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Video services are evolving from traditional two-dimensional video to virtual reality and holograms, which offer six degrees of freedom to users, enabling them to freely move around in a scene and change focus as desired. However, this increase in freedom translates into stringent requirements in terms of ultra-high bandwidth (in the order of Gigabits per second) and minimal latency (in the order of milliseconds). To realize such immersive services, the network transport, as well as the video representation and encoding, have to be fundamentally enhanced. The purpose of this tutorial article is to provide an elaborate introduction to the creation, streaming, and evaluation of immersive video. Moreover, it aims to provide lessons learned and to point at promising research paths to enable truly interactive immersive video applications toward holography.

Objective To investigate the effect of comprehensive treatment on ocular surface function and the visual quality of online teachers with a mild-to-moderate dry eye condition during the early phase of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Methods Secondary school online teachers diagnosed with a mild-to-moderate dry eye disease in our outpatient clinic from February to May 2020 were enrolled in this retrospective cross-section study, and all patients received dry eye comprehensive treatment. A questionnaire survey on eye-use habits, visual quality and dry eye-related indicators was collected before and after treatment (2 and 4 weeks). The changes and the correlations between indicators before and after treatment were compared. Results A total of 30 patients (15 females and 15 males) were included. After comprehensive treatment, patients had significantly higher central tear meniscus height (TMH), non-invasive first tear film breakup time (NIBUTf) and non-invasive average tear film breakup time (NIBUTav) than those before with statistical significance (P < 0.05). Lower ocular surface disease index (OSDI) and Meibomian gland scores were observed after treatment with statistical significance (P < 0.05). Objective scatter index (OSI), modulation transfer function (MTF) cutoff, strehl ratio (SR), and tear film objective scatter index (TF-OSI) were significantly improved after treatment (P < 0.05). Besides, TF-OSI was positively correlated with the changes in OSDI, Meibomian gland score, eye-use duration and OSI with statistical significance (P < 0.05), while it was negatively correlated with NIBUTf, NIBUTav, the TMH of the central lower eyelid, SR, sleep duration, conjunctival congestion and the MTF cutoff (P < 0.05), respectively. No correlation between TF-OSI and ciliary congestion was found (P > 0.05). Conclusion Comprehensive treatment could effectively improve the symptoms and visual quality of online teachers with a mild-to-moderate dry eye condition during the early stage of COVID-19 pandemic.

Quality deterioration is a major problem restricting the fresh-cut potato industry. The present study investigated the effect of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) treatment on the quality of fresh-cut potatoes during short-term storage. The treatment was carried out immediately either before or after cutting, using an SNP concentration of 200 μmol/L. The results showed that SNP treatment inhibited the accumulation of malondialdehyde (MDA) and total soluble solids (TSSs). SNP treatment also decreased the firmness, chewing properties, and ascorbic acid (AsA) content in potatoes, maintaining high levels of total phenols (TPs), total flavonoids (TFs), nitric oxide (NO), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Furthermore, SNP treatment restrained the rise of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), peroxidase (POD), and polyphenol oxidase (PPO), as well as the electrolyte leakage (EL) rate. After SNP treatment, the nitrite content in the potatoes was within security scope. Comparing potatoes treated before and after cutting, the best result was noted in the potatoes soaked in SNP before cutting, which displayed the smallest losses in firmness (11.24%), chewing properties (34.30%), and AsA (40.35%), and maximum increases in TPs (32.84%), TFs (2.83−time), NO (76.11%), and SOD activity (93.15%). Moreover, this group presented the minimum MDA content, EL rate, and TSS values and the lowest PAL, POD, and PPO activities. These results indicated that 200 μmol/L SNP applied for 20 min, particularly before cutting, is an efficient alternative technology that can be used in the fresh-cut potato industry.

Honglei Li,1,2 Dongle Liu,1,2 Han Gao,3 Jiajun Sun,1,2 Huiran Bai,1,2 Xiaoming Wu1,2 1Qingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China; 2State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology, Shandong Eye Institute, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Qingdao, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Ophthalmology, Qingdao Central Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Qingdao University, Qingdao, People’s Republic of ChinaCorrespondence: Xiaoming WuQingdao Eye Hospital of Shandong First Medical University, 5 Yanerdao Road, Qingdao, 26600, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail wuxiaominglmm@126.comPurpose: This study compared the clinical outcomes after cataract surgery with implantation of refractive rotationally asymmetric bifocal intraocular lens (IOL) (LS-313 MF30) and apodized diffractive bifocal IOL (ReSTOR SN6AD1).Methods: This was a prospective, non-randomized, controlled study, where patients diagnosed with age-related cataracts were selected for phacoemulsification combined with bilateral IOL implantation. Based on the type of IOL voluntarily implanted, the patients were divided into two groups, ie, refractive and diffractive groups. In total, 30 cases (60 eyes) were in a refractive group, while 30 cases (60 eyes) were in diffractive group. Three months after surgery, we examined the uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), uncorrected intermediate visual acuity (UIVA), uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA), defocus curve, objective visual quality, and subjective questionnaire.Results: Three months after surgery, the UIVA of the refractive group (0.18 ± 0.08) logMAR was better than that of the diffractive group (0.29 ± 0.16) logMAR (P < 0.05). No significant difference in UDVA and UNVA was noted between the two groups. For a 4mm pupil diameter, the intraocular and total eye aberration, higher-order aberration (HOA), coma, spherical aberration, and trefoil in the refractive group were significantly higher than those in diffractive group (P < 0.05). The intraocular modulation transfer function (MTF), intraocular strehl ratio (SR), total eye MTF, and total eye SR in the refractive group were lower than those in diffractive group (P < 0.05). No significant difference in glare incidence, spectacle independence rate, and patient satisfaction was observed between the two groups (P > 0.05). The halos incidence in the refractive group was lower than the diffractive group (P < 0.05).Conclusion: Both bifocal IOLs obtained satisfactory UDVA and UNVA, with higher patient satisfaction. Unlike the apodized diffractive bifocal IOL, the refractive rotationally asymmetric bifocal IOL yielded slightly better UIVA, lower halos incidence, whereas the apodized diffractive bifocal IOL showed a better objective visual quality.Keywords: refractive rotationally asymmetric, apodized diffractive, intraocular lens, visual quality

The visual impacts of marine-based economic activities on seascape quality and its inherent value for different user groups are considered to be a highly contentious issue and difficult to quantify. In recent years, with the growth of the blue economy, the need to better understand the visual perceptions of seascapes has become essential when seeking societal support for new development. This article presents a unique method for assessing and quantifying seascape perception by characterizing a person viewing the geometry of seascape views both from the land and the sea. The method first utilizes a geographic information system (GIS) model to deconstruct the viewing geometry of a seascape view into five geometric elements, including (1) area of viewshed, (2) length of the visible coastline, (3) horizontal extent of the view, (4) vertical extent of the view, and (5) distance to the view. These geometric elements in the second step were reconstructed through an analytical hierarchical process (AHP) to determine the visual quality perception of participants. The results showed a significant improvement in the visual characterization of the seascape and its visual quality perception in comparison with conventional visual characterization methods. The findings indicate that the model promotes multiple perceptual perspectives by facilitating constructive discussions about social acceptance of the visual impact of a specific marine-based development.

Xiaoyan Bian,1,* Yuxia Guo,2,* Shixuan Guo,3,* Song Zhang,4,* Guisen Zhang,3 Lei Liu,4 Yajun Yang,5 Jun Liu6 1Department of Ocular Surface, Baotou Chaoju Eye Hospital, Baotou, 014060, People’s Republic of China; 2Department of Cataract Surgery, Ninghai Eye Hospital, Ningbo, 315615, People’s Republic of China; 3Department of Retina, Hohhot Chaoju Eye Hospital, Hohhot, 010050, People’s Republic of China; 4Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110001, People’s Republic of China; 5Department of Cataract, Baotou Chaoju Eye Hospital, Baotou, 014060, People’s Republic of China; 6Department of Ophthalmology, Changzhi People’s Hospital, Changzhi, 046000, People’s Republic of China*These authors contributed equally to this workCorrespondence: Yajun YangDepartment of Cataract, Baotou Chaoju Eye Hospital, Baotou, 014060, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail yangyajun@chaojueye.comJun LiuDepartment of Ophthalmology, Changzhi People’s Hospital, Changzhi, 046000, People’s Republic of ChinaEmail yuanliu97@sina.comAim: To investigate the relationships between property of the visual quality, Strehl ratio (SR) and the degree of myopia.Methods: A total of 444 anatomically normal eyes of 222 adolescents were enrolled in the TYPE study. Based on spherical equivalent (SE), subjects were divided into four groups: emmetropia/control (SE: +0.75 to − 0.75 D), low myopia (SE: − 0.75 to − 3.00D), moderate myopia (SE: − 3.00 to − 5.00D), high myopia (SE

The impact of stress on visual landscape perception was assessed in a photo-based survey. The survey was first performed when the student participants were expected to be stressed just prior to an important examination. The same students were asked to respond to the same questionnaire a month after the examination when they were expected to have a lower level of stress. Then respondents answered some daily activities, personal study habits, and feelings before an exam. They also provided ratings of how much a selection of environmental factors generally influence their ability to study and their academic success. In the main perceptual survey reactions to a selection of 22 landscape scenes photos were reported by ratings (1–5) of the extent to which each of six emotions was associated with each scene. Differences in emotions ratings for the represented landscapes during high-stress and low-stress periods were analyzed by multiple comparison and Pearson correlational methods using the SPSS 17.00 package. Stress tests confirmed higher stress in the first versus second survey and perceptual ratings showed significant statistical differences in emotion ratings between landscape scenes, as well as both main effects and interactions between high stress and low stress conditions. Scene ratings for each emotion were strongly positively correlated between high stress and lower stress conditions. At the same time, respondents generally gave slightly higher ratings for positive emotions -excited, relaxing, happiness-when in the high stress condition and moderately higher ratings for negative emotions -stressed, irritating, scary-, compared to their ratings when tested later under lower stress conditions. This study indicated that stress conditions affect perception, and stressed conditions gave higher emotionality overall than the unstressed condition. In general, in both stressed and unstressed conditions, the students gave the highest scores (>3.4) to convenience and the lowest score (

Spirea (Spiraea sp.) plants are popular landscape plants in Utah and the Intermountain West United States. Spiraea betulifolia, S. japonica, S. media, S. nipponica, and S. thunbergii were evaluated for salinity tolerance in a greenhouse experiment. Plants were irrigated weekly with a nutrient solution at an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m−1 (control) or saline solution at an EC of 3.0 or 6.0 dS·m−1 for 8 weeks. At the end of the experiment, all spirea plants survived and retained good visual quality, with average visual scores greater than 4 (0 = dead, 5 = excellent) when irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 3.0 dS·m−1, with the exception of S. thunbergii, which showed slight foliar salt damage and an average visual score of 3.8. When irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 6.0 dS·m−1, all S. thunbergii plants died, S. media exhibited severe foliar salt damage and an average visual score of 1.5, and S. betulifolia, S. japonica, and S. nipponica displayed slight-to-moderate foliar salt damage and average visual scores greater than 3. Regardless of spirea species, shoot dry weight decreased by 20% and 48% when irrigated with saline solution at ECs of 3.0 and 6.0 dS·m−1, respectively, compared with the control. Saline solution at an EC of 3.0 dS·m−1 did not affect net photosynthesis (Pn) of all spirea species except S. nipponica, but saline solution at an EC of 6.0 dS·m−1 decreased the Pn of all species by 36% to 60%. There were 37, 7, 36, 21, and 104 times more sodium (Na+) concentrations in leaf and 29, 28, 28, 13, and 69 times more chloride (Cl−) concentrations in leaf than in the control when S. betulifolia, S. japonica, S. media, S. nipponica, and S. thunbergii were irrigated with saline solution at an EC of 6.0 dS·m−1. Correlation analyses indicated that foliar salt damage and reduced plant growth and photosynthesis were induced mainly by Cl− ions accumulated in the spirea leaves. S. thunbergii was the most sensitive species; it had high mortality and low visual quality at both salinity levels. Spiraea japonica, S. nipponica, and S. betulifolia were relatively more tolerant and had good visual quality at elevated salinity compared with S. media and S. thunbergii. These research results are valuable for growers and landscape professionals during plant selection for nursery production using low-quality water and landscapes in salt-prone areas.

Biometric signals can be acquired with different sensors and recognized in secure identity management systems. However, it is vulnerable to various attacks that compromise the security management in many applications, such as industrial IoT. In a real-world scenario, the target template stored in the database of a biometric system can possibly be leaked, and then used to reconstruct a fake image to fool the biometric system. As such, many reconstruction attacks have been proposed, yet unsatisfactory naturalness, poor visual quality or incompleteness remains as major limitations. Thus, two reinforced palmprint reconstruction attacks are proposed. Any palmprint image, which can be easily obtained, is used as the initial image, and the region of interest is iteratively modified with deep reinforcement strategies to reduce the matching distance. In the first attack, Modification Constraint within Neighborhood (MCwN) limits the modification extent and suppresses the reckless modification. In the second attack, Batch Member Selection (BMS) selects the significant pixels (SPs) to compose the batch, which are simultaneously modified to a slighter extent to reduce the matching number and the visual-quality degradation. The two reinforced attacks can satisfy all the requirements, which cannot be simultaneously satisfied by the existing attacks. The thorough experiments demonstrate that the two attacks have a highly successful attack rate for palmprint systems based on the most state-of-the-art coding-based methods.

Among novel capture and visualization technologies, light field has made significant progress in the current decade, bringing closer its emergence in everyday use cases. Unlike many other forms of 3D displays and devices, light field visualization does not depend on any viewing equipment. Regarding its potential use cases, light field is applicable to both cinematic and interactive contents. Such contents often rely on camera animation, which is a frequent tool for the creation and presentation of 2D contents. However, while common 3D camera animation is often rather straightforward, light field visualization has certain constraints that must be considered before implementing any variation of such techniques. In this paper, we introduce our work on camera animation for light field visualization. Different types of conventional camera animation were applied to light field contents, which produced an interactive simulation. The simulation was visualized and assessed on a real light field display, the results of which are presented and discussed in this paper. Additionally, we tested different forms of realistic physical camera motion in our study, and based on our findings, we propose multiple metrics for the quality evaluation of light field visualization in the investigated context and for the assessment of plausibility.

Washing soft fresh produce such as strawberries, baby leaves, and sliced onions with sanitizing agents is challenging due to their fragile texture. Thus, treatments like aerosolization using slightly acidic electrolyzed water (SAEW) and ultraviolet C light-emitting diode (UVC LED) irradiation may be good alternatives. In the present study, the reduction effects of a combined treatment of aerosolization using SAEW and UVC LED irradiation on enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) and Staphylococcus aureus attached to strawberries, baby leaves, and sliced onions were investigated. The behaviours of EHEC and S. aureus, moisture loss, colour measurement, and visual appearance were also analyzed at 10 and 15 °C for 7 days. The reduction effect of the combined treatment with 100 SAEW and UVC LED was higher (0.53–0.92 log CFU g−1) than a single aerosolization treatment (0.11–0.41 log CFU g−1), regardless of samples or pathogens. A greater effect on EHEC and S. aureus reduction was observed in strawberries (0.74 and 0.92 log CFU g−1) than in baby leaves (0.62 and 0.53 log CFU g−1) and sliced onions (0.55 and 0.62 log CFU g−1). The combined treatment further reduced the EHEC and S. aureus populations in strawberries during 7 days of storage at 10 and 15 °C. However, the EHEC and S. aureus populations were maintained in baby leaves and sliced onions at 10 °C for 7 days. Additionally, the greatest effect on the maintenance of colour and appearance was obtained in the combined treatment. Since the combined treatment reduces EHEC and S. aureus populations and preserves visual quality, it could be expected to extend the shelf life of soft fresh produce at the retailer stage of the supply chain.

Immersive and Extended Reality applications are getting increasingly popular due to the recent improvements and wide availability of Head Mounted Displays in the mass market. Among the many new immersive applications, Omnidirectional Video Streaming (OVS) - or 360°Video Streaming - is attracting the attention of both the industry and the research community. The increased immersivity of 360° videos comes at the cost of larger bandwidth requirements compared to classic 2D videos. To tackle the issue of reducing bandwidth requirements, tiling is a viable technique that allows to encode the portions of the 360° video most likely to fall outside of the users' viewport at lower quality using a higher quantization parameter. Tiling requires new encoders to be used which however do not have available hardware decoders in mobile devices yet. The variable resolution approach instead shrinks areas not falling in the region of interest to decrease the overall resolution and thus allowing bitrate reduction with any codec. This paper quantitatively compares the two approaches to find the trade-offs between achievable bitrate reduction and visual quality measured using the VMAF visual quality metric.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T08:28:28Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2019-08-01 Two cauliflower cultivars (cv.) (Flamenco and Verona) were treated with fungicides (boscalid (Cantus ®)) (0.3 g L-1), pyraclostrobin + fluxapyroxad (Orkestra ® SC) (0.3 mL L-1), metiram + pyraclostrobin (Cabrio ® Top) (3.0g L-1) and metiram + pyraclostrobin + boscalid (Cantus ® + Cabrio ® Top) in order to evaluate their chemical composition and their influence on post-harvest quality. The fungicides were applied during the seedling stage as well as 30 days before harvest. Freshly harvested inflorescences were analyzed at 3-day intervals for up to 12 days in storage (10 ± 2 °C and 92 ± 2 % RH) to verify the polyamine content, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase activities and physicochemical attributes. All fungicides induced changes in polyamine metabolic pathways, resulting in increased levels of spermidine and spermine. These compounds may be related to the reduced activity of polyphenoloxidase and peroxidase and to cauliflower senescence. Pre-harvest application of metiram + pyraclostrobin + boscalid to cv. Flamenco and of fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin to cv. Verona were found to be the most efficient treatments for improving the commercial quality of cauliflower. No levels of the fungicides applied during the cultivation were detected in the post-harvest. The fungicides applied to the pre-harvest effectively prolong the storage time and visual quality of cauliflowers cv. Flamenco and cv. Verona. Department of Horticulture School of Agriculture Sao Paulo State University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute of Biosciences Sao Paulo State University Department of Horticulture School of Agriculture Sao Paulo State University Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Institute of Biosciences Sao Paulo State University

Spirea (Spiraea sp.) plants are commonly used in landscapes in Utah and the intermountain western United States. The relative salt tolerance of seven japanese spirea (Spiraea japonica) cultivars (Galen, Minspi, NCSX1, NCSX2, SMNSJMFP, Tracy, and Yan) were evaluated in a greenhouse. Plants were irrigated with a nutrient solution with an electrical conductivity (EC) of 1.2 dS·m−1 (control) or saline solutions with an EC of 3.0 or 6.0 dS·m−1 once per week for 8 weeks. At 8 weeks after the initiation of treatment, all japanese spirea cultivars irrigated with saline solution with an EC of 3.0 dS·m−1 still exhibited good or excellent visual quality, with all plants having visual scores of 4 or 5 (0 = dead, 1 = severe foliar salt damage, 2 = moderate foliar salt damage, 3 = slight foliar salt damage, 4 = minimal foliar salt damage, 5 = excellent), except for Tracy and Yan, with only 29% and 64%, respectively, of plants with visual scores less than 3. When irrigated with saline solution with an EC of 6.0 dS·m−1, both ‘Tracy’ and ‘Yan’ plants died, and 75% of ‘NCSX2’ plants died. ‘Minspi’ showed severe foliar salt damage, with 32% of plants having a visual score of 1; 25% of plants died. ‘Galen’ and ‘NCSX1’ had slight-to-moderate foliar salt damage, with 25% and 21%, respectively, of plants with visual scores of 2 or less. However, 64% of ‘SMNSJMFP’ plants had good or excellent visual quality, with visual scores more than 4. Saline irrigation water with an EC of 3.0 dS·m−1 decreased the shoot dry weight of ‘Galen’, ‘Minspi’, ‘SMNSJMFP’, and ‘Yan’ by 27%, 22%, 28%, and 35%, respectively, compared with that of the control. All japanese spirea cultivars had 35% to 56% lower shoot dry weight than the control when they were irrigated with saline irrigation water with an EC of 6.0 dS·m−1. The japanese spirea were moderately sensitive to the salinity levels in this experiment. ‘Galen’ and ‘SMNSJMFP’ japanese spirea exhibited less foliar salt damage and reductions in shoot dry weight and were relatively more tolerant to the increased salinity levels tested in this study than the remaining five cultivars (Minspi, NCSX1, NCSX2, Tracy, and Yan).

Because of high perishability, leafy vegetables and fresh herbs are transported to the market soon after harvest. It is very likely that most of the damage due to inadequate handling at the farm and during transport will result in food discard only later in the retail market or in the household. Inadequate handling and marketing strategies in the store are expected to further contribute to waste. The study was designed to address the following questions: 1) what is the visual quality of leafy vegetables and fresh herbs received in the retail market; 2) what is the volume of discard of this produce in the retail market 3) what are the main causes of discard and 4) how these variables are influenced by the vegetable species, the suppliers and the stores evaluated. The study was conducted in 4 stores of a regional supermarket chain in Federal District, Brazil, for a period of 6 months. We evaluated: 1) number of produce items received and discarded; 2) visual quality of produce at reception and 3) cause of discard. The operations in each store were described based on observations and discussion with the store staff. When considering the sum of all produce, the discard (expressed as units per day and corrected for quantity purchased) was influenced by all the factors studied, namely store, supplier and day of the week. Delivery of produce with any signs of wilting and yellowing was negligible but produce with bruised and old leaves which should have been trimmed in the farm were frequent. Visual quality was important to determine shelf life and preference by the consumer but how important it was depended on other factors such as the vegetable or herb considered and the workflow in the store. The discard varied from 8.7% to 97.0% of the number of units purchased. Smaller waste volume was observed for spring onion, parsley, coriander, collard, leek and green leaf lettuce. Waste volume equal to or above 50% was observed for baby romaine lettuce, broad-leaved endive, wild chicory, mustard greens, sage and thyme. The vegetables and fresh herbs discard in the Brazilian retail market is in great measure the result of technological constraints together with bad management practices in the store. The implications of this situation for the definitions of food waste and food loss are discussed. RESUMO Devido à sua alta perecibilidade, hortaliças folhosas e ervas frescas são transportadas para o mercado logo após a colheita. É de esperar que parte dos danos sofridos durante a colheita e o transporte desses produtos resultem em perda somente nos elos seguintes da cadeia, quais sejam, varejo e consumo. O manuseio inadequado e o uso de estratégias de comercialização pouco eficientes no varejo se somam como causas de perda desse grupo de alimentos. O presente estudo foi delineado para responder às perguntas: 1) qual a qualidade visual das hortaliças folhosas e ervas frescas recebidas no mercado varejista; 2) qual o volume de descarte desses produtos no varejo; 3) quais as causas do descarte ; 4) como essas variáveis são influenciadas pela espécie hortícola, fornecedores e lojas avaliadas. O estudo foi realizado em 4 lojas de uma rede regional de supermercados no Distrito Federal, Brasil, pelo período de 6 meses. Foram avaliados: 1) a quantidade de produtos recebidos e descartados na loja; 2) a qualidade visual dos produtos na recepção; 3) a causa do descarte; 4) como essas variáveis foram influenciadas pelas espécies hortícolas, fornecedores e lojas avaliadas. As operações em cada loja foram descritas com base em observações e discussão com os funcionários das lojas. Quando se considerou a soma de todos os produtos, o descarte (expresso em número de unidades por dia e corrigido pela quantidade comprada) foi influenciado por todos os fatores, quais sejam, loja, fornecedor e dia da semana. A entrega de produtos murchos e amarelados foi rara, mas eram frequentes os produtos com danos mecânicos e/ou com folhas velhas que deveriam ter sido removidas na colheita. A durabilidade e a preferência do consumidor foram influenciadas pela qualidade visual mas também pela espécie hortícola em questão e pelo fluxo de trabalho na loja. O descarte variou de 8,7% a 97,0% do número de unidades compradas. Menor descarte foi observado para cebolinha, salsa, coentro, couve, alho porró e alface crespa. Descarte igual ou superior a 50% foi observado para alface mini-romana, chicória, almeirão, mostarda, sálvia e tomilho. O descarte de hortaliças folhosas e ervas frescas foi em grande medida resultante de deficiências tecnológicas juntamente com más práticas gerenciais na loja. Os conceitos de perda e de desperdício de alimento face a essa situação são discutidos.

With the acceleration of urbanization, human needs to connect with the nature and experience the aesthetic qualities such as landscape aesthetic, fresh air, topographic diversity and green infrastructures. Hence, landscape aesthetic quality is regarded as a valuable source of conservation. The purpose of landscape visual quality assessment is to identify the criteria for preserving and rehabilitating the aesthetic value based on them. In order to quantify the aesthetic value, after bringing the literature review and considering the characteristics of the study area, the effective criteria on the aesthetic value were determined, mapped and then standardized. In the next step, areas with aesthetic value were determined using the weighted linear combination method. Finally, areas with varying degrees of suitability of aesthetic were identified. According to the results, the regions with the highest aesthetics value and the area of 40.64 Km2 had the minimum area, while those with the low aesthetic value and the area of 477.65 Km2 had the maximum area. The results of this study can be useful for decision makers to improve the landscape management and quality.

Edible flowers are often mentioned in connection with biologically active substances and their presence is today frequent in supermarkets. The main factor that determines their use is their appearance, so particular attention must be paid to the shelf life. Flowers must be protected from desiccation and their quality must be preserved. Thus, the aims of this study were to evaluate the shelf life of the spontaneous edible flowers Glebionis segetum, Malva sylvestris, and Tropaeolum majus and Papaver rhoeas, and to detect the presence of major polyphenols. The flowers were packaged with polypropylene (PP) bags and then stored in a refrigerator at +4 ± 1 °C. Samples were tested in the dark and in the presence of light for 12 days. Gas composition, weight loss, and color were registered once the packages were opened; antioxidant activity, total phenols, and enzymatic analyses were performed. The light has a negative influence, the weight loss was limited, and the gas composition did not change significantly during shelf life, with variation in the studied samples. The highest variation in color parameters was found in control samples, whereas the extracts from G. segetum showed the highest antioxidant activity and polyphenol content; in addition, it was the most resistant but also had the highest weight loss. Furthermore, enzymatic results indicated the PP was the best packaging film if used in the dark. P. rhoeas was characterized by extreme fragility, M. sylvestris was not able to tolerate low temperatures, and T. majus changed its color progressively with time.

The present study aimed to assess the visual and refractive outcomes of an implantable collamer lens with a central hole (ICL V4c) for residual refractive error correction after corneal refractive surgery in individuals with myopia. A total of 16 eyes of eight consecutive patients with myopia undergoing ICL V4c implantation after corneal refractive surgery were investigated. The uncorrected visual acuity (VA) and best-corrected VA were examined prior to surgery and at 1, 3 and 6 months after surgery. The post-operative values of the modulation transfer function (MTF) cutoff frequency, Strehl ratio (SR), objective scattering index (OSI) and Optical Quality Analysis System (OQAS) values (OVs) were quantitatively assessed using an OQAS. At 6 months after surgery, the mean uncorrected LogMAR VA was 0.06±0.10 and the values had improved in 100% of the eyes. The mean MTF cutoff frequency, SR, OSI, OV 100%, OV 20% and OV 9%, were 31.294±4.321 cycles/degree, 0.187±0.039, 1.399±0.274, 1.066±0.261, 0.748±0.287 and 0.509±0.229, respectively. In conclusion, ICL V4c implantation for the correction of residual refractive error after corneal refractive surgery appeared feasible and safe and also had an excellent optical performance. However, long-term changes in visual quality require further investigation.

Protected areas are important zones due to their natural and cultural assets and their biodiversity preservation functions. Ecotourism activities in these areas have gained great importance for visitors in recent decades. Road networks established in protected areas have ecotourism-related functions, such as providing visitors with continuous access to/within these areas and offering visual richness to visitors while cruising on the roads. Road network planning that prioritizes visual quality is one of the scientific issues discussed today regarding the sustainable management of protected areas. This study focuses on planning new road networks that prioritize visual quality in protected areas and determining the optimum route that maximizes the visual quality experience of visitors. The study area was selected from the protected areas between the Kizilcahamam and camlidere Districts of Ankara, Turkey, and their surroundings. In the model application, a road network was planned using the multicriteria decision support system (MDSS) method by considering visual quality parameters. In this stage, the road network that prioritized visual quality during spring and autumn seasons was investigated. Hence, weighted linear combination (WLC) was used as a geographic information system (GIS)-based MDSS method. Then, the GIS-based network analysis method was used to determine the optimum route that provided access to the scenic viewpoints (existing and proposed viewpoints) in the study area and maximized the visual quality during both seasons. In the new road network planned by considering the visual quality parameters, the total road length was calculated as 121.21 km for the spring and 129.47 km for the autumn. The lengths of the optimum routes that allowed visitors to reach the scenic viewpoints and ensured the maximum visual quality were 30.91 km and 30.70 km on the new road network for the spring and autumn seasons, respectively. This study introduced a new methodology that utilized GIS-based decision support systems to plan a road network that prioritized visual quality and determined the optimum route with the maximum visual quality. It is anticipated that this methodology can be used for sustainable management and effective planning of protected areas to reach and protect resources with high visual quality. WOS:000541422600001 2-s2.0-85086798142 PubMed: 32566970

AIM: To compare the visual performance of pseudophakic eyes implanted with A1-UV and SN60WF aspheric intraocular lens (IOL), and to investigate the correlations between visual quality parameters and pupil size. METHODS: This prospective comparative study included 105 eyes of 90 patients with age-related cataract who underwent uneventful phacoemulsification. The subjects were divided into two groups according to the implanted IOL type. Three months postoperatively, visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were measured, wave-front aberrations were assessed using a KR-1W aberrometer (Topcon), and objective optical quality parameters were performed using an optical quality analysis system-OQAS II (Visiometrics). Independent sample t-test and Spearman correlation analysis were used for data analysis. RESULTS: There were no significant differences found in visual acuity, contrast sensitivity and visual quality parameters between the two groups (P>0.05). The measured intraocular spherical aberration (SA) in A1-UV IOL eyes of -0.19±0.05 μm was close to the designed SA value of -0.20 μm. The modulation transfer function cutoff, Strehl ratio and OQAS values were negatively correlated with pupil size in both groups (P

Advances in telemedicine technologies have offered clinicians greater levels of real-time guidance and technical assistance for diagnoses, monitoring, operations or interventions from colleagues based in remote locations. The topic includes the use of videoconferencing, mentorship during surgical procedures, or machine-to-machine communication to process data from one location by programmes running in another. This edited book presents a variety of technologies with applications in telemedicine, originating from the fields of biomedical sensors, wireless sensor networking, computer-aided diagnosis methods, signal and image processing and analysis, automation and control, virtual and augmented reality, multivariate analysis, and data acquisition devices. The Internet of Medical Things (IoMT), surgical robots, telemonitoring, and teleoperation systems are also explored, as well as the associated security and privacy concerns in this field. Topics covered include critical factors in the development, implementation and evaluation of telemedicine; surgical tele-mentoring; technologies in medical information processing; recent advances of signal/image processing techniques in healthcare; a real-time ECG processing platform for telemedicine applications; data mining in telemedicine; social work and telemental health services for rural and remote communities; applying telemedicine to social work practice and education; advanced telemedicine systems for remote healthcare monitoring; the impact of tone-mapping operators and viewing devices on visual quality of experience of colour and grey-scale HDR images; modelling the relationships between changes in EEG features and subjective quality of HDR images; IoMT and healthcare delivery in chronic diseases; and transform domain robust watermarking method using Riesz wavelet transform for medical data security and privacy.

International audience; Images of different origin are widely used nowadays in various applications including medical diagnostic systems, remote sensing, etc. Due to modern tendency to improve imaging system resolution and increase image size, it has often become necessary to compress images before their storage and transferring via communication lines. Lossy compression is mostly employed for this purpose and an important task for it is to find and provide an appropriate compromise between compression ratio and quality of compressed data, in the first order, image visual quality. This paper considers an approach to predicting visual quality characterized by the metrics MSEHVSM or, equivalently, PSNR-HVS-M for the coder AGU based on discrete cosine transform (DCT). It is demonstrated that it is possible to estimate MSEHVSM in a limited number of 8×8 pixel blocks and then to predict this metric for the entire image for the considered coder. The influence of image content and the number of analyzed blocks is studied. It is shown that 500 or 1000 blocks are usually enough to carry out prediction with appropriate accuracy. © 2020 IEEE.

13 pags., 9 figs., Purpose: Adaptive Optics allows measurement and manipulation of the optical aberrations of the eye. We review two Adaptive Optics set-ups implemented at the Visual Optics and Biophotonics Laboratory, and present examples of their use in better understanding of the role of optical aberrations on visual perception, in normal and treated eyes. Recent findings: Two systems (AOI and AOII) are described that measure ocular aberrations with a Hartmann-Shack wavefront sensor, which operates in closed-loop with an electromagnetic deformable mirror, and visual stimuli are projected in a visual display for psychophysical measurements. AOI operates in infrared radiation (IR) light. AOII is provided with a supercontiniuum laser source (IR and visible wavelengths), additional elements for simulation (spatial light modulator, temporal multiplexing with optotunable lenses, phase plates, cuvette for intraocular lenses-IOLs), and a double-pass retinal camera. We review several studies undertaken with these AO systems, including the evaluation of the visual benefits of AO correction, vision with simulated multifocal IOLs (MIOLs), optical aberrations in pseudophakic eyes, chromatic aberrations and their visual impact, and neural adaptation to ocular aberrations. Summary: Monochromatic and chromatic aberrations have been measured in normal and treated eyes. AO systems have allowed understanding the visual benefit of correcting aberrations in normal eyes and the adaptation of the visual system to the eye's native aberrations. Ocular corrections such as intraocular and contact lenses modify the wave aberrations. AO systems allow simulating vision with these corrections before they are implanted/fitted in the eye, or even before they are manufactured, revealing great potential for industry and the clinical practice. This review paper is part of a special issue of Ophthalmic & Physiological Optics on women in visual optics, and is co-authored by all women scientists of the research team., This study has been supported by European Research Council Grant Agreement ERC‐2011‐AdG‐294099 and EUROHORCS EURYI‐05‐102‐ES to SM; Spanish Government grants FIS2005‐04382, FIS2008‐02065, FIS2011‐25637, FIS2014‐240920, FIS2017‐84753 (SM); Spanish Government Human Resource Programs PTA2017‐13787‐I (MR) and FPU Fellowships (MV, SA, LS), Marie Curie Initial Training Networks PITN‐GA‐2010‐264605 Opal (AR) and H‐2020‐MSCA‐ITN‐2015‐ETN‐MyFUN 675137; Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid Fundacion Madri+d Industrial Doctorate Program (CL) and Technical Support Personnel (AMG). Collaborative agreements with PhysIOL (Liège, Belgium), Alcon Research Labs (Fort Worth, Texas, USA) and Essilor International (France) have partially funded some of the results presented here.

Usage of grayscale format of radiological images is proportionately more as compared to that of colored one. This format of medical image suffers from all the possibility of improper clinical inference which will lead to error-prone analysis in further usage of such images in disease detection or classification. Therefore, we present a framework that offers single-window operation with a set of image enhancing algorithm meant for further optimizing the visuality of medical images. The framework performs preliminary pre-processing operation followed by implication of linear and non-linear filter and multi-level image enhancement processes. The significant contribution of this study is that it offers a comprehensive mechanism to implement the various enhancement schemes in highly discrete way that offers potential flexibility to physical in order to draw clinical conclusion about the disease being monitored. The proposed system takes the case study of brain tumor to implement to testify the framework.

Faced with the complexity involved in the objective assessment of the landscape, the present investigation proposes a methodological approach from the indirect evaluation of one of the three large blocks (intrinsic, positive and negative incidence) that form the visual quality of any space, fundamentally attending to intrinsic values. The main objective of the analysis will be to decompose all those values and criteria that are part of the inherent visual elements of the landscape of the Sierra de Guadarrama to, based on the use of multicriteria evaluation methodologies (MCE) and their combination with the possibilities offered by Geographic Information Systems (GIS), to get enough knowledge of the visual reality of the environment This will allow to interpret technically the diverse factors that configure the intrinsic values of the Guadarrama, integrating the results in a thematic cartography of the field, which shows in detail the values of visual quality in a territorialized way. Frente a la complejidad que supone la valoración objetiva del paisaje, la presente investigación propone una aproximación metodológica desde la evaluación indirecta de uno de los tres grandes bloques (intrínsecos, de incidencia positiva y de incidencia negativa) que forman la calidad visual de cualquier espacio, atendiendo fundamentalmente a los valores intrínsecos. El objetivo principal del análisis consistirá en descomponer todos aquellos valores y criterios que forman parte de los elementos visuales inherentes del paisaje de la Sierra de Guadarrama para, a partir de la utilización de las metodologías de evaluación multicriterio (EMC) y su combinación con las posibilidades que ofrecen los sistemas de Información Geográfica (SIG), llegar a un conocimiento suficiente de la realidad visual del entorno. Esto permitirá interpretar técnicamente los diversos factores que configuran los valores intrínsecos del Guadarrama, integrando los resultados en una cartografía temática del ámbito, que muestre detalladamente los valores de calidad visual de forma territorializada. Face à la complexité de l'évaluation objective du paysage, la présente enquête propose une approche méthodologique à partir de l'évaluation indirecte de l'un des trois grands blocs (incidence intrinsèque, positive et négative) qui forment la qualité visuelle de tout espace, assister fondamentalement aux valeurs intrinsèques. L'objectif principal de l'analyse sera de décomposer toutes les valeurs et tous les critères qui font partie des éléments visuels inhérents au paysage de la Sierra de Guadarrama à, de l'utilisation de méthodologies d'évaluation multicritères (MEC) et leur combinaison avec les possibilités offerts par les Systèmes d'Information Géographique (SIG), pour atteindre une connaissance suffisante de la réalité visuelle de l'environnement. Cela permettra d'interpréter techniquement les divers facteurs qui configurent les valeurs intrinsèques du Guadarrama, en intégrant les résultats dans une cartographie thématique du champ, qui montre en détail les valeurs de la qualité visuelle d'une manière territorialisée.

Purpose To investigate the long‐term visual quality and stability of implantable collamer lens (ICL) and laser refractive surgery (LRS) for myopia. Methods This study comprised 52 eyes of 26 high‐myopia anisometropia patients who were suitable for surgical treatment. In each patient, the higher‐myopia eye was implanted with ICL and the lower‐myopia eye was treated with LRS. The patients were followed for 3 years. During that time period, uncorrected (UDVA) and corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA), refraction, wavefront aberration and visual quality were evaluated. Results The spherical equivalent refractive error changed from −14.11 ± 3.39 D preoperatively to −1.27 ± 1.05 D 3 years after ICL implantation and from −8.75 ± 2.76 D to −1.12 ± 1.30 D after LRS. The changes in refractive error from 1 month to 3 years were −0.52 and −0.77 D for the ICL and LRS groups, respectively. The safety indices (postoperative CDVA/preoperative CDVA) were 1.84 ± 1.00 and 1.32 ± 0.40, and the efficacy indices (postoperative UDVA/preoperative CDVA) were 1.40 ± 1.10 and 1.11 ± 0.44, respectively. The postoperative coma, spherical and total higher‐order aberrations in the ICL group were lower than those in the LRS group. Conclusion Both ICL implantation and LRS are safe and effective procedures for myopia with suitable indications, but ICL implantation is more stable. Fewer induced aberrations are gained after ICL implantation.

Vegetable crops show variable responses to stressful conditions with physiological, biochemical, metabolic and morphological changes that occasionally lead to changes in chemical composition and visual appearance of the final products. Eustressors are various biological, physical or chemical stressful factors that trigger the signaling pathways leading to a higher bioactive compounds content and quality attributes of plant products. Therefore, its application could be a useful tool in modern horticulture towards fulfilling the agro-food industry and consumers’ demands for high quality and functional vegetable products. Salinity is considered an chemical eustressor which has been proved to affect both physical quality and chemical composition of various vegetable commodities. The present review focuses on the application of an eustress in particular salinity as chemical eustressor towards quality improvement of various vegetable crops, with special interest in quality attributes such as physical quality (color, texture, visual appearance and firmness), flavor and nutritional value (aroma, taste), health promoting properties (antioxidants and bioactive compounds). Moreover, the physiological mechanisms behind the responses of plants to salinity and the functions that directly or indirectly affect vegetable quality will be elucidated, while a case study on tomato where salinity eliciting has been extensively applied will be presented in order to highlight the benefits of this technique. Finally, this review concludes with remarks about the efficiency and valorization of this technique in advanced horticultural cropping systems, as well as with prospects and research breakthroughs that have to be considered in order to make production of high added value products feasible.

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) is one of the most popular cool-season turfgrass species. However, little is known about the effects of N supply on its resistance to drought stress. The objective of this study was to assess the effects of acute drought followed by a recovery period on four Kentucky bluegrass cultivars (‘Barduke’, ‘Brooklawn’, ‘NuBlue Plus’ and ‘Marauder’) and one tall fescue (‘Rhambler SRP’) under two different nitrogen fertilisation rates (100 or 200 kg N ha−1 yr−1). The study was conducted over two years in a rain-out structure to control water input in spring and summer. The cultivars were subjected to a drought stress phase (absence of irrigation) followed by a recovery phase (weekly irrigation with an intake of 80% of ET). The green cover percentage, visual quality, NDVI, and soil moisture were measured weekly. We found that Kentucky bluegrass maintains sufficient turf quality for 2 weeks without irrigation. During the first year of the experiment, slight differences were observed among the Kentucky bluegrass cultivars, with ‘Marauder’ showing a 15% of green turf cover less than ‘Brooklawn’ after 6 weeks of acute drought, while in the second year, ‘NuBlue Plus’ displayed higher green turf cover and NDVI than the other cultivars. Nitrogen treatment had limited influence on the performances of the cultivars, ‘Marauder’ being the only one benefitting from the higher rate of applications.

Image noise is one of the key issues in image processing applications today. The noise will affect the quality of the image and thus degrades the actual information of the image. Visual quality is the prerequisite for many imagery applications such as remote sensing. In recent years, the significance of noise assessment and the recovery of noisy images are increasing. The impulse noise is characterized by replacing a portion of an image’s pixel values with random values Such noise can be introduced due to transmission errors. Accordingly, this paper focuses on the effect of visual quality of the image due to impulse noise during the transmission of images. In this paper, a hybrid statistical noise suppression technique has been developed for improving the quality of the impulse noisy color images. We further proved the performance of the proposed image enhancement scheme using the advanced performance metrics.

The positive effects of trinexapac-ethyl (TE) on turfgrass growth and tolerance to various types of stress could promote its use in low-input maintenance turfgrasses to reduce the expense associated with mowing. However, there is a general lack of information about TE effects in low maintenance turfgrasses, and especially when used in transition zone turfgrass mixtures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of three inter-specific turfgrass mixtures to three different application rates of TE under low maintenance conditions. A 2-year field study was conducted from April 2006 to July 2008 at the Agricultural Experimental Farm of the University of Padova (northern Italy, 45°20′N, 11°57′E, elevation 8 m). Visual turfgrass quality (1–9 scale) and clippings biomass production of three mixtures were evaluated seasonally under four TE treatments with rates representing 0, 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5x the rates indicated on label instructions. Based on both visual quality and biomass production, turfgrass responded differently to TE application depending on dominant species in the mixture. Furthermore, our results suggested that changes over time in turfgrass botanical composition influence visual quality and biomass production through the experimental period. The main effect of TE treatments occurred in biomass production while the effect on turfgrass quality was mainly associated with the two highest TE rates. Application at a rate lower than the labeled seems to be enough for reducing biomass production without affecting turfgrass quality or even, in some seasons, improving it. Finally, we found that the effect of TE seems to weaken over time as turfgrass maturity advances.

The aim of the current study was to compare the quality of vision, contrast sensitivity and patient satisfaction with a biaspheric, segmented, rotationally asymmetric IOL (Lentis Comfort LS-313 MF 15-Oculentis GmbH, Berlin, Germany) as opposed to those of a monofocal IOL. This prospective single-blind comparative study included two groups of patients affected by bilateral senile cataract who underwent lens extraction and IOL implantation. The first group received a bilateral implantation of a monofocal IOL, and the second group received a bilateral implantation of the Comfort IOL. Twelve months after surgery uncorrected and corrected visual acuity at different distances (30, 50, 70 cm and 4 m), defocus curve and contrast sensitivity were assessed. Patient’s satisfaction and spectacle independence were evaluated by mean of the NEI RQL-42 questionnaire. No significant differences were found between the groups in terms of near vision. The group of patients implanted with a Comfort IOL obtained the best results at intermediate distances (50 and 70 cm P

Baby lettuce leaves are generally produced for the unwashed ready-to-eat market. The aim of this research was to predict sensory and microbiological aspects of this product based on physicochemical properties during storage at 4 and 10°C. Products were analysed at sampling times chosen on the basis of five sensory visual quality (VQ) levels. Samples scoring VQ5 and VQ4 were considered acceptable (Ac), whereas the remaining scores were defined as unacceptable (UAc). Each VQ level was then characterized for physico-chemical (colour, ammonium, antioxidant activity, electrolytic leakage, phenols, chlorophyll, respiratory activity) and microbiological (total viable count, Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae, lactic acid bacteria, yeast and moulds) parameters. UAc samples also proved unsatisfactory from a microbiological point of view (total viable count >=107 CFU g-1). Partial least squares (PLS) regression analysis allowed us to identify colour change (?E*) and total chlorophyll (TC) as suitable variables to predict the microbial load (TVC) associated with each sensory VQ level. The model obtained showed R2CV=0.94, RMSECV=0.41 and a relative error of 5.61%. In conclusion, the use of these parameters as quality indicators could be a new strategy for discriminating green leafy vegetables into acceptable or unacceptable products.

AIM: To investigate the early outcomes of vision, objective visual quality and their correlation after cataract surgery with trifocal intraocular lens implantation. METHODS: The visual examination and objective visual quality analysis using Optical Quality Analysis System (OQAS) at 1mo and 3mo, and defocus curve examination at 3mo were performed in 20 patients (27 eyes) after phacoemulsification combined with trifocal intraocular lens implantation surgery. RESULTS: The uncorrected distant (UD), intermediate and near visual acuity (VA) were significantly improved after surgery (P

Purpose This study aimed to quantify the impact of blur, contrast, and ghosting on perceived overall image quality (IQ) as well as resultant predicted visual acuity, utilizing simulated acuity charts from objective refraction among eyes of individuals with Down syndrome (DS). Methods Acuity charts were produced, simulating the retinal image when applying 16 different metric-derived sphero-cylindrical refractions for each eye of 30 adult patients with DS. Fourteen dilated adult observers (normal vision) viewed subsets of logMAR acuity charts displayed on an LCD monitor monocularly through a unit magnification 3-mm aperture telescope. Observers rated features blur, ghosting, and contrast on 10-point scales (10 = poorest) and overall IQ on a 0- to 100-point scale (100 = best) and read each chart until five total letters were missed (logMAR technique). Mixed modeling was used to estimate feature influence on overall perceived IQ and relative acuity (compared with an unaberrated chart), separately. Results Perceived IQ spanned the entire scale (mean = 59 ± 22) and average reduction in relative acuity was two lines (0.2 ± 0.14 logMAR). Perceived blur, ghosting, and contrast were individually correlated with overall IQ and relative acuity. Blur, contrast, and ghosting exert unique effects on overall perceived IQ (P < 0.05). Blur (b = -.009, P < 0.001) and ghosting (b = -.003, P < 0.001) influence relative acuity over and beyond their effects on overall IQ (b = .001, P < 0.0001) and contrast. Conclusions Objectively identified refractions would ideally provide high contrast, low blur, and low ghosting. These data suggest that blur and ghosting may be given priority over contrast when improving acuity is the goal. Translational Relevance Findings may guide objective refraction in clinical care.

En esta tesis se presenta los resultados de un ensayo clínico diseñado para evaluar la calidad visual de pacientes intervenidos de cataratas a los que se les implantó diferentes modelos de lentes intraoculares multifocales: bifocal y de foco extendido. Con el propósito de establecer comparaciones incluimos también modelos de lentes intraoculares monofocales. El estudio fue realizado en el departamento de oftalmología del hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau de Barcelona. Se establecieron unos criterios de inclusión y exclusión para obtener una muestra de 160 pacientes. El diseño del ensayo clínico fue prospectivo, aleatorio y doble ciego. Hemos analizado diferentes aspectos de la función visual como son la agudeza visual, las curvas de desenfoque, la sensibilidad al contraste y la calidad visual subjetiva y calidad de vida de los pacientes después de la cirugía. Para complementar la valoración clínica se realizó una caracterización objetiva en banco óptico de las lentes incluidas en el ensayo clínico. Asimismo, se llevaron a cabo unos exámenes psicofísicos y psicométricos para estudiar los efectos indeseados de este tipo de lentes intraoculares con el propósito de comparar y correlacionar sus resultados con los datos objetivos del banco óptico y con la percepción subjetiva de estos fenómenos por parte de los pacientes. Presentamos los resultados de una mayor independencia de gafas en la realización de tareas en visión próxima e intermedia con las lentes intraoculares multifocales. Adicionalmente, encontramos que los pacientes implantados con los modelos multifocales puntuaron más bajo en sensibilidad al contraste comparado con el grupo de la lente intraocular monofocal. Los diseños multifocales también ocasionan efectos indeseados como halos y deslumbramientos. Con respecto a los halos, los datos obtenidos con test psicofísicos y en banco óptico fueron consistentes con las características de los diferentes diseños analizados. A pesar de los efectos no deseados de las lentes intraoculares multifocales, los pacientes expresan un alto índice de satisfacción en cuanto a su calidad visual y calidad de vida con este tipo de lentes. This thesis presents the results of a clinical trial designed to evaluate the visual quality of patients who were subjected to cataract intervention and were implanted with different models of multifocal intraocular lenses: bifocal, trifocal and extended depth of focus. For the purpose of comparison, we also included monofocal intraocular lens models. The study was conducted at the department of ophthalmology of the Santa Creu i Sant Pau hospital in Barcelona. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were established to obtain a sample of 160 patients. The design of the clinical trial was prospective, randomized and double-blind. We analyzed different aspects of visual function such as visual acuity, blur curves, contrast sensitivity and subjective visual quality and quality of life of patients after surgery. To complement the clinical assessment, an objective characterization of the lenses included in the clinical trial was performed at the optical bench. In addition, psychophysical and psychometric examinations were carried out to study the undesirable effects of these types of intraocular lenses in order to compare and correlate their results with the objective data of the optical bench and the subjective perception of these phenomena by the patients. We present the results of greater independence from glasses in performing tasks in near and intermediate vision with multifocal intraocular lenses. In addition, we find that the patients implanted with the multifocal models scored lower in terms of contrast sensitivity compared with the group of the monofocal intraocular lens. The multifocal designs also cause unwanted effects such as halos and glare. With respect to the halos, the data obtained through psychophysical tests and at the optical bench were consistent with the characteristics of the different designs analyzed. Despite the unwanted effects of multifocal intraocular lenses, patients express a high rate of satisfaction in terms of their visual quality and quality of life with these types of lenses.

With the evolution of cataract surgery from visual rehabilitation to refractive surgery, aspheric intraocular lenses (IOLs) are being increasingly used in the field of ophthalmology. This increased use can be attributed to negative or zero spherical aberrations with unique optical designs, which counteract some of the positive spherical aberrations of the cornea. These alterations reduce the total spherical aberration of human eyes and improve the visual acuity in patients with cataract postoperatively. At present, various types of aspheric IOLs are used worldwide. Although the implantation of aspheric IOL is beneficial to the patients who need correction of spherical aberrations, much controversy is still associated with ocular residual spherical aberrations that facilitate the best visual quality for patients postoperatively. In order to provide reference for future clinical work and scientific research, this report reviews the relationship between the ocular residual spherical aberration of human eyes and visual quality.

Resolution plays an essential role in oral imaging for periodontal disease assessment. Nevertheless, due to limitations in acquisition tools, a considerable number of oral examinations have low resolution, making the evaluation of this kind of lesion difficult. Recently, the use of deep-learning methods for image resolution improvement has seen an increase in the literature. In this work, we performed two studies to evaluate the effects of using different resolution improvement methods (nearest, bilinear, bicubic, Lanczos, SRCNN, and SRGAN). In the first one, specialized dentists visually analyzed the quality of images treated with these techniques. In the second study, we used those methods as different pre-processing steps for inputs of convolutional neural network (CNN) classifiers (Inception and ResNet) and evaluated whether this process leads to better results. The deep-learning methods lead to a substantial improvement in the visual quality of images but do not necessarily promote better classifier performance.

Table grape is a non-climacteric fruit subject to serious water and quality loss during postharvest handling. Gentle handling, careful bunch cleaning, fast cooling, low temperature, and sulfur dioxide (SO2) pad application during storage are generally used to improve storage. In this study, the effect of cold storage in modified atmosphere (MA) in different CO2 concentrations (0-20%) on the quality evaluated after a shelf-life period at ambient temperature, was studied. Organic table grape bunches (cv Italia), were packaged in MA bags and stored at 2 °C (± 1.0) for 14 days, using MA with 0% (air), 10% and 20% initial CO2 concentrations. Unpacked samples were used as control. The gas composition inside packages was periodically measured. After 7 and 14 days, all packages were opened and transferred in air at 20 °C for 3 days: sensory, physical and chemical-nutritional parameters were measured. A significant effect of high CO2 atmosphere on delaying visual quality and decay was shown. The best results in terms of preservation of sensory as well as nutritional quality were obtained using a 10% CO2 as initial concentration. Actually, this treatment was able to ensure a suitable atmosphere composition during all storage period: the O2 and CO2 concentrations after 14 days of MA storage, were found to be about 7% and 15%, respectively, i.e. a CO2 level enough to control the decay development and an O2 concentration sufficiently far from the anoxia threshold, as detected by acetaldehyde and ethanol measurement.

Purpose: To measure log(s) and OSI parameters, both related to forward light scattering in the eye, in subjects with different kinds of early cataracts—nuclear or posterior subcapsular—and corrected visual acuity (CVA). Methods: 34 eyes of 19 patients ranged between 50 and 75 years old with diagnosed nuclear (14 eyes) or posterior subcapsular cataract (20 eyes) were recruited. Only NO1, NO2, P1, and P2 opacity scores according to LOCS III were included. Observer examination included visual acuity, contrast threshold (Ct), and measurements performed by straylightmeter (straylight parameter log(s)) and double-pass instrument (objective scatter index (OSI)). Results: OSI and log(s) were correlated with LOCSIII in nuclear opacities (p = 0.015 and 0.004, respectively) and in the whole data (p = 0.027 and 0.019, respectively) but did not for posterior subcapsular opacities alone. OSI was strongly correlated with log(s) in nuclear (r = 0.885 and p < 0.001) but not in posterior subcapsular cases (r = 0.382 and p = 0.097). Ct was correlated with log(s) for both cataract types (p = 0.043 for nuclear and p= 0.005 for posterior subcapsular cataract) but not with OSI (p = 0.093 for nuclear and p = 0.064 for posterior subcapsular cataract). Conclusions: OSI and log(s) discriminate early stages of nuclear cataracts when taking LOCS III as reference, so these opacities could be graded by any of those parameters. LOCSIII does not represent the visual condition for posterior subcapsular cataract. Straylightmeter measurements express the loss in contrast sensitivity caused by nuclear and posterior subcapsular opacities. Studies of lens opacities must be separated according to the type of opacity present in eyes. Fil: Paz Filgueira, Clemente. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Instituto de Investigación En Luz, Ambiente y Vision. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Cs.exactas y Tecnología. Instituto de Investigación En Luz, Ambiente y Vision; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología. Departamento de Luminotecnia, Luz y Visión; Argentina Fil: Sánchez, Roberto Francisco. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Instituto de Investigación En Luz, Ambiente y Vision. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Cs.exactas y Tecnología. Instituto de Investigación En Luz, Ambiente y Vision; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología. Departamento de Luminotecnia, Luz y Visión; Argentina Fil: Issolio, Luis Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Instituto de Investigación En Luz, Ambiente y Vision. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Cs.exactas y Tecnología. Instituto de Investigación En Luz, Ambiente y Vision; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología. Departamento de Luminotecnia, Luz y Visión; Argentina Fil: Colombo, Elisa Margarita. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucuman. Instituto de Investigación En Luz, Ambiente y Vision. Universidad Nacional de Tucuman. Facultad de Cs.exactas y Tecnología. Instituto de Investigación En Luz, Ambiente y Vision; Argentina. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnología. Departamento de Luminotecnia, Luz y Visión; Argentina

A data hiding technique embeds secret information into a cover image. Cover image and the stego image look similar due to which the hackers fail to detect the presence of the hidden secret data. In this paper we propose a two stage data hiding technique with high embedding capacity. First stage is the creation of a cover image from the original input image using image interpolation, followed by the calculation of the difference between original and interpolated pixel values which is then utilized for data embedding. In the second stage, a difference expansion technique is used in the stego image to increase the payload capacity. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method gives better results in terms of embedding capacity and comparable results in terms of visual quality.

Rationale: Microspherophakia is characterized by a small, spherical crystalline lens with increased sagittal diameter. Because of the uncertainty about the outcome, as well as the complexity of the operation and development of complications, the management and timing of surgical intervention for microspherophakia are still debated. Lens extraction is effective for avoiding the risk of pupillary blockage, but the outcome after operation is controversial. The iTrace (Tracey, USA) report shows the influence of low-order aberrations (LOA) and high-order aberrations (HOA), which may be valuable in predicting postoperative outcome. Our report concerns a child with microspherophakia who underwent lens extraction via the analysis of visual quality by iTrace. Patient concerns: Our report is on the case of a 7-year-old girl whose parents observed she had to bring her papers and books extremely close to her face to read. On examination, the girl was bilaterally diagnosed microspherophakia with a small tremble lens. The objective refraction was −15.0 diopter of spherical power (DS)/−1.00 diopter of cylindrical power (DC) × 180 right eye (OD) and −12.5 DS/−1.50 DC × 20 left eye (OS). The HOA of OD and OS were high up to 0.926 and 0.659, respectively by iTrace. The visual quality remained terrible after correcting LOA (high myopia and astigmatism). According to iTrace report, the patient would get a good visual quality by extracting the clear lens with HOA from cornea after correcting LOA. The girl's parent opted for surgery on the left eye. Diagnosis: Due to the patient's symptoms, examination results, she was diagnosed with microspherophakia. Interventions: The patient underwent clear lens extraction by ultrasonic phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. Outcomes: The first day after operation, total HOA was decreased to 0.077. Total LOA was 0.713. Corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) is 20/20. One week after surgery, HOA was 0.110 and LOA was 0.328. CDVA was 20/25. CDVA was still 20/25 one month after surgery. The total HOA was 0.110 and the LOA was 0.334 by iTrace. Lessons: ITrace not only plays an important role in analyzing potential reasons of undesirable preoperative visual quality but also can predict postoperative outcomes. All these functions are helpful for determining surgical intervention of microspherophakia cases.

A 24-year-old female underwent small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) for myopic astigmatism OU. In the left eye, cap-lenticular adhesion along with tearing of the cap occurred, resulting in a gaped incision and transverse striae involving the visual axis on the first post op day. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) was 20/32. The case was managed with interface wash and stretching of the cap, in order to iron out the striae. Post intervention, the UDVA improved to 20/20, striae resolved, and interface remained clear through a follow-up of nine months, suggesting that cap striae in SMILE may be similarly managed as the flap striae in laser-assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK), resulting in satisfactory visual outcomes.

In this era of internet development, security of information sharing is the main problem faced by human being. Data hiding technique is one of the solutions. However, hiding credential information within a multimedia file such as image reduces its visual quality. Therefore, unauthorized users may suspect the existance of secret data within that image. In the past years, various data hiding algorithms have been developed by researchers to overcome the problem of high distortion of image after data embedding process. Achieving a high quality stego image, however, is still a challenging problem. In this paper, we proposed a new data hiding algorithm based on different expansion. It aims to enhance the quality of stego image for a given payload size. The new algorithm is evaluated on various medical images. Thereafter, the experimental results show that the visual quality is improved; and increasing the embedding capacity leads to more noises. Therefore, a better choice of base point and a reduced difference expansion affect the quality of stego image.

The purpose of this retrospective study was to evaluate the visual quality, objective scattering index, aberration, etc after Implantable Collamer Lens with center hole (EVO-ICL) implantation to treat patients with hypermyopia (diopter > −10 D). A total of 30 eyes underwent EVO-ICL implantation. The uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), equivalent spherical degree, aberration, visual quality parameters, and corneal endothelial cell density were compared preoperative and postoperative. Fill in the National Eye Institute Refractive Error Quality of Life Instrument-42 before and after surgery. The modulation transfer function (MTF), Optical Quality Analysis System (OQAS) II values (OV 100%, 20%, 9%), and Stahl ratio 1 and 3 months after surgery were higher than the respective preoperative values. The objective scatter index value increased 1 week after surgery, but decreased 1 and 3 months after surgery compared with the preoperative values. Total aberration (TA), total low-order aberration (tLOAs), and defocus decreased at 1 week and 3 months after EVO-ICL implantation. Total high-order aberration (tHOAs) and spherical aberration were significantly increased 1 week after surgery and decreased 3 months after surgery, and the difference was statistically significant. Astigmatism, coma, and clover were not significantly different in each time period. TA, tLOAs, tHOAs, defocus, and spherical aberration were higher at 1 week than 3 months after surgery. At 3 months after surgery, the scores of the patients’ NEI-RQL-42 scale were all improved except that the glare was lower than that before surgery. There was no significant difference in the density of corneal endothelial cells before and 3 months after surgery. For patients with hypermyopia, the postoperative subjective and objective visual quality of EVO-ICL implantation was better than preoperative.

The present prospective clinical observational study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of Toric intraocular lenses (IOL) to achieve rotational stability and astigmatism correction in eyes with high myopia. A total of 27 consecutive cataract patients (39 eyes) with pre-existing corneal astigmatism (1.5–3.5 D) were divided into two groups according to their refractive status: One group of 18 eyes with high myopia -(12.5–6.0 D) and another group consisting of 21 eyes with emmetropia or low myopia (−3.0–0.0 D). All eyes underwent cataract phacoemulsification surgeries by the same surgeon, with the implantation of an AcrySof® Toric IOL at the pre-designed degree. Uncorrected visual acuity, best corrected visual acuity and phoropter examination results were recorded at the 1st day, 1st week, 1st month and 3rd month after the surgery. By analyzing digital images from slim-lamp photography with a self-designed software, the rotational stability was observed. The contrast sensitivity was also measured. No significant difference in the baseline and post-operative residual astigmatism was identified between the two groups (P>0.05). In addition, no significant difference in the degree of rotation was observed between the two groups. All patients had significantly improved visual quality after the surgery (P

AIM: To compare visual quality in cataract patients with low corneal astigmatism who underwent intraocular lens (IOL) implantation, and evaluate effects of low levels of astigmatism on visual outcomes in multifocal pseudophakic eyes. METHODS: This retrospective review of clinical records comprised patients with preoperative regular corneal astigmatism of 0.75-1.0 diopters (D) with-the-rule or 0.5-0.75 D against-the-rule who had uneventful cataract surgery and AcrySof IQ ReSTOR Toric-2 IOL (ART2) or AcrySof IQ ReSTOR IOL (ReSTOR) implantation. Retrospective data collection included postoperative ART2 axis rotation, uncorrected astigmatism, uncorrected entire visual acuities, distance corrected entire visual acuities, average modulation transfer function (aMTF), Strehl ratio (SR), spectacle independence, and patient satisfaction between groups. RESULTS: Mean ART2 axis rotation was 3.12°±0.70°. No secondary surgery was required to realign IOL axis. Residual astigmatism values were -0.18±0.07 D and -0.91±0.25 D in groups ART2 and ReSTOR (P

PURPOSE: The purpose of the study was to determine 2-year changes in mesopic higher-order aberrations (HOAs) and contrast sensitivity (CS) after accelerated corneal cross-linking (CXL) in keratoconus patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this before-after interventional case series, patients with progressive keratoconus were subjected to accelerated CXL (18 mW/cm2, 5 min). Patients were examined with the OPD-Scan III and CVS-1000 grating charts under mesopic conditions at baseline and at 12 and 24 months after CXL. RESULTS: At 24 months after CXL, compared to baseline, mesopic CS in spatial frequencies of 3, 6, 12, and 18 cycle per degree reduced respectively to 0.09 ± 0.27, 0.09 ± 0.32, 0.11 ± 0.19, and 0.02 ± 0.10; these changes were not statistically significant (all P > 0.05). The reduction in ocular HOAs was 0.11 ± 0.43; ocular coma, trefoil, and spherical aberration (SA) decreased by 0.09 ± 0.36, 0.05 ± 0.35, and 0.00 ± 0.13 microns, respectively (all P > 0.05). Reductions in corneal HOAs (0.89 ± 7.08) including coma (0.99 ± 3.55), SA (1.14 ± 3.92), and trefoil (1.28 ± 5.53) were not statistically significant (all P > 0.05). Coma had the highest share of corneal HOAs before and 24 months after CXL and the largest 24-month decrease was seen in corneal SA. CONCLUSION: At 2 years after accelerated CXL, despite reduced keratometry and corneal flattening, mesopic CS as well as ocular and corneal HOA remained unchanged, and the procedure did not cause a reduction in patients' vision quality.

Purpose To investigate the prevalence and morphologic and clinical features of posterior capsule–optic inadhesion following cataract surgery. Methods In this prospective cohort study, we examined 518 consecutive patients who had undergone uneventful phacoemulsification and posterior chamber intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. They were assigned into five groups based on the type of IOL used: MC X11 ASP, Rayner 920H A, ZCB00, SN60WF and KS-3Ai. Routine ophthalmic examinations were performed. Patients were followed up at 1 day, 1 week, and 1 and 2 months postsurgery. Anterior segment photography, Scheimpflug imaging and KR-1W aberrometry were conducted after the patients’ pupils were dilated. Results The overall rate of posterior capsule–optic inadhesion on the first day after surgery was 215/518 (41.5%), and it decreased to 37/518 (7.1%) at 2 months postsurgery. Posterior capsule–optic inadhesion can be morphologically classified into five types with three outcomes, of which gradual absorption of the accumulated fluid predominated for all IOLs. The clinical characteristics of patients with inadhesion varied with IOL type. Notably, visual quality data (Strehl ratios and modulation transfer function) were poorer in patients with posterior capsule–optic inadhesion, especially in those with irregular forms of suspension. Four cases of capsular contraction syndrome were identified among the patients with inadhesion. Conclusions Posterior capsule–optic inadhesion is a prevalent capsule–IOL interaction following cataract surgery. Although the accumulated fluid is absorbed in the majority of patients, its adverse effects on visual outcomes, especially visual quality in the operated eye(s), must not be underestimated in patients with persistent inadhesion.

Purpose Many neurological diseases affect small structures in the brain and, as such, reliable visual evaluation and accurate quantification are required. Recent technological developments made the clinical use of hybrid positron emission tomography/magnetic resonance (PET/MR) systems possible, providing both functional and anatomical information in a single imaging session. Nevertheless, there is a trade-off between spatial resolution and image quality (contrast and noise), which is dictated mainly by the chosen acquisition and reconstruction protocols. Image reconstruction algorithms using spherical symmetric basis functions (blobs) for image representation have a number of additional parameters that impact both the qualitative and quantitative image characteristics. Hence, a detailed investigation of the blob-based reconstruction characteristics using different parameters is needed to achieve optimal reconstruction results. Procedures This work evaluated the impact of a range of blob parameters on image quality and quantitative accuracy of brain PET images acquired on the Ingenuity Time-of-Flight (TOF) PET/MR system. Two different phantoms were used to simulate brain imaging applications. Image contrast and noise characteristics were assessed using an image quality phantom. Quantitative performance in a clinical setting was investigated using the Hoffman 3D brain phantom at various count levels. Furthermore, the visual quality of four clinical studies was scored blindly by two experienced physicians to qualitatively evaluate the influence of different reconstruction protocols, hereby providing indications on parameters producing the best image quality. Results Quantitative evaluation using the image quality phantom showed that larger basis function radii result in lower contrast recovery (∼2 %) and lower variance levels (∼15 %). The brain phantom and clinical studies confirmed these observations since lower contrast was seen between anatomical structures. High and low count statistics gave comparable values. The qualitative evaluation of the clinical studies, based on the assessment performed by the physicians, showed a preference towards lower image variance levels with a slightly lower contrast, favoring higher radii and four iterations. Conclusion This study systematically evaluated a number of basis function parameters and their quantitative and qualitative effect within PET image reconstruction in the context of brain imaging. A range of blob parameters can minimize error and provided optimal image quality, where the anatomical structures could be recognized but the exact delineation of these structures is simplified in scans with lower image variance levels and thus, higher radii should be preferred. With the optimization of blob parameters, the reconstructed images were found to be qualitatively improved (optimum parameters {d = 2.0375, alpha = 10.4101, radius = 3.9451}) as assessed by the physicians compared to the current clinical protocol. However, this qualitative improvement is task specific, depending on the desired image characteristics to be extracted. Finally, this work could be used as a guide for application-specific optimal parameter selection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s11307-015-0824-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

With the aim of defining the best management of nutrient solution (NS) in a soilless system for obtaining high quality baby-leaf rocket, the present study focuses on two wild rocket genotypes (“Nature” and “Naturelle”), grown in a greenhouse under two Southern Italy growing conditions—autumn-winter (AW) and winter-spring (WS)—using two soilless cultivation systems (SCS)—at two electrical conductivity values (EC) of NS. The SCSs used were the Floating System (FS) and Ebb and Flow System (EFS) and the EC values were 2.5 and 3.5 dS m−1 (EC2.5; EC3.5) for the AW cycle and 3.5 and 4.5 dS m−1 (EC3.5; EC4.5) for the WS cycle. The yield, bio-physical, physiological and nutritional characteristics were evaluated. Higher fresh (FY) (2.25 vs. 1.50 kg m−2) and dry (DY) (230.6 vs. 106.1 g m−2) weight yield, leaf firmness (dry matter, 104.3 vs. 83.2 g kg−1 FW; specific leaf area, 34.8 vs. 24.2 g cm−2) and antioxidant compounds (vitamin C, 239.0 vs. 152.7 mg kg−1 FW; total phenols, 997 vs. 450 mg GAE mg kg−1 FW; total glucosinulates-GLSs, 1,078.8 vs. 405.7 mg kg−1 DW; total antioxidant capacity-TAC, 11,534 vs. 8,637 μmol eq trolox kg−1 FW) and lower nitrates (1,470 vs. 3,460 mg kg−1 FW) were obtained under WS conditions. The seasonal differences were evident on the GLS profile: some aliphatic GLSs (gluconapoleiferin, glucobrassicanapin) and indolic 4-OH-glucobrassicin were only expressed in WS conditions, while indolic glucobrassicin was only detected in the AW period. Compared with EFS, FS improved leaf firmness, visual quality, antioxidant content (TAC, +11.6%) and reduced nitrate leaf accumulation (−37%). “Naturelle” performed better than “Nature” in terms of yield, visual quality and nutritional profile, with differences more evident under less favorable climatic conditions and when the cultivars were grown in FS. Compared to EC2.5, the EC3.5 treatment did not affect DY while enhancing firmness, visual quality, and antioxidant compounds (TAC, +8%), and reducing the nitrate content (−47%). The EC4.5 treatment reduced FY and DY and the antioxidant content. Despite seasonal climatic condition variability, FS and the moderate salinity level of NS (3.5 dS m−1) can be suggested as optimum.