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Non-Semitic religions refer to those religions which belong to Judaism, Christianity and Islam, except the rest of the religions are considered as non-Semitic. A woman has always been oppressed and condemned by society, but she has always been a human being with emotions and a legitimate position in society. Islam is a religion that respects the rights of both men and women. This law has been practiced since the time of Prophet Muhammad, before women had any rights.Among the main objectives of this research is to conclude from the religions of the subcontinent (Islam, Hinduism and Jainism) that which religion has given women the right place and status and the right of inheritance? And what is the society's attitude towards this role of women? And what are its social effects in the present era?

During the 19th century in India, women were often restricted from pursuing education beyond basic literacy and domestic skills. The prevalent belief was that a woman's primary role was to take care of the household and raise children, and therefore higher education for women was seen as unnecessary. However, there were individuals and organizations who recognized the importance of educating women and advocated for their right to receive a formal education. One of the key figures in the promotion of women's education during this time was social reformer Raja Ram Mohan Roy, who believed that educating women was essential for the progress of society. Despite these efforts, the curriculum for women's education during the 19th century was primarily focused on practical skills such as sewing, cooking, and childcare, rather than providing a well-rounded education. However, there were attempts to introduce subjects like literature, science, and social studies into the curriculum for girls, albeit on a limited scale. The status of women's education in 19th century India was marked by significant challenges and limitations. While there were efforts to promote female education by notable individuals and organizations, the prevailing societal norms and restrictions hindered the progress of women's education during this time. It was not until much later that significant strides were made in improving women's access to education and expanding the scope of their studies. By chosing a qissa of ninteenth century my aim here is to introduce the efforts by local scribes in female education. The story genre was used to pursuade females in didactic works. The qissa at hand “Leela wati o Chandrawati ka Qissa” was published from government press and in a short time its 2nd edition went out, which shows its populartiy.

Right to choose partner is an important theme in feminist criticism. This right gives a person liberty to live a desirable life. In subcontinent, women still does not have this right unanimously. It is interesting that modern literature has liberalize the representational world, which impacts the real world, although in a slow and steady manner. This article explores early Urdu novel as an example that positively gave voice to the female. The discussion is laid in the historical context.

The present study aims at exploring the degree of motivation and professional involvement in the libraries of the universities based in Lahore. The study is essentially quantitative in research involving survey research method for the data collection. The population of the study was paraprofessionals working in the central libraries of thirty-three HEC (Higher Education Commission, Pakistan) recognized public and private universities in Lahore. For the sake of convenience, a selected group of five respondents was constituted from the central library of each university. The available respondents in thirty three university libraries were eighty five. Data were collected through a structured questionnaire using a pre- developed scale MAWS (Motivation at Work Scale) by Gagne et al. (2010). The results proved that the introjections and inner motivational factors proved the key factors of motivation. Furthermore, the results proved that the library assistants had a higher degree level of motivation than those of library clerks. The employees receiving high salary were more motivated than those who were receiving comparatively low salary. Permanent job holders were more motivated than contract-based employees. Similarly, university sector also proved a factor of motivation. The findings of the study are significant to the administration of university libraries that they should consider these factors to keep their staff motivated and committed to their organization and at their workplace.

Human behaviour is the fundamental problem regarding the imbalance relation of environment and mankind. Most of the Muslims societies are not well aware about current environmental crises and its impact on nature. Islamic teachings especially prophetic tradition focused on the precautionary behaviours by Muslims for protecting the environment from all types of catastrophe. The study highlights some strategies for preserving natural resources especially land and protecting human being from environmental hazards on individual basis as daily routine life. That is quite protective or environment friendly according to modern environmental studies. The paper has descriptive and analytical approaches with pro environmental behaviours with empirical treatment of textual study of Ahadith, which transpire all prophetic guiding principles in conservation of environment from all dangers. The study concludes with the number of recommendations and strategies such as need of awareness and implementation about the prophetic approach regarding environmental behaviours; formation of scientific committee with expertise of textual studies of Hadith, Quran and Fiqh as well as environmental sciences; media campaign for raising awareness of environmental issues on local level for layman.

Article endeavors to analyze the prophetic guiding principles regarding human behaviors related to plants and trees being an important component of our environment. The discussion mainly deals with the key environmental issues emphasizing plantation and its significance for balancing the equilibrium of the environment. Additionally, it thrashes out that humans are urged to seedling the plantation even the world is to be ended in Islam. The present study is delimited to the present ecological crises faced by society and a great challenge to the globe. The current ecological problems i.e global warming and climate change are interpreted just to analyze the environmental behaviors in Hadith literature. However, a profundity descriptive study has been conducted in the most influential way to examine the prophetic rules for human behaviors related to trees and plants being environment friendly. Furthermore, the existing practices of humans related to such an environmental sphere also been aptly figure out to highlight all possible ways in the light of prophetic guidance to deal with prevailing environmental issues. Inconsistency between religious teachings and human behaviors need the keen interest of religious scholars and social scientists to carefully harmonize both for maintaining the ecological balance in nature.

Kabul was a bridge between Indian Mughal Empire and Central Asia, the ancestral homeland of the founder of the Mughal Empire. Kabul, the capital of Afghanistan, carries about 3,500 years old historical records mentioning Kabul with different names like, Kubha, Gandahara, Kabura, Ortospana, Kapul, Zavul, and Zabul etc. Many great warriors and conquerors from Central Asia used Kabul as their route to India. It was also known as a gateway to India and Central Asia. Kabul became the foundation stone for the Mughal Empire in India. During the Mughal era Kabul entered into a new phase and with the invasion of Babur the area got the position of the capital of the Mughals. The early Mughal rulers paid much attention to the affairs of Kabul, because their existence to a greater extent was dependent on their strong hold over Kabul. The research work is focused on development of Kabul under Mughal kings particularly Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Shah Jahan and Aurangzeb. The later Mughal kings after Aurangzeb were not able to end political disturbances in Kabul which not only displeased the people of Kabul but also encouraged the neighbouring powers to invade the valley. Historical and analytical methods are used in this research and Pashtu, Dari, Urdu and English sources have been utilized to gauge development of Kabul during that point in time. No research work has been carried out on this aspect of Kabul so far. The analysis of the development of Kabul under Mughals brings to limelight the geostrategic and politico-economic worth of Kabul as an important Caravanserai on the trade route between Central and South Asia.

Saadat Yar Khan Rageen was an important poet and prose writer ofeighteenth century. He introduced the feminist form of poetry "Rekhti"which made his immoral impression but his other writings present himdifferent. Unfortunately ,his 'Kulyat' is not edited yet thats why hiscomplete impression is not before us. This article is a research based study of his masnavi 'Ejad e Rangeen' which contains 'Hikayaats' .It is an introduction of its various manuscripts and editions, moreover thismasnavi sketches him differently which is very important to understand his personality and other writings as well.

Eastern and Western civilization and its clash is an important research work. It highlights the merits and demerits of the both civilizations. The research suggests that the clash of civilization is a reality. The contrast of Eastern and Western Civilizations is so much striking that some time a very intelligent person also remains astonished.The clash of Both Civilizatuions have been depicted very beautifully in Urdu Fiction.Urdu Fiction has laid a great focus to enlight its reader about the changed point of view of life in Eastern and Western Civilizations.So,it suggests that clash must be accepted as a fact. Hence, East and West should adopt suitable measures to learn tolerance of differences and be prepared to accept others with thier qualities and faults. It will enable them to enjoy modern world with its merits and demerits.It also suggests that need of reformation in both civiliztions is necessray. Reformation in both civilization will produce a safe future to thecoming generations.

Muhammad Safdar Mir was famous Urdu poet of the 20th centaury.This article seeks to bring into light the symbols of Muhamamd SafdarMir's poem that he created in his poetry. The critic has tried to openhidden meaning of symbols discovered by the poet during creative act. This article deals with the styles and techniques he had employed in his symbolic poetry.

Literature cannot be alienated from society and life. Pakistan is suffering from terrorism since last two decades. It is the fruit of fundamentalism. Pakistani writers felt this situation by heart. They have represented different aspects of terrorism which really destroying the life of Pakistani People. Muhammad Ilyas in his gigantic novels presented the fundamentalist forces, their system and the characters which support this approach. In this article the representation of fundamentalism and terrorism in his novels is analyzed. Through the analysis of the ideas and characters presented in his novels it is tried to understand the situation of contemporary Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]