Search

Background. Chronic stress and depression disproportionately affect families experiencing poverty, and likely contribute to disparities in early childhood developmental outcomes. Developing strategies to address chronic stress and depression may help mitigate these disparities. Early Head Start (EHS) and Head Start (HS) programs provide an important platform to address the disproportionate burden of stress and mental health issues experienced by EHS/HS families. However, few low-literacy, broad, scalable interventions improve parents' knowledge and attitudes around these topics. Objectives. We examined parents' knowledge and attitudes regarding stress and depression before and after a train-the-trainer (TTT) intervention delivered to 28 EHS/HS agencies across the United States. Methods. Following a TTT workshop, 18 agencies chose to deliver the stress training to 1,089 parents and 5 chose to deliver the depression training to 670 parents. Participating parents completed paper assessments at baseline and 3 months following the training. Paired T-tests and chi-square analyses tested whether responses significantly improved over time. Results. At baseline, 37.2% of parents reported feeling stressed most of the time and 13.4% reported feeling depressed most of the time. Following the trainings and reinforcement activities, parents' knowledge, attitudes and self-reported behaviors significantly improved, including willingness to seek help for depression, avoidance of negative health-risk behaviors and utilization of healthy stress management practices. At follow up, 18.6% of parents reported feeling stressed most of the time and 11% reported feeling depressed. Conclusion. Findings suggest this low-literacy TTT approach is potentially a promising health promotion intervention with broad dissemination potential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: We investigated the contribution of five health domains to self-rated health (SRH) cross-sectionally and longitudinally and whether these contributions differ by gender or age. Methods: Employing dominance analyses, we quantified the contributions of functioning, diseases, pain, mental health, and behavior to both SRH at a point in time and for changes in SRH using data from the Canadian National Population Health Survey (NPHS, 1994–2011). Results: Cross-sectionally and longitudinally, functioning was the most important health domain, followed by diseases and pain. There were no meaningful differences in the ranking by gender while functioning, diseases, and pain were more relevant in older cohorts. Discussion: Functioning, diseases, and pain systematically were the most important health domains in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. While these results held for women and men, they were more salient for older adults. This points to a gender-invariant but age-graded process, confirming previous research with European data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Patients admitted to mental health services may exhibit behaviours of concern (BOCs) such as aggression, self-harm, absconding and sexual harm. BOCs can lead to restrictive interventions, which have adverse effects on patients, carers and staff. This paper aims to explore the nature and outcome of BOCs within an adult inpatient mental health setting.Methods: A retrospective audit was conducted at a metropolitan inpatient service between 1 August 2016 and 31 July 2017. The frequency, nature and outcomes of BOC episodes were described and thematic analysis was used to summarise BOC antecedents.Results: A BOC was documented for 179 (18.2%) patients who also showed high rates of drug abuse, homelessness and longer admission. Most self-harm and sexual harm events occurred outside of normal business hours. Medications and verbal de-escalation were commonly used interventions. Episodes of deliberate self-harm were likely to result in patient and staff injury or mechanical restraint, whereas aggression was associated with seclusion. Mental state, care engagement, physiological stress and situational stressor were identified as BOC antecedents.Conclusion: Multiple forms of BOCs were experienced with mental state, physical and interpersonal contributors identified. Improving multidisciplinary input into early assessment and treatment of BOC causes is needed to improve safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The disruption of school operations and routines caused by the COVID-19 pandemic affected students' physical and emotional well-being. Providing physical activity opportunities in schools can encourage students to positively engage with each other. Using a nationally representative sample of U.S. high school students from the Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey (January to June 2021), we examined the association between physical activity behaviors and feeling close to people at school using sex-stratified and race/ethnicity-stratified multiple linear regressions models. Participating in team sports, being more physically active, and attending physical education (PE) during an average week were all associated with higher levels of feeling close to people at school, with variation by sex and race/ethnicity. These associations were also significant when the physical activity behavior variables were categorized to reflect national recommendations. Daily physical activity (i.e., ≥60 minutes all 7 days), daily PE (i.e., attended all 5 days), and the number of Comprehensive School Physical Activity Program (CSPAP) components implemented were associated with higher levels of feeling close to people at school. These findings suggest that opportunities for physical activity before, during, and after school are associated with increased levels of feeling close to people at school during crises like COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews literature on traits and emotions focusing on both structure and management, or ‘having’ and ‘doing’. The cognitive perspective of this paper implies that traits and emotions are viewed as provisions to frame people and their behaviours in situations in meaningful ways. The focus on the structure of traits thus implies considering the now broadly acknowledged Big Five model as a dimensional framework by which traits of people can be meaningfully organized. A similar position is taken with respect to emotions, given the recurrent finding of a two-dimensional model of emotions with Positive Affect and Negative Affect (PA and NA). Maintaining relevant distinctions between traits and emotions, the literature has demonstrated a close link between the two emotion dimensions and two dimensions of the Big Five (Extraversion and Neuroticism). The commonality between those systems becomes apparent by making use of circumplex representations. The focus on management is another way to give meaning to cognition. Traits describe how people are differentially equipped with characteristics that enable them to face a variety of situational demands and fortuitous circumstances. In this paper the strategic meaning of traits and of emotions is put forward using literature with different theoretical angles. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This section presents abstracts of papers on city planning published from 2007 to 2008, including "Streets, Sounds and Identity in Inter-war Harlem," by Clare Corbould, "(Re)making the Other, Heterosexualising Everyday Space," by Kath Browne, and "Rankings and Reactivity: How Public Measures Recreate Social Worlds," by Wendy Nelson Espeland and Michael Sauder.

Objective: Insufficient understanding of the reciprocal interactions between health and human rights, mental health and human rights and the realization of all human rights by Indigenous peoples constitute a triple jeopardy in how these topics are currently being addressed and/or openly antagonized. This paper will attempt to show how a combined health and human rights approach to mental health in Indigenous peoples can transform a triple jeopardy into a triple opportunity. Methods: The vast and growing body of literature on mental health, health as a whole, and human rights as these relate to health and to Indigenous peoples will be used to frame the discussion. Results: Attention to the complex interactions of health and human rights can guide policy formulation and action by offering a method of analysis, a process of participatory decision and a framework for accountability. In addition, mental health can find its rightful place in the health and human rights discourse through efforts to help policymakers and practitioners broaden their vision of mental illness to holistically encompass aspects of physical, social, emotional and cultural wellbeing. Finally, connecting the role that rights realization plays in determining health and wellbeing will add power to the rightful claims by Indigenous peoples to the promotion and protection of all their human rights - civil, political, economic, social and cultural. Broadening the research agenda by applying systematically a health and human rights analytical framework to the understanding of social determinants of health would minimize the risk of assigning health outcome merely to behaviours, practices and lifestyles, uncovering structural determinants of holistic health entrenched in policies and governmental conduct. Conclusions: Building the evidence of the negative impact of human rights violation on health and the negative impact of ill-health on the fulfilment of other human rights can help in designing comprehensive interventions, building on the synergy between the promotion of health and the promotion of rights. A way forward is proposed for which it is essential that work be carried out across ethnic lines and professional boundaries to further advance the claim of Indigenous peoples for better health and greater enjoyment of human rights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past ten years, sociologists have broadened their view of what counts as an appropriate measure of mental health. This reflects a growing recognition that individuals express emotional upset in various ways. For example, some individuals are more likely to become depressed in response to stress while others are more likely to drink heavily. Contemporary studies often include measures of "internalizing" (i.e., more feeling-based measures) and "externalizing" (i.e., more behavioral measures) styles of psychopathology, especially when studying group differences in mental health. Alcohol abuse is the classic measure of externalized distress in sociological research. In this paper, we present a theoretical argument and supporting empirical evidence to argue that violent behavior should be included as a measure of externalized distress in response to stress. Our study suggests that violent behavior is a more likely response to stress among individuals with particular coping and appraisal tendencies. Specifically, violent behavior may be a more likely response to stress among individuals who tend to appraise situations as threatening while also repressing any emotional response to stress. We contend that, since some groups may be more likely than others to respond to stress with violence, it is particularly important to include measures of violent behavior when studying group difference in distress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Psychiatry is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Psychiatry is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This paper provides a new way of conceptualizing the career of the mentally ill. Most persons who experience an episode of a serious mental disturbance lead a normal life, while a few persons lead lifetimes that revolve around their mental disorders. The processes leading to either result can only be understood by integrating the traditional labeling and psychiatric perspectives with lay understandings of the concepts of "mental illness" and "nervous breakdowns." A selection of key concepts from these perspectives leads to a better understanding of the different paths persons take as they move through the pre-patient, inpatient, and post-patient phases of the "career of the mentally ill." This perspective makes understandable a number of counterintuitive relationships. For example, it explains why most hospitalized mental patients (1) have a negative stereotype of the "mentally ill," (2) do not perceive themselves as "mentally ill, yet (3) perceive themselves as benefiting from treatment, and (4) do not progress into a career of secondary deviance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper coin pares the conceptions of mental illness held by a group of psychiatrists and a random sample of the general public in the same locality. The hypothesis was that the public, but not the psychiatrists, would tend to consider troublesome behavior as being more indicative of mental illness than non-troublesome behavior. Statements representing five pairs of troublesome non-troublesome types of behavior were rated by both groups as indicators of mental illness. Analysis of the data, using the statements at face value and with a weighting system, did not support the hypothesis. Both public and psychiatrists appear to have similar views but not in the expected order. Most notably, manic behavior ranked very low among the conceptions of mental illness. This finding accords with recent reports of a decline in the incidence of manic- depressive psychoses. Is this decline due to changes in modern society that alter public and psychiatric conceptions of mental illness? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People with mental illness (MI) are overrepresented in prisons, in part, because people with MI stay in prison longer. Correctional officers (COs) use discretion in force, violations, and segregation. Crisis intervention teams (CITs) are being used in corrections to reduce disparities in sanctioning and improve safety. This quasi-experimental, mixed-methods study includes 235 CIT COs who were surveyed before and after training on knowledge of MI, stigmatizing attitudes, and perception of response options. Non-CIT (n = 599) officers completed the same survey. Randomly selected CIT COs completed interviews 6 to 9 months following training (n = 17). CIT COs had significantly lower stigmatizing attitudes, more mental health knowledge, and better perceptions of options following CIT training compared with non-CIT COs. This preliminary work on CIT use in prison is promising; additional work is needed to determine whether these changes result in behavior change among COs and improvements in outcomes for people with MI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Empirically supported risk factors are predictive of sexual re-offense regardless of whether individuals suffer from a major mental illness. A small subgroup of individuals with major mental illness may be more likely to demonstrate acute psychotic symptoms at the time of their sexual offending behavior (Smith & Taylor, 1999). This study reviewed archival data from a high-risk sample to identify 55 individuals with major mental illness who had committed a total of 176 sex offenses. The relationship between acute psychiatric symptoms and criminogenic needs was explored. Most sex offenses were not temporally related to acute psychiatric symptoms. The apparent effect of mental health symptoms on criminogenic factors over the individual's life was rated. Where acute symptoms were associated with worsened criminogenic factors, this most often involved Grievance Thinking, Poor Emotional Control, and Poor Problem-Solving. Typologies emerged based on the pattern of criminogenic needs along with demographic and offense characteristics. Assessment and treatment implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High school students in accelerated classes face heightened school-related stressors but have access to few specialized supports. This article describes the development and initial application of the Motivation, Assessment, and Planning (MAP) intervention, developed to meet the needs of freshmen in Advanced Placement (AP) and International Baccalaureate (IB) curricula. MAP is grounded in motivational interviewing and designed to evoke behavior change following one to two individual meetings with a coach. This study used a multimethod, multisource approach to evaluate the applicability and acceptability of MAP as a Tier 2 support for 9th-grade students completing AP/IB coursework. Quantitative and qualitative acceptability data from 49 AP/IB students, 7 coaches, and 3 potential end-users of MAP were examined. Results indicate MAP was perceived as an acceptable intervention for addressing the social–emotional needs of high-achieving students taking AP/IB classes. Findings and directions for further research of MAP are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using data on middle-school adolescents from the Rural Substance Abuse and Violence Project (RSVP), the authors examined the extent to which psychological difficulties are related to student weapon carrying and use, net of other criminological variables. Furthermore, the authors examined whether psychological difficulties had variable effects across school contexts. Initial logistic regression models showed that variables tapping psychological difficulties (fear of crime, family history of mental illness, and low self-control) were significantly related to student weapon carrying and use. Once other criminological and demographic controls were added, only low self-control remained significant. Multilevel models incorporating random slope coefficients and cross-level interactions showed that the relationship between low self-control and student weapon carrying/use was attenuated in schools with higher levels of school efficacy and school security. Similarly, the relationship between fear of crime and weapon carrying depended on the level of school security, with the effect weakened as school security increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To reflect on the challenges encountered and the resultant cultural changes that occurred during the implementation of psychiatric behaviour of concern (Psy-BOC), a medical emergency team (MET) equivalent for the deteriorating mental health of patients within an adult psychiatric inpatient unit.Conclusions: Implementing Psy-BOC on an adult psychiatric inpatient unit has been challenging, but it has successfully embedded a systematic approach to early escalation and capacity building to prevent and manage harmful behaviours. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

People think, feel, and behave within the confines of what they can conceive. Outside that conceptual landscape, people exhibit hypocognition (i.e., lacking cognitive or linguistic representations of concepts to describe ideas or explicate experiences). We review research on the implications of hypocognition for cognition and behavior. Drawing on the expertise and cross-cultural literatures, we describe how hypocognition impoverishes one's mental world, leaving cognitive deficits in recognition, explanation, and memory while fueling social chauvinism and conflict in political and cultural spheres. Despite its pervasive consequences, people cannot be expected to identify when they are in a hypocognitive state, mistaking what they conceive for the totality of all that there is. To the extent that their channel of knowledge becomes too narrow, people risk submitting to hypocognition's counterpart, hypercognition (i.e., the mistaken overapplication of other available conceptual notions to issues outside their actual relevance). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Psychiatry is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this article the author presents his comments regarding the criticism of his article "Models, Muddels and Mental Illness Labeling," by professor Allan Horwitz. The author argues that in reviewing his version of the labeling theory of mental disorder, Horwitz finds no difference between it and the psychiatric approach, so that the author's approach merely confounds the development of a "true" labeling approach, which would be based purely on the process of attributing behavior. In this approach, labeling theory would concern the linguistic behavior of the labelers, following the current linguistic. The author applauds the proposed new approach. Perhaps it could help resolve some of the many puzzles in this area, by applying a simple, rather than a complex, model. He notices, however, that no one has actually done any research on mental disorder using the new approach, or even provided an analysis of case material. The author adds that rest of Horwitz's charges are based on misrepresentations.

This study describes the experiences of and barriers for pediatricians in Kentucky in providing behavioral/mental health (B-MH) services in primary care settings. These data will serve as a foundation for improving service delivery. An online survey was completed by 70 pediatricians. Descriptive data are presented. More than 90% of the respondents said that they saw at least one patient a month with 1 of 10 specific B-MH diagnoses. Physicians’ comfort with diagnosing and treating disorders varied widely by diagnosis, age-group, and drug classification. Major barriers to providing optimal care were inaccessibility of mental health professionals for consultation and referral, lack of communication, and lack of knowledge. Respondents were more likely to favor consultation and co-location models over an integration model of care delivery. Overall, the authors found that pediatricians are dealing with patients with B-MH problems for which they may not have been adequately trained. Communication and collaboration needs were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article presents a study which explored the risk factors and prevalence related to behavioral and emotional outcomes in adolescents suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). The study conducted the Behavioral Assessment System for Children-2nd Edition (BASC-2) for 31 adolescents with MS. Results showed that adolescents with MS are at risk in emotional and behavioral health difficulties.

Twin studies are well known for their value in quantifying the contribution of genes to population variation in behaviors and personality traits. Twin studies also provide a unique opportunity to untangle the contribution of environmental experiences to emotional and behavioral development. This is particularly true when examining monozygotic (MZ) twins since they represent a pair of individuals naturally matched on both their genetic background and their shared environment, thus allowing the identification of environmental experiences unique to each twin which may impact developmental outcome. This article presents two analytical strategies based on the discordant MZ-twin method. It stresses the power of this method to establish plausible causal pathways between environmental factors and developmental outcomes, and provides examples from the socio- developmental literature to illustrate its application. It also describes the limitations of this method and its requirements for optimal utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Challenging behaviours and problems of mental ill-health are common amongst people with intellectual disabilities. The article examines conceptual similarities and differences between these conditions, examines the data on comorbidity, and explores possible hypothetical relationships between behavioural and psychiatric disorder in this population. While there is little evidence at present to suggest that many of the challenging behaviours seen in people with intellectual disabilities are underpinned by problems of mental ill-health, only qualified conclusions are possible because of limitations in the quality and scope of existing research. A conceptual model for looking at the risk variables that may contribute to both conditions is suggested, and requirements for future research and current multi-disciplinary practice are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents abstracts on land use planning topics, including "Historical Amnesia: New Urbanism and the City of Tomorrow," "More Than Sector Theory: Homer Hoyt's Contributions to Planning Knowledge" and "Methodology for the Survival Analysis of Urban Building Stocks."

Presents abstracts of several studies on city planning. "Designing and Living in a New Industrial Suburb: Experiences in the Cannock Chase Coalfield From the 1950s to the 1970s," by Gareth Evans and Peter J. Larkham; "Learning to Shop in Zion: The Consumer Revolution in Great Basin Mormon Culture,1847-1910," by Greg Umbach; "Curing Congestion: Competing Plans for a Loop Highway and Parking Regulations in Boston in the 1920s," by Asha Weinstein.

This study was designed to explore the psychological characteristics of individuals how score high on a measure assessing health orientation. The measure was constructed in the framework of the cognitive orientation theory and consists of beliefs of four types (about goals, rules and norms, oneself, and general) referring to themes such as trusting people, control, and enjoyment. The subjects were 176 healthy adults (88 men, 88 women ) in the age range 31–50 (M = 39.4 years) examined in the framework of a health survey. They were administered the Cognitive Orientation of Health Questionnaire and other measures assessing emotions, authoritarianism, locus of control daydreaming, repressiveness, neuroticism, somatic complaints, somatization, and alexithymia. The main results obtained by ANOVA and multiple regression analyses were that high-scores on health orientation also scored higher on love, joy, contentment hostility, jealousy (men only), emotional reactions, positive daydreams, internal control repressiveness, neuroticism, functional—actional self-descriptions, and negative self-references. High0-scorers on health orientation scored lower on depression, anxiety, fear, jealousy (women only), negative daydreams, poor attentional control, somatic complaints, somatization, alexithymia, positive self-references, and self-descriptions that capitalize on body parts, weight, and appearance. The major conclusions refer to the conception of a psychological general health orientation and its manifestations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Poor children experience greater psychological distress than do nonpoor children. However, evidence for the relationship between poverty and children's distress is limited by the use of measures of poverty at a single point in time, by a failure to examine race or ethnic differences, and by a lack of concern with explanations for poverty's effects. Using data from the 1986 Children of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth (NLSY) data set, we explored the relationships among current poverty, length of time spent in poverty, maternal parenting behaviors, and children's mental health. Persistent poverty significantly predicts children's internalizing symptoms above and beyond the effect of current poverty, whereas only current poverty predicts externalizing symptoms. Mother's weak emotional responsiveness and frequent use of physical punishment explain the effect of current poverty on mental health, but not the effect of persistent poverty. The relationships among poverty, parenting behaviors, and children's mental health do not vary by race/ethnicity. These findings support theoretical developments calling for greater emphasis on family processes in studies of children's poverty. They also argue for greater attention to trajectories of socioeconomic status in analyses of the effects of status on mental health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on the impact of suicide stories in the media on imitative suicides has been marked by poor theory and undifferentiated indexes. This study focuses on celebrity suicides. It uses a taxonomy of celebrities based on Tarde's laws of imitation and Pareto's concept of elite. Propositions are drawn from differential identification theory, using mass cultural values and beliefs as points of identification. The imitation effect holds only for American entertainers and political celebrities, not for artists, villains, and the economic elite. The amount of publicity given to suicides was positively related to the monthly incidence of suicide, but problems common to the celebrities and the suicidal population (divorce, physical illness, and poor mental health) were not. An interactive model in which the impact of a suicide story is mediated by the suicidogenic mood of the media audience did not improve on the simple additive model. Age, gender, and race-specific suicide rates tended to support identification theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article summarizes the basic principles of behavior theory and to illustrate their applicability to a number of behavior problems encountered in pediatrics. With the aid of positive reinforcement, punishment, extinction procedures, and stimulus control, most parents can become effective managers of their children's behavior. The physician who emphasizes preventive medicine can help develop effective child-rearing practices through instructions on the setting of consistent and realistic limits and practices, thereby laying the basis for psychologic and emotional health of the child. The basic principle underlying approaches to management is that any behavior is intimately related to the consequences which immediately follow it. The probability of a behavior recurring in a similar situation is dependent on whether the past outcomes were positive or negative. Consequences which result in an increase in incidence of a given behavior are termed reinforcers. Reinforcing events differ for different people. Whether a given behavioral consequence is reinforcing or not depends upon preference, previous reinforcement experience, and any number of situational variables.

Current research on mental health typically equates dependent behavior with negative health outcomes and thereby ignores how other people perceive dependency and mental illness in gendered ways. Using data from the Indianapolis Network Mental Health Study, I conducted a quantitative analysis of gender differences in the prevalence of network members' discussions of dependency, followed by a qualitative analysis of how network members describe dependency. The sex of the network member, together with the sex of the patient, significantly predict discussions of dependency, net of other factors. Moreover, network members in same-sex dyads are more likely to discuss dependence than are their counterparts in opposite-sex dyads. The qualitative results provide a more contextualized understanding of the connections among gender, dependency, and mental illness. Male network members' reports indicate strong censure of male patients for dependent behavior, while female network members' reports indicate that female patients see dependency in a more nuanced and complex way. In addition, network members in opposite-sex dyads are more accepting of dependent behavior than network members in same-sex dyads. These findings underscore the importance of examining how others perceive mental illness and how these perceptions may be gendered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two models of the relationship between life change and illness behavior are tested in a prospective study of surgical patients in six disease-operation categories. The sensitization model hypothesizes that higher levels of life change experienced prior to surgery will be related positively to the number of problems perceived by patients with their postoperative recovery. The physiological reaction model predicts that life change will be positively related to the patients' actual morbidity postoperatively. Inconsistent results were found for each model. Small effects in the direction predicted by the sensitization model were found with gastric surgery, abdominal hysterectomy and vaginal hysterectomy categories. The physiological reaction model received weak support from two categories: abdominal and vaginal hysterectomy. The remaining four categories failed to show support for the physiological reaction model. Overall, the findings are interpreted as failing to show clear support for either model. Various explanations for these negative results are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auditory vigilance of normal, behavior disordered and brain damaged children was investigated. A 20-minute tape recording of a series of randomized digits was played to each subject Interspersed at irregular intervals a stimulus number was presented for detection. The results showed that the normal subjects detected far more signals than the brain damaged and behavior disordered subjects, and that the brain damaged subjects missed more signals than the behavior disordered subjects. Results confirmed the hypothesis that normal subjects would miss fewer signals because they accumulate less reactive inhibition; that brain damaged children would reveal extraverted behavior patterns; and there would be a progressive deterioration in vigilance as a direct function of time for all subjects. The implication is that work tasks for behavior disordered and brain damaged children should be kept as short as possible to prevent accumulation of any significant amount of reative inhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the effect of radical social changes on personality development, based on the residents of two communities in the U.S. Predicted a number of behavioral and underlying personality differences involved in behavioral settings. Teacher's apprehensiveness increased in proportion to the number of incidents involving colleagues, regardless of ideological position. Studying instruction method on acceptance of food in a survival kit. Identifies the correlation between various types of classroom socioemotional structures and mental health.

Much concern has been voiced for the effects of overpopulation on the patterns and quality of contemporary life. However, little has been written or noted about the effects of overpopulation upon the development and expression of mental disorders. Through factor analysis of a symptom checklist administered to urban male Filipinos, three distinct symptom patterns are identified as being strongly associated with the number of people in the dwelling. One pattern is characterized by psychosomatic difficulties and alienation anxiety, another by arousal and withdrawal behaviors, and the third by anxiety and eruptive violence. Interpretations of the development of these patterns are offered and the importance of this type of research cited. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]