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Rational design of nanomedicine to accelerate thrombolysis and sequentially avoid thrombolysis-mediated reperfusion injury is still a challenge. Here, we develop a biomimetic nanovesicle (tPA/MNP@PM, tMP) by simple encapsulating melanin nanoparticles (MNP) and tPA with a platelet membrane vesicle (PM), which integrates the thrombus targeting property of PM, the photothermal conversion performance and free radical scavenging property of natural melanin for cascaded ischemic stroke treatment. Benefiting from natural thrombus-targeted adhesion capability of PM, nanovesicles could efficiently target thrombus site. Then near-infrared (NIR) mediated photothermal of MNP could lead to rupture of nanovesicles, thus achieving precise release of tPA in thrombus. Interestingly, local hyperthermia also increases the activity of tPA for accelerating thrombolysis. Afterwards, site specific released MNP (4.5 nm) accompanied by hemoperfusion can cross the BBB and accumulate in cerebral ischemia site, scavenging various free radicals and suppressing inflammation- and immune response–induced injury to achieve neuroprotection after thrombolysis. In addition, the biomimetic nanovesicle could block tPA-induced brain hemorrhage after stroke to improve thrombolytic therapy. The evaluation in ischemic stroke mice confirmed that the simple-prepared nanomedicine with cascaded thrombus targeting, precise thrombolysis and ischemia-reperfusion protection properties can significantly enhance the treatment effect of ischemic stroke. Ischemic stroke is recognized as a leading cause of death and disability in the world. Rational design of nanomedicine to accelerate thrombolysis and sequentially avoid thrombolysis-mediated reperfusion injury is still a challenge. Herein, a biomimetic nanovesicle (tMP) was developed for sequential ischemic stroke treatment. It could overcome the drawbacks of free tPA for safe thrombolysis: i) platelet membrane biomimetic coating significantly increases thrombus targeting; ii) NIR-mediated photothermal of natural melanin precise controlled release of tPA in thrombus in situ, and local hyperthermia also increases the thrombolytic activity of tPA. Notably, released melanin nanoparticles (4.5 nm) accompanied by hemoperfusion can across BBB and avoid ischemia-reperfusion injury through free radical scavenging and inflammation/immune response suppression. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

5-Aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) has been approved for clinical photodynamic therapy (PDT) due to its negligible photosensitive toxicity. However, the curative effect of 5-ALA is restricted by intracellular biotransformation inactivation of 5-ALA and potential DNA repair of tumor cells. Inspired by the crucial function of iron ions in 5-ALA transformation and DNA repair, a liposomal nanomedicine (MFLs@5-ALA/DFO) with intracellular iron ion regulation property was developed for boosting the PDT of 5-ALA, which was prepared by co-encapsulating 5-ALA and DFO (deferoxamine, a special iron chelator) into the membrane fusion liposomes (MFLs). MFLs@5-ALA/DFO showed an improved pharmaceutical behavior and rapidly fused with tumor cell membrane for 5-ALA and DFO co-delivery. MFLs@5-ALA/DFO could efficiently reduce iron ion, thus blocking the biotransformation of photosensitive protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) to heme, realizing significant accumulation of photosensitivity. Meanwhile, the activity of DNA repair enzyme was also inhibited with the reduction of iron ion, resulting in the aggravated DNA damage in tumor cells. Our findings showed MFLs@5-ALA/DFO had potential to be applied for enhanced PDT of 5-ALA. A liposomal nanomedicine (MFLs@5-ALA/DFO) was designed for boosting the PDT of 5-ALA through intracellular iron ion regulation. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transition of the world's energy system to a low-carbon system is instrumental in achieving global carbon neutrality. This transition of the energy system requires coordination and cooperation among different energy-focused agents as well as integrated development between the agents and the system. However, the low-carbon transition of the overall system cannot be achieved by the spontaneous evolution of the system itself, but requires policy guidance and the coordination of different directions and measures. Policy coordination can effectively integrate the goals and measures of energy policy, and can drive the development of agents within the energy system. In-depth survey and analysis on energy policy coordination show that more attention should be paid to these two research topics: dual carbon target and supply security of the energy system. Specifically, demand-side response, consumption-side reforms, and energy management innovation would become new research priorities. And future research methods of energy policy coordination should focus on quantitative analysis and machine learning. Further, econometric methods should be combined to explore the stack effect of multiple agents within the energy systems. Based on different logical approaches associated with energy policy choices, a multi-agent and multi-dimensional policy coordination framework should be constructed to provide implementation strategies for a coordinated evolutionary transition to low-carbon energy. • Analysis the main subjects and methods of policy coordination in the energy system transformation research. • Exploring the developing trends and researching focus of energy policy coordination driven by the carbon neutralization goal. • Established a foundation for readers who may want to analyze the energy system policy coordination in their own countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• WMPAE inhibited the growth of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. • WMPAE decreased the cell viability promptly, induced cell shape and caused the intracellular structural damage. • WMPAE increased the activities of intracellular antioxidant enzymes, caused lipid peroxidation. • WMPAE exerted detrimental effects on photosynthetic efficiency. • Our results presented multiple physiological responses of Aphanizomenon flos-aquae to WMPAE. Natural algaecides are more likely to be specific and biodegradable, and may offer an environmentally friendly method for control of cyanobacterial blooms. We explored, for the first time, the potential for watermelon peel aqueous extract (WMPAE) to control the growth of the harmful blue-green alga Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. The growth inhibition and several physiological parameters of A. flos-aquae , in response to WMPAE, were analyzed. Results showed that WMPAE significantly inhibited the growth of A. flos-aquae in a concentration-dependent way. The highest inhibition reached 94 % after 3 days' treatment with 6 g L−1 of WMPAE and a significant effect was obtained with lower doses and shorter times as well. The cell viability decreased quickly, cell shape changed, and intracellular structural damage occurred. At the same time, the antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase SOD, catalase CAT and peroxidase POD) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels all increased significantly, indicating that WMPAE between 2–6 g L−1 induced severe oxidative stress and damage to A. flos-aquae. Moreover, production of the four pigments chlorophyll a (Chl a), carotenoids, phycocyanin (PC), and allophycocyanin (APC) were all stimulated, though photosynthesis of A. flos-aquae was clearly inhibited. The maximum quantum yield of photosystem II (F v / F m) and the effective quantum yield of photosystem II ( F v ' / F m ') declined sharply, suggesting the decreased photosystem capacity of A. flos-aquae to convert light energy into chemical energy. In addition, non-photochemical quenching (N P Q) of A. flos-aquae increased after a very short time exposure to WMPAE, and decreased significantly with prolonged exposure time, which indicated the failure of photo protection mechanisms. These results suggest that the loss of cell viability, and increases in oxidative stress, and damage to intracellular structure and photosynthetic systems might be the mechanisms for the inhibitory effects. Our results suggested that WMPAE could be a novel and effective approach for controlling the growth of A. flos-aquae in aquatic environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Type I (electron transfer) PDT of C60 is significantly enhanced by gold nanoparticles. • C60@GNPs can be excited under near-infrared light, which has a high tissue penetration. • C60@GNPs with near-infrared light irradiation can obtain oxygen non-dependent of PDT. Recently, fullerene (C60) has been widely used as a nano photosensitizer (PS) for tumor related photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, current PDT based on C60 is severely restricted by the visible light source (shallow tissue penetrating depth) and oxygen dependent (tumor hypoxia). Therefore, taking advantages of the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) effect of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and "electronic sponge" property of C60, a C60 based hybrid nanostructured photosensitizer (C60@GNPs) with high light stability, near infrared light (NIR) excitation, and oxygen non-dependent properties was rational designed according to the mechanism of PDT. Compared with C60, after GNPs in-situ synthesis, the PDT mechanism of C60@GNPs changed from type II to type I, and the main product of PDT changed from singlet oxygen to hydroxyl radicals. Furthermore, C60@GNPs hybrid could efficiently generate hydroxyl radicals under NIR light excitation even in the hypoxia condition. These results suggest that C60@GNPs hybrid has a great potential for in vivo PDT applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Mesoporous MnO2 nanoparticle was employed as the carrier and quencher of photosensitizer. • Tumor marker MUC-1 activated ROS generation system was constructed based on the gatekeeper effect of aptamer. • MCF-7 was killed selectively via the tumor cell activated photodynamic therapy. Herein, we report a turn-on strategy for selectively killing the tumor cell via combining the singlet-oxygen quenching MnO 2 and tumor cell-targeting aptamer. The photosensitizers were in the quenching state when loaded in the mesoporous MnO 2 (mMnO 2) nanoparticles and sealed by the aptamer on the particle surface. The aptamer can selectively recognize the specific membrane protein on the tumor cell and release the photosensitizers, activating the photosensitizer and killing the tumor cells. The specific binding-induced "off-on" switching of singlet oxygen generation reduced the damage to the nearby healthy cells to a large extent. The high loading ability for photosensitizer and the GSH consumption property of mMnO 2 endow the system with high local concentration of singlet-oxygen for killing the target tumor cell. The high selectivity and efficiency of the constructed singlet oxygen regulating system will pave a new way for utilizing PDT in cancer precise treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The power industry in China is the foremost emitter of carbon, necessitating a clean transition in its power generation segment for successful decarbonization. Identifying and quantitative analysis the critical factors that shape the transition and their operational mechanisms will help achieve a secure low-carbon transformation of the energy system. Nonetheless, the body of extensive research in this particular field remains notably limited. To bridge this gap, this paper initiates by developing a comprehensive mechanism framework (REEP) for the transition towards cleaner power generation including Resource endowment (abbreviated as R), Electricity market (abbreviated as E), Economic development (abbreviated as E) and Policy implementation (abbreviated as P) four fields. This framework is based on monthly power generation data derived from four categories of power generation sources at the provincial level in China, spanning the years 2014–2019. It dynamically and quantitative elucidates the multifaceted impacts of various influencing factors on the evolution of the power generation structure. Based on the REEP framework, we observe the power generation structure evolution trends. The study's findings underscore the significance of resource endowment as a paramount internal factor influencing the clean evolution of the power generation structure, while economic development emerges as a pivotal external driving force propelling its transformation. Despite wind and solar power generation accounting for a relatively small proportion at the end of the 14th Five Year Plan period, it is imperative for China to continue promoting the extensive development of renewable energy. While we should coordinate national power transmission and distribution on the foundation of incentivizing technological innovation in emission reduction and the development of energy storage technology. This approach is essential to comprehensively advance the low-carbon and stable development of the energy system, ultimately facilitating the realization of the dual-carbon goal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanoparticle-based CRISPR/Cas9 delivery systems hold great promise for specific and precise treatment of genetic disorder diseases. Herein, we developed a DNA nanoflower-based platform for microRNA-responsive cytosolic delivery of Cas9/sgRNA complex into tumor cells. The biocompatible DNA nano-vehicles can efficiently load Cas9/sgRNA by sequence hybridization. Importantly, this hybridization can be replaced by a tumor specific miRNA through toehold-mediated strand displacement process and achieve cell-type-specific release of Cas9/sgRNA from the DNA nanoflowers. We have verified that this miRNA-responsive releasing process can significantly improve the genome editing efficiency comparing with non-responsive control. This strategy suggests a versatile way for designing more specific and efficient CRISPR-based genome therapy system by incorporating stimuli-responsive Cas9/sgRNA release process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]