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This paper discusses the main findings of a study on the impact of the first COVID-19 induced nationwide lockdown and university closure in India on the research scholars (PhD and MPhil) of the Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU). An online survey was employed using the quantitative descriptive methodology. With responses from 530 research scholars, this is one of the first quantitative studies to assess the pandemic's effect on the research work, finances, and mental health of researchers in India from March to June 2020. Given the existing social inequality in higher education, the survey reflects the researchers' dismal state of reality as reported during the first 4 months of the pandemic. Research work witnessed a standstill with large-scale disruption in travel and every other scholar encountering unreliable electricity or internet connectivity. Untimely disbursal of fellowships intensified their already existing financial hardship. Nearly 90% of scholars reported stalled fieldwork, a lack of clarity regarding extension of their research programme, and financial woes as some of the top reasons for their anxiety. Using the chi-square method, the study predicts that dropouts from research programmes are likely in the context of the pandemic, which correlates significantly with socio-economic backgrounds (caste, class and gender) of research scholars. Further, the results show that the challenges faced by terminal, mid-stage, and course-work scholars are unique, emphasizing on the need for targeted interventions beyond extended research deadlines. Non-addressal of these immediate effects of the COVID-19 pandemic will have long-term repercussions on the lives of India's researchers and academic workers. It will only deepen existing inequalities in higher education, leading to gentrification of research degrees in India.

Aim: The paper assesses the India's research output on "Impact of Covid-19 on Mental Health" indexed in Scopus database. Materials and Methods: The Scopus database was used to search for the articles published from India. Results: The search showed that since the onset of the pandemic upto 24th of April 2021, 1210 publications emerged from India, amounting to 6.87% share of the global output on the topic and averaged 5.97 citations per paper. India stood at 5th position in terms of number of publications on mental health, with highest number of publications emerging from United States (26.9%), followed by United Kingdom (13.35%), China (9.83%) and Italy (8.27%). About one-third (30.91%) of the publications involved international collaborations, with maximum number of collaborations were with United States, followed by United Kingdom, Australia, Italy, Canada, and Brazil. The most common keywords in the research included, 'mental health', followed by 'anxiety' and 'depression'. The research output came from 478 organizations, with maximum research coming from National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), New Delhi and Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education & Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh. About three-fourth (76.85%) of the mental health research emerged from institute other than these 3 institutes. Five out of the 10 most productive authors and 5 out of the most impactful authors were from institutes other than the 3 major institutes. Conclusion: To conclude, this bibliometric analysis suggest that, researchers from India contributed to about 7% of the global mental health research on Covid-19 and India stood at 5th position among the various countries in terms of global mental health research on Covid-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to gain a deeper understanding of the impact of social isolation due to COVID-19 on the vulnerable geriatric population. Design/methodology/approach: Ten individual interviews of people above 70 years of age were conducted in 2021. The data was collected through interviews and observation. The authors observed the people from the age. Findings: The geriatric population faced physical challenges like poor sleep and digestive health along with neglect of their persisting ailments, which needed attention. Mental issues were also very serious, such as fear of death, anxiety, stress and depression. This paper urges the policymakers to focus on coming up with support systems for the geriatric population and finding long-term solutions to mitigate the repercussions faced by them. Originality/value: This paper attempts to underline the mostly unnoticed physical and psychological issues troubling usually neglected strata of the population as they do not make a part of an income-earning segment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses findings of the 'PROWELLMIGRANTS'2 project, which qualitatively investigated COVID‐19 impacts on migrants' well‐being and mental health in Kerala, India. It draws on a novel conceptual framework that combines assemblage‐thinking with theories of social contracts in disasters. The paper first explores how past development processes and contemporary migration policies in Kerala, and India more widely, generated conditions of vulnerability for migrant workers in Kerala prior to the pandemic. Next it shows that Government of Kerala interventions, in some cases supported by the central Government of India, temporarily addressed these vulnerabilities during the pandemic. In acknowledging the helpful response of the Kerala government, we problematise its stance on migrant workers during 'normal' times and speculate that permanently addressing these conditions of vulnerability would be a more logical approach. We acknowledge this involves overcoming many wider barriers. Thus, the paper also contains national‐level policy implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to highlight the pain and suffering of elderly age people during the COVID-19 lockdown. It was an unpleasant experience for old age people. Design/methodology/approach: In this paper, primarily, the information has been collected through interviews and observation. The researchers interviewed the older people and discussed their experience during the lockdown, and they also observed their activities during that period. Findings: The main results of this paper suggested that lockdown appeared as double-edge sword for old age and elderly people. They are not allowed to go outside to safeguard their lives, and inside the home, they are facing issues of anxiety, fear and mental trauma. They are not able to complete their daily routine, and it is hampering their mental strength. Originality/value: The paper is based on firsthand information received from an old-age couple. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the association of COVID-19 confirmed cases and deaths with mental health, unemployment and financial markets-related search terms for the USA, the UK, India and worldwide using Google Trends. Design/methodology/approach: The authors use Spearman's rank correlation coefficients to assess the relationship between relative search volumes (RSVs) and mental health, unemployment and financial markets-related search terms, with the total confirmed COVID-19 cases as well as deaths in the USA, UK, India and worldwide. The sample period starts from the day 100 cases were reported for the first time, which is 7 March 2020, 13 March 2020, 23 March 2020 and 28 January 2020 for the US, the UK, India and worldwide, respectively, and ends on 25 June 2020. Findings: The results indicate a significant increase in anxiety, depression and stress leading to sleeping disorders or insomnia, further deteriorating mental health. The RSVs of employment are negatively significant, implying that people are hesitant to search for new jobs due to being susceptible to exposure, imposed lockdown and social distancing measures and changing employment patterns. The RSVs for financial terms exhibit the varying associations of COVID-19 cases and deaths with the stock market, loans, rent, etc. Research limitations/implications: This study has implications for the policymakers, health experts and the government. The state governments must provide proper medical facilities and holistic care to the affected population. It may be noted that the findings of this study only lead us to conclude about the relationship between COVID-19 cases and deaths and Google Trends searches, and do not as such indicate the effect on actual behaviour. Originality/value: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first attempt to investigate the relationship between the number of COVID-19 cases and deaths in the USA, UK and India and at the global level and RSVs for mental health-related, job-related and financial keywords. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study seeks to evaluate how the COVID-19 pandemic is not just impacting tremendously on physical health, rather it has a serious effect on the psychological health as well as the mental health of individuals. This needs to be addressed on an urgent basis. The paper looks forward to examing the various kinds of repercussions the current pandemic is having with regards to the deterioration of mental health conditions among individuals, resulting in suicide. The outbreak of Coronavirus has brought about massive changes in India. A lot of misinformation is circulating and this has subsequently led to the creation of anxiety issues among individuals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID‐19 pandemic presents a threat to physical and psychosocial health of individuals. In lieu of the subsequent lockdown and containment measures, helpline counselling becomes a viable method of accessing psychosocial services during the pandemic. The present paper describes experiences of counsellors working with a special COVID‐19 counselling helpline initiated by iCALL, a national‐level technology‐assisted counselling service of the Tata Institute of Social Sciences, India, which aims to address the psychosocial impact of the pandemic and the lockdown. The paper is based on two focus group interviews held with 11 counsellors during the initial two months of the helpline's functioning. Findings of the study highlight the diverse profile of the callers, with individuals belonging to different strata of society and to marginalised communities. The nature of concerns presented by the callers were often a mix of psychological, relational and practical issues. The resultant distress emanated from an interplay of these factors with the relational contexts, their social locations and social structures the individuals were embedded in. This highlighted the need for conceptualising and responding from a psychosocial lens, whereby interventions involved traditional counselling approaches and strategies for addressing determinants of distress by connecting callers to required ground‐level resources. Counsellors' engagement with this process impacted their professional and personal selves, necessitating the need for structured and continuous training, supervision and support. At a larger level, the counsellors' narratives asserted the need for adopting a psychosocial paradigm for conceptualising and addressing mental health concerns in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pandemic impacted the well-being of communities globally. In providing psychosocial care, mental health practitioners at the frontlines had to deal with soaring demands that left them feeling overwhelmed. In response, a supportive supervision program was launched by Rahbar in India. This paper presents supervisors' reflections on providing supervision based on principles of social justice, trauma informed, and strengths-based practice to mental health practitioners and psychosocial care workers to navigate challenges in remote counseling, supporting children and persons diagnosed with Covid-19 and managing their own well-being. Implications for supervision programs, specifically in crisis/trauma contexts, are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The objective of this review was to identify and synthesize the findings of the existing literature that highlighted the psychosocial and mental health issues of the migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic in India. Materials and Methods: An exploration of the PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Google search, and some other manual searches was undertaken so that no relevant study was missed. A search on Indian scientific literature and cross-references retrieved was also conducted to get further information. The period of the search has been one year from March 1, 2020, to March 31, 2021. The database was searched with the terms "migrants," "migrant workers," "COVID-19 pandemic," "lockdown," "migrant population," "mental health issues," "psychosocial issues" to retrieve the published literature. Results: Initially, 48 research articles were retrieved and 10 of them were excluded as they had no sufficient information about mental and psychosocial challenges faced by the migrants. In the remaining 38 articles, 9 articles were original research work (n = 9) published from India related to the impact of COVID-19 on migrants. The second category consisted of editorials or commentary or letters to the editor or policy paper on psychosocial and mental health aspects of migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic (n = 17). The third category was 11 articles on perspectives or opinions or viewpoints (n = 11) related to various psychosocial and mental health issues among migrants in India during the COVID-19 pandemic. Predominantly psychosocial issues found among migrants were living conditions, basic needs, family concerns, and joblessness. The mental health issues found among migrants during the COVID-19 pandemic included psychological distress, depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, substance use disorders. Conclusion: Existing literature from India has shown that the COVID-19 pandemic severely impacted the psychosocial and mental health status of the migrants in India. This review suggests the need for more research work from the affected states of India and the development of psychosocial and mental health intervention strategies to minimize the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on migrants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Coronavirus is spreading across the globe since December 2019. As India's first case was reported on January 30, 2020, the spread of this virus is experiencing by our population. As a result, there are extensive emotional distress and anxiety among populations due to this pandemic. Screening mental health is important for psychological well-being of any individual during this pandemic. The objective of this study was to validate the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale (CAS) in an Indian population. Materials and Methods: The research proposal was laid out before an ethical clearance committee, which approved the conduct of the research and consequent publication of the paper. Data were collected from 246 respondents through online. CAS, developed by Lee (2020), was adopted for the study. Informed consent was given by all the respondents, and their participation was voluntary. AMOS and SPSS were used to calculate confirmatory factor analysis and other statistical analyses. Bartlett's test of sphericity and Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test, and Cronbach's alpha, were also calculated. Convergent validity was calculated through average variance extracted (AVE) and composite reliability (CR) in Microsoft Excel. Results, and Conclusions: Bartlett's test of sphericity was highly significant measuring Chi-square = 494.004, df = 10, and P < 0.001. The KMO was acceptable at 0.805. Fit indices (P < 0.001, Chi-square/df = 3.24, goodness of fit index = 0.976, Tucker-Lewis index = 0.954, and comparative fit index = 0.977) are statistically significant. Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.822), AVE (0.526), and CR (0.745) were adequate. The overall findings of the analyses demonstrate that the CAS is a reliable and valid scale that evaluates the severity levels of dysfunctional anxiety linked to COVID-19 in an Indian sample. CAS is applicable to measure the level of dysfunctional coronavirus anxiety in the Indian population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The World Health Organization declared COVID-19 as a pandemic on 11 March, 2020, followed by an unprecedented global increase of the disease in recent times. Healthcare workers, including Nursing Professionals (NP), are more likely to experience psychological distress during the pandemic. The purpose of the study is to examine the stress, depression, and anxiety experienced by the nursing professionals in India, who provide care to COVID positive patients. A cross-sectional, web-based survey collected demographic data and mental health measurements from 187 NPs from 29 April, 2020 to 15 May, 2020. Eligibility criterion was NPs' treating COVID positive patients during the pandemic period. A total of 103 (55.08%) participants were screened positive for depression, 105 (56.14%) for anxiety, and 80 (42.78%) for stress. In addition, 24 (12.83%) participants experienced comorbid conditions, suffering from extremely severe or severe forms of stress-anxiety-depression levels. Participants reported high rates of depression, anxiety, and stress especially frontline NPs directly engaged in providing services for patients with COVID-19. The paper recommends counseling, mentorship, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, and specialty trainings focused on patient care, as possible interventions for managing the psychological wellness of NPs during these testing times. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic, which is a global health emergency, has potentiality had a serious impact on students' mental health. An online cross-sectional survey design that included 534 senior year college students from South India revealed a significant and direct positive effect of the fear of a third wave of COVID-19 on academic anxiety which in turn showed a significant and direct positive effect on COVID-19 burnout. Academic anxiety was also found to mediate the relationship between the fear of a third wave of COVID-19 and subsequent cases of burnout. The study suggested measures to be taken by policy makers for the broader interest and wellbeing of student communities. Managerial implications, limitations and future studies were also examined in the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic restricted movement, closed businesses, and economic activities which disproportionately affected people globally. This pandemic has resurfaced the existing cracks in the societal set-up and has pushed the vulnerable and marginalized communities like migrant workers, people with disabilities, geriatric population, and commercial sex workers (CSWs) to an edge for their existence. Materials and Methods: Due to the paucity of peer-reviewed research publications on CSWs, formative research was conducted to identify the determinants and attributes of the challenges faced by CSWs during COVID-19 situation in India. Media scanning approach was used to collate literature from newspaper and magazine reporting, and peer-reviewed articles were referred from research-based search engines. Results: In total, 31 articles were included for content analysis and four domains of issues i.e., economic, social, psychological and health related challenged faced by them were identified which are supported with the verbatims of the community members as reported in the data sources considered for this study. It was identified that the CSWs adopted several protective measures and coping strategies to deal with the pandemic situation. Conclusion: This research highlighted that there is a need for further exploration of issues among CSWs by conducting studies among the communities. Furthermore, this paper provides a scope for future implementation research by identifying the key priorities and determinants of the challenges among the personal livelihood of CSWs in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims to study the importance of tourism and hospitality sector for India and the effects of Covid 19 on the travel and tourism industry on various dimensions like job loss and unemployment and its impact on the mental health of workers, loss of revenue and investment to the country and reduction in foreign exchange earnings. Some of the measures taken by the Government to boost up the tourism sector has also been covered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: COVID-19 has a profound impact on people with existing mental disorders, augmenting the prevailing inequalities in mental health. Methods: In order to understand the status of telepsychiatry in India and the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in mental health and its potential applications, a scoping review was done between March 2020 and May 2020. The literature review revealed 253 papers, which were used to derive the primary framework for analysis. The information was then reviewed for ideas and concepts, which were integrated with evidence from gray literature and categorized under broader themes based on the insights derived. Finally, a thematic framework was developed for discussion to tailor scientific information for decision-makers' needs. Results: Review findings are summarized under the following headings: changing patterns of health-seeking behavior, origin and evolution of telepsychiatry, possible applications of telepsychiatry and AI, technological features, and AI models in mental health. Conclusions: Though there are several potential opportunities, the time is not yet ripe for telepsychiatry and AI to be adopted fully in the field of mental health care. But it is time that we develop indigenous proprietary technology and test and validate it. With many solutions offered by telepsychiatry and AI, psychiatrists must choose an appropriate tool based on their requirements, availability of resources, and feasibility of deployment. Harmony between conventional care and technology-based care must be reached gradually. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: This paper fulfills an identified need to study the mental health status of the population under situations like lockdown, thereby helping fill a persistent gap in Indian research on this issue, and present research on the impact of lockdown on mental health during epidemics is limited, especially in India. This study aims to scale the association between anxiety and sociodemographic factors during the coronavirus disease 2019 lockdown among the general Indian population. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional nationwide study designed to enroll the general population. The inclusion criteria for this study were Indian citizens aged 18 years and above. The study was conducted from March 29, 2020, to April 12, 2020, using an online google questionnaire. The anxiety among respondents was detected and measured using a Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) Scale, which consists of seven questions (in English), that is, GAD-7. Results: Responders were 392, and from these participants, the prevalence of anxiety was 25.3%. The predictors of anxiety were gender, religion, occupation as business/self-employed, marital status, family size, health status, and sleep deprivation based on the bivariate logistic regression analysis. Conclusion: This study reports the early prevalence of anxiety among the Indian population who were grounded at their homes during lockdown due to coronavirus pandemic in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a devastating effect on the mental health of people from different backgrounds; these effects have been particularly acute among the lower-income households and in slums. There has been a steep rise in mental illness and behaviours associated with it since 2020, especially in the slums characterised by poverty, poor housing, high density and unhealthy environments. This paper aims to examine the effect of COVID-19 on the mental health of people living in the slums of Vijayawada and Visakhapatnam in the state of Andhra Pradesh in India. The results of the study confirm that more than three-fourth of people suffer from mental stress due to the spread of COVID-19 and the lockdown imposed by the government. Also, 80% of those surveyed stated that stress affected their decision-making. The study also confirms that the number of dependents, monthly income, number of living rooms, maintenance of physical distancing norms, avoidance of social gatherings, government support, health insurance and living in a rented house are significantly related to the mental stress of people living in the slums in Andhra Pradesh in India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To find out the effect of online education in times of Covid-19 on teachers and students in India. To determine measures to be taken to make online classes more smooth and effective in India. Method: The researchers have employed journal articles and website news. The researchers have collected primary data by questionnaire method which is send to the respondents by email. The sampling method is convenient sampling. Two separate questionnaire was set one for teachers and another for students. The sample size is 32 for teachers and 32 for students. 5-point Likert scale and dichotomous scale have been used to record the responses of the respondents. The results are showed in the form of pie-charts. Findings: Teachers are moderately satisfied with online classes. Effect of online teaching on physical and mental health is high. Most of the teachers have suggested that training sessions for proper use of technology is required. As the data charges are high Government must look into this matter. Near about 65.7% of the respondents reported that their colleagues are helpful while working from home. Collaborative approach of teachers and students together can make online-learning more effective. According to the students although online classes are need of the hour they still prefer offline class as face to face interaction is necessary for them. Online examinations are troublesome to most of the students. Although e-learning is helpful still in this process students are unable to grasp various concept due to communication gap with teachers. Students want interactive sessions, group discussions, projects, classes with more content in order to get motivated for online classes. Novelty: This study is comprehensive wherein the issues of all the stakeholders of education sector have been dealt with. Many important recommendations have been given from teachers and students perspective which is beneficial for future of e-learning in India. Such elaborate suggestive measures are absent in previous literatures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 led to a multitude of psychosocial issues contributing to a mental health crisis with repercussions that continue to persist. While it was indiscriminate as everyone was impacted, certain populations were more vulnerable to detrimental outcomes. The aim of this narrative review was to identify these groups, and investigate the intersection of gender inequalities for the same across the globe, but especially in India. A systematic literature search was undertaken in electronic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Elsevier, Scopus, and PsycINFO. Findings revealed that COVID-19 patients, healthcare workers, other frontline workers, caregivers, bereaving families, students, and the homeless and migrant workers showed significant psychological distress due to numerous psychosocial challenges. Further, the intersection of gender was found for all the groups, except nonhealthcare frontline workers, suggesting that gender acted as a risk factor as women exhibited more severe outcomes with respect to their mental health. The gender disparity in mental health consequences can be attributed to pandemic-related stressors that disproportionately affected women, compounded further by their economic disadvantages, such as increased economic vulnerability, the unequal burden of childcare and caregiving, concerns surrounding reproductive health, gender-based violence, and body dissatisfaction. Further investigations with a focus on qualitative narratives and long-term assessment of mental health outcomes will be beneficial. The way forward is to develop effective coping strategies and address the mental health concerns of frontline workers and caregivers, along with a research imperative of better crisis management, improved work environment, and training, keeping the intersections of gender in mind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Despite significant advancements in healthcare technology, digital health solutions – especially those for serious mental illnesses – continue to fall short of their potential across both clinical practice and efficacy. The utility and impact of medicine, including digital medicine, hinges on relationships, trust, and engagement, particularly in the field of mental health. This paper details results from Phase 1 of a two-part study that seeks to engage people with schizophrenia, their family members, and clinicians in co-designing a digital mental health platform for use across different cultures and contexts in the United States and India. Methods: Each site interviewed a mix of clinicians, patients, and their family members in focus groups (n = 20) of two to six participants. Open-ended questions and discussions inquired about their own smartphone use and, after a demonstration of the mindLAMP platform, specific feedback on the app's utility, design, and functionality. Results: Our results based on thematic analysis indicate three common themes: increased use and interest in technology during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), concerns over how data are used and shared, and a desire for concurrent human interaction to support app engagement. Conclusion: People with schizophrenia, their family members, and clinicians are open to integrating technology into treatment to better understand their condition and help inform treatment. However, app engagement is dependent on technology that is complementary – not substitutive – of therapeutic care from a clinician. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affects not only individual’s physical health but also their well-being and makes them vulnerable in different ways. Post-COVID-19 depression is dependent on the dynamic interaction between social, medical, economic, geographical, and political factors determining the availability, vulnerability, and distribution of pandemic outbreaks that create fear apprehension and instability among the population. Aim: To evaluate the level of depression (pre and post) and the management of depression among patients from Western Uttar Pradesh of Northern India after the pandemic of COVID-19. Materials and Methods: It was a longitudinal study involving a total of 156 patients with depression. Through chit randomization methods, patients are allocated into two groups, that is, experimental (n=92) and control (n=64). Both groups received appropriate pharmacotherapy. The experimental group in addition also underwent eight therapeutic sessions of cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) (relaxation breathing exercise, activity scheduling, and cognitive restructuring). The period of study was from July 2021 to January 2022. Depression was assessed by applying the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II) pre- and post-intervention. Results: According to BDI II, 59.78% of patients report severe levels, 25% of patients report moderate levels, and 15.21% report mild levels of depression. Patients who received medications plus CBT showed significantly better improvement than the patients who received only medications. Conclusion: Patients with post-COVID-19 depression showed better improvement with medications plus CBT than medications alone. The finding of this study underline the importance of CBT in the treatment of depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The Internet is used as a tool to seek health information by individuals. Mental health concerns are the high prevalence of the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and preventive steps are required to curb the illness. Therefore, to gain more insight into health concerns, it is now a common practice to seek health information on the Internet. This study propose an integrated theoretical model to explore the relationship between COVID-19 protocols and perceived online trust with online health information seeking intention (OHISI) and a moderating effect of perceived severity and perceived urgency. Design/methodology/approach: Data are collected from 325 athletes in the category of individual and team sports through an online survey in a Likert-scale questionnaire. The analysis is performed with a quantitative methodology. Findings: The study reveals the bright side of online health information (OHI), which brings athletes together and has played out with virtual happy hours, meetings and events. The bright side of OHI reflects social, cultural, technological and economic benefits. An OHI chatbot offers bright personalised side information to the individual seeker, which is more convenient and efficient than human capabilities. Originality/value: The pivotal contribution is the integrated theoretical framework that is derived from multidisciplinary literature to capture the complexity of OHI. Also, it conceptualises the constructs in the context of OHI and COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to comprehend the traumatic experiences of intensive care unit (ICU) patients during the COVID-19 pandemic and the impact of the same post-discharge. It assesses the role of nature and open green spaces on the mental health and well-being of critically ill patients. Design/methodology/approach: Using interpretative phenomenological analysis, this study highlights the major factors contributing to adverse mental health and well-being. The subjects were interviewed using semi-structured personal interview techniques. Thematic content analysis was adapted to derive the major themes apparent in the succinctly rich information gathered from the participants. Findings: The findings cast light on the significant role of nature and open green spaces in psychotherapeutic healing post-discharge of intensive care survivors. Originality/value: The study is novel and adds to the existing literature in an advanced manner. To the best of the author's knowledge, no other study was witnessed, especially in the Indian context, confirming the relationship between humans and nature with ICU patients as a subset. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments took preventive measures like lockdown to curb the spread of the global COVID-19 pandemic, which affected mental health of many, their eating behaviours, and physical activity. This study focused on evaluating the impact of the COVID-19 lockdown on these aspects among IT professionals considering their change in working patterns. This was a web-based cross-sectional study conducted in Pune city. A total of 103 participants participated in the study by completing an online structured questionnaire shared through various social media platforms. Information regarding their vitals, physical activity, and eating behaviour was collected. The DASS-21 scale was used to assess mental health. The prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression among IT professionals was found as 20.4 %, 44.7 %, and 35.9 %, respectively. Based on their BMI, the majority of the population was obese (63 %), and almost 57 % thought their body weight had increased during the lockdown. Participants doing any kind of physical activity significantly dropped down during the lockdown as compared to the pre-lockdown phase (p < 0.001). Stress levels were significantly higher among the obese participants (p < 0.01). Anxiety was observed to be significantly higher among the 20 to 34 year-old male participants (p < 0.05). Ready-to-eat snacks, instant noodles and easy to cook foods, Indian sweets, and confectionery showed a significant positive correlation with high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression (p < 0.05). Thus, a negative impact of COVID-19 and a subsequent lockdown was observed on the mental health and eating patterns among IT professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the gendered dimensions of employment and mental health among urban informal-sector workers in Delhi, India. First, the study finds that men's employment declined by 84 percentage points during the pandemic relative to pre-pandemic employment, while their monthly earnings fell by 89 percent relative to the baseline mean. In contrast, women did not experience any significant impact on employment during pandemic. Second, the study documents very high levels of pandemic-induced mental stress, with wives reporting greater stress than husbands. Third, this gendered pattern in pandemic-induced mental stress is partly explained by men's employment losses, which affected wives more than husbands. In contrast, women staying employed during the pandemic is associated with worse mental health for them and their (unemployed) husbands. Fourth, pre-existing social networks are associated with higher mental stress for women, possibly due to the "home-based" nature of women's networks. HIGHLIGHTS In India, men suffered larger employment losses than women during the pandemic. Women reported greater mental stress than men, although both reported high stress. Men's employment losses affected their wives' mental health more than their own. Having many peers is correlated with worse stress for women, but not men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by a newly discovered coronavirus. The WHO recognized the spread of COVID-19 as a pandemic on 11 March 2020. The present study sheds light on the mental health of adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic by assessing the 4 psychological problems - post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, anxiety and stress. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 60 individuals from the Delhi NCR region of India. An online questionnaire was created using "Google Form" and sent to all participants through social media platforms. The 2 psychological scales IES-R and DASS-21 were used and the collected data was statistically analyzed. The data from this study indicated that gender was a risk factor for overall high levels of PTSD, depression, anxiety and stress, with all 4 factors significantly elevated in women. There was no association between age and education with the 4 parameters. However, a person's occupation contributed to high levels of psychological distress, with all 4 parameters significantly elevated in students compared to working professionals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The COVID-19 pandemic has presented an unmatched challenge to the ENT residency programs to adapt to a form of web-based learning process and stimulation-based training. It also focuses on the mental stress underwent and the viewpoint of the residents to the paradigm shift in clinical care and academics. Methods: An anonymous questionnaire was created in an online survey generator with 22 questions with limited options (yes/no) and was circulated through email and what's app which has been responded to by 240 ENT residents throughout the country. The questionnaire was divided into five sections, demographics, knowledge about COVID-19 and its management, impact on clinical activity, academics and mental well-being section. Results: Out of 240 respondents, 190(79.2%) were junior residents and 50(20.8%) were senior residents. Although many of them knew the necessary precautions to be taken, 94(39.8%) turned out to be positive themselves with the high fear of transmitting to their family members. Three-fourth participants suggested extending the training period after graduation for the loss incurred. However, half of them sought an opportunity to train themselves for the management of communicable disease, 95% of the residents opined that they are having a negative impact on the job performance due to loss of surgical hands-on which has been drastically reduced. Conclusion: The issues mentioned have been addressed through STEPs - Safety of the residents, Time utilisation by research, Education continuation by online web learning and stimulatory programs, psychological support for mental well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The causal impact of income shocks on mental well-being in developing countries is an under-researched area. The COVID-19 pandemic, along with the economic recession caused by the lockdowns to reduce transmission, provides a natural experimental setting to examine the causal impact of a decline in monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) on mental health of the general population in India during the pandemic. Aim: To evaluate the impact of income shocks on mental health of adults in metro cities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: The data were collected using the abridged version of the Depression Anxiety Stress Schedule administered through a telephonic survey on adult residents of six metropolitan cities in September-August 2020 and July-August 2021. Results: In the present study, 994 adults participated from six metropolitan cities. Average treatment effects were estimated using Propensity Score Matching. The mean normalized scores are significantly higher for respondents whose MPCE had fallen (treated) vis-à-vis respondents whose MPCE had remained same or increased (control): anxiety (0.21 for treated vs -0.19 for control), stress (0.16 vs -0.14), and depression (0.04 vs -0.19). Propensity score matching reveals that the normalized scores for anxiety, stress, and depression were 33 (95% confidence intervals, CI: 20.0-46.7), 25 (95% CI: 12.9-36.9), and 36 (95% CI: 18.6-53.1) higher among the treated group vis-a-vis control group. The ATET was 34 (95% CI: 18.9-48.9), 26 (95% CI: 10.1-42.9), and 32 (955 CI: 12.3-50.7) for these three outcomes, respectively. The post-estimation tests indicated that the results are valid. Conclusions: The study advocates that policies to ensure income security should be made an integral part of the response packages to tackle pandemics like COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Frontline doctors managing the current novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic work under stressful conditions due to change in workload, working pattern, and worries about the infection to themselves and families with frequently changing treatment protocols. Their psychological well-being is necessary for the effective management of the health crisis. Objectives This study aims to assess the psychological state and worries of frontline doctors while dealing with the COVID-19 pandemic, the various coping skills employed by them for maintaining their mental health, and the knowledge about illness and related myths and misinformation among them. A further objective is to compare the above between two groups of frontline doctors: the consultants and the junior residents (JR) working in the hospital. Materials and Methods A total of 164 participants (76 consultants and 88 JRs) were cross-sectionally evaluated online using a prevalidated questionnaire within a period of 3 months after obtaining institutional ethics approval Statistical Analysis The study sample and results were described using descriptive analysis. The association between the categorical variables was measured using chi-squared test. Results Most participants frequently updated themselves through reliable sources (consultants = 92%, JR = 73.9%) predominantly from the hospital task force and university. Overall, 71% of consultants and 58% of JRs were worried about being infected. JRs were significantly more worried about the spread of infection due to faulty sterilization of the protective equipment as compared to the consultants (p = 0.031). Most participants were worried about their families getting infected (consultants = 79%, JR =89.8%). Both consultants (18.4%) and JRs (35.2%) had sleep disturbances. Although most did not have syndromal depressive features and COVID-19-related anxiety, tiredness (45.1%) and worrying too much (47.5%) were the most common psychological symptoms. Almost all participants (consultants = 76.3%, JR = 80.7%) used multiple coping styles, such as avoiding thinking about COVID-19, listening to music, and physical activities. Conclusion Frontline doctors overall reported higher worries regarding their family being infected and protective equipment-related issues, whereas they had less core depressive and anxiety symptoms. They had adequate COVID-19-related awareness and used multiple coping skills. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has had a serious negative impact on the mental health of people around the world. The present study analyses the psychometric properties of Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) in the Indian context. The study checks the one-factor and two-factor structures of the measure. Data were collected from 992 respondents from India. Structural equation modeling was performed to check the construct validity after checking the factorial validity, reliability, and model fit. Both one-factor and two-factor models had good psychometric properties. FCV-19S had significant relationships with stress and wellbeing. This study can serve as a reference to practitioners and researchers to understand and analyze fear of COVID among individuals and thus to support the mental health wellbeing during the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Exams emergency amidst covid-19 pandemic has created a contention among government, exam authorities and students in India. • The paper presents challenges and problems faced by students while preparing exams and appearing in the exam centres. • The paper finds no concrete attempt of negotiation from government to deal student's concern. • Safety measures taken by government and exam authorities are inadequate. The paper examines 'exam emergency' in India through an engaging dialogue of importance, dissension, and contention over conducting all the annual entrance examinations amidst this covid-19 pandemic that have been postponed earlier due to nationwide lockdown. Drawing on the pre-exam living experiences, this paper presents the challenges and problems of student communities and the insecurities of their mental and physical health risks while they are preparing and appearing for their scheduled entrance tests. The paper finds no concrete attempt of negotiations from the authorities to channel majoritarian concerns. The lack of preparation from government and exam authorities to facilitate students in this crisis period has finally made many to fail writing their exam papers and left them behind with unfulfilled dreams. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the wake of declaration of Covid-19 as a pandemic by the World Health Organization, the Prime Minister of India announced a nationwide lockdown to curb its spread. Subsequently, some groups of people found themselves away from their family or friends, and were unable to return to them. The aim of the research was to explore the lives of young adults who were living alone and working, during the lockdown in India. Focus was on their daily living, their relationships and their mental health. Twelve participants residing in various cities of India were included via the Internet. Focus group discussions were used to attain the objectives of the study. The data that emerged from the discussions, was analysed using thematic analysis. All participants had experienced different kinds of disruptions in their life due to the lockdown. This effect was mediated by their financial situation, their general comfort and preference for living alone, media, opportunities for non-virtual interactions and other kinds of recreation, quality of relationships and more. Though there were similarities in their coping methods, their perspective on the lockdown, the meaning they attributed to their current situation and their vision for their future was unique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aims at understanding the relationships between the fear of COVID-19 and perceived stress, wellbeing, and life satisfaction. The study also analyses the role of gender on the relationship of fear of COVID-19 with these study variables. For this, a cross-sectional study was conducted among 1125 participants in India, comprising 638 men and 487 women. Structural equation model was used to analyse the data. It was found that the fear of COVID-19 is positively related to perceived stress and negatively related to wellbeing and life satisfaction. It was also found that, these relationships are stronger among women than among men. The study shows the importance of psychiatric assessment during pandemic times and alerts policy makers and society in general, to take measures for ensuring mental health among people during times of crisis. Future studies can include longitudinal research for a comprehensive understanding of the psychological impacts of the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Government of India implemented a nationwide lockdown from March 24, 2020 in response to the Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. This study examines the effects of two positive psychological resources on the mental health of Indian citizens during the early days of the lockdown. The effects of psychological capital (PsyCap) and internal locus of control on psychological distress of people via affect balance were tested. Data were collected through an online survey from 667 participants. Psychological distress was assessed using the GHQ-12, and affect balance was assessed as the preponderance of positive over negative affect. Results reveal that psychological capital and internal locus of control were negatively associated with psychological distress. In addition, affect balance mediated the relationship between psychological capital and psychological distress and the relationship between internal locus of control and psychological distress. Thus, both the psychological resources through affect balance acted as buffers protecting people from mental health deterioration during COVID-19 lockdown. However, the direct and indirect effects of psychological capital on psychological distress is stronger than that of internal locus of control. Implications and directions for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The unprecedented onset of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) had a huge impact on health-care facilities, leading to different psychosocial challenges among health-care workers (HCWs) during this pandemic. Aim: This study aimed to explore the impact of COVID-19 on the work, family, and personal life of HCWs engaged in COVID-19 duties during the first wave in India and gain insights on the coping strategies. Materials and Methods: The findings from 12 qualitative in-depth interviews were analyzed and presented in this article. This study is a part of a mix-method design study conducted at two hospitals and one community site in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The present qualitative sample was drawn conveniently from the randomly selected quantitative sample chosen from the three sites. Results: This study highlights that in the early stage of the COVID-19 pandemic, HCWs experienced transition in work life, burnout, disruption in family life, negative emotions such as fear, and experiences of stigma. The findings also reveal that while institutional workers faced discrimination and stigma outside their workplace, noninstitutional workers faced discrimination at multiple sites during traveling and at in their residential places and additionally faced harassment while working in the community. The findings also suggest that despite numerous challenges faced by HCWs, they were driven by a sense of responsibility and displayed resilience. Conclusion: Considering the HCWs as the backbone of the health-care system, it is crucial to boost and maintain the mental well-being of HCWs by providing timely and tailored interventions to sustain their resilience and build better responses to future pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Covid-19 pandemic has brought about a wave of changes in the lives of people across the world, especially those from marginalized communities. The study aimed to understand the lived experiences of migrant workers during the early months of the pandemic using a qualitative phenomenological approach. Thirteen men working as migrant workers in Mumbai, India were interviewed telephonically and the data obtained was analysed using thematic analysis. Migrant workers highlighted the challenges they experienced in getting back home, fears of dying alone away from home, the stress of unemployment and poverty and its impact on them and their families. They expressed feelings of guilt, shame, and helplessness about not knowing what will happen in the future. Using an intersectional lens the study highlights how the identity of being a migrant worker further marginalised these individuals, thereby impacting their well-being and presents implications for mental health policy and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The ongoing Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a huge mental health impact on people, especially the infected population. They are at greater risk of developing psychological symptoms due to the fear of death and developing severe disability, lack of proper treatment and social restrictions, stigma, and discrimination. The early psychological symptoms, if ignored, may have long-term consequences on the health and well-being of COVID patients. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the mental health services have been impacted negatively, and the need for technology-based psychological interventions has been identified as an alternative treatment method. Hence, the Telephone-Based Brief Psycho-Social interventions (TBPSI) will be developed for COVID-19 patients. Materials and Method: A five-session tele psychosocial intervention including rapport establishment and assessment, supportive counselling, activity scheduling, relaxation technique, and post-assessment will be developed based on the extensive review of the literature. Face and content validation of the intervention package will be done by the mental health experts. Further, the feasibility of the intervention program will be tested on COVID-19 patients in the Dharwad district, and later, the same will be implemented across the COVID hospitals of Karnataka state. Discussion and Conclusion: The study results may bring new insights into the culturally sensitive technology-oriented interventions during this pandemic in the country. The paradigm may be shifted from routine treatment to cost-effective and time-based intervention in the public health system in India. The telephonic brief psychosocial interventions can be utilised as a mainstream treatment during non-emergency situations as well. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to understand the relationship between spiritual beliefs and practices with perceived general health and adherence to recommended self-protective behaviour during lockdown period of COVID 19 pandemic. Additionally, the study intends to find out the differences among socio-demographic segments of the Indian society across these variables. Online survey was carried out with 1,416 willing adult participants from different socio-demographic segments. Findings suggest that irrespective of age and faith, participants used spirituality as a method of coping. Various socio-demographic segments of the population differed in their self-protective behaviors, perceived general mental health, and practice of spirituality. Regular practice of spirituality was positively correlated with self-protective behaviors and perception of better general mental health. Findings suggest that improved understanding of behavioral responses of different socio-demographic segments under conditions of uncertainty would enhance the cultural competence of the intervention design and aid personalized care under uncertain and crisis situations like COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The broad objective of the present study is to assess the levels of anxiety and depression of school students during the COVID-19 lockdown phase and their association with students' background, stress, concerns and social support. In this regard, the present study follows a novel two stage approach. In the first phase, an empirical survey was carried out, based on multivariate statistical analysis, wherein a group of 273 school students participated in the study voluntarily. In the second phase, a novel Picture Fuzzy FFA (PF-FFA) method was applied for understanding the dynamics of facilitating and prohibiting factors for three categories of focus groups (FG), formulated on the basis of attendance in online classes. Findings revealed a significant impact of anxiety and depression on mental health. Further, PF-FFA examinedthe impact of the driving forces that steered children to attend class as contrasted to the the impact of the restricting forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most important aspects of life that have been impacted by the pandemic is mental health. The lack of already existing mental health services, especially in India has been a very hard path to walk on for a long time as the expenditure on the mental health sector is close to negligible, in India. This study aimed to understand how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted the mental health of individuals who were already suffering from different disorders, whether it has exacerbated their condition or helped in any way. Phenomenological approach was taken up in order to assess 5 different individuals with pre-existing, diagnosed mental disorders on their experiences and issues during the pandemic and the lockdown. A semi-structured virtual interview took place via zoom and informed consent was taken beforehand. A thematic analysis was done in order to assess the recorded data into 4 themes-1. Lack of motivation and productivity 2. The inconvenience of mental health services 3. Impact of physical confinement 4. Self and disorder awareness. Further research in this area will help us understand the need for accessible mental health services and how to tackle these issues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Information Technology (IT) industry in India is an integral part of the nation's economy. The COVID-19 pandemic is a cause of disquietude and is probably the gravest challenge encountered by the IT industry at present. Although the IT industry has contributed to varied sectors globally amid the crisis, IT professionals encounter a profusion of mental health challenges. Despite this, there have as yet been limited studies focusing on the mental health impact on IT professionals during this period. This study strives to explore the role of socio-demographic factors on perceived stress and to examine the association between gratitude and perceived stress among IT professionals in India during the pandemic. Data from 219 participants were included for analysis in this cross-sectional, correlational study. Findings suggest that there exists a significant difference in perceived stress based on gender, marital status, and parental status. Furthermore, the results demonstrate a significant negative association between gratitude and perceived stress. The study contributes to the field of cognitive ergonomics and broadens the theoretical knowledge base of perceived stress based on socio-demographic elements. Findings also have positive implications for organisational psychologists as they suggest that encouraging a focus on gratitude could aid in lower perceived stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work presents a study on the relationship between stress & related events with meditation practice and other socio-demographic variables during COVID 19 pandemic among healthy adults. In this cross-sectional survey design, healthy adults with and without practice of Raja yoga meditation completed stress, anxiety & depression related questions (Depression Anxiety & stress Scale, DASS 21) and its impact (Impact of Event Scale-Revised, IES-R) along with other socio-demographic including COVID infection or contact related information. Data was assessed for difference in DASS 21 scores and IES-R scores between Raja yoga meditators (n = 802) & non-meditators (n = 357). An analysis was performed to study the predictors of DASS 21 and IES-R scores. We conclude that healthy Raja yoga meditation practitioners differ from non-meditators in terms of stress/anxiety/depression and its impact during COVID 19 pandemic and meditation practice predicts mental health better along with other sociodemographic variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: As per our knowledge studies have not been done around the world on the immediate family of Covid-19 inpatient active cases since the onset of the Covid-19 epidemic. The presence of a severe Covid-19 condition in inpatients may impact the whole family, especially the primary caregivers. This study aims to assess perceived stress and anxiety in primary caregivers of hospitalized persons with Covid-19 in a tertiary care hospital in India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Forty-five caregivers of patients with Covid-19 were taken up for the study. The assessment tools of the study included socio-demographic details, Perceived Stress Scale-10 (PSS), and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A). The selected data were analyzed through quantitative and qualitative methods. Results: Study findings suggest that high perceived stress was seen in the majority of the caregivers. They also manifested high levels of anxiety and there was a significant positive correlation between perceived stress and anxiety among caregivers. Conclusions: The study found that in inpatient care during the Covid-19 epidemic primary caregivers of Covid-19 patients experienced enormously high levels of perceived stress, potentially impairing their ability to cope with the event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

COVID-19 has significantly impacted the mental health and well-being of college youth across the world. An online survey using checklists and open-ended questions was shared across various institutions in India to capture information about challenges faced, internal and external resources utilized to deal with the stress, existing support systems and suggestions for additional support for maintaining well-being by college youth. Thematic analysis was conducted to understand the emergent themes. Findings suggested that the most challenging aspect of the pandemic was worry about academics, career, and health of loved ones. The most useful self-management strategies to deal with stress were pursuing hobbies, learning new things, spending time with family, sharing concerns and positive self-talks. The students suggested more robust academic as well as mental health support mechanisms at the university level. At the community level students highlighted the need for community based mental health programs and more support from families. This is one of the very first exploratory studies on the potential mental health impact of the pandemic on Indian university students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the impact of COVID fatigue on mental health amidst the pandemic. In particular, it tries to understand the mediating role of compassion in the equation between COVID fatigue, corona anxiety, social support, and mental health. Systematic review was conducted to understand the interrelationship among chosen variables. Hierarchical regression was used as a tool of empirical evidence for the derived interrelationships. The results from a survey of 307 white-collar employees from public sector organizations in India confirmed the mediating role of compassion on mental health. The results state that a unit change in the dependent variables of COVID fatigue, corona anxiety, and social support can have an impact of 9.7% on the mental health quotient. It was also found out that introducing a unit of compassion in the equation will mediate the impact to 3.7%. In this study, 61.1% of participants were categorized as psychologically fatigued and 38.9% as psychologically non-fatigued. Implications for the theory and practice of compassion are discussed, and future research directions offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coronavirus presenting an unforeseeable chain of events has exaggerated misery for students in India as they attracted the most detrimental experiences associated with lockdown restrictions leading to a shutdown of colleges as a preventive measure. The research endeavors to furnish a review of the overall hardships and psychological state of mind of college students and improvement in the implementation of policy decisions. Researchers conceptualize the newly discovered phenomenon by adopting grounded theory. Data from 256 newspaper articles, online articles and magazines have been gathered and converted into 256 separate files. To broaden the justification of research, social media analysis employing tweets, Facebook posts and Whatsapp messages are considered adding to the contributory prospects of the study. Compiled data is then refined through data mining technique. Triangulation approach amalgamating content analysis and thematic analysis has been deployed, thereby exploring the qualitative aspect of data gathering. Reviews from 31 students through telephonic conversation and 8 academic experts extended more accuracy to the research process. Findings administered academic disruptions with career concern, emotional suffering, financial concern, online learning, overseas injustice and psychological effects as the final themes representing various concerns experienced by college students. Hence, this work concludes with some constructive suggestions to deteriorate the amplified concerns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]