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The article focuses on Paper trash from Los Angeles (LA) City Hall and two LA office buildings that may soon be on its way to China. The paper is being analyzed for its export value, and, sometime this summer, China Paper Partners of San Francisco, an affiliate of the Conservatree Paper Co., plans to begin shipping the paper trash to the People's Republic of China, where it will be sorted and recycled. Instead of going into already overburdened landfills on this side of the Pacific, as much as 1,000 tons of paper trash per day may make the voyage to China, where paper material is in great demand.

Recently, the US has dramatically expanded immigration enforcement. At the same time, some advocates have sought to support “good” immigrants. This paper considers how the resulting good/bad binaries affect undocumented immigrants. I examine a case study in Los Angeles, where policing intertwined with protection. Based on participant observation and interviews, I show that respondents believed state agents classified them either as “bad” criminals or “good”, immigrants. To the extent immigrants identified as “good”, they credited the US with offering them “freedom” and hoped for political inclusion. At the same time, in what I call moralizing regulation, they also performed “good” behaviour and distinguished themselves from those seen as “bad”. Some also tied “good” behaviour to femininity and “acting white”. At the extreme, they blamed other migrants for inviting state mistreatment. The effects were ambivalent: while immigrants appreciated US support, they also adopted and adapted to the state’s moral norms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the initial results of a study on Maya-Yucatecan migrant women who have settled permanently in Los Angeles, California. The reasons that led them to migrate are addressed as well as the way they came to the United States and joined the work force. Certain aspects that permitted their insertion into Los Angeles society are highlighted, together with identity recovery practices to show that adaptation to the host culture is slow, irregular and incomplete, but enough for them to deploy survival strategies. The paper is based on the assumption that female migration lends this phenomenon specific characteristic that warrant special attention. Accordingly, the analysis of the document is based on an interpretation of the meaning of the actions, for which the content of ten in-depth interviews conducted in Los Angeles in 2012 was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents an abstract of the paper ``Rockin' the Rock House' A Music Video to Prevent Syphillis in South Central Los Angeles,' by Juli Schmidt, a semifinalist paper in the contest for the 1989 Secretary's Award for Innovations in Health Promotion and Disease Prevention.

For Salvadorans who relocated to the United States, the marginalization imposed by American society, the victimization enacted by Mexican gangs and their negative experience with El Salvador's practice of citizenship brought them to create the Mara Salvatrucha (MS-13) and modify 18th Street gangs in the neighborhoods of Los Angeles. Living on the fringes of society, they were kept from attaining the social, civil and economic benefits of a liberal democratic model of citizenship. This paper claims that, in order to survive, they took it upon themselves to create a parallel model of citizenship, combining anarchism with ''citizenship as agency'' under the gang structure. Following Philip Oxhorn's analysis of models of citizenship, this study examines how Salvadoran refugees came to create such alternative citizenship in the framework of the MS-13 and 18th Street gangs. Analysis asserts that the structure and development of membership in the gangs is not a coincidence, but rather a response to their marginalization, negative experience of state citizenship, and their participation in public arenas modeled as an extension of social contracts. Understanding the views of these, now transnational, gangs in terms of citizenship can aid policymakers and Central American governments as they approach these groups, eliminating violence and promoting development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that citizens are capable of developing and promoting complex policy symbols, and that these symbols include supporting frames that explain and justify them. Based on a long-term study of education policies in Los Angeles, California, the paper uses interpretive methods to reconstruct and analyze these frames. Citizens developed two specific policy symbols while the district was engulfed in a desegregation debate; citizens identified schools as places where students gained academic knowledge and as institutions that affected broader race relations. However, education policy in Los Angeles could not support these two symbols over a long period of time, and a political movement to end mandatory busing eventually caused the academic symbol (originally the weaker of the two symbols) to become dominant. This trend reflects broader national discussions, in which education is now discussed in terms of standards and accountability and is evidence of continuing racism in US policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Critics often mourn a loss of publicness in cities due to the increased presence of antiterror security zones and related behavioral and access controls, although recent work suggests that security landscapes have shifted from the hard, intense, militarized architecture of the late 1990s-early 2000s to a softer, less obtrusive approach more commonly seen today. Nonetheless, these studies are mostly anecdotal in nature: few studies attempt to back these claims with empirical evidence and even fewer connect this physical security imposition with the policies and plans governing its implementation and operation. In this paper I describe results of site visits to Civic Centers and Financial Districts in New York City, Los Angeles, and San Francisco. In each neighborhood I catalog security landscapes using a simple tool to assess the intensity, duration, and location of individual security zones. I find that the security landscape covers between 3.4% and 35.7% of publicly accessible space in the districts studied, and that this landscape is most prevalent and intense in New York City. I also find that security zones governed by multistakeholder networks are more intense and militarized than zones managed by a single entity. By understanding how the policies impact physical security, albeit in a relatively small sample of cities and districts, we can better predict what the future of urban security measures might hold. This paper provides empirical grounding to more common theoretical speculations regarding the future of the urban security landscape in the global West. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the geographies of justice movements in Rotterdam in The Netherlands and Los Angeles in the United States. In their wider national and international frameworks movements in both countries continue to contest unjust forms of urbanization characterized by neoliberal initiatives that undermine the socioeconomic status of low-income residents. These movements are constituted by relations that stretch across several geographical levels. There remain, however, significant differences in their spatial organizational form: Rotterdam is characterized by loose networks of local associations which relate to constellations of nationally based Christian churches, unions, and humanist organizations, whereas networks between associations, unions, and university activists in Los Angeles have undergone institutionalization at the urban level. We show that movement territorialization is particularly evident at the urban level in Los Angeles while embedded at the national level in the shadow of state - corporatist institutional legacies and power relations in Rotterdam. By drawing upon important insights from several economic geographers, we develop a conceptual framework for explaining the spatialities of contention and contribute to contemporary controversies over relationality, territoriality, and political action at a variety of scales. A normative implication of the paper concerns the learning capacities of contesting actors to forge alliances and achieve their ambitions within path-dependent institutional frameworks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on the process of institutional change at the leading ports of the United States: Los Angeles and Long Beach. In order to do so, it makes use of the structure of provision-approach and the concept of regime politics which allows for a systematic analysis and comparison. Key questions are: how are both ports institutionally structured? How do they evolve in relation to each other? And what is the role of agency in this process? The paper reveals how both ports remain institutionally different in spite of competition. This persistent institutional diversity can be explained by that fact that institutions represent territorially rooted structures of power in which competitive performance will not always be the decisive interest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the multiple expressions of Central American immigrant Pentecostalism in the Pico Union district of Los Angeles. Drawing on in-depth ethnographic fieldwork in three temples and informal conversations with over 30 active Pentecostals, this paper shows that Central American immigrant Pentecostals tend to congregate on the basis of “congregational homophily,” or shared social and cultural characteristics, especially in terms of age, marital status, presence of infirmities or ailments, and national/regional origin. This paper also explores the ways in which Central American immigrant Pentecostals tailor their religious practices to reflect their “congregational homophily” through the differential inclusion/exclusion of practices such as healing, “roommating,” and formal and informal discussions of shared histories. By focusing on “congregational homophily” and the active constructions and reconstructions of Central American immigrant Pentecostalism, we gain more insight into the ways some Central American immigrants negotiate their lives and experiences in the increasingly fettered social, cultural, and political topography of contemporary Los Angeles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the struggles of the Mexican American civil rights in Los Angeles, California during the early Cold War era. Accordingly, the paper explains the ways in which those mid-century campaigns for Mexican American civil rights were fundamentally cooperative. The paper also highlighted the significance of the struggle of the Mexican American civil rights for Mexican Americans' quest for full citizenship

The role of diuretic renography has become central in cases of upper tract dilatation, and in the first paper in this section the difficulties in interpreting results in asymptomatic congenital hydronephrosis are examined. These difficulties and controversies exist despite the presence of guidelines and consensus protocols, probably because renography procedures differ among centres. The authors found that there is a need for renography to be standardized for the optimum value to be obtained from the procedure.There are three papers from Los Angeles which attempt to standardize the measurement of bladder compliance, from both the theoretical and clinical perspective, and which assess the detrusor pressure rise of a normal bladder when filled to capacity.To discuss the main steps of renographic technique and underline some pitfalls related to the acquisition, processing and interpretation of diuretic renography, an important method for guiding the management of asymptomatic congenital hydronephrosis.Despite guidelines and consensus protocols, renographic procedures differ among centres, causing difficulties in comparison and controversy in the interpretation of results. Thus we comprehensively assessed published papers on the subject of diuretic renography.Differential renal function (DRF) is a robust measure provided there is adequate background subtraction. Pitfalls are related to the drawing of regions of interest, particularly in infants, to estimating the interval during which DRF is calculated, and to an adequate signal-to-noise ratio. There is no definition of a‘significant’ reduction in DRF. The classical variables of the diuretic renogram may not allow an estimate of the best drainage. Poor pelvic emptying may be apparent because the bladder is full and because the effect of gravity on drainage is incomplete. Estimating the drainage as residual activity rather than any parameter on the slope might be more adequate, especially if the time of frusemide administration is changed. Renal function and pelvic volume can influence the quality of drainage. Drainage may be better estimated using new tools.Provided the investigation is standardized and potential pitfalls accounted for, the diuretic renogram provides valuable and reproducible quantitative information on DRF and drainage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the implementation of post-disaster US federal assistance programmes for residential reconstruction and investigates the relationship between socio-demographic characteristics of places and access to residential assistance following the Northridge earthquake that hit Los Angeles in 1994. The paper also examines the effects of the distribution of assistance on long-term recovery outcomes. Findings suggest that areas with high levels of socially marginalised populations were at a disadvantage in accessing federal residential assistance. Findings also show that the long-term effects of the earthquake differed depending on levels of assistance relative to damage. Areas that received less assistance experienced losses in population and housing units. These findings indicate that post-disaster recovery programmes in the US do not adequately address the wide range of housing needs that emerge in the case of a major disaster in a large metropolitan area. Implications for post-disaster planning as well as for planning under everyday conditions are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a procedure for the evaluation of the seismic damage in steel moment frame buildings. The rotational capacities, of typical connections of a building in the Los Angeles area, which suffered extensive damage during the Northridge earthquake, were determined using stress triaxiality as an indicator for fracture. The rotational demands of the same connections were obtained from a three-dimensional finite element analysis of the building model. Comparisons of the rotational demands at several locations in the building to the rotational capacities determined by the stress triaxiality analysis showed that fracture of steel moment connections of the building are governed by the triaxiality of stresses. Based on a number of moment connections analyzed, the paper suggests a moment capacity equation for the pre-Northridge welded steel moment connections taking into account the fracture incidence due to stress triaxiality effect. The moment capacity of such connections as dictated by stress triaxiality compared favorably to FEMA-350 requirements. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper offers a critique of the recent work on global economic and state restructuring in the broader political economy literature. It argues that much of this work, because of its theoretical reliance on regulation theory, offers only a partial account of the state and state restructuring. The paper offers a framework for understanding state restructuring and the state's role in economic regulation that adds more explicitly political imperatives to the existing regulation account. The methodological goals of the regulationist literature have led it to focus too heavily on the reproduction of capitalist relations as the primary object of state policies and institutions. That focus should be enlarged to include an explicit analysis of the important element of state-citizen relations. In addition to helping reproduce capitalist relations, state policies must also reproduce a condition of political legitimacy between state and citizen in order to ensure the continued reproduction of state institutions and state sovereignty. While the statecitizen relation is closely bound up with economic relations, it also includes non-economic, more purely political aspects. I argue that the imperative of state-citizen legitimacy will play an important role in how the state is restructured in the present crisis. The paper ends by offering a case study of the local state in Los Angeles in order to illustrate how state-citizen political legitimacy can play an important role in state restructuring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper seeks to understand why secession movements gained momentum in Los Angeles and what their effect will be on regional governance. A brief discussion of liberal theories of secession demonstrates that they cannot explain secession movements at the urban scale, as they are exclusively focused on cases of nationalist secession from a nation-state. Furthermore, liberal theories of secession offer normative arguments on the right to secede. Following a change in California legislation granting municipalities the right to secede, the secessionist debate in Los Angeles is not so much concerned with normative issues, but more with devising an effective and revenue-neutral process for secession. Using a threefold theoretical approach based on theories of secession, regulation theory and theories of state rescaling, and theories of social movements, this paper argues that the 'political opportunity structures' provided by globalisation and the prevalent neo-conservatism, might explain how secession movements in Los Angeles were able to mobilise large efforts to their cause. We hold that globalisation has forced cities to re-open the debate on size and governance. Secession movements have been very successful in raising public awareness on the issue. Their strength lies mostly in their populism, well in tune with the prevalent wave of neo-conservatism. These movements use arguments well grounded in Southern California's complex history of regional fragmentation and consolidation. As a social project of the Right, they offer secession as a potential 'solution' to the problems of urban governance in the age of globalisation, in a context of simultaneous consolidation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines how race, class, and gender intersect to shape professional Latinos’ entrepreneurial incorporation, as observed by the conditions that prompt professional Latinos to start a business, including access to capital and experiences with discrimination. In-depth interviews with professional Latino business owners in Los Angeles reveal that individual human capital – via resources and wealth accrued through corporate careers – facilitates entrepreneurial activity. Race, ethnicity, and gender, as intersectional social group identities, combine with class to shape variegated impacts on access to capital and business experiences by gender and target market. Ethnicity is a resource for those serving the coethnic community and is more significant in shaping business ownership experiences for men who target a racially/ethnically diverse clientele, whereas gender and race are more salient for women outside the coethnic community. This study contributes to the ethnic enterprise literature by going beyond ethnicity to demonstrate that multiple dimensions of identity shape professional Latino/as’ entrepreneurial incorporation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This paper examines generational politics in the Korean American community in Los Angeles. After outlining how the Immigration Act of 1965 led to the acceleration of generational transition in the contemporary immigrant experience, the paper focuses its attention on the entry of the post-immigrant generation into Korean American community politics. Relying on interviews and case studies, the entry of the post-immigrant generation is examined both as a source of new political resources for community mobilization as well as a new source of intra-community conflict. As greater numbers of the post-immigrant generation reach adulthood and become active in political affairs, the issue of generational politics will play an increasingly important role for shaping not only the political developments in immigrant communities but also the broader politics of the American society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: An emerging model for sexuality education is the rights-based approach, which unifies discussions of sexuality, gender norms, and sexual rights to promote the healthy sexual development of adolescents. A rigorous evaluation of a rights-based intervention for a broad population of adolescents in the U.S. has not previously been published. This paper evaluates the immediate effects of the Sexuality Education Initiative (SEI) on hypothesized psychosocial determinants of sexual behavior. Methods: A cluster-randomized trial was conducted with ninth-grade students at 10 high schools in Los Angeles. Classrooms at each school were randomized to receive either a rights-based curriculum or basic sex education (control) curriculum. Surveys were completed by 1,750 students (N = 934 intervention, N = 816 control) at pretest and immediate posttest. Multilevel regression models examined the short-term effects of the intervention on nine psychosocial outcomes, which were hypothesized to be mediators of students' sexual behaviors. Results: Compared with students who received the control curriculum, students receiving the rights-based curriculum demonstrated significantly greater knowledge about sexual health and sexual health services, more positive attitudes about sexual relationship rights, greater communication about sex and relationships with parents, and greater self-efficacy to manage risky situations at immediate posttest. There were no significant differences between the two groups for two outcomes, communication with sexual partners and intentions to use condoms. Conclusions: Participation in the rights-based classroom curriculum resulted in positive, statistically significant effects on seven of nine psychosocial outcomes, relative to a basic sex education curriculum. Longer-term effects on students' sexual behaviors will be tested in subsequent analyses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Minimum parking requirements (MPRs) are the norm for urban and suburban development in the United States (). The justification for MPRs is that overflow parking will occupy nearby street or off-street parking. and provide cases where there is reason to believe that parking space requirements have forced parcel developers to place more parking than they would in the absence of parking requirements. However, to our knowledge the existing literature does not test the effect of parking minimums on the amount of lot space devoted to parking beyond a few case studies. This paper tests the hypothesis that MPRs bind for most land uses using data on suburban office, commercial, industrial and retail property sales from Los Angeles County using both direct and indirect approaches. Our indirect test of the effects of parking requirements is similar to the one used by . A simple theoretical model shows that the marginal value of additional parking to the sale price of a building should be equal to the cost of land plus the cost of parking construction. We estimate the marginal values of parking and lot area with spatial methods using a large data set from the Los Angeles area non-residential property sales and find that for most of the property types the marginal value of parking is significantly below that of the parcel area. In addition, we directly examine required and supplied parking and find that on average parking supplied is quite close to the required amount. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The United States has, since its birth been a linguistically and culturally diverse nation, forcing administrators attend minority groups and to respond adequately to their educational needs. Our paper begins with a historical journey that has given us some data on migratory movements in the U.S. and has informed us to the current demographic composition. Among the educational responses that have been given attention to minorities, some have been successful as bilingual educational policies. From a research design that responds to a case study we have analyzed a bilingual school in the county of Los Angeles in California. The school follows the model Two-Way Immersion or Dual Language Immersion. This model is based on the theory of linguistic minorities' integration with the dominant majority and through instruction in two languages to both groups that they become bilingual and develop attitudes of respect for other cultures. The TWI/DLImodel could be useful for some recently started bilingual/multilingual schools of our local communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper suggests a new concept, ‘spatial capability’, for understanding how women’s freedom of mobility is systematically constrained. Based on the capability approach, it demonstrates that women’s adaptive daily culture causes individual agents voluntarily to limit their mobility. Through the orally expressed experiences of 42 married Korean immigrant women in Los Angeles, this research effectively argues how the marginalisation of the subjects in the migration decision, along with their limited daily mobility, constitutes their spatial capability. It also shows that their daily culture, including their gender roles and their Christianity, enhances their constraints by adapting the limits and ultimately becomes the limitation itself. Gendered mobility should be approached in terms of potential freedom and accompanied by a consideration of the dialectic relationship that exists between the social constraints and the individual agents. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

This research compares several national-origin groups in terms of how parents' entry, legalization and naturalization ( i.e., membership) statuses relate to their children's educational attainment. In the case of Asian groups, the members of which predominantly come to the United States as permanent legal migrants, we hypothesize (1) that father's and mother's statuses will be relatively homogenous and few in number and (2) that these will exert minimal net effects on second-generation attainment. For Mexicans, many of whom initially come as temporary unauthorized migrants, we hypothesize (1) that parental status combinations will be heterogeneous and greater in number and (2) that marginal membership statuses will exert negative net effects on education in the second generation. To assess these ideas, we analyze unique intergenerational data from Los Angeles on the young adult members of second-generation national-origin groups and their parents. The findings show that Asian immigrant groups almost universally exhibit similar father-mother migration statuses and high educational attainment among children. By contrast, Mexicans manifest more numerous discrepant father-mother combinations, with those in which the mother remains unauthorized carrying negative implications for children's schooling. The paper discusses the theoretical and policy implications of the delays in incorporation that result from Mexican Americans needing extra time and resources compared to the members of other groups to overcome their handicap of marginal membership status ( i.e., being more likely to enter and remain unauthorized). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper traces how Los Angeles peace activists tried to make visible the grave domestic effects of Cold War militarization. Women Strike for Peace went beyond a focus on the productive relations between the state, military and industry captured by the term 'military-industrial complex' to analyze how reproductive spaces were part of this complex. In opposing war, they challenged what I am calling militarized domesticities: how war-making shapes the 'home front' and home as the spaces national security states claim to protect. I build on feminist antiracist intersectionality theories to situate the military-industrial complex per se within broader processes of the militarization of society and daily life. The questions become how do gendered processes of militarization-that work in conjunction with relations of white privilege-produce and connect differently situated 'private' spaces or home places? How might strategies for dismantling the military-industrial complex emerge from the contradictions of these processes? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several papers discussed at a symposium cosponsored by the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) Law Review and the Williams Institute is presented. Topics include sexuality and gender laws, U.S. Supreme Court's willingness to ignore established equal protection principles on sexualities, and the theoretical dimensions of the conflict between antinormalization and antisubordination principles. Speakers include Scott Cummings, Doug NeJaime, and Sonia Katyal.

This article argues that a dynamic relationship existed during the 1929-1955 period between the Hollywood film industry and the United States income tax system. The relationship functioned on three levels. First, steep marginal tax rates impacted film production, encouraging certain highly paid actors and directors to work less in the 1930s, form corporations in the 1940s, and live and work abroad in the 1950s. Second, Hollywood played a key role in the popular cultural discourse surrounding the income tax. Third, Hollywood itself influenced the income tax system, most significantly through the career of actor-turned-politician Ronald Reagan. Drawing on extensive legal scholarship and numerous archival sources - including the legal files of the Warner Bros. Archive and the John Huston, William Wyler, and George Cukor Papers housed at the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences - the article suggests that the implications of Hollywood's relationship with the income tax reach beyond industrial film history into American cultural and political history. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Despite the health and survival advantages of Hispanics relative to non-Hispanic whites in the USA, Hispanics report themselves to be in worse health than whites. Prior research indicates that these ethnic differences in self-rated health (SRH), measured by a simple question asking individuals to assess their overall health status, persist in the presence of an extensive set of explanatory variables. In this paper we use data from the first wave of the Los Angeles Family and Neighborhood Survey (L.A.FANS-1) to test three hypotheses regarding Hispanic–white differences in SRH. We evaluate whether poorer health reports among Hispanics result from: (1) acculturation and language-related differences in reports; (2) measures of socioeconomic status (SES) that are often omitted in other studies; and (3) somatization of emotional distress by Hispanics. Our results provide new insights into the validity of these explanations and suggest avenues for future research. First, they underscore the importance of language of interview over other measures of acculturation, suggesting that translation issues between the Spanish and English versions of the SRH question may give rise to some of the differences. Second, adjustment for SES—especially years of schooling—narrows, but does not eliminate, the gap between whites’ and Hispanics’ SRH. Finally, although respondents who are depressed are more likely to report poor SRH, this study provides little evidence to support the somatization hypothesis. The second wave of L.A.FANS incorporates new questions that are likely to permit more in-depth assessments of these hypotheses in future analyses. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The paper examines sociospatial issues for two forms of school choice that are popular in the US, magnet schools and charter schools. It argues that geographical analyses can be taken up to expand understandings of such issues as the spatial organisation of race in public school choice plans, how rapidly increasing immigrant student populations impact classroom space in urban districts and parents' everyday challenges managing the distances between home and school. The geographical analysis of data from a two-year ethnographic study of a large school district in the Los Angeles metropolitan region found that, by offering choice to those who are unable to accomplish choice unless they have necessary resources such as time and supports such as transport, districts may inadvertently be perpetuating the historical inequities and inequalities that have stubbornly embedded themselves into the sociospatial relations of urban schooling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper uses census microdata to examine five aspects of residential assimilation in the greater Los Angeles area. A double cohort method is used to separate the effect of duration in the US from the effect of aging. We track a single arrival cohort that came in 1970–79, and analyze the processes and determinants of their residential assimilation between 1990 and 2000. Groups compared are Mexican, Korean, and Chinese immigrants, along with a common reference group of native-born, non-Hispanic whites. We find that while the Mexicans follow the traditional path of residential assimilation, they are more likely to reside in ethnic districts once they become homeowners. The Chinese are most unusual, locating in the suburbs and attaining very high homeownership soon after arrival, but moving into areas of co-ethnics over time. The Koreans exhibit a strong preference for urban lifestyle, often remaining in the city and renting in districts with whites and Latinos. Residential assimilation is a multifaceted process and the dynamics of residential adjustment are much more complex than previously revealed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The article focuses on the Russian-born composer Igor Stravinsky and his four arrangements of the U.S.'s national anthem "The Star-Spangled Banners." It states that after filing his initial papers for U.S. citizenship in August 1940, he turned his attention to the U.S.'s national anthem. Stravinsky led different harmonizations of "The Star-Spangled Banner" at his first and last concerts at the Hollywood Bowl in Los Angeles, California in August 1940 and July 1966. The first arrangement, from 1917, was by Walter Damrosch, which is a man he had met in 1925. In 1966, it was his own arrangement because he was commemorating its 25th anniversary. In July 1941, he acknowledged that "inspiration" and "suggestion" for the arrangements came from his "elderly" student and his son-in-law.

In this paper we present a parallel regret insertion heuristic to solve a dial-a-ride problem with time windows. A new route initialization procedure is implemented, that keeps into account both the spatial and the temporal aspects of the problem, and a regret insertion is then performed to serve the remaining requests. The considered operating scenario is representative of a large-scale dial-a-ride program in Los Angeles County. The proposed algorithm was tested on data sets of 500 and 1000 requests built from data of paratransit service in this area. The computational results show the effectiveness of this approach in terms of trading-off solution quality and computational times. The latter measure being especially important in large-scale systems where numerous daily requests need to be processed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

There is a prevailing assumption that Freeway Service Patrol (FSP) programs improve safety for unassisted motorists by reducing the likelihood of secondary accidents. This research identifies 84,684 accident records from the California Highway Patrol’s First Incident Response Services Tracking system, and subjects these data records to a sequence of filters that check for incrementally more stringent conditions consistent with secondary accidents. This paper shows that secondary accidents on Los Angeles freeways are much less frequent than suggested in the transportation engineering literature. Avoiding secondary accidents provides only a small incentive to deploy FSPs, but the expected benefits associated with reducing already low secondary accident rates may still be sufficient to justify accounting for these costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A significant body of previous research on environmental justice has demonstrated a disproportionate burden of environmental hazards on low-income and minority residents. In this paper we evaluate spatially indexed data on estimated respiratory and cancer risks associated with exposures to ambient air toxics to show that children of color in the Los Angeles Unified School District suffer potentially disparate health impacts, and that disparities in environmental risks may be associated with diminished school performance—even after controlling for socioeconomic and demographic covariates that generally explain much of the variation in student scores. Remediating environmental health risks in distressed neighborhoods could, therefore, improve both health and human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Studies of migration and financial globalization focus on either the movement of money, with people staying put, or on the movement of people, with little attention to the impact of the money that moves with them. This paper uses in-depth interviews with executives at ethnic-Chinese foreign-bank offices in Los Angeles to consider the comovement of people and money. We find that understanding the causes and consequences of this comovement requires adding both ethnic and macrostructural layers to discussions of financial globalization. The forces that have led to the rise of a ChineseAmerican banking sector and to the opening of twenty-one Chinese foreign-bank offices in Los Angeles are intertwined: immigration from the Chinese diaspora to the USA, the growth trajectory and financial transformation of East Asia, and the financial and economic evolution of Los Angeles. Ethnic-Chinese foreign-bank offices in Los Angeles have dual roles: they function both as global outposts managing their headquarters' cross-border financial flows, and as localized institutions that are gradually becoming incorporated into Southern California's internal banking and financial markets. Foreign and domestic ethnic-Chinese banks play complementary roles in facilitating ethnic-Chinese economic development in Southern California. Framing these cross-border money-population flows and this cross-border institution building, respectively, are macrostructural constraints rooted in aggregate net financial flows and the changing strategies of global megabanks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

New York, Los Angeles, and Miami are primate immigrant centers within the U.S. metropolitan system, attracting new immigrant arrivals as well as serving as focal points for internal migrants. Using the segmented assimilation framework as a foundation, this paper emphasizes the role of geography and migration within the assimilation process. Focusing upon selected origin groups, migrant selectivity and the determinants of migration are evaluated and compared, highlighting the differential role of primate centers. While the New York and Miami metropolitan centers clearly dominate Dominican and Cuban migration systems respectively, the role of primate centers is less clear among other national origin groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study reported in this paper sampled 40 water vending machines distributed throughout the city of Los Angeles, California, in the water servicing area of the Los Angeles Department of Water and Power. The authors examined water samples for temperature, turbidity, chlorine content, fungal growth, coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and heterotrophic plate counts using plate count agar and R2A agar. Roughly 48 percent of the original 40 samples were sampled in a second or third round, and these subsequent samples were examined for coliform bacteria, fecal coliform bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and both heterotrophic plate counts. Observations were made of vending-machine external conditions, identifying information, and permits. Statistically significant associations were found between operator accessibility and poor machine conditions, operator accessibility and permits, and operator accessibility and the servicing interval. Statistically significant associations also were found between operator accessibility and presence of fungi, Pseudomonas spp., and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and between presence of fungi and the servicing interval. In addition, statistically significant associations indicate that the quality of machine maintenance is a factor in microbial levels. The microbial content of the water suggested a need for further research into potential health effects in susceptible populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carl Sagan would have been proud of the film's scientific accuracy if he had lived to see the film through to its conclusion ... (Dennis Schwartz writing on Contact in Ozus' World Movie Reviews ). Find me a scientist! A geologist! Someone who can tell me what the hell is going on! [Mike Roark (Tommy Lee Jones) in Volcano ]. Surprisingly enough, when Tommy Lee Jones shouts out this line during the eruption of Mt. Wilshire in Volcano , he actually echoes the cries of some of the most powerful people in Hollywood. Twenty per cent of the top grossing films of all time have had scientific or technical consultants,1 as did the 2000 and 2001 Best Picture Oscar winners ( Gladiator and A Beautiful Mind ), several of the top-rated television shows of recent years ( C.S.I.: Crime Scene Investigation and The X-Files among them), and a prodigious number of other entertainment industry products. This is a paper about the experience of science consultants in Hollywood. It examines the process through which their input is secured and incorporated by filmmakers, and how that knowledge is part of a process of commodification of scientific knowledge through which those filmmakers play with the concept of reality as part of the industry and craft of the dream factory. It interrogates the idea of reality as viewed through native eyes: as social scientists, when the producer of the movie Spider-Man says during an interview that his movie is very accurate scientifically, our duty is not to stare back at him in disbelief, but to take that sentiment and try to understand the cultural framework that enables him not just to say this with a straight face, but to mean it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Program theory plays a prominent role in many evaluations, not only in theory-driven evaluations. This paper presents a case study of the process of developing and refining a program’s theory within a user-oriented evaluation. In user-oriented (or utilization-focused) evaluations, primary users can play a role in defining their own program theory. This is different, however, from the typical process by which a program theory is developed when using theory-driven evaluation framework. This case study concerns a university’s academic outreach program with three local school districts. The program’s objective is to increase the number of University of California eligible and specifically University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) admissible students from targeted local public schools. The authors helped develop and refine outreach staff’s program theory. The evaluation procedures are described and results of the theory building process presented. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Service delivery to dually diagnosed individuals is often impeded by the divergent treatment approaches used by mental health and substance misuse treatment providers. This paper describes findings from a survey of mental health and substance misuse treatment program administrators and staff in Los Angeles County (n=275) on their views about treating the dually diagnosed. All groups agreed about the challenges of treating dually diagnosed patients; however, there were differences both between and within providers in the two treatment systems on other aspects of treatment. The findings arc discussed within the context of clinical and programmatic efforts to improve service delivery to the dually diagnosed. Key Words: Dual diagnosis; Treatment approaches; Mental health treatment; Substance misuse treatment; Service delivery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

American Jewish culture entered a prolonged crisis in the 1970s and 1980s as intermarriage and spiritual rigidity appeared to threaten the viability of the Jewish community. Many American Jews turned to alternative forms of spirituality. A small coterie of these Jewish spiritual explorers returned to their ethnic heritage to rediscover the long-neglected interior dimensions of Judaism. This paper examines the distinctive Kabbalistic community that coalesced around Rabbi Ted Falcon in the Los Angeles area in the 1970s and grew rapidly in the 1980s and 1990s. Trained as a Reform rabbi and a psycho-therapist, Falcon became a pioneering advocate of meditative and self-reflective techniques that were firmly rooted in Jewish scripture and Kabbalistic texts. The synagogues that Falcon led in Los Angeles and Seattle became magnets for disaffected Jews who had abandoned their tradition in favor of Eastern religions and New Age spirituality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spatial diffusion of poverty and the demographic profile of the “poor” in cities like Los Angeles, where 1.7 million residents of the greater metropolitan area qualify as such, suggest that poverty is neither a socioeconomic exception nor affiliated with a singular sociocultural or racial group. However, our policy discourse and solutions continue to suffer from a modernist/industrial era explanation of poverty and its spatial concentration. In this paper, I will offer an alternative interpretation of economic development in the 20th century and propose that development projects fit comfortably into the political philosophy of nation building and the social construction of citizenship. Under the umbrella of social justice and democracy, many regions of the world, including the inner city, have been envisioned as landscapes of social and political instability and targeted for development as such. Here, the equating of development with stability is examined theoretically to suggest that anti-poverty policies, both in the US and the UK, can be viewed as an extension of the 20th century modernist nation-building agenda. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Utilizing the analogy of violence to a volcano, with its seething preconditions that ultimately lead to an eruption, this paper applies negotiated order theory to an analysis of violent outbreaks in 1992-93 in Los Angeles and numerous German cities but not in Chicago, New York, or Dresden. Such theoretical considerations as assumptions, perceptions, power relationships, social structure, communication, and interaction strategies emerge as pertinent considerations. Despite different cultures and histories, similar patterns in Germany and the United States are found, suggesting one possible means of proactive steps to prevent violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los Angeles County established its first drug court program in 1994 in response to escalating criminal activity associated with substance abuse and overcrowded jails. This paper describes results of an evaluation of 803 drug court participants admitted to the program between 1994 and 1997. Of all drug court participants, 76% remained free of any new arrests throughout the one-year followup period, compared to 63% of participants in a drug diversion education program and 49% of the felony defendants not exposed to either program. Of offenders completing the drug court program 80% had no arrests, compared to 67% for non-completers. Drug related re-arrests were significantly lower among drug court graduates (13%) than offenders with no program participation (30%). The study results suggest that drug court participation and graduation decrease the likelihood of repeated arrests, including drug-related arrests. Drug courts represent a promising collaboration between criminal justice and public health agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Presents abstracts of papers presented at the 63rd Annual Meeting of the Society for Investigative Dermatology, held in May 2002 in Los Angeles, California. Inclusion of angiogenesis and vascular biology; Growth factors and signal transduction; Photobiology; Pigmentation.

This paper examines the possibilities for transnational activities among the 1.5 and second generations and focuses on the effects of both social positions, such as class and ethnicity and receiving and sending state actions and policies on the potential for the maintenance of these generations' transnational ties. Empirically it is based on the experiences of poor Guatemalan indigenous and non-indigenous children living in Los Angeles—who are often members of 'transnational families'—as seen through the institutional spaces of the church and the maintenance of language. The study demonstrates that class and ethnicity affect the perceptions that the children's generations have of their parents' efforts to keep them connected to their places of origin, and argues that the nation-state, through its policies to limit movement across borders, is still a powerful actor that leads immigrants to focus on the host countries, particularly the children's generations. In the Guatemalan case there are only few opportunities and spaces that may foster the children's ties to the communities of origin; thus, this generation is not nearly as inclined as the parents' to remain linked to the origin communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1996, USC switched its core two-semester software engineering coursefrom a hypothetical-project, homework-and-exam course based on the Bloom taxonomyof educational objectives (knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis,synthesis, and evaluation). The revised course is a real-client team-projectcourse based on the CRESST model of learning objectives (content understanding,problem solving, collaboration, communication, and self-regulation). We usedthe CRESST cognitive demands analysis to determine the necessary student skillsrequired for software risk management and the other major project activities,and have been refining the approach over the last 5 years of experience, includingrevised versions for one-semester undergraduate and graduate project courseat Columbia. This paper summarizes our experiences in evolving the risk management aspectsof the project course. These have helped us mature more general techniquessuch as risk-driven specifications, domain-specific simplifier and complicatorlists, and the schedule as an independent variable (SAIV) process model. Thelargely positive results in terms of review of pass/fail rates, client evaluations,product adoption rates, and hiring manager feedback are summarized as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the past two decades, the field of psychiatry has seen the once dominant psychoanalytic theories overtaken by biological explanations and approaches to severe mental illness. With this change in perspective, the significance of fantasies and delusions have been reduced to being merely symptoms of psychopathology rather than reflections of human needs and motivations. Using ethnographic evidence from a long-term research project. this paper explores one method by which mentally ill homeless individuals in the Skid Row district of Los Angeles attempted to wrest meaningful lives for themselves out of an environment that featured disaffiliation, violence, boredom, and extreme poverty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metaphors are a powerful way of representing the complexities of the modern metropolis. Using the popular rhetoric that ''Los Angeles is the capital of the Third World'' the paper shows that the insights gained from exploring this metaphor are radically different from the modeling approaches popularized by the Chicago School. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Findings are presented for a cross-sectional study of serological markers of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in an underserved population—impoverished veterans of the US armed forces in a Veterans Administration (VA) residential program in the US. We examine the demographic, background, and risk factors associated with HBV infection in this high-risk population. This paper presents a secondary analysis of cross-sectional survey and clinical data for 370 male veterans who were residents of a domiciliary care program for homeless veterans in Los Angeles, using χ2, Fisher's Exact, and logistic regression analysis. About one-third (30.8%) of the sample tested positive for current or past HBV infection (ie, seropositive for either the HBV core antibody or surface antigen). After multivariate analysis, rates of HBV were significantly higher among veterans who were older, non-white, or who had a history of regular heroin use (a proxy measure for injection drug use), drug overdose, or drug detoxification treatment. The rate of current or past HBV infection among veterans in this sample (30.8%) was high compared to an estimated 5% to 8% of the general US population. Also, 3% of the sample were currently infected with HBV. Strategies for intervention include broader screening, immunization, and treatment interventions with this high-risk group.Public Health (2001) 115, 286–291. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Concern over possible inequities in the siting of noxious facilities leads us to study spatial patterns of distribution of hazardous waste treatment, storage, and disposal facilities (TSDs). Inasmuch as such patterns are inextricably linked to particular land-use institutions, our focus is jurisdiction-specific, in this case, concentrated on the city of Los Angeles. Problems with statistical confounding require some effort at ordinary least-squares model specification and diagnostics. The paper addresses the simultaneity of effects due to demographics and zoning, and we employ a two-stage least-squares procedure to address the possibility that both the siting and industrial zoning are endogenously determined. The results suggest a significant correlation between prevalence of TSDs and the proportion of Latino residents. The political implications of such results are unquestionable, and analyses such as this can be used in conjunction with a greater body of evidence supporting the call for reform. We show how the statistical analysis might also be useful for formulating fair-share criteria for screening locations in the site selection/screening process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]