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Objectives: This paper describes the rationale for and development of an innovative mental health service for people aged over 65 years living in Northern and Eastern Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. Conclusion: The Healthy Ageing Service (HAS) was established in July 2020 to provide care for people aged over 65 years experiencing mild-to-moderate mental health concerns. It embraces a prevention and early intervention model of care. It provides primary consultation and brief intervention, secondary consultation, and capacity building to the primary healthcare sector. This innovative service is a Commonwealth-funded partnership between two tertiary mental health service providers that incorporates the recommendations from two major Royal Commissions. It demonstrates a service that acts as a bridge between primary and specialist mental health care, thereby extending mental health services to target the 'missing middle' and is potentially a model for mental health service provision throughout Victoria and Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents abstracts of papers presented at the Fourth Annual Meeting of the Australian Section of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR) held in Melbourne, Australia from August 20-22, 1964, including "Autoradiographic Studies of Collagen Synthesis in Bone," "Periosteal Repair Following Experimental Surgery," and "The Rarefaction of Bone: With Particular Reference to Endosteal Bone Margin Changes."

The author reports on the 16th annual meeting of the Australian and New Zealand Division of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR). The meeting was held in Melbourne, Australia, from August 16, 1976 through August 18, 1976. A list of abstracts that were presented at the meeting is presented. One topic that was discussed at the meeting was the impact that trace elements have on the metabolism of oral bacteria.

During construction of a new freeway in Melbourne, it was found that tonal wind-induced noise was being generated by the finned balustrades of architecturally-designed pedestrian overpasses which had been installed at several locations along the route. As the level of wind-induced noise was unacceptable at residences in the vicinity of the overpasses, a solution to reduce or eliminate the noise had to be developed. The solution needed to be practical to retrofit to the existing structure, while satisfying strict project constraints in relation to urban design, design life, and safety in design rules. This paper outlines the investigation that was undertaken to determine the wind-conditions under which the noise occurred, discusses the noise-generation mechanisms that were established to be causing the noise, and presents a summary of the potential solutions that were identified through theoretical analysis, wind tunnel modelling and field trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The foundation of Shakespeare Societies in the later nineteenth century is a manifestation of responses to playwright and cultural icon at a 'community' level. The archives of the Melbourne Society (founded in 1884) reveal how the Society, notably confident in its undertaking, understood the significance of the study of Shakespeare in a colonial city, and how, as reflected in the press, the city saw the Society. The attitudes of members, initially diverse, ranging from bardolatry to irreverence, became more homogenous as the Society established a place for its play-readings and other activities in the city's cultural life. The Society also performed Shakespeare, but remained critical of much professional Shakespeare. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of the arts to the creative, cultural and social development of children is increasingly acknowledged. In recognition of this, ArtPlay was established in 2005 by the City of Melbourne. Open to children aged three to 12 years, the facility provides a wide range of artist-led programs that serve a broad community, including parents and teachers. While institutions such as ArtPlay are emerging in response to a growing community demand, there has yet to be significant and sustained research into processes and outcomes of such organisations. This paper reports on a three-year Australia Research Council-funded research project (2007-2009) that has been designed to identify, map and evidence the practices of ArtPlay in relation to engagement, learning and cultural citizenship. Throughreference to the responses of children, families and artists to one key ArtPlay program, Pocketfool for preschoolers, this paper explores the question: What factors influence the engagement of children and families in an artist-led community-based workshop? [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The objectives of this paper are to provide an overview of recovery-focused models of care and discuss the implementation of the Strengths Model at St. Vincent's Mental Health Melbourne (SVMH), Victoria, Australia. Conclusions: The implementation of the Strengths Model at SVMH is discussed with particular emphasis on the process of implementation, service implications, practical challenges and dilemmas that have arisen, and proposed evaluation. Recovery-focused care is feasible and can enhance current practice of mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reports on a longitudinal study of adolescent coping in metropolitan Melbourne. Australia. During the five-year period of the investigation, 168 students were tracked firstly to document the patterns of general coping behaviour of girls and boys at grade levels 7, 9, and 11, and secondly to determine what changes were apparent in their coping responses. Young people's coping was assessed using the Adolescent Coping Scale (146'S.), an 80-item checklist that identifies 17 distinct coping strategies as well as a young person is professed inability to cope. Some interesting changes over time in students' usage of a number of coping strategies were found. Both boys and girls remain relatively stable in their declared inability to cope between the ages of 12 and 14. However, while boys report much the same low level two years later, girls report significantly higher levels of an inability to cope by the time they are 16. Of the coping strategies, five (Seeking Social Support, Solving the Problem, Self-Blame, Keep to Self and Tension Reduction) remained stable for adolescents between the ages of 12 and 14 but increased significantly in the next two years. These represent a combination of what may be termed functional and dysfunctional strategies. For two of the five strategies (Self-Blame and Social Support) boys' usage diminished from age 12 to 14 years and then returned to approximately 12-year-old level by the time they were 16. In contrast, the girls' usage of these two strategies increased moderately between ages 12 to 14 years but increased dramatically between ages 14 and 16. Of the remaining strategies for which age showed a significant main effect, three (Social Action, Spiritual Support and Physical Recreation), bad a similar pattern of decrease in usage between the ages of 12 and 14, after which the usage remained relatively stable. The final strategy that varied with age was Professional Help. Reference to professionals was rated significantly lower at 14 than it was at 12 and 16, for both boys and girls. The findings highlight the fact that boys and girls develop differentially in their patterns of coping with age and there are implications for the timing and substance of coping skills development programs that may be taught in schools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: There have been 26 epidemic thunderstorm asthma (ETSA) events worldwide, with Melbourne at the epicentre of ETSA with 7 recorded events, and in 2016 experienced the deadliest ETSA event ever recorded. Health services and emergency departments were overwhelmed with thousands requiring medical care for acute asthma and 10 people died. Objectives: This multidisciplinary study was conducted across various health and science departments with the aim of improving our collective understanding of the mechanism behind ETSA. Design: This study involved time-resolved analysis of atmospheric sampling of the air for pollen and fungal spores, and intact and ruptured pollen compared with different weather parameters, pollution levels and clinical asthma presentations. Methods: Time-resolved pollen and fungal spore data collected by Deakin Air WATCH Burwood, underwent 3-h analysis, to better reflect the 'before', 'during' and 'after' ETSA time points, on the days leading up to and following the Melbourne 2016 event. Linear correlations were conducted with atmospheric pollution data provided by the Environment Protection Authority (EPA) of Victoria, weather data sourced from Bureau of Meteorology (BOM) and clinical asthma presentation data from the Victorian Agency for Health Information (VAHI) of Department of Health. Results: Counts of ruptured grass pollen grains increased 250% when the thunderstorm outflow reached Burwood. Increased PM10, high relative humidity, decreased temperature and low ozone concentrations observed in the storm outflow were correlated with increased levels of ruptured grass pollen. In particular, high ozone levels observed 6 h prior to this ETSA event may be a critical early indicator of impending ETSA event, since high ozone levels have been linked to increasing pollen allergen content and reducing pollen integrity, which may in turn contribute to enhanced pollen rupture. Conclusion: The findings presented in this article highlight the importance of including ruptured pollen and time-resolved analysis to forecast ETSA events and thus save lives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The paper describes the origin, and establishment of a gender dysphoria clinic at Monash Medical Centre, Melbourne. It aims at describing the various components of the service, especially the triadic notions of assessment, real life experience and surgery for gender identity disorders. Conclusion: This is a unique service offered by a public psychiatric service, and the viability of the service depends upon new resources and renewed interest from psychiatrists. Besides clinical services, the clinic offers enormous research, teaching and training opportunities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Features the Schizophrenia and Depression Training Workshop developed by the Asia Pacific Forum for International Mental Health Cooperation of the University of Melbourne Department of Psychiatry and the Centre for Cultural Studies in Health in Melbourne, Victoria in July 1999. Background on the Forum; Description of the workshop's design; Overview of activities; Implications to practice.

Presents information on the September 1999 mental health service conference of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists in Melbourne, Victoria. Issues addressed by keynote speakers; Description of several convention activities; Topics of the presentations.

The COVID-19 pandemic has created many challenges for adolescents across the world. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence of depressive and anxiety symptoms and suicidal ideation in adolescents living in Melbourne, Australia, during the state of Victoria's second lockdown. The study also sought to identify pre-existing and current psychosocial stressors associated with adolescent's depressive and anxiety symptoms, and to identify the extent to which adolescents experiencing mental health difficulties sought professional help during the pandemic. A COVID-19 sub-study of the Mothers' and Young People's Study—an 18-year longitudinal cohort study—was conducted between July and September 2020, an online survey completed by 257 adolescents aged 14–17 years and their mothers, which asked about pandemic-related stressors, remote learning, family life, and mental health. Descriptive statistics and hierarchical multiple regression analysis were conducted. Mental health difficulties were common with 38% and 20% of adolescents reporting clinically significant depressive and anxiety symptoms, respectively, and 21% reporting frequent suicidal or self-harm ideation. Factors associated with depressive and anxiety symptoms included being female, exposure to current maternal depressive symptoms, lower levels of resilience, experiences of loneliness, stressful life events, and school- and family-related stressors. Two-thirds of adolescents who were experiencing clinically significant depressive or anxiety symptoms had not sought professional help. Our findings highlight the urgent mental health need among adolescents and the importance of reducing barriers to accessing support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Commonplace incivility is a topic of longstanding interest within social theory, perhaps best exemplified by Goffman's studies of the interaction order. Nevertheless we know very little about its distribution and expression in everyday life. Current empirical work is dominated by criminological agendas. These tend to focus on more serious and illegal activities rather than minor deviant acts that are simply inconsiderate or rude. The paper reports findings from a focus group study conducted in Melbourne, Australia that set out to benchmark everyday incivilities. The results suggest that perpetrators of incivility have a surprisingly broad social distribution as does the range of locales that might be characterised as 'high risk'. Turning to the work of Putnam and Wolfe, we call for a research focus on low-level incivilities as key symptoms of the state of civic virtue and the strength of moral ties within civil society. Drawing on Virilio, Bauman and Durkheim, it is suggested that the experience of incivility is underpinned by the growth of freedom and movement in contemporary urban settings, and has ambivalent implications that not only invoke boundary maintenance and retreatism, but also offer the possibility for boundary expansion and tolerance of difference. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This paper reviews the use of clinical indicators in a consultation–liaison (C–L) service over a 12-month period at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. Method: Clinical indicators and C–L data were collected during the 1999 calendar year. A review of the process was conducted during and after completion of the 12-month period. Results: The system was found to be practical and useful. The use of clinical indicators led to the identification of problems and stimulated effective interventions. The use of the clinical indicators was associated with improvement in communication between C–L staff, parent units and practitioners providing follow-up. Conclusions: The implementation of a database and clinical indicators was a useful addition to the C–L service. The use of clinical indicators was effective in improving clinical performance. These benefits need to be balanced against increased administrative burden. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: The aim of this paper is: to compare the utility of four approaches to the diagnosis of depression in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) disease; to examine the utility of four rating scales to assess the presence and severity of depression; and to devise a set of substitutive criteria that would be appropriate in patients with HIV disease. Method: A group of inpatients was assessed using standard clinical interview. Patients found to have major depression using DSM-III-R (aetiological) criteria were assessed using inclusive, substitutive and exclusive criteria for the diagnosis of depression. Severity was assessed using the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), the Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Rating Scale (CES-D). A group of control patients were matched for age and severity of HIV illness. Results: Seventeen patients met DSM-III-R (aetiological criteria) for major depression. All were male; they had a mean age of 40.6 years and one-third had acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Using alternative approaches to the diagnosis of depression, up to five additional ‘depressed’ patients were identified (‘false positives’). All 17 patients meeting the DSM-III-R criteria also met the substitutive and exclusive criteria but only 15 exclusive criteria. Of the 17 controls (not meeting DSM-III-R criteria), two met substitutive, five inclusive and one exclusive criteria for depression. The mean (± SD) scores for the patients and controls were significantly different on all four rating scales. Analysis of individual items on the rating scales revealed that a number did not show significant differences between the depressed and non-depressed groups: on the MADRS the items lassitude and inner tension; on the HDRS the three items depicting anxiety symptoms, loss of libido, hypochondriasis, lo... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A distinctive feature of suburban development in Melbourne, Australia, from the late 1920s was the fully serviced cul-de-sac subdivision in which houses, gardens, streetscape, and infrastructure were conceived as a planned entity. The typology can be linked to the Californian bungalow court concept, transmitted via professional journals, trade magazines, and study tours. While the standard American model evolved toward denser clusters of urban apartment buildings, the Melbourne paradigm remained resolutely suburban. The first planned estates in the 1920s featured detached, middle-class houses fronting handsome public streets. Later developments were less bespoke and connect to the rapid expansion of the cul-de-sac form in postwar suburban housing estates. In mass production, the holistic, collective integrity of the Pasadena prototype proved difficult to discern. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Digital storytelling (DST) is being increasingly used in a range of contexts to exploit current technological capabilities of capturing and reproducing community stories. Methods of storytelling collection are typically realized over short time frames of days or weeks, and appropriate visual images and interview data produce multimodal outputs. A particular stream of work has developed in community-based DST around intergenerational storytelling in environments where student researchers may work with older storytellers in culturally diverse urban settings. DST also emphasizes the participatory nature of the process and outcomes with respect to enabling untold but significant stories to emerge, and technical and storytelling skills to be transferred to participants through the process. This article addresses the particular concerns of relationship building and the pedagogical aims of training students to carry out research using this participatory DST research approach where intergenerational and cultural issues are foregrounded. In the conclusion, the author reflects on this particular focus and the shortcomings of the project with regard to the substantive participatory and democratic benefits exemplified by other projects; he also provides evidence of the other achievements of this project in an intergenerational project supported by an inner-city health organization in Melbourne, Australia. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article develops a Perioperative Mortality risk score for older patients at three metropolitan teaching hospitals in Melbourne, Victoria. The mortality risk of patients increase if they develop postoperative complications. The risk score was derived using a cohort from a previous audit of older patients undergoing non-cardiac surgery. Findings revealed a 6% mortality rate by 30 days after surgery. The C-statistic for predicting 3-day mortality was 0.79, which was similar to the derivation cohort.

Information about the 2008 Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists Congress held on May 25-29 in Melbourne, Victoria is presented. Professor James Angus officially opened the Congress with a speech about working in partnerships and the development of the teaching of psychiatry at the University of Melbourne. Professor Ken Kirkby talked about education and learning in psychiatry and opportunities that the College provides in these areas.

The objective of this study was to determine the proportion of sex workers and non-sex workers with sexual difficulties. Consenting female sex workers (93) and non-sex worker clients (178) attending the Melbourne Sexual Health self-answered an anonymous questionnaire about demographic characteristics, sexual behaviour, prevalence of sexual difficulties with private partners, distress regarding one's sex life, and physical pleasure, emotional satisfaction with sex and overall satisfaction with life. The demographic characteristics, sexual behaviours, prevalence of painful sex (34% versus 42%), orgasmic difficulty (43% versus 40%), vaginal dryness (45% versus 36%) and performance anxiety (28% versus 37%), physical pleasure and emotional satisfaction with sex and overall life satisfaction among sex workers was similar to that of non-sex workers, respectively. Sex workers were more likely to experience sexual disinterest (odds ratio 1.9, (95% confidence interval 1.1, 3.2) and less likely to report being distressed about their sex life (P = 0.04). The prevalence of sexual difficulties, other than desire was similar to those of non-sex workers. These findings may be relevant only to sex workers operating in a highly regulated sex industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stroke care units (SCUs), which are co-ordinated by dedicated multidisciplinary teams and geographically located in one area, are currently the most generaliseable form of effective treatment for stroke. Although the evidence for SCUs is compelling, to date there has been limited evidence regarding the contribution of the different clinical team members who assist in producing the better patient outcomes observed in SCUs. In particular, there has been limited exploration of the different nursing roles. The purpose of this special report is to describe how an SCU operates and highlight the contribution of the various nursing roles as part of the multidisciplinary stroke team. The article is based on one of the longest established stroke services in Melbourne, Australia. The characteristics and composition of the Royal Melbourne Hospital stroke service in providing clinical care and management will be highlighted as an example. Further, the nursing roles related to avoiding complications, education for patients and families and other staff in the unit, as well as participation in research and future career development opportunities are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Summary: What characterizes the practice of expert mental health social workers? An observational study of social workers in a public mental health network in Melbourne, Australia sought to answer this question and the findings are reported in this article. As part of a larger study of mental health social work expertise, direct observation was done of the work of six practitioners engaged in a range of activities about which they were subsequently interviewed. • Findings: In the first stage based on group interviews, six themes were identified. These were termed: 1) 'The Knowledge'; 2) 'A lot of hard grind'; 3) 'We are here for the clients'; 4) 'The complicated and the difficult'; 5) 'The stone in the shoe'; and 6) 'Going ten rounds with the system'. In this second stage observational study, evidence was found for all of these six themes, plus two additional ones relating to supervision and the emotive content of the work. • Applications: Development of expertise consists of three elements: 1) a personality predisposition and personal capacity; 2) education; and 3) a conducive workplace environment. The application of the findings lies in developing the conditions for these elements to emerge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To describe the nature of psychiatry work within a general medical hospital and to compare and contrast the nature of that work between emergency department and inpatient settings. Method: The data from the Royal Melbourne Hospital (RMH) consultation-liaison service database relating to referral, patient demographics, psychiatric diagnosis service use, management and discharge arrangements was recorded for all referrals to the RMH C-L service in 1999. The inpatient and emergency department arms of the service were compared. Results: The referral rate for inpatients and the emergency department was 2.9% and 2.1% respectively. The reasons for referral and frequency of psychiatric diagnosis differed significantly between the two settings. Conclusions: The provision of C-L services to inpatients and the emergency department needs to be tailored to the different patient populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractA ‘healthy house’ was constructed in Sunbury, a suburb north of Melbourne, Australia, in early 1998. It was designed with a tight building envelope to minimise air infiltration and a ducted mechanical ventilation (and heat recovery) system providing a minimum ventilation rate of 0.35 air changes per hour. This system also included partial filtration and dehumidification of the air. Many (but not all) construction materials were selected to be low-VOC emission products (e.g. paint topcoat and lacquers, laminated flooring and cupboards). Total volatile organic compound (TVOC) concentrations were approximately 4,000 μg·m–3 just after construction, decreasing by a double-exponential model to 300 μg·m–3 by 8 months, which is below the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) goal of 500 μg·m–3. Formaldehyde concentration was near the NHMRC goal of 130 μg·m–3 at construction, and also decreased by a double-exponential model, but to a long-term (months to years) concentration of 60 μg·m–3. Concentrations of nitrogen dioxide, microbial pollutants and dust mite allergens were also monitored.Copyright © 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The performance of condoms in actual use has been poorly researched in the past, especially in comparing condoms that met different quality control standards as indicated by laboratory testing. The present study used a double-blind crossover design to compare the performance of 2 types of condoms in actual use; one that met the Australian and International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards for condom quality and one that met the more stringent Swiss Quality Seal requirements. Ninety-two men recruited from Metropolitan Melbourne completed a self-report diary sheet after each condom was used which assessed the performance of the condom and the conditions under which it was used. From a total of 1917 condom uses, there was an overall breakage risk of 2.7%. The breakage risk ratio (Australian/ISO:Swiss) for all types of use was 1.16 (95% confidence interval 0.68-1.99). When subanalyses by method of entry were performed, the condoms meeting the Swiss standard appeared to fare better than the Australian/ ISO standards for anal sex (RR = 4.84, 95% CI 1.07-21.8, P = 0.022), while the opposite was the case for vaginal sex (RR = 0.74, 95% CI 0.35-1.53, P = 0.41). The result for anal use was statistically significant at the 5% level, despite being based on fewer condom trials than that for vaginal use, but this result needs to be replicated. Although the participants appeared representative of the general male population in Melbourne in the age bracket 18-46 years, there was a significant history of condom usage reported. This may have influenced the risk of breakage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1995, the Royal Children's Hospital Mental Health Service in Melbourne developed the first telepsychiatry programme in child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS) in Australia. A survey of 25 CAMHS clinicians in five rural regions who had used videoconferencing showed that 64% had used the technology for more than 18 months, and 20% had used it for 7–12 months. Also, 60% had used the technology on over 30 occasions, and 24% had used it on 20–29 occasions. Respondents clearly recognized its benefits in terms of their increased knowledge and skills (96%), strengthening of relationships with colleagues (92%) and decreased sense of isolation (92%). To build on the success of telepsychiatry there are a number of challenges that health service managers will need to address. Telepsychiatry works most effectively as a tool to complement face-to-face contact. It cannot be promoted as the total solution to the issue of isolation from mainstream services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To examine (1) perceived roles and functions of psychiatry medical staff in two multidisciplinary teams at two state-funded health services, a community mental health clinic at a general public psychiatry service and an alcohol and drug service, and (2) factors influencing these roles and functions. Method: Data were obtained from focus groups, key informant interviews, participant observation and document review. Results: Clinical roles were well conceptualised in both services, with good concordance between medical and non-medical staff. Team and leadership roles, however, were not well conceptualised. Service-related factors influenced clinical and many other roles. Power and professional cultural differences between medical and non-medical staff influenced team and leadership roles. Conclusions: Addressing lack of role clarity and teaching interpersonal and team leadership skills to psychiatry medical staff are likely to improve multidisciplinary team functioning for psychiatrists in these settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Pre-Conference at the ICN Centennial Congress in 1999, organized by Nursing Ethics, is likely to be popular from the interest shown so far. Please ask for Guidelines from Nursing Ethics Editorial Office, 26 Cathcart Road, London SW10 9NN. E-mail: 100745.734@CompuServe.com. The proposed topics are only suggestions and the scope can well be expanded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cases of cryptosporidiosis in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) residing in Melbourne over a 6-year period (1990-1995) are described. During this period 85 cases occurred, while 979 new AIDS diagnoses were notified. Over this period temporal clustering in cryptosporidial detection was evident (P=0.007), but the pattern was not statistically associated with the season, rainfall (P=0.88), mean average maximal temperature (P=0.15) or mean average minimal temperature. Further studies should identify these risk factors and provide an opportunity to prevent this devastating disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The author focuses on the recent changes in Editorial section of "Planning Theory." He claims that he will be switching to the Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology University in Melbourne, Victoria, although he will still work in the journal as an editor. The author tells that Michael Gunder will succeed him as managing director, wherein Grinder completed his studies at the University of Auckland in Auckland, New Zealand.

Presents an overview of the General Council meeting of The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists held in Melbourne, Victoria from October 26-27, 2002. Issues concerning the strategic policies to be developed for the year 2003; Plans of the education and training department of the council; Topics discussed by the college affairs department of the council.

Summarizes the decisions made at the meeting of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists in Melbourne, Victoria on October 2 and 3, 1999. Ratification of by-laws; Appointment and resignation in the organization; Approval of policies and standards.

Information about the special events related to the celebration of the golden year of the Royal Australasian College of Surgeons in Melbourne, Victoria is presented. The 50th General Scientific Meeting which was held on May 14 to 20, 1977 was considered as the highlight of the year. Meanwhile, the inaugural ceremony was held in the Dallas Brooks Hall celebrated the 16 Honorary Fellowships of the College and three Honorary Fellowships of the Faculty of Anaesthetists.