ölçeği (MSÖ) ve Algılanan Çoklu Görev Ölçeği (AÇGÖ) kullanılmıştır. Verilere Cronbach alfa iç tutarlılık katsayısı, Pearson momentler çarpımı korelasyon testi, madde-toplam puan korelasyon katsayıları, ölçeğin yapı geçerliliğini tahmin etmek için doğrulayıcı faktör analizi istatistikleri uygulanmıştır. Ölçeğin iç tutarlılık güvenirliği dikkate alındığında, Cronbach alfa güvenirlik katsayısı dikkat/dürtüsellik için,88, online uyanıklık için,80, çoklu görev için,76, duygu düzenleme için,76 olarak bulunmuştur. Ölçek maddelerinin madde toplam puan korelasyon katsayılarının 0,49 ile 0,76 arasında olduğu saptanmıştır. Doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ölçeğin 16 madde ve dört faktörlü yapısını desteklemiştir. ATDDÖ’nün BSMÖ, DDÖ, MSÖ ve AÇDÖ ile korelasyonu istatistiksel olarak anlamlı bulunmuştur. Araştırma sonuçları, Türkçe’ye uyarlanan ATDDÖ’nün akademik çalışmalarda ve klinik ortamlarda kullanılabilecek geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğunu göstermektedir.

En este artículo pretendo desarrollar dos ideas: 1) que el concepto de Estado de derecho no es más que el producto central de una determinada concepción del Estado, la teoría jurídica del Estado, y 2) que dicha teoría constituye el punto de vista general desde el cual se construye la filosofía del derecho a partir del siglo XX, desde una visión positivista y estatista, frente a la anterior visión decimonónica basada en el derecho privado. Para ello seguiremos brevemente la línea de formación del concepto de Estado de derecho y su correspondencia con la teoría del Estado hasta Kelsen, describiendo los rasgos principales del mismo y destacando su carácter formal, frente a la visión material y política, no jurídica, del mismo., The aim of this paper is to present the origin, development and essential attributes of the concept of rule of law (Rechtsstaat). Born within the framework of German public law science towards the end of the 19th century, it became established as a key concept in theory of Public Law through Kelsen’s work. The rule of law is, in its origin, a strictly formal concept, with the following essential attributes: the equivalence of law and the state and the complete adaptation of the activity of the state to the legal order. Material aspects are left out, such as the introduction of rights and freedoms or the political system of the state. For over a century now, the concept of the rule of law has presided over the development of legal philosophy and the general theory of law.

This study aims to adapt the Situated Academic Writing Self-Efficacy Scale into Turkish and to conduct validity and reliability studies. The sample group of the study consisted of 245 (62 male, 183 female) university students. In the study, the Situated Academic Writing Self-Efficacy Scale, the Academic Procrastination Behavior Scale, and the Student Attitudes and Beliefs Regarding Authorship Scale were used. As a result of the exploratory factor analysis, it was seen that the scale had a three-factor structure, and this structure explained %57.01 of the total variance. The results of confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the fit values of the three-factor structure were at a good level (χ²=65.870, df=51, p=.079, χ²/sd=1.292, IFI=.966, CFI=.965, SRMR=.036, RMSEA=.047). In the criterion-related validity study, there was a negative relationship between the Situated Academic Writing Self-Efficacy Scale and the Academic Procrastination Behavior Scale scores (r=-.38, p

The prenatal environment may program health and disease susceptibility via epigenetic mechanisms. We evaluated associations of maternal trimester-specific intake of micronutrients with global DNA methylation (%5mC) and 5-hydroxymethylation (%5hmC) at birth in cord blood and tested for persistence into childhood. We quantified global %5mC and %5hmC in cord blood cells (n= 434) and in leukocytes collected in early (n= 108) and mid-childhood (n= 390) from children in Project Viva, a pre-birth cohort from Boston, MA. Validated food frequency questionnaires estimated maternal first- and second-trimester intakes of vitamin B2, vitamin B6, vitamin B12, folate, betaine, choline, methionine, iron, and zinc. Mean (SD) cord blood %5mC and %5hmC was 5.62% (2.04) and 0.25% (0.15), respectively. Each μg increase in first-trimester B12intake was associated with 0.002 lower %5hmC in cord blood (95% CI: −0.005, −0.0003), and this association persisted in early childhood (β= −0.007; 95% CI: −0.01, −0.001) but not mid-childhood. Second-trimester iron (mg) was associated with 0.01 lower %5mC (95% CI: −0.02, −0.002) and 0.001 lower %5hmC (95% CI: −0.01, −0.00001) in cord blood only. Increased second-trimester zinc (mg) intake was associated with 0.003 greater %5hmC in early childhood (β= 0.003; 95% CI: 0.0004, 0.006). Second-trimester folate was positively associated with %5hmC in early childhood only (β= 0.08, 95% CI: 0.003, 0.16). Associations did not survive multiple testing adjustment; future replication is needed. Trimester-specific nutrients may impact various sensitive windows of epigenetic programming some with lasting effects in childhood. Further research is needed to understand the role of gene-specific epigenetic changes and how global DNA methylation measures relate to child health.

Arş. Gör. Beyza KIRCA İstanbul Sabahattin Zaim Üniversitesi, Eğitim Fakültesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Bölümü, Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul / Türkiye, byzkrc79@gmail.com, ORCID: 0000-0002-3709-5846 -- Prof. Dr. Halil EKŞİ Marmara Üniversitesi, Atatürk Eğitim Fakültesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Bölümü, Rehberlik ve Psikolojik Danışmanlık Anabilim Dalı, İstanbul / Bu çalışmada “Birey-Ötesi Benlik Ölçeği”nin Türkçe’ye uyarlanması ve psikometrik özelliklerinin incelenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırmanın ilk çalışma grubu dilsel eşdeğerlik analizlerinin gerçekleştirildiği bir vakıf üniversitenin 30 lisans öğrencisinden; ikinci çalışma grubu geçerlik ve güvenirlik analizlerinin gerçekleştirildiği 376 ön lisans ve lisans öğrencisinden, üçüncü çalışma grubu ise ölçüt bağıntılı geçerlik çalışmaları için bir vakıf üniversitenin 108 lisans öğrencisinden oluşmaktadır. Çalışma kapsamında dilsel eşdeğerlik çalışmaları gerçekleştirilerek dilsel eşdeğerliğin sağlandığı görülmüştür. Sonrasında doğrulayıcı faktör analizi yapılmış ve madde faktör yükleri incelenmiş bir maddenin Türkçe formdan çıkarılması uygun görülmüştür. Çıkarma işleminden sonra tekrar doğrulayıcı faktör analizi ve gerekli modifikasyon gerçekleştirilmiş, 9 maddelik tek boyutlu yapının iyi uyum gösterdiği görülmüştür. Madde faktör yükleri .30 ile .67 arasında değişmektedir. Cronbach Alfa katsayısı .72 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Düzeltilmiş madde-toplam puan korelasyonları .28 ile .54 arasında değişmektedir. Spearman Brown iki yarı test değeri .72 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Yapılan incelemeler sonucunda “Birey-Ötesi Benlik Ölçeği” Türkçe formunun dilsel eşdeğerliğe sahip, geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olduğu görülmüştür. The aim of this study is to adapt the Metapersonal Self Scale into Turkish and to examine its psychometric properties. The first sample was for the linguistic equivalence analysis and consisted of 30 undergraduate students from a private university; the second sample was for the validity and reliability analyses and consisted of 376 undergraduate students and the third sample was for the concurrent validity and consisted of 108 undergraduate students from a private university. The linguistic equivalence analyses were conducted and results showed that the linguistic equivalence was achieved. Confirmatory factor analysis was conducted and item factor loadings were examined, and an item was removed from the Turkish form. Confirmatory factor analysis and the suggested modification were performed after the removal. The 9-item one-dimensional structure was found to be fitting well. Item factor loadings range from .30 to .67. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was found to be .72. Corrected item-total score correlations range from .28 to .54. Spearman Brown's split half test value was found to be .72. These results show that the Turkish version of the Metapersonal Self Scale is a valid and reliable instrument with linguistic equivalence.

Background Classical anthropometric traits may fail to fully represent the relationship of weight, adiposity, and height with cancer risk. We investigated the associations of body shape phenotypes with the risk of overall and site-specific cancers. Methods We derived four distinct body shape phenotypes from principal component (PC) analysis on height, weight, body mass index (BMI), waist (WC) and hip circumferences (HC), and waist-to-hip ratio (WHR). The study included 340,152 men and women from 9 European countries, aged mostly 35–65 years at recruitment (1990–2000) in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) study. Cox proportional hazards regression was used to estimate multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results After a median follow-up of 15.3 years, 47,110 incident cancer cases were recorded. PC1 (overall adiposity) was positively associated with the risk of overall cancer, with a HR per 1 standard deviation (SD) increment equal to 1.07 (95% confidence interval 1.05 to 1.08). Positive associations were observed with 10 cancer types, with HRs (per 1 SD) ranging from 1.36 (1.30–1.42) for endometrial cancer to 1.08 (1.03–1.13) for rectal cancer. PC2 (tall stature with low WHR) was positively associated with the risk of overall cancer (1.03; 1.02–1.04) and five cancer types which were not associated with PC1. PC3 (tall stature with high WHR) was positively associated with the risk of overall cancer (1.04; 1.03–1.05) and 12 cancer types. PC4 (high BMI and weight with low WC and HC) was not associated with overall risk of cancer (1.00; 0.99–1.01). Conclusions In this multi-national study, distinct body shape phenotypes were positively associated with the incidence of 17 different cancers and overall cancer.

The goal of this research is to develop the Life Studies Course Self Efficacy Scale (LSCSS) and test its validity and reliability. This research is a scale development study. The participants in the study were 2nd and 3rd grade pupils from central districts of Diyarbakır province. The Self Efficacy Scale for Children and the Draft Form of the LSCSS were used to collect data. During the development of the scale, principal component analysis and confirmatory factor analysis were performed. The scale's similar scale validity was tested using correlation analysis. The Corrected Item-Total Correlations of the items were calculated, and the mean scores of the lower and upper groups were compared using the Independent Samples t-Test to determine if the items were distinctive or not. Internal consistency, split-test, and test-retest methods were used to assess the reliability of the LSCSS measurements. The LSCSS can be utilized as a valid and reliable measurement tool to determine the self-efficacy levels of 2nd and 3rd-grade children for the life studies course, according to the findings of this study. The LSCSS consists of 15 items. This scale is a 5-point Likert scale, which means "never, seldom, sometimes, most of the time, and always". The LSCSS consists of two sub-scales: Authority Oriented Self Efficacy Scale (AOSS) and Individual Oriented Self Efficacy Scale (IOSS). Thanks to the LSCSS, numerous more investigations are expected to be done in the future., Mevcut çalışmada “Hayat Bilgisi Dersi Öz Yeterlik Ölçeğinin (HBDÖYÖ)” geliştirilip geçerlik ve güvenirlik çalışmalarının yapılması amaçlanmıştır. Bu araştırma, bir ölçek geliştirme çalışmasıdır. Bu araştırmanın katılımcılarını, Diyarbakır ilinin merkez ilçelerinde eğitim gören 2. ve 3. sınıf öğrencileri oluşturmuştur. Veri toplama aracı olarak HBDÖYÖ Taslak Formu ve Başol (2010) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanan Çocuklar için Öz yeterlik Ölçeği kullanılmıştır. HBDÖYÖ’nün geliştirilmesi aşamalarında Temel Bileşenler Analizi ve Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizinden faydalanılmıştır. Ölçeğin benzer ölçekler geçerliğini test etmek amacıyla Pearson korelasyon analizinden faydalanılmıştır. Maddelerin ayırt edici olup olmadığını anlamak için maddelere ait Düzeltilmiş Madde Toplam Korelasyonları hesaplanmış ve alt-üst grupların puan ortalamaları Bağımsız Gruplar için t-Testi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. HBDÖYÖ ile yapılan ölçümlerin güvenirliği, iç tutarlılık, test yarılama ve test-tekrar test yöntemleriyle yorumlanmıştır. Bu araştırmadan elde edilen sonuçlara göre HBDÖYÖ, 2. ve 3. sınıf öğrencilerinin hayat bilgisi dersine yönelik öz yeterlik düzeylerini belirlemek amacıyla geçerli ve güvenilir bir ölçme aracı olarak kullanılabilir. HBDÖYÖ’de 15 madde yer almaktadır. Bu ölçek “Hiçbir zaman, nadiren, bazen, çoğu zaman ve her zaman” şeklinde 5’li likert bir ölçektir. HBDÖYÖ, Otorite Odaklı Öz Yeterlik Ölçeği (OOÖYÖ) ve Birey Odaklı Öz Yeterlik Ölçeği (BOÖYÖ) adında iki alt ölçekten meydana gelmektedir. HBDÖYÖ’nün kullanılması sayesinde ilerleyen zamanlarda birçok yeni araştırmanın yürütülebileceği öngörülmektedir.

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-fifth Edition's (DSM-5) Level of Personality Functioning Scale (LPFS) was introduced as a dimensional rating of impairments in self- and interpersonal functioning, and the LPFS-Brief Form (LPFS-BF) was the first published corresponding self-report. The updated LPFS-BF 2.0 has been translated into several languages and international research supports many of the instrument's psychometric properties; however, its measurement invariance has only been evaluated across a few countries. This study expands previous studies as an introductory step in a global evaluation of the LPFS-BF 2.0s measurement invariance. Archival data (N = 5,618, 57% female) from seven countries (Canada, Chile, Denmark, Germany, Italy, United Arab Emirates, United States of America) were used for this study. Participants were recruited from both community (n = 4,677) and student (n = 941) populations. After confirming adequate model fit separately in the community and student samples, we evaluated a series of increasingly stringent model comparisons to test three aspects of measurement invariance (configural, metric, scalar) and then examined latent mean differences across countries. Full scalar invariance was supported in the community sample and partial scalar invariance was supported in the student sample. Evaluation of latent mean differences revealed multiple significant differences. Overall, the LPFS-BF 2.0 appears to assess self- and interpersonal functioning impairment similarly across the included countries. Findings are discussed through the lenses of the cultures from which participants were recruited, as well as in the context of alternative explanations. Limitations, plans for future research, and implications for both research and clinical practice are offered.

Internal and external factors influence teachers daily assessment decisions. The purposes of teachers assessments are crucial, as these purposes guide the assessment process. Still, little is known about teachers assessment purposes. The aim of this study is to identify and describe the different purposes of assessments that Civics teachers describe. Thirteen Civics teachers in Swedish upper secondary school were interviewed about their assessment practices. A thematic analysis generated four main themes about teachers purposes: enacting policy, improving learning, pulling for students and handling administration. There are tensions between different purposes, and teachers need to balance these in their assessment decisions and when validating. Specific Civics subject matter also influences purposes and tensions. This study contributes to the understanding of the influence of internal and external factors on teachers assessment practices in Civics, and to the understanding of the complexity of validity with multiple purposes in the school context.

Objective The aim of the study is to analyze the reliability and validity of the Portuguese version of the Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) among postmenopausal Portuguese women. Methods A total of 184 postmenopausal women completed the Portuguese MRS. Internal consistency and test-retest reliability were studied. Construct, convergent, and concurrent validity were assessed. The 10-item Cervantes Scale and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale were used to determine convergent and concurrent validity, respectively. The ability and accuracy of the Portuguese MRS to discriminate between women with and without anxiety and depression cases were evaluated, and a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used. Results The Portuguese MRS showed an appropriate level of internal consistency (Cronbach α, 0.84 for MRS total score) and test-retest reliability (MRS total score; intraclass correlation coefficient, 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.85–0.96). Factor analysis (construct validity) revealed a 3-factor structure (explained variance of 62.08%). The MRS total score and its 3 factors showed good convergent (10-item Cervantes Scale) and concurrent (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale anxiety and depression) validity (all P < 0.001). The Portuguese MRS total score was significantly able to discriminate between postmenopausal women with and without anxiety (P < 0.001) and depression (P = 0.001), with a cutoff point of 15.50 (80.00% sensitivity and 63.70% specificity) for detecting depression and a cutoff point of 16.50 (82.35% sensitivity and 78.57% specificity) for identifying anxiety. Conclusions The Portuguese MRS has been shown to be a valid and reliable questionnaire for assessing the severity of menopausal symptoms and discriminating among postmenopausal women with and without anxiety and depression.

Our aims in this study were to examine the construct/concurrent validity and internal/test-re-test reliabilities of both the self-report and parent-report questionnaires of a Turkish version of the KIDSCREEN-27 for adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP). We used a convenience sample of 135 children and adolescents with CP aged 8–18 years (65 males, 70 females; M age = 12.39, SD = 3.57) and their parents/caregivers (123 mothers, seven fathers, and five grandmothers). We explored structural construct validity via confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Concurrent validity was examined via Spearman’s correlations between the KIDSCREEN-27 questionnaires and the self-report and primary caregiver report forms of the Cerebral Palsy Quality of Life for Children (CP QOL-Child) and adolescents (CP QOL-Teen). We explored test-retest and internal consistency reliabilities utilizing intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha (α), respectively. CFA goodness-of fit indices verified that the predefined model of the KIDSCREEN-27 was a good fit for data from the CP population (X2/df0.90, AGFI >0.90, RMSEA0.70). Both versions of the KIDSCREEN-27 have satisfactory psychometric properties for use in evaluating health-related quality of life (HRQOL) outcomes in children and adolescents with CP.

This study developed a measure of solidarity levels during pandemics, the Solidarity in Pandemics Scale (SPS). This was achieved using a study group of 842 individuals aged between 18 and 65 from different segments of society who had experienced the COVID-19 pandemic and differed in age, gender, and socioeconomic status. Exploratory factor analysis was used to establish the construct validity of the scale, producing a 15-item scale with a one-dimensional structure that explained 34.36% of the variance. Confirmatory factor analysis using a different study group revealed that all items have significant t-values, and the model established according to model fit indexes has meaningful and acceptable fit values. The internal consistency of the scale results was calculated using the Cronbach Alpha coefficient, and a reliability of .85 in terms of internal consistency was obtained. Test-retest reliability results as another indicator of reliability were found to be .85. Scores on the Altruism Scale were compared with those on the SPS to evaluate the scale’s criterion validity, and a significant relationship was found between the two scale scores. This analysis indicates that the Solidarity in Pandemics Scale is a valid and reliable psychometric tool.

This study has two aims: to examine the psychometric properties of the Three-Dimensional Contribution Scale in adults and to reveal how the contribution supports authenticity. To attain the first aim, a total of 198 individuals (105 females, 93 males) were included in the study. The result of the confirmatory factor analysis indicated that the scale maintained its three-factor structure. The internal consistency coefficient of the scale was determined to be.88. Regarding the criterion-related validity, a significant positive relationship was determined between the Three-Dimensional Contribution Scale and the Brief Resilience Scale. As a result, it can be said that the present scale is a valid and reliable measurement tool that can be used to determine contribution levels in adults. To accomplish the second aim of the study, a total of 383 individuals (184 females, 197 males, and two individuals with no sex specification) were enrolled in the study. The examination of the findings of the simple linear regression analysis of authenticity and the subscales of authenticity indicated that contribution supported the authentic living subscale of the authenticity positively. However, it was also found that contribution supported the self-alienation subscale of the authenticity negatively and that there was no significant relationship between the acceptance of external influences subscale and the total score of authenticity. In conclusion, it can be said that as the level of contribution increases, the authenticity of individuals will increase, as well.

The aim of this study was to obtain validity evidence of the Escala de Ciber-Violencia en Parejas Adolescentes (Cib-VPA) in the Spanish young adults. A total of 298 undergraduate students (222 women, 75 men and 2 people who identified themselves as 'other') completed the Cib-VPA and other related measures of offline and online dating violence. Internal consistency and construct, convergent and discriminant validity were evaluated. In line with the original validation study, a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) provided evidence for an 18-item model comprising 2 subscales, with 2 factors per subscale. All had acceptable internal consistency values. Total and subscale scores correlated positively with online and offline dating violence measures, with these correlations being stronger in subscales evaluating violence in the same direction (perpetrated or victimisation). As expected, no differences were observed according to gender. This study shows validity evidences of Cib-VPA scores, which can be quickly and inexpensively administered to large samples of young adults. The Research Project was sponsored by the University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, with grant number PPGA20/09 and GIU20/003.

Objectives To investigate the predictive validity of 32 measures of the Danish Psychosocial Work Environment Questionnaire (DPQ) against two criteria variables: onset of depressive disorders and long-term sickness absence (LTSA). Methods The DPQ was sent to 8958 employed individuals in 14 job groups of which 4340 responded (response rate: 48.4%). Depressive disorders were measured by self-report with a 6-month follow-up. LTSA was measured with a 1-year follow-up in a national register. We analyzed onset of depressive disorders at follow-up using logistic regression models, adjusted for age, sex, and job group, while excluding respondents with depressive disorders at baseline. We analyzed onset of LTSA with Cox regression models, adjusted for age, sex, and job group, while excluding respondents with previous LTSA. Results The general pattern of the results followed our hypotheses as high job demands, poorly organized working conditions, poor relations to colleagues and superiors, and negative reactions to the work situation predicted onset of depressive disorders at follow-up and onset of LTSA during follow-up. Analyzing onset of depressive disorders and onset of LTSA, we found risk estimates that deviated from unity in most of the investigated associations. Overall, we found higher risk estimates when analyzing onset of depressive disorders compared with onset of LTSA. Conclusions The analyses provide support for the predictive validity of most DPQ-measures. Results suggest that the DPQ constitutes a useful tool for identifying risk factors for depression and LTSA in the psychosocial work environment.

Purpose To translate the ACL-QOL from English to Swedish and evaluate measurement properties for use after surgical and non-surgical management of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. Methods The ACL-QOL was translated from English to Swedish and data were pooled from 13 cohorts to enable a comprehensive evaluation of measurement properties in line with COSMIN guidelines. We evaluated internal consistency, test–re-test reliability, measurement error, structural validity [confirmatory factor analysis (CFA)], construct validity and responsiveness (hypothesis testing), and floor/ceiling effects. Results were stratified by time since injury (≤ 1.5 years; 2–10 years, 15–25 years; > 30 years) and ACL management strategy [surgical (n = 1163), non-surgical (n = 570)]. Results The Swedish ACL-QOL had sufficient internal consistency (total and domain scores) for use in surgically managed (Cronbach’s alpha ≥ 0.744) and non-surgically managed (≥ 0.770) ACL-injured individuals at all time-points. Test–re-test reliability was sufficient [intraclass correlation coefficients: all domains > 0.80, total score 0.93 (95% CI 0.86–0.96)]. The standard error of measurement was 5.6 for the total score and ranged from 7.0 to 10.3 for each domain. CFA indicated sufficient SRMR values when using the total score or five domains; however, CFI and RMSEA values did not meet cut-offs for good model fit. Hypothesis testing indicated sufficient construct validity and responsiveness. Floor effects were negligible and ceiling effects were negligible or minor. Conclusion The Swedish version of the ACL-QOL has sufficient internal consistency, test–re-test reliability, construct validity and responsiveness, for use in people with ACL injury managed with or without ACL surgery. Model fit could be improved and investigation into the source of misfit is warranted.

The purpose of this research is to adapt the Teaching Style for Successful Intelligence Questionnaire (TSI-Q) developed by Paloş and Maricutoui (2006) to Turkish. The research was carried out on three separate groups consisting of 305 high school teachers. In the linguistic equivalence study, it was obtained that there were strong, positive, and significant correlations between responses of the participants to the English and Turkish forms of the scale. The construct validity of the TSI-Q’s Turkish form was tested by means of exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). According to the results of EFA, a four-factor structure explaining 61% of the total variance was parallel to the original form of the scale. The fit indices reported in CFA were ratified in this four-factor structure. The emerging factors were named as memory, analytical thinking, reproductive thinking, and practical thinking as in the original form of the scale. Within the scope of the reliability, Cronbach's alpha internal consistency coefficient of the TSI-Q was detected as .95. The item analysis result revealed that item-total correlations were over the threshold value of .30. All these results suggest that the Turkish form of the TSI-Q provides valid and reliable measurements, and it can be used to measure teaching style based on the successful intelligence of teachers., Bu araştırmada Paloş ve Maricutoui (2006) tarafından geliştirilen Başarılı Zekaya Dayalı Öğretme Stili Ölçeği’nin Türkçeye uyarlanması amaçlanmaktadır. Araştırma ortaöğretim kademesinde görevli 305 öğretmenden oluşan üç çalışma grubu üzerinde yürütülmüştür. Dilsel eşdeğerlik çalışmasında katılımcıların BZÖSÖ’nün Türkçe ve İngilizce formuna verdikleri cevaplar arasında pozitif yönlü, güçlü ve anlamlı korelasyonlar tespit edilmiştir. BZÖSÖ’nün Türkçe formunun yapı geçerliği açımlayıcı faktör analizi (AFA) ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizi (DFA) uygulanarak test edilmiştir. AFA’da toplam varyansın %61’ini açıklayan ve ölçeğin orijinal formuyla paralellik gösteren dört faktörlü bir yapı elde edilmiştir. DFA’da rapor edilen uyum indeks bu yapıyı doğrulamıştır. Faktör analizi sonucunda ortaya çıkan boyutlar, ölçeğin orijinal formundaki gibi, hafıza, analitik düşünme, yaratıcı düşünme ve uygulamalı düşünme olarak adlandırılmıştır. Güvenirlik çalışması çerçevesinde, BZÖSÖ’nün geneli için hesaplanan Cronbach-alfa iç tutarlılık katsayısı .95 olarak saptanmıştır. Madde analizi sonuçları, madde korelasyonlarının BZÖSÖ’deki tüm maddeler için .30 eşik değerinin üzerinde olduğunu göstermiştir. Araştırmaya ilişkin bu sonuçlar, ölçeğin Türkçe formunun geçerli ve güvenilir ölçümler sağladığını ve öğretmenlerin başarılı zekaya dayalı öğretim stillerini ölçmek için kullanılabileceğini ortaya koymaktadır.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: This study aimed to identify the level of agreement between self-reported and objectively measured data among healthy Turkish adults in order to assess the validity of self-reported data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Self-reported data along with independent measurements were obtained from 958 men and 502 women, aged between 18-53 years. The subjects were classified according to their body mass index (BMI) scores and margins of error in self-reported anthropometric data were calculated. The misclassification status according to BMI deriving from self-reported data was determined. Intraclass correlation coefficients were calculated at 95% confidence interval. Independent sample t-test and One-Way ANOVA were used for comparisons. Bland-Altman graph, specificity and sensitivity, Cohen’s kappa and receiver operating characteristic curve inspections were carried out. RESULTS: The results indicate that both men and women underestimated their weight and overestimated their height. The margin of error in estimating height for the men was found to be significantly larger than for women. In contrast, women tended to underestimate their weight more than men. The subjects’ self-reported and measured anthropometric data were significantly different (p

The Hierarchical Taxonomy of Psychopathology (HiTOP) organizes phenotypes of mental disorder based on empirical covariation, offering a comprehensive organizational framework from narrow symptoms to broader patterns of psychopathology. We argue that established self-report measures of psychopathology from the pre-HiTOP era should be systematically integrated into HiTOP to foster cumulative research and further the understanding of psychopathology structure. Hence, in this study, we mapped 92 established psychopathology (sub)scales onto the current HiTOP working model using data from an extensive battery of self-report assessments that was completed by community participants and outpatients (N = 909). Content validity ratings of the item pool were used to select indicators for a bifactor-(S-1) model of the p factor and five HiTOP spectra (i.e., internalizing, thought disorder, detachment, disinhibited externalizing, and antagonistic externalizing). The content-based HiTOP scales were validated against personality disorder diagnoses as assessed by standardized interviews. We then located established scales within the taxonomy by estimating the extent to which scales reflected higher-level HiTOP dimensions. The analyses shed light on the location of established psychopathology scales in HiTOP, identifying pure markers and blends of HiTOP spectra, as well as pure markers of the p factor (i.e., scales assessing mentalizing impairment and suspiciousness/epistemic mistrust). National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator Award [NF-SI0514-10157]; NIH-NIDS [5R01NS092701-03]; Wellcome Trust Published version This work was supported by a National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Senior Investigator Award (NF-SI0514-10157) awarded to Peter Fonagy. The work was also supported by NIH-NIDS Grant 5R01NS092701-03 and a Wellcome Trust Principal Research Fellowship awarded to P. Read Montague.

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Personalidad Proactiva en una muestra de profesores de escuelas de Lima (Perú). Participaron 302 profesores de ambos sexos (72.20 % mujeres) seleccionados a través de un muestreo no probabilístico de tipo intencional, cuyas edades estaban en el rango de 24 a 65 años (M = 43.04, DE = 10.75) y que enseñaban en los niveles educativos de educación primaria y secundaria (75.83 % en educación secundaria). Además de la Escala de Personalidad Proactiva, se aplicó la Escala Sentimiento de Autoeficacia en el Profesor para evaluar la validez convergente. Los resultados indican que la Escala de Personalidad Proactiva se ajusta a una estructura unifactorial (CFI = .949, TLI = .934, RMSEA = .076 y SRMR = .044), se evidencian correlaciones estadísticamente significativas (p < .001) y un tamaño del efecto mediano (rs > .10) con la mayoría de las dimensiones de la Escala Sentimiento de Autoeficacia, y presenta una adecuada consistencia interna (ω = .89). Se concluye que la Escala de Personalidad Proactiva cuenta con evidencias de validez basada en la estructura interna, validez convergente y una fiabilidad adecuada para medir la personalidad proactiva en profesores de escuela. Abstract The objective was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Proactive Personality Scale in a sample of teachers from schools in Lima (Peru). Participants were 302 teachers of both sexes (72.20% women) selected through a non-probabilistic sampling of intentional type, whose ages were in the range from 24 to 65 (M = 43.04, DE = 10.75) and who taught at the educational levels of primary and secondary education (75.83% in secondary education). In addition to the Proactive Personality Scale, the Teachers Self Efficacy Scale was applied to assess convergent validity. The results indicate that the Proactive Personality Scale was adjusted to a unifactorial structure (CFI = .949, TLI = .934, RMSEA = .076 y SRMR = .044), there are statistically significant correlations (p .10) with most of the dimensions of self-efficacy feeling and adequate internal consistency (.89). The Proactive Personality Scale has evidence of validity based on internal structure, convergent validity, and adequate reliability to measure proactive personality in schoolteachers.

This study aimed to assess the validity and reliability of the Turkish version of the Women’s Perception of Respectful Maternity Care Scale. This methodological, cross-sectional study was conducted between December 2020 and July 2021. The sample of the study consisted of 259 women who had vaginal birth and gave birth to a healthy baby with normal birth weight. Data analysis and evaluation were performed using factor analysis, Cronbach’s alpha, split-half, item-total score correlation, Hotelling T2, Tukey’s test and ceiling and floor effect of the scale. The scale consists of 19 items and three sub-dimensions. The scales explained 76.04 percent of the total variance. In both exploratory and confirmatory factor tests, the overall factor loading was greater than 0.30. In the confirmatory factor analysis, all the goodness-of-fit indexes were greater than 0.90, and the root mean square error of approximation was less than 0.08. The Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the scale was 0.96, with Cronbach’s alpha values ranging between 0.88 and 0.95 for the subscales. In conclusion, this scale can be used by nurses, midwives and other health professionals as a valid and reliable measurement tool to evaluate women’s perception of respectful maternity care. © 2022 Taylor & Francis Group, LLC.

The current study examined the continuity of personality disorder (PD) diagnoses from Section II to Section III (alternative model for personality disorders [AMPD]) when using structured interviews. We investigated the continuity both in terms of stability of prevalence rates and in terms of convergent validity. A clinical sample of 189 participants were concurrently administered both Section II PD and AMPD interviews for diagnosing PD by 2 independent interviewers. Stability of prevalence between the models for specific PD diagnoses was generally supported. A higher prevalence of trait-specified PD in the AMPD model resulted in higher prevalence of PD in general when using the AMPD model compared with the Section II PD model. Correlations between matching criterion counts according to both models were generally high. Convergence between the Section II PD and AMPD model categorical diagnoses was adequate for the most frequently diagnosed and studied PDs (i.e., avoidant-, borderline-, and antisocial PD), but lower than previously found, likely due to the stringent test-retest design used in this study. Convergence between the models for narcissistic and obsessive-compulsive PD was low and could not be estimated for schizotypal PD. Future studies should investigate which of both models may prove to be most valid in terms of predicting current and future impairments. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

The objective of the study is to find out the predictive power of the 2019 and 2020 Baccalaureate exam English test. Using a whole class design the performances of 415 and 62 students in the Baccalaureate have been correlated with their performance in Semester one University studies in the Department of Anglophone Studies. Analysing with the statistical package R, the descriptive statistics of the results shows that for the cohort 2019, 358 students (86.27%) decreased in performance and 43 students (69.35%) for the cohort 2020. The students’ mean scores at the Baccalaureate are above the ones in semester one. Comparing them, the difference is statistically significant at p < .05 for the cohort 2019 and p < .05 for the cohort 2020. This means that the Baccalaureate exams have invalid predictive power. These exams could not foresee candidates’ future performance. It is because either they are of bad quality or there is no link between what is taught in the second cycle and what is studied in English at university. When questioned to find out the challenges to cope with university courses, students said that the main hurdle is note taking, then comprehending spoken English from their lecturers, reading novel and understanding them, the quality of the loud speaker sound, and holding a conversation with their teachers. These difficulties entail that they have not been prepared in the second cycle in those language skills. So, suggestions were made to teach the listening, reading and note-taking skills in addition to associating technicians of sound in the auditoriums building design. &nbsp

El objetivo del estudio fue examinar la estructura factorial, la confiabilidad y proporcionar alguna evidencia de validez de la versión en español del Inventario de Roles Sexuales de Bem (BSRI), que evalúa la au-todescripción en términos de rasgos de género. Una muestra de 2.672 par-ticipantes españoles, adultos heterosexuales (1.289 hombres, 1.383 mujeres) distribuidos en cuatro grupos de edad (18-25, 26-35, 36-55, 56 años o más), completó una versión en español de 40 ítems del BSRI. Se propone una es-cala de 8 ítems con estructura bidimensional: Masculinidad (M) y Femini-dad (F). Ambos factores presentan una fiabilidad adecuada. Con respecto a la evidencia de validez, los hombres (vs. las mujeres) obtuvieron puntua-ciones más altas en M y las mujeres (vs. los hombres) en F. Las puntuacio-nes M fueron más altas para los participantes menores de 56 años. No se encontraron diferencias en las puntuaciones F entre grupos de edad. Discu-timos la utilidad de esta medida para evaluar las diferencias interindividua-les, según el sexo y la edad, en la autoatribución de los rasgos de género tradicionales., The study objective was to examine the factorial structure, relia-bility and to provide some evidence for validity of the Spanish version of the Bem Sexual Roles Inventory (BSRI), which assesses self-description in terms of gender traits. A sample of 2,672 Spanish participants, heterosexu-al adults (1,289 men, 1,383 women) distributed into four age groups (18-25, 26-35, 36-55, 56 years or more), completed a Spanish 40-item version of BSRI. An 8-item scale is proposed with a two-dimensional structure: Masculinity (M) and Femininity (F). Both factors present adequate reliabi-lity. Regarding evidence for validity, men (vs. women) scored higher in M, and women (vs. men) in F. The M scores were higher for the participants aged less than 56 years. No differences were found in the F scores among age groups. We discuss the usefulness of this measure to assess interindi-vidual differences, across sex and age, in the self-attribution of traditional gender traits., Spanish Government PSI2014-25035-R FPU16/04429 FPU18/03102 B13 56 1 RD 99/2011

Objectives: the aim of this study was to translate, cross-culturally adapt the patient-based Constant-Murley Score (p-CMS), assess its validity, reliability, and compare it with the clinician-based CMS (c-CMS). Patients and methods: this cross-sectional study included a total of 51 shoulders of 46 patients (22 males, 24 females; mean age: 49 +/- 10 years; range, 29 to 70 years) with shoulder pain between December 2015 and July 2016. After translation of p-CMS, each participant was asked to complete the final Turkish version of the p-CMS. The c-CMS was assessed by a physiatrist who was blinded to the p-CMS. Retest of the p-CMS was performed in patients (n=15) who did not receive any treatment between two visits (Days 3 to 5). Results: a total of 51 shoulders (n=5 bilateral shoulder pain) were tested. Strength, subjective, objective, and total scores were significantly different between the p-CMS and c-CMS (p, NA

This study includes the adaptation of the 6-item UCLA Loneliness Scale developed by Wongpakaran et al. (2020) to the Turkish language and the findings of its reliability and validity values. The study was conducted with the data obtained from the study group (n=327) including university students. As a result of the analyzes, it was determined that the scale showed a single-factor structure in accordance with its original structure. Furthermore, the criterion validity of the scale is also computed using the UCLA Loneliness Scale V3. The reliability of the scale was computed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient technique and it was found to be 84. Findings have shown that Turkish adaptation of the 6-item UCLA Loneliness Scale is a reliable and valid instrument that can be used in measuring loneliness in Turkey. Keywords: loneliness, scale adaptation, validity, reliability

Le présent article expose les résultats d’une recherche consacrée à la mise au point et à la mise à l’épreuve (contrôle des qualités psychométriques) d’une échelle mesurant les attitudes envers la lecture-loisir, destinée à un public d’élèves de l’enseignement secondaire. Testée sur un échantillon de 2861 élèves de 14-15 ans en Communauté française de Belgique, l’échelle se comporte de façon fidèle et apparaît comme un instrument valide de mesure des attitudes envers la lecture, apparemment peu affecté par la désirabilité sociale et la tendance à acquiescer, du moins dans le contexte de la Communauté française de Belgique., The article shows the results of a research aimed at building and validating a reading attitude scale for an audience of secondary education students. The scale has been tested on a sample of 14-15 years-old students (n = 2861). It appears to be a quite reliable scale, and to measure reading attitudes in a valid way. Moreover, the scale seems to be poorly sensitive to compliance effects and acquiescence, at least in the context of French-speaking Belgian Community.

Pour qu’un sujet puisse s’auto-orienter, il doit pouvoir disposer d’un instrument d’évaluation directement interprétable et qui soit de valeur métrologique assurée. Ces deux thèses sont illustrées par l’exemple du questionnaire QIPOS. La première partie de l’article présente sa construction et son utilisation souhaitable. La seconde montre la façon dont il faudrait contrôler sa validité et sa fidélité, dans cette situation de décision particulière, où les comparaisons sont à faire entre motivations plutôt qu’entre personnes. Un exemple minimal est présenté, traitant de deux groupes en deux dimensions, pour montrer le principe de l’étude de généralisabilité qui serait à réaliser., To be in a position to decide for himself which course to take, a subject should be offered an evaluation instrument that can be directly interpreted, and with adequate validity and reliability. These two theses are illustrated by the presentation of the QIPOS questionnaire. The first part of the article shows how it was constructed and can now be used. The second illustrates how should be controlled its measuring properties, in this particular decision situation, where no comparisons are to be made between subjects, but only within the individual. A minimal example is presented, dealing with two groups in two dimensions, to show the principle of the generalizability study that should be realized.

Two recent articles (Grunow et al. in J Marriage Fam 80(1):42–60, 2018; Knight and Brinton in Am J Sociol 122(5):1485–1532) suggest that gender ideology is multidimensional. Such a finding is of utmost importance because, if robust, it can be used in future comparative (multilevel) research. However, these two articles present different results on which gender ideology profiles are dominant in Europe. Using the European Value Study, we replicate and extend these Latent Class analyses and address the question of generalizability and content- and criterion-related validity. We come to a five-cluster solution that not only synthesizes theoretically and empirically the results of the two articles, but also contributes to the literature by clarifying the place of these five gender ideology types in a multidimensional space. We suggest that in Europe five ‘worlds of norms’ exist that are mutually influenced by the general institutional context of welfare states.

Although Frege’s aim was not to provide a semantic theory for a natural language, he made, to say the least, valuable and enduring contributions to semantic theory, understood as the assignment of semantic values, and possibly, further meaning properties to natural language expressions. His arguing, notably in Frege (1892), for the assignment to any well-formed linguistic expression of a sense (Sinn), in addition to its reference (Bedeutung) — if any—, is one — and, arguably, the most celebrated and disputed among his contributions.