Search

Purpose This study aims to examine the associations among mastering new technologies, teleworkers’ voluntariness and involuntariness and employee well-being (i.e. work engagement and exhaustion). To the best of the authors’ knowledge, no studies have explored the relationships among these constructs in the same conceptual model. Design/methodology/approach Data were collected from a sample of 451 individuals performing telework in Portugal. AMOS was used to test all hypotheses of the study. Findings The findings showed a positive relationship between mastering new technologies and teleworkers’ voluntariness and a negative relationship between mastering new technologies and teleworkers’ involuntariness. However, contrary to expectations, voluntariness in teleworking was not significantly related to either work engagement or exhaustion. However, consistent with the theoretical background of self-determination theory, involuntariness in teleworking was negatively related to work engagement and positively related to exhaustion. Originality/value This study contributes to the literature by addressing the analysis of telework-related variables that may impact workers’ well-being. Implications for human resource management policies and knowledge management are discussed.

Background An increasing number of studies utilize intracranial electrophysiology in human subjects to advance basic neuroscience knowledge. However, the use of neurosurgical patients as human research subjects raises important ethical considerations, particularly regarding informed consent and undue influence, as well as subjects' motivations for participation. Yet a thorough empirical examination of these issues in a participant population has been lacking. The present study therefore aimed to empirically investigate ethical concerns regarding informed consent and voluntariness in Parkinson's disease patients undergoing deep brain stimulator (DBS) placement who participated in an intraoperative neuroscience study. Methods Two semi-structured 30-minute interviews were conducted preoperatively and postoperatively via telephone. Interviews assessed participants' motivations for participation in the parent intraoperative study, recall of information presented during the informed consent process, and participants' postoperative reflections on the research study. Results Twenty-two participants (mean age = 60.9) completed preoperative interviews at a mean of 7.8 days following informed consent and a mean of 5.2 days prior to DBS surgery. Twenty participants completed postoperative interviews at a mean of 5 weeks following surgery. All participants cited altruism or advancing medical science as "very important" or "important" in their decision to participate in the study. Only 22.7% (n = 5) correctly recalled one of the two risks of the study. Correct recall of other aspects of the informed consent was poor (36.4% for study purpose; 50.0% for study protocol; 36.4% for study benefits). All correctly understood that the study would not confer a direct therapeutic benefit to them. Conclusion Even though research coordinators were properly trained and the informed consent was administered according to protocol, participants demonstrated poor retention of study information. While intraoperative studies that aim to advance neuroscience knowledge represent a unique opportunity to gain fundamental scientific knowledge, improved standards for the informed consent process can help facilitate their ethical implementation.

This chapter provides empirical evidence about everyday attitudes concerning euthanasia. These attitudes have important implications for some ethical arguments about euthanasia. Two experiments suggested that some different descriptions of euthanasia have modest effects on people’s moral permissibility judgments regarding euthanasia. Experiment 1 (N = 422) used two different types of materials (scenarios and scales) and found that describing euthanasia differently (‘euthanasia’, ‘aid in dying’, and ‘physician assisted suicide’) had modest effects (≈3 % of the total variance) on permissibility judgments. These effects were largely replicated in Experiment 2 (N = 409). However, in Experiment 2, judgments about euthanasia’s moral permissibility were best predicted by the voluntariness of the treatment. Voluntariness was a stronger predictor than some demographic factors and some domain general elements of moral judgments. These results help inform some debates about the moral permissibility of euthanasia (e.g., the slippery slope argument) suggesting that some of the key premises of those arguments are unwarranted.

In Nicomachean Ethics III.5, Aristotle argues that virtue and vice are “up to us and voluntary.” Readers have long struggled to make sense of Aristotle’s arguments in this chapter and to explain how they cohere with the rest of his ethical project. Among the most influential lines of complaint is that the argument of III.5 appears to contradict his emphasis elsewhere on the power of upbringing to shape character, beginning in childhood. Scholars have developed two main interpretive approaches to III.5, which I label “libertarian” and “compatibilist.” I argue that neither approach succeeds in removing the appearance of contradiction. I develop an alternative interpretation that reveals the coherence of Aristotle’s commitments, showing that for him the voluntariness of character and the power of upbringing are in reality two sides of the same philosophical coin. Both are grounded in his fundamental idea that virtue and vice are acquired by practice.

Legally mandated treatment is common in the criminal justice system, for example, for anger management, substance misuse, and intimate partner violence. Past studies have compared voluntary and legally mandated treatment participants but have not distinguished a third, in-between group that is formally pressured to participate in treatment, but not mandated by the criminal justice system. The current study aimed to assess differences on individual characteristics (e.g., sociodemographic and psychiatric) and baseline measures of psychopathology (e.g., anger, aggression, and depression) across three levels of voluntariness and to determine whether voluntariness was associated with treatment recommendation, refusal, and completion at an outpatient anger treatment clinic. Data were retrospectively gathered from the clinical charts of 405 participants. Referrals were classified as voluntary (e.g., self-referred, 61%), formally pressured (e.g., required by work, 14%), or legally mandated (e.g., court order, 25%). Legally mandated participants were younger, more likely to have substance use disorder, less likely to be women, to have a high school education, or to be on psychiatric medications compared to the other two groups. Voluntary participants scored higher on measures of self-reported anger, depression, and stress than the legally mandated participants. Legally mandated participants in particular presented with non-clinical levels of anger and aggression. Level of voluntariness did not affect the decision to recommend individual or group therapy after an intake assessment, but legally mandated participants were significantly more likely ( OR = 2.30) than voluntary participants to refuse recommended treatment. Level of voluntariness did not have a significant association with treatment completion. Findings support our distinction between legally mandated and formally pressured participants, but do not support previous research that suggests legally mandated individuals have lower attrition rates in similar treatment programs. The study has implications for the criminal justice system and for anger treatment programs who admit participants with varying levels of voluntariness.

Mobile phone-based applications (apps) can promote faster targeted actions to control COVID-19. However, digital contact tracing systems raise concerns about data security, system effectiveness, and their potential to normalise privacy-invasive surveillance technologies. In the absence of mandates, public uptake depends on the acceptability and perceived legitimacy of using technologies that log interactions between individuals to build public health capacity. We report on six online deliberative workshops convened in New South Wales to consider the appropriateness of using the COVIDSafe app to enhance Australian contact tracing systems. All groups took the position (by majority) that the protections enacted in the app design and supporting legislation were appropriate. This support is contingent on several system attributes including: the voluntariness of the COVIDSafe app; that the system relies on proximity rather than location tracking; and, that data access is restricted to local public health practitioners undertaking contact tracing. Despite sustained scepticism in media coverage, there was an underlying willingness to trust Australian governing institutions such that in principle acceptance of the new contact tracing technology was easy to obtain. However, tensions between the need to prove system effectiveness through operational transparency and requirements for privacy protections could be limiting public uptake. Our study shows that informed citizens are willing to trade their privacy for common goods such as COVID-19 suppression. But low case numbers and cautionary public discourses can make trustworthiness difficult to establish because some will only do so when it can be demonstrated that the benefits justify the costs to individuals. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10728-021-00441-1.

Ethical issues of ethnographic research are long-debated, but the context of volunteering and voluntary organisations emphasises challenges and opportunities associated with this method. In this paper, we explore these rarely examined concerns with focus on participant-observation, in terms of ‘voluntariness’ of participants, responsibilities of researchers in maintaining boundaries and self-care of researchers themselves in such contexts. Reflecting on implications in ethnographic enquiry from research design to conclusions, we argue volunteering should be viewed as an important context highlighting ethical issues often seen as ‘tick-box’ exercises or generally accepted research limitations. The increased risks to participants through access, sampling and questioning processes, to ethnographers through emotional involvement and to volunteer-involving organisations are discussed through reflection on three distinct pieces of research conducted between 2009 and 2019. These issues are ethical as well as methodological, as data yielded may be rich, demonstrating immersion in the ‘community’, but also limited in credibility.

Many countries are in the process of replacing outdated sex offense regulations with laws that accurately correspond to late modern ideas about gender equality, sexual self-determination, and consensual sex. One example is Sweden, where a law that defines rape based on a criterion of nonvoluntary participation entered into force in 2018. This article analyzes the representation of rape in the new law and legal discourse in Sweden, and shows that rape is represented as a matter of choice and communication in sexual situations. Further, the new rape law is coupled to an emerging problem within such disparate spheres as public health, social media campaigns, sexual education, and gender studies; namely, the problem of sexual communication and gray zones in sexual encounters. To understand this new representation of rape, further exploration is suggested both into the effects of sexual violence being framed as a matter of individual choice, consent, and communication in late modernity and into the role of criminal law in the era of thin normativity. The article concludes that the new rape law sends a clear message about what sex should be—namely, something voluntary—but does not accurately describe the crime and the conduct that deserves criminal censure.

Recent debates on Confucian meritocracy largely center around outright normative critiques rather than its textual basis. The unflattering upshot is the lack of attention to a mode of critique that scrutinizes Confucian meritocracy by questioning the way meritocrats invoke Confucian concepts and values. Focusing on three meritocrats—Bai Tongdong 白彤東, Daniel A. Bell, and Kang Xiaoguang 康曉光, this article ventures a text-based normative approach by examining continuities and ruptures between core meritocratic arguments they make, and the messages conveyed by Confucian masters. The core argument that I advance is that the meritocratic thesis about the political division of labor does not mesh with the classic Confucian understandings of voluntariness and political authority, which generates uneasy normative consequences for Confucian meritocracy. Ultimately, classic Confucianism does not provide a conceptually secure platform for the meritocratic part of Confucian meritocracy as its ardent advocates claim.

PurposeThe study explores the readiness of government agencies to adopt artificial intelligence (AI) to improve the efficiency of disaster relief operations (DRO). For understanding the behavior of state-level and national-level government agencies involved in DRO, this study grounds its theoretical arguments on the civic voluntarism model (CVM) and the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology (UTAUT).Design/methodology/approachWe collected the primary data for this study from government agencies involved in DRO in India. To test the proposed theoretical model, we administered an online survey questionnaire to 184 government agency employees. To test the hypotheses, we employed partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM).FindingsOur findings confirm that resources (time, money and skills) significantly influence the behavioral intentions related to the adoption of AI tools for DRO. Additionally, we identified that the behavioral intentions positively translate into the actual adoption of AI tools.Research limitations/implicationsOur study provides a unique viewpoint suited to understand the context of the adoption of AI in a governmental context. Companies often strive to invest in state-of-the-art technologies, but it is important to understand how government bodies involved in DRO strategize to adopt AI to improve efficiency.Originality/valueOur study offers a fresh perspective in understanding how the organizational culture and perspectives of government officials influence their inclinations to adopt AI for DRO. Additionally, it offers a multidimensional perspective by integrating the theoretical frameworks of CVM and UTAUT for a greater understanding of the adoption and deployment of AI tools with organizational culture and voluntariness as critical moderators.

The article deals with the problem of partnership between the participants of the educational process. The purpose of the article is to consider the theoretical bases of the formation of partnership skills during the educational process. Methods. Analysis, synthesis, comparison are chosen as the main methods of pedagogical experiment. The results. The role of partnership in the formation of teachers’ and students’ unity is shown, together with the interrelations «teacher-teacher», «teacher-student», «student-student». The methodological approaches are considered as the basis for the process of forming partnership relations in the educational process of the institution. Such chosen methodological approaches are: systemic approach, activity approach, acmeological approach, integrative approach, praxeological approach. The role of each approach in the studied process is shown. The considerable attention is paid to general scientific and specific principles. Among the general scientific principles, the emphasis is made on the principles of scientificity, accessibility, consistency and connection of theory with practice. The following are considered as specific principles: mutual respect, friendly attitude to each other, decision-making discretion, and distribution of leadership responsibilities. The attention is also paid to the requirements of partnership in school and family. The authors of the research defined the basic requirements and rules for forming school-family partnership: social and pedagogical partnership; forming life and profession values; professionalism; ensuring the uniform parents’ and teachers’ requirements; humanization of interpersonal relations in any team, showing tolerance, voluntariness, the members’ ability to interact. The importance of regularity in the implementation of community requirements and rules is indicated. Conclusions. Considering the problem of forming partnership relations to be little analysed and studying partnership relations in the form of a pedagogical partnership, the authors made a conclusion that this process should be seen as interconnected through structures: teacher-student-student-parent, which is in line with the Concept of the New Ukrainian School. The authors added that the formation of partnership relations in a teaching staff will contribute to the introduction of new educational technologies, promote to the humanization of the educational process, the establishment of relations on a parity basis.

The article is devoted to game educational technologies and their application in foreign language lessons. The functions and value of game forms of learning in the educational process in a foreign language are revealed. Particular attention is paid to the classification of language games. Based on the analysis of existing classifications, the authors propose their own classification emphasizing on creative and role-playing games in foreign language lessons. It is noted that games have a positive effect on the formation of cognitive interests of students, help to consciously learn a foreign language and promote the development of such qualities as independence, initiative, and ability to work in a team. It is noted that game technologies possess a special place in primary schools. The main task is to make the learning process interesting, to create a cheerful working mood in children, to facilitate overcoming difficulties in mastering educational material. Games are a great help in solving these issues. Their use gives good results, increases children's interest in the lesson, allows them to focus on the main thing – mastering language skills in a natural situation and provides active communication during the game. The author of the article emphasize that play, being the main activity of a child, allows to overcome most of the difficulties associated with the conditional nature of foreign language communication and increases the positive influence of a foreign language on the formation of personality. A large number of game situations, fairy-tale plots create an atmosphere of joy, creativity, a favorable psychological climate in the classroom. The use of the game as one of the methods of learning a foreign language greatly facilitates the learning process, makes it closer and more accessible to children. Motivation of game activity is provided by its voluntariness, possibilities of a choice and elements of competition, satisfaction of needs, self-affirmation, and self-realization. The article emphasizes that one of the current problems of modern methods of teaching foreign languages is the organization of children’s education of different ages with the help of game technologies. Games with the language material are introduced formally for educational purposes and serve both to consolidate structures and grammatical rules and to automate certain language skills. The purpose of the game and its course can be easily planned in advance and clearly explained. It is suitable for educational purposes in traditional classes.

BackgroundFollowing several landmark rulings and increasing public support for physician-assisted death, in 2016, Canada became one of a handful of countries legalising medical assistance in dying (MAiD) with Bill C-14. However, the revised Bill C-7 proposes the specific exclusion of MAiD where a mental disorder is the sole underlying medical condition (MAiD MD-SUMC).AimThis review explores how some persons with serious and persistent mental illness (SPMI) could meet sensible and just criteria for MAiD under the Canadian legislative framework.MethodsWe review the proposed Bill C-7 criteria (capacity, voluntariness, irremediability and suffering) as well as the nuances involved in separating a well-reasoned request for assisted suicide from what might be solely a manifestation of a SPMI.FindingsIn this paper, we argue against the absolute exclusion of patients with SPMIs from accessing MAiD. Instead, we propose that in some circumstances, MAiD MD-SUMC may be justifiable while remaining the last resort. Conducting MAiD eligibility assessments removes the need to introduce diagnosis-specific language into MAiD legislation. Competent psychiatric patients who request MAiD should not be treated any differently from other eligible candidates. Many individuals with psychiatric disorders will be incapable of consenting to MAiD. The only ethical option is to assess eligibility for MAiD on an individual basis and include as legitimate candidates those who suffer solely from psychiatric illness who have the decisional capacity to consent to MAiD.

Se analizó si, ante el posible ingreso de Bolivia al MERCOSUR, es razonable la adopción del Protocolo de Colonia, como Lex Arbitri en materia de inversiones extranjeras. Los resultados de la investigación determinaron que la medida es razonable, sin embargo, la normativa boliviana vulnera el principio de voluntariedad de las partes al cohibir a las mismas a someter el arbitraje de inversiones a la jurisdicción, leyes y autoridades bolivianas. Asimismo, este análisis también conlleva la necesidad de recalcar que el Protocolo de Colonia no posee una determinación del modo de ejecutar y reconocer el laudo arbitral, lo que implica que los laudos estén sujetos a las mismas reservas que posee la sede del arbitraje respecto al reconocimiento y ejecución de los laudos de carácter comercial internacional sujetos a la Convención de Nueva York. Por ende, la búsqueda de un sistema de arbitraje de inversiones internacional satisfactorio para Bolivia no solamente involucra la necesidad de adecuar previamente la normativa boliviana en concordancia con el referido proceso de integración, sino que también es necesaria la delimitación de casos determinados en los cuales los Estados puedan acudir a un mecanismo de impugnación provisto por el MERCOSUR.

The common law test of voluntariness has come to be associated with important policy rationales including the privilege against self-incrimination. However, when the test originated more than a century ago, it was a test concerned specifically with the truthfulness of confession evidence; which evidence was at that time adduced in the form of indirect oral testimony, that is, as hearsay. Given that, a century later, confession evidence is now mostly adduced in the form of an audiovisual recording that can be observed directly by the trial judge, rather than as indirect oral testimony, there may be capacity for a different emphasis regarding the question of admissibility. This article considers the law currently operating in Western Australia, Queensland and South Australia to see whether or not, in the form of an audiovisual recording, the exercise of judicial discretion as to the question of the admissibility of confession evidence might be supported if the common law test of voluntariness was not a strict test of exclusion.

This article attempts to analyze the problem of social partnership in educational sphere, based on the results of the experiment of the People's Ukrainian Academy on the formation and development of social partnership as an effective factor in ensuring the stability and prospects of education. The demand for the idea of social partnership in educational sphere as an effective factor in ensuring stability and further development of educational systems has been substantiated. The potential of classical sociological theories in the study of social partnership is revealed, the main theoretical aspects of the implementation of social partnership in educational sphere are determined. The directions of the research developments of domestic scientists on the state and trends in the development of social partnership, reforming higher education based on the consolidation of efforts of stakeholders, technologies of social partnership, stakeholder relations, problems of trust in educational sphere are presented. The analysis of theoretical developments and practical implementation of intermediate results of research and experimental work within the framework of the experiment is presented. Attention is drawn to such types of social partnership in education, which define partnership as a system of relationships between the subjects of the educational process and the educational institution; partnership as a level of the organization of relations between an educational institution and external social structures. The effective principles of joint activities are highlighted such as: consistency; voluntariness; trust; interrelation and interdependence of actions of stakeholders; flexibility and mobility; continuity, common values. Organizational and coordinating forms of social partnership have been determined, which have already proven their effectiveness. Among them, the following can be found: a board of trustees, an advisory board on financial and investment issues, a resource center for social partnership at the regional level; resource center for social partnership on the basis of an educational institution; a council of partners of the educational institution. Priority directions for further implementation of the experiment have been determined.

Este artigo tem como objetivo comparar os principais aspectos da Mediação e da Conciliação, enquanto meios alternativos de resolução de litígios, entre os Ordenamentos Jurídicos de Brasil e Portugal, de modo a apontar e discorrer acerca das principais diferenças encontradas, as quais são em relação ao princípio da Confidencialidade, ao princípio da Voluntariedade e à Executoriedade dos Acordos. O estudo foi desenvolvido a partir de uma metodologia jurídico-teórica, adotando-se o raciocínio dedutivo com técnicas de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, na primeira parte do trabalho, combinado com análise de dados no capítulo dedicado ao estudo do princípio voluntariedade confrontado à obrigatoriedade desses métodos. Concluiu-se que a Mediação e a Conciliação foram introduzidas no ordenamento pátrio com inconsistências conceituais que repercutem na validade desses institutos perante o sistema normativo como um todo, de modo que a referência portuguesa se faz importante para repensar meios legais de tornar estes institutos juridicamente mais sólidos.

Apologies are ordered in law without certainty about whether or not recipients perceive ordered and voluntary apologies differently. This exploratory study investigates whether or not the voluntariness of apologies influences recipients’ perceptions of their sincerity, acceptance of apologies, willingness to forgive and intended retributive behaviour. We manipulated the voluntariness of apologies whilst considering offender (age, gender, ethnicity and prior wrongful behaviour) and offence (seriousness) characteristics in 3 studies (ns = 164, 121, 236). Participants adopting the role of a hypothetical victim received either a voluntary or an ordered apology. The voluntary apologies were found to have a significantly more positive impact than the ordered apologies on acceptance and perception of sincerity in all 3 studies and on forgiveness in 2 studies, but did not significantly change participants’ retributive behaviour in any study. Age was the only other variable found to make a significant difference, with younger offenders’ apologies being rated as sincerer.

An agent A morally coerces another agent, B, when A manipulates non-epistemological facts in order that B’s moral commitments enjoin B to do what A wants B to do, and B is motivated by these commitments. It is widely argued that forced choices arising from moral coercion are morally distinct from forced choices arising from moral duress or happenstance. On these accounts, the fact of being coerced bears on what an agent may do, the voluntariness of her actions, and/or her accountability for any harms that result from her actions (where accountability includes liability to defensive harm, punishment, blame and compensation). This paper does not provide an account of the wrongness of moral coercion. Rather, I argue that, whatever the correct account of its wrongness, the mere fact of being coerced has no bearing on what the agent may do, on the voluntariness of her action, or her accountability for any resultant harm, compared to otherwise identical cases arising from duress and happenstance.

The use of human subjects in research comes with lots of ethical challenges. The purpose of this review is to assess the various ethical issues that have been associated with biomedical research in Nigeria. This article also finds out the possible ways of improvement of this scenario. Pubmed/Medline, Google Scholar, JSTOR, and AJOL search were the possible search engine for literature from 2000 to 2020. Key words were used including, ethical issues, biomedical research and Nigeria. Of the 113 publications were found., A total of 18(15.9%) articles fulfilled the study inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Twelve ethical issues were highlighted including Informed consent (12 studies), autonomy and voluntariness (8 studies), beneficence (8 studies), counseling (5 studies), compensation (4 studies), professional behavior and attitudes (2 studies), confidentiality (2 studies), social, cultural and religious practices (2 studies), scientific integrity (1 study), communitarianism (1 study), equity (1 study), and trust (1 study). We found that there are ethical issues in biomedical research in Nigeria of which informed consent is most widely studied. Also, participants had varying degree of understanding of their rights as research subjects. As a result, there is need to enhance the capacity of investigators to better understand these issues and also increase their explanatory skill to help participants achieve complete understanding of their various rights and process.

Cross-cultural research on corporate social responsibility (CSR) dealing with specific stakeholder groups is fairly rare in the existing literature. The aim of this research is to investigate the level of recognition of CSR in companies by employees working in micro/small, medium-sized and large companies. The research is based on the survey conducted in Bulgaria, Russia and Serbia with the employees' attitudes obtained via a structured questionnaire. A similar socio-historical background of the three countries and different levels of accomplished socio-economic development at present is taken into account. A proposed ranking methodology was based on the multi-criteria decision analysis approach, observed through five studied dimensions: environmental, social, economic, stakeholder and voluntariness. The ranking was carried out using the integrated Entropy-PROMETHEE-GAIA method, where the Entropy method was used for determining the weights of the criteria, whereas PROMETHEE-GAIA was used for final ranking. The obtained results were analyzed from the multi-cultural point of view and show more significant differences in the attitudes of employees from different countries, rather than when the size of a company is taken into consideration.

PHENOMENON: Research literacy remains important for equipping clinicians with the analytical skills to tackle an ever-evolving medical landscape and maintain an evidence-based approach when treating patients. While the role of research in medical education has been justified and established, the nuances involving modes of instruction and relevant outcomes for students have yet to be analyzed. Institutions acknowledge an increasing need to dedicate time and resources towards educating medical undergraduates on research but have individually implemented different pedagogies over differing lengths of time. APPROACH: While individual studies have evaluated the efficacy of these curricula, the evaluations of educational methods and curriculum design have not been reviewed systematically. This study thereby aims to perform a systematic review of studies incorporating research into the undergraduate medical curriculum, to provide insights on various pedagogies utilized to educate medical students on research. FINDINGS: Studies predominantly described two major components of research curricula—(1) imparting basic research skills and the (2) longitudinal application of research skills. Studies were assessed according to the 4-level Kirkpatrick model for evaluation. Programs that spanned minimally an academic year had the greatest proportion of level 3 outcomes (50%). One study observed a level 4 outcome by assessing the post-intervention effects on participants. Studies primarily highlighted a shortage of time (53%), resulting in inadequate coverage of content. INSIGHTS: This study highlighted the value in long-term programs that support students in acquiring research skills, by providing appropriate mentors, resources, and guidance to facilitate their learning. The Dreyfus model of skill acquisition underscored the importance of tailoring educational interventions to allow students with varying experience to develop their skills. There is still room for further investigation of multiple factors such as duration of intervention, student voluntariness, and participants’ prior research experience. Nevertheless, it stands that mentoring is a crucial aspect of curricula that has allowed studies to achieve level 3 Kirkpatrick outcomes and engender enduring changes in students. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40670-020-01183-w.

A new rape legislation, premised on the requirement of voluntariness, entered into force in Sweden during 2018. This article examines the application and interpretation of voluntariness in Swedish ...

espanolLa nueva regulacion del trabajo a distancia propicia el analisis de diversos aspectos, entre ellos, el acuerdo que las partes han de firmar para articular esta forma de desarrollar la prestacion laboral. Este pacto, sus modificaciones y la reversibilidad de lo acordado, reviste unas determinadas formalidades, pero sobre todo esta ordenado en sus contenidos, que quedan a lo que las partes concierten, si bien algunos aspectos se encuentran regulados por el legislador, como tambien pueden serlo por la negociacion colectiva. EnglishThe new regulation of distance work encourages the analysis of various aspects, among them, the agreement that the parties have to sign to articulate this way of developing the labor provision. This pact, its modifications and the reversibility of what has been agreed, has certain formalities, but above all it is ordered in its contents, which are up to what the parties agree on, although some aspects are regulated by the legislator, as may also be by collective bargaining

The paper considers special characteristics of classifying crimes related to the fire safety breach. The authors pay special attention to the issue of admissibility of using probabilistic inference of the fire mathematical simulation as evidence when classifying crimes related to the fire safety breach. It is proposed to emphasize the software programs and expert techniques quality before implementing them in the forensic-examination activity. Using the disposition of article 219 of the RF Criminal Code, the authors attempt to discuss the problematic issues related to the application of the results of mathematical simulation of the evacuation of people in case of fire when classifying and proving the obligatoriness (voluntariness) of fire safety requirements. The paper includes examples of problematic issues in the current techniques when calculating the probability of escape of people in the case of fire. The research allows considering both the technical and legal aspects of the application of current techniques for determining the probability of evacuation of people in the case of fire within the frame of forensic fire investigations. The authors propose to correct (develop) and standardize expert techniques used within fire investigations in the cases of fire safety breaches. The paper concludes on the inadmissibility of application of probabilistic meanings (results) obtained in the mathematical simulation of the evacuation of people in the case of fire as the essential evidence in the cases of fire safety breaches. The study allows specifying the problematic issues in using the evacuation simulation results when proving a body of a crime related to the fire safety breaches and substantiating the significance of further research.

The article reveals the content of out-of-school education in Ukraine in 1991–2014, which was determined by two interrelated factors: the transition period in which Ukrainian society was and the systemic crisis that engulfed it. The author emphasizes that if the first factor prompted the creation of new forms and methods, the second, and, above all, financial difficulties ‒ hindered the introduction of innovations in the field of out-of-school education.In the system of out-of-school education of Ukraine, in 1991–2014, the definition and formation of its content became the most important and difficult issue. The content of out-of-school education of this period took into account the experience of the Soviet period and the conditions for organizing the activities of out-of-school institutions. Among these conditions, the article highlights the following: voluntariness, accessibility, differentiation, and variability, flexibility, dynamism, mobility, consistency, etc.It is noted that the content of out-of-school education in 1991–2014 was structured and implemented in the system of clubs, academic disciplines, subjects, courses and was presented in the corresponding curricula, programs, textbooks, manuals, method guides, didactic aids.The publication analyzes the main areas that the content of out-of-school education included in 1991–2014: artistic and aesthetic, scientific and technological, library and bibliographic, ecological and naturalistic, tourism and local studies, humanitarian, physical culture, and sports, which had their own specificity.The author concludes that these areas of out-of-school education were based on the following principles: democratization (cooperation) and humanization (respect for the interests and needs of the individual); conformity to nature (taking into account age peculiarities) and cultural conformity (ensuring cultural continuity of generations); unity of education, upbringing and personal development; harmonization of social (professional and pedagogical) and family upbringing influences; integrity of out-of-school education. Keywords: out-of-school education, content, directions, principles, out-of-school institutions, historical and pedagogical analysis, competences, the development of personality.

Caucasia is a region, situated at intersection of Europe and Asia. Nations living here are different from each other about language, religion and ethnic root. They talk in more than fifty languages. As the region is situated, on strategic position the empires, established here, fought to invade the region. The educational problem of the nations, belonging to different cultures, solved within the principle of voluntariness. Religion organizations were leading on education. Jews studied at synagogue, Christians at church and Muslims at madrasah. Until the invasion of Russia, I mean, until 19th century, no one was educated compulsory, also there was no religion or nationally conflict among these nations at this region until 20th century. Russia, who wanted to follow the tradition of European countries, began to teach the sons of nobles-dvorians to create a support point in Caucasia after the occupation of region. Parents, whose children spoke in Russian, the European type schools were free of tax. These schools were missionary as well. Russia pursued a policy of Christianization and after Russianization policy. Despite the missionarism, pupils studied in these schools, became the patriots. After the collapse of Russia Empire on 1917, slavery countries became the establishing under the leadership of intellectuals, who had graduated these schools. The Bolsheviks, after strengthening the economically and military, began to recover the empire again. Bolsheviks began to abolish the new established governments by attacking. Despite Bolsheviks valued education, they used it for their benefit to propagate their ideology among the people. Russianization policy was implemented under the internationalization, the culture of exploited people, was assimilated and isolated from the developed countries. Fourteen republics declared their independence, when the Soviet Union collapsed on 1991 – a big differences happened on education as well. Engineers, teachers, doctors and etc. were taught the ideological education at universities during Soviet Union as well. After the collapse of Soviet Union, the teaching of ideological subjects cancelled in education. Students of independent governments began to get the education in different countries of world. The Finnish system was introduced in Azerbaijani education. Thousands of students went not only to Europe and America; in addition, they went to Korea, Japan, China and Malaysia to study there. They turned back with a culture, science of those countries. Thus, new form of integration appeared in Azerbaijan.

The article is devoted to the differentiation of the procedures for extradition of a person, depending on the procedure for implementation, into ordinary and simplified ones, as well as the study of the procedural mechanism for extradition of a person in a simplified manner, taking into account legislative changes, related to ratification of the Third Additional Protocol and the Fourth Additional Protocol to the European the convention on extradition of offenders. The procedural features of the simplified extradition procedure are associated with a specific mechanism for its implementation, in which certain subjects of criminal proceedings are involved, exercising the rights and obligations, provided by law: the authorized (central) body of Ukraine, the competent authorities of Ukraine (the prosecutor), as well as the investigating judge, the head of the institution of preliminary detention , defender, if necessary – translator. In the investigated order of extradition, the following are special: conditions and grounds for application, subject composition, terms, procedural acts, restrictions on appeal. Simplified extradition can be applied only with the written consent of the requested person, approved by the investigating judge, before the decision on extradition is made by the authorized (central) body of Ukraine upon request. Simplification of extradition proceedings is aimed at accelerating the latter, saving procedural time and money, as well as reducing the time frame for the application of measures of criminal procedural coercion. The legality of actions, decisions when deciding on the application of measures of criminal procedural coercion (detention, temporary, extradition arrest, the use of preventive measures not related to detention), as well as the voluntariness of consent to simplify the procedure and understanding of the consequences of this is ensured by the investigating judge by implementing judicial control. Facilitation of extradition contributes to the international fight against crime, but must be carried out with respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and the inadmissibility of violations and lawlessness

Informed consent is a fundamental component of modern health care. All competent adult patients have the legal and ethical authority to accept (consent) or refuse (dissent) recommended health-related interventions. Various models of informed consent have been described, and herein I introduce a model that divides informed consent into 7 distinct elements: competence, voluntariness, disclosure, recommendation, understanding, decision, and authorization. Genetic testing, which is rapidly becoming a common feature of both clinical care and research in hematology, adds additional layers of complexity to each of these consent elements. Using the example case of Mr. Smith, a man with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia whose clinicians offer him genetic testing of the leukemia through a clinical trial, I highlight the challenges and controversies of informed consent for genetic testing, focusing on each consent element as it pertains to genetic testing in such a setting. Ultimately, given the growing importance of genetic testing for hematologic disorders, clinicians, and researchers in hematology should be facile at participating in all aspects of informed consent for genetic testing.

The implementation of the Measuring, Monitoring and Control System (MMCS) in Chile was the key element of the most important regulatory and political crisis which has affected the Chilean electric sector. In the news this period was named as “smart-meters crisis”. This crisis was also one of the elements that contributed to the social outburst in October 2019. This paper presents both the technical and regulatory background that explain the failure of a public policy intended to modernize the electric distribution grid. It is described the arguments that promoted the investment of the companies on the MMCS, the antecedents that lead the Government to eliminate the obligations opting for the voluntariness in relation to the change of smart meters during the implementation process and the dilemma generated with regards to the pilot projects developed by some electrical distribution companies. Finally, a solution is proposed for the smart-meter’s property dilemma.

Traditionally, jurists have distinguished between voluntary/involuntary behaviour via the theory of volition. Though perceived as the conventional approach, this paper argues that the volitional understanding of voluntariness is an inadequate instrument for assessing complex behaviours which seemingly portray a striking level of intelligence and purposiveness on the part of the accused. In particular, the phenomenon known as hypnotically-induced behaviour, which forms the focus of this paper, is one such troublesome case. To this end, the version of the volitional theory most staunchly advocated by Professor Michael Moore is singled out for scrutiny, due to his strong sentiments supporting the application of his philosophy to these aforementioned behaviours. In contrast to Moore, this paper suggests that the position most recently proposed by the Law Commission of England and Wales within their discussion paper on the defences of insanity and automatism is to be preferred. Specifically, the Commission recommend substituting the theory of volition for that of ‘control’ as a means for assessing the voluntariness of any given behaviour. This paper submits that a theory of control has two major advantages over the traditional theory of volitionalism. First, the possession/absence of control more accurately reflects the contemporary system of criminal law in England and Wales. Second, a theory of control is more conceptually defensible as an explanation for why behaviours performed under hypnosis are typically perceived as involuntary.

Les « retours volontaires » mis en oeuvre par l’Organisation internationale pour les migrations (OIM) sont une forme contemporaine d’éloignement qui a la particularité de s’appuyer sur la « volonté » des migrants eux-mêmes. Tandis que la littérature a largement souligné la dimension contrainte de cette « volonté », il convient cependant de s’interroger sur le processus non linéaire et en partie contingent, qui amène les personnes migrantes à s’engager dans une procédure de retour auprès de l’OIM. À partir de la trajectoire de retour d’Aya et de son fils Prince, tous deux en instance de départ depuis le Maroc, cet article s’intéresse aux interactions entre les pratiques des intermédiaires migratoires et l’agencéité migrante dans la production d’une volonté au retour. Il observe les balbutiements d’une décision émergente de retour, le rôle d’acteurs intermédiaires dans la transformation de cette dernière en une demande d’assistance auprès de l’OIM, et l’incertitude qui persiste dans l’issue et les modalités d’une procédure de retour volontaire. Ainsi, l’article démontre que le retour volontaire se façonne au sein d’un espace relationnel d’intermédiation qui se positionne à l’interface de la violence des frontières et de la capacité d’action des migrants. C’est précisément dans ce noeud d’indétermination que convergent, s’opposent et se déforment, mécanismes de contrôle d’une part, et agencéité migrante d’autre part.

Objective This study aimed to understand the perception of patient safety and the reporting system in public in China, and make further recommendations for the optimization of the reporting system of patient safety. Methods The following data were collected through an online questionnaire from medical staffs and patients: recognition of patient safety, comments on patient participation, comments on spontaneous reports, attitudes toward the principles of spontaneous reports, and willingness to participate. This information was presented with frequency and percentage with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Spearman rank correlation was used to evaluate the association of those data. Results A total of 27,493 valid questionnaires were collected in this study. The participants who knew patient safety very well, regarded patients as an essential part to enhance patient safety, viewed spontaneous reports helpful, agreed on the 3 principles of voluntariness, anonymity, and nonpunishment of the reporter, and were willing to participate in reporting were accounted for 39.2% (95% CI, 38.6%–39.8%), 31.2% (95% CI, 30.7%–31.8%), 25.2% (95% CI, 24.7%–25.7%), 24.0% (95% CI, 23.5%–24.5%), and 19.9% (95% CI, 19.4%–20.4%), respectively. A moderate positive correlation was observed between comments on spontaneous reports and attitudes toward the principles of spontaneous reports (medical staffs versus patients, rs = 0.452 versus rs = 0.439; both, P < 0.01), as well as comments on patient participation and comments on spontaneous reports (medical staffs versus patients, rs = 0.410 versus rs = 0.460; both, P < 0.01). Conclusions The awareness of patient safety may influence the choices of the other questions subsequently and may affect their voluntariness for safety reports ultimately. Pertinent measures, such as publicity of the relevant concept, simplification of the reporting procedures, and promotion of incentive mechanisms, should be adopted to promote the optimization of the reporting system.

This large scale study investigated the influences that technology‐related policies and teachers’ constructivist teaching beliefs have on their intention to use technology in Chinese universities. Data were collected from 696 English teachers working in 59 Chinese universities. Five variables (subjective norm, constructivist teaching belief, perceived importance of policy, computer self‐efficacy and voluntariness) were examined in this study. Results indicated that perceived importance of policy, constructivist teaching beliefs and subjective norm were significant antecedents of perceived usefulness. The relationship between subjective norm and teachers’ intentions to use technology was moderated by voluntariness. Besides perceived usefulness, perceived ease of use also had significantly influenced English teachers’ behavioural intention. Overall, the research model explained 69% of variance of teachers’ intentions to use technology. This study has the potential to enrich our understanding of technology acceptance in teaching by contextualising the study in the rarely researched English teaching context in Chinese universities. The findings from this study also provide suggestions for policy makers and teacher educators.

Background The contact-tracing COVID-19 technology allows for tracing people that come in contact to individuals with COVID-19 wherever they are located. The number of tracing COVID-19 infection technology and devices is rapidly increasing. This has prompted many researchers to study the acceptability and ethical issues related to the implementation of such technology. Aim The purpose of this study was to determine the acceptability of COVID-19 contact-tracing technology and ethical issues of use. Methods A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was used. The target population was Jordanian adults (>18 years). The survey was distributed to a convenience sample of 2000 general public in Jordan. Results The results found that the number of people who accept to use COVID-19 contact-tracing technology was 71.6%. However, the percentage of people who were using this technology was 37.8. The main ethical concerns for many of participants were privacy, voluntariness, and beneficence of the data. Only income and living area were predictors for acceptability and use of tracing technology (p≤ 0.01). Conclusion The majority of Jordanians accept the implementation of contact-tracing technology for COVID-19 infection. Among ethical concerns of the implementation of such technology were privacy, beneficence and voluntariness. Implications The results of this study would help in improving the state of science regarding acceptability to use contact-tracing technology for health purposes. Moreover, the present findings provide evidence of predictors of acceptance and ethical concerns among Jordanian population about COVID-19 contact-tracing technology.

Notions of relative autonomy shape the discourse on voluntary recruitment of women and girls to terrorist networks. This article discusses voluntariness of women in Al-Shabaab recruitment, using fe...

Our main considerations take as a starting point the educational policy demand for a model of competence of text comprehension, which should make it possible to measure and systematically increase comprehension accomplishments and competences. The approach of classical cognitive psychology appears particularly suitable for this purpose, which determines comprehension as a rule-guided transfer of a sign complex into a mental representation. However, such representationalism tends to be aporetic in character. A way out of this problem is offered by recent concepts of understanding from the area ofEmbodied Cognition, according to which all mental operations are embedded in physical interaction processes. Comprehension means, in this sense, letting physical primary experiences be reproduced in a trial-action fashion. This approach is, in this paper, reconsidered in relation to the role of subjectivity and affect: Physical experiences are meaning-generating because they exhibit a subjectively perceived affective valence between pleasure and suffering. The beginning of all understanding therefore is to be located within the emotional sphere.Such a conception of understanding is supposed to have a considerable impact upon language- and literature teaching in schools. For example, training of reading skills should always be embedded in body-bound experiences. Moreover, learning and understanding both mean cultivating an alert ear for affective undertones, needs and irritations, which might even lead to drawing the curricular benchmarks and competency targets into question. Finally, as art and literature establish areas of freedom and play, literature teaching, especially, needs to be founded on affective awareness, discursive openness and proceeding voluntariness.

The aim of this research is to examine the occupational burnout levels of preschool teachers’ work in terms of working in the eastern and western parts of Turkey, voluntariness, gender, working location and age. In accordance with the general aim of the study, “Maslach Burnout Inventory” and “Personal Information Form” (prepared by the researcher) were filled by 72 preschool teachers working in the eastern provinces of Turkey and 82 preschool teachers working in the western ones: a total of 154 preschool teachers, 133 females and 21 males. ANOVA and t-test were used in the evaluation of the data. It was determined that the part of Turkey where teachers work, east or west, did not cause any difference in their occupational burnout. However, preschool teachers who inadvertently chose their profession experienced greater emotional exhaustion and decreased sense of personal achievement compared with preschool teachers who chose their profession voluntarily. Also, preschool teachers who worked in the west at the age of 31-40 years and at over 40 years experienced higher emotional exhaustion levels than those who worked in the east at the age of 31-40 years and at over 40 years. Further studies should be conducted with more teachers from all the cities in the seven regions of the country.

This study aimed to explore difficulties that parents faced when bringing their children to psychological examination in Vietnam through their life stories. The research participants included 5 fathers and 3 mothers having children diagnosed with autism. A preliminary interview prior to the study and in-depth interviews were carried out with their voluntariness. To collect and analyze the data, "Life Story Interview" list was implemented, data analysis phases of interpretative phenomenology was used in this study. As a result, key problems that parents met on this tough journey so that their children could be examined were (1) financial problems, (2) tiredness, and (3) unexpected behaviors of the children. Analyses showed that despite the challenges, parents tried their best in order to know exactly the name of their children’s problem.

Voluntary, non-remunerated donations are fundamental principles with anonymity regarding donations of elements and products of the human body in France. Blood donation was a model to organize donation of organs, hematopoietic stem cell or gamete. These principles, which at first glance appear to be intangible, commonly accepted and transposable between the different types of donation, though reveal singularities regarding to a collective imagination, a biological reality, evolution of society, medicine and science. Through the study of these different principles applied to donated human body parts, this article aims to highlight the ethical limitations of a single principlist approach. The notions of anonymity, consent, voluntariness, non for profit, under their universal aknowledge, reveal variability of interpretation and scope due to the heterogeneous characteristics, implications and purposes between these donations of different elements and the uses made of them.

PurposeThis paper builds on previous research in information systems (IS) project management by focusing on key antecedents proposed to play important roles in influencing normative commitment within the IS project environment. The study also further investigates the influence of normative commitment on intentions to continue.Design/methodology/approachTo collect data for this study, a field survey was administered online, and individuals were selected for participation by a member of upper management from Fortune 500 companies located in the United States. Two-hundred and thirty two (232) survey responses were collected. The model was analyzed using PLS-SEM.FindingsThe results indicated that personal investment, personal responsibility, voluntariness, project-specific self-efficacy and problem-solving competency were all significantly related to normative commitment. Project-specific self-efficacy, problem-solving competency and normative commitment directly influenced intention to continue. Additionally, problem-solving competency moderated both the relationships of project-specific self-efficacy to normative commitment and project-specific self-efficacy to intention to continue. The resulting model explains 63% of intention to continue and 58% of normative commitment.Originality/valueThe findings from this study contribute to commitment theory and enhance one’s understanding of IS project environments by exploring specific antecedents related to developing normative commitment. Additionally, the impact of normative commitment on intention to continue was enhanced by examining key moderating relationships to the model.

In this short paper, we investigate the problems with the employment of the notion of freedom and voluntariness in libertarianism. We pretend to demonstrate that these two, as conceived of by libertarians, figure in as the main issue when it comes to justifying its major institutions, say: bequeathing, gifts, transactions (or what they label as “voluntary transfer”). The difficulty here boils down to the fact that a purely rights-based idea of freedom and voluntariness, the pretentions of Nozick notwithstanding, cannot do alone, since it is the consideration whether we do something (e.g. bequeath, donate etc.) voluntarily (or freely) (in a non-moralized sense) that could account for the rights redistribution. Therefore, it seems that – at least sometimes – the notion of voluntariness (or freedom) is prior to the notion of rights.

The article presents the authors' view of informal education, which, being free from mandatory regulations and standardizations, implemented on the principles of voluntariness and initiative, in this context, is the place most likely to respond to societal demands in a pandemic. On the basis of the scientific literature analysis the essential features of informal education (attribution to human life, natural and necessary character, self-organization, continuity) have been revealed. It is noted that in the practice of informal education, discursive self-referential identity acts as a system that distinguishes and describes itself in practice, and in this self-description reveals their meaning. The informal education is seen as a form of social practice that plays a key role in self-development of the individual, in preserving individuality and internal independence from one's culture; as an element of a coherent continuous education system with an intrinsically complex structure. The conclusion is made about the resourcefulness of information education as a practice that triggers educational motivation, the growth of human potential. In the context of a pandemic and post-pandemic, informal education practices act as a means of mobile satisfaction of educational needs, allowing for the modernization of the education system to self-referential identity.

I argue that in Eudemian Ethics II 8 Aristotle provides us with a general definition of force (bia) applicable to all natural phenomena. This definition points us to an important, though rarely not...

While numerous ethical concerns have been voiced regarding HIV service scale-up strategies targeting key populations, few studies have examined these from the perspective of affected groups. This study therefore sought to understand transgender women's experiences and perspectives of targeted HIV services scale-up in the context of Argentina's Treatment as Prevention strategy. In 2016, 25 purposively selected transgender women living with HIV were interviewed by a peer research associate. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim and analysed using participatory coding techniques. Findings suggest that procedures around informed consent, including the provision of full information in lay language and voluntariness, were lacking both pre- and post-HIV test. Further, many transgender women felt disrespected and disregarded by healthcare workers. While the majority of participants were unaware of Treatment as Prevention, once explained, most felt the approach was ethical overall, and helped improve equity in HIV service access. Study findings offer several community-driven suggestions to support patient rights and the ethical scale-up of HIV services for transgender women in Buenos Aires, including the need for training in and the provision of non-judgemental, gender-affirmative care and the inclusion of peer-navigators.

This paper is a critical study of the Drug Courts in Chile. To this end, it analyses the regulatory context in which they were created within the criminal legislation regarding illicit drug trafficking. Without questioning the merits of drug treatment, the idea that drug courts are a valid alternative to incarceration is here challenged. Rather, they widen the punitive net that complements the extreme punitiveness of criminal drug legislation. Furthermore, the eligibility requirements established in Chile's drug courts prevent many people who might need it from the possibility of accessing treatment, given that as they are presently structured, drug courts combine and confuse public health criteria with notions of dangerousness. In the conclusion, maintaining and even increasing the budget of drug treatment is recommended. Nevertheless, the separation of criminal law assessments or charges from public health criteria is proposed. Likewise, as a public policy in criminal matters on drugs, it is recommended the decriminalisation of behaviours and the reduction of penalties in order to build a real path that is decriminalising and respectful of human dignity., Este trabajo es un estudio crítico sobre los Tribunales de Drogas (TTD) en Chile. Para esto, se analiza el contexto normativo en el que nacen dentro de la legislación penal en materia de tráfico ilícito de estupefacientes. Sin perjuicio de valorar la existencia de tratamientos contra las drogas, cuestionamos que los TTD sean una alternativa al encarcelamiento. Más bien, se trata de un aumento de la red punitiva que sirve de complemento al punitivismo extremo en la legislación penal sobre drogas. Asimismo, por los requisitos de elegibilidad establecidos en los TTD chilenos, se impide la posibilidad de un tratamiento para muchas personas que podrían requerirlo, toda vez que en la forma actual los TTD combinan y confunden criterios de salud pública con nociones de peligrosidad. En las conclusiones recomendamos la mantención y el aumento presupuestario de los tratamientos contra las drogas. No obstante, sugerimos la separación de las valoraciones o imputaciones jurídico-penales de los criterios de salud pública. Asimismo, como política pública en materia penal sobre drogas, recomendamos la despenalización de conductas y la disminución de sanciones para construir un camino real descarcelatorio y respetuoso de la dignidad humana.