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Background: Unlike diseases, automatic recognition of disabilities has not received the same attention in the area of medical NLP. Progress in this direction is hampered by obstacles like the lack of annotated corpus. Neural architectures learn to translate sequences from spontaneous representations into their corresponding standard representations given a set of samples. The aim of this paper is to present the last advances in monolingual (Spanish) and crosslingual (from English to Spanish and vice versa) automatic disability annotation. The task consists of identifying disability mentions in medical texts written in Spanish within a collection of abstracts from journal papers related to the biomedical domain. Results: In order to carry out the task, we have combined deep learning models that use different embedding granularities for sequence to sequence tagging with a simple acronym and abbreviation detection module to boost the coverage. Conclusions: Our monolingual experiments demonstrate that a good combination of different word embedding representations provide better results than single representations, significantly outperforming the state of the art in disability annotation in Spanish. Additionally, we have experimented crosslingual transfer (zero-shot) for disability annotation between English and Spanish with interesting results that might help overcoming the data scarcity bottleneck, specially significant for the disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supervised training has traditionally been the cornerstone of hate speech detection models, but it often falls short when faced with unseen scenarios. Zero and few-shot learning offers an interesting alternative to traditional supervised approaches. In this paper, we explore the advantages of zero and few-shot learning over supervised training, with a particular focus on hate speech detection datasets covering different domains and levels of complexity. We evaluate the generalization capabilities of generative models such as T5, BLOOM, and Llama-2. These models have shown promise in text generation and have demonstrated the ability to learn from limited labeled data. Moreover, by evaluating their performance on both Spanish and English datasets, we gain insight into their cross-lingual applicability and versatility, thus contributing to a broader understanding of generative models in natural language processing. Our results highlight the potential of generative models to bridge the gap between data scarcity and model performance across languages and domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the evolving interest in names. Until now, the little research conducted has focused on surnames and place names. This paper examines the influence of origin and self-identity on reactions to forenames and pet forms by employing a comparative approach across English and Spanish languages. With 425 participants from Murcia, Spain, and Leeds, United Kingdom, this study employed a self-designed semi-structured questionnaire in both languages. The questionnaire addresses demographic information and name preferences and liking based on the participant and name origins. Using quota non-probability sampling and personal interviews, the research applied qualitative and quantitative analyses utilising SPSS 28.0.0 and thematic analysis. The findings highlight participants' connections between names and origins, echoing the linguistic–cultural interplay. Divergences emerge in discussing fashion trends and self-identity expressions between Spanish and English participants, potentially tied to historical and linguistic factors. The study underscores varying name significance in the two districts, revealing insights into cultural and identity associations. Future research is recommended to explore sociodemographic factors and gender differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes impoliteness-related language in response to a season's greeting posted by the Prime Ministers of Spain and the UK on December 2022 to wish Twitter users a Felices Fiestas/Merry Christmas. A corpus made up of the first 500 tweet events mentioning Sánchez and Johnson with the @ feature was analyzed through the combination of qualitative and quantitative tools and an impoliteness2 approach to compare the most commonly deployed impoliteness strategies in response to what is felt as an offense by respondents from the two cultures. Previous impoliteness taxonomies inform the analysis (Culpeper, 1996 , 2011). Findings reveal a preference for on-record strategies vs. off-record ones in both corpora. Whereas the English respondents oriented themselves towards attacking the negative face of the Prime Minister and that of other participants with sarcasm and implicated impoliteness, the Spanish group deployed impoliteness-related language to disparage the Prime Minister's positive face through insults and the rectification of his words. The hostile acts and explicit metalanguage about emotional states in the replies to the expressive speech act corroborate the perceived breach of some aspects of the moral order on the part of the Twitter users in the out-group, hence aiding the already observed polarization of political discussions. • Impoliteness is analyzed in replies to the season's greetings of Pedro Sánchez and Boris Johnson on Twitter. • Findings indicate that on-record impoliteness strategies are more frequent than off-record ones in both groups. • English respondents use negative-face attacking strategies, sarcasm, and implicated impoliteness in their replies. • Spanish respondents deploy insults and attacks on the positive public face of the Prime Minister as favored strategies. • Impoliteness-related discourse is multifunctional and aims to restore the moral order that is perceived as altered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to analyses 5686 research publications indexed in Web of science core collection across the world on a phytoconstituents i.e Astaxanthin which is a keto-carotenoid pigment mainly accumulated by microalgae. These 5686 publications on Astaxanthin have been contributed by 15224 authors and received 159896 citations upto year 2021. The year 2021 was the most productive year with 598 publications on Astaxanthin. Journal Aquaculture is the most productive journal with 173 publications on Astaxanthin, China is the most contributing country with a 21.54 % share of global publication. Among the top 5 most productive institutions three belongs to China. English is the most preferred language for communication followed by Japanese and Spanish. Chen Feng from Peking University is the most productive author on Astaxanthin. 97 % of the publications are in collaboration and only 3 % publications have been contributed by Single author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Machine translation (MT) is used to obtain annotated corpus of English corpus which can be applicable to different natural language processing (NLP) tasks. Considering that there are more resources or data sets for training NLP models in English language, this paper explores the application of MT to automate NLP tasks in Spanish. Thus, the article describes a dataset for the extraction of generic relations (reACE) and the construction of a semantic extraction model of relations in Spanish (ER), based on the set of samples translated from English to Spanish. The results show that for the MT task it is necessary to implement a corpus pre-editing process in English to avoid translation and post-editing errors and maintain the original corpus annotations. The ER models in Spanish achieve measures of accuracy, completeness, and F-value comparable to those obtained by the model in the English language, which suggests that machine translation is a useful tool to perform NLP tasks in the Spanish language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we examine language policy in Puerto Rico, a Caribbean island where both Spanish and English are official languages, even though Spanish is the L1 of this linguistic community. After discussing different language policies developed in the island over the last one hundred years, the article analyzes a questionnaire on language attitudes toward Spanish and English in Puerto Rico. Our findings suggest that linguistic coexistence is emerging naturally, without the conflicts of the past. We argue that Puerto Ricans have been accepting both languages without questioning that Spanish is their mother tongue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The present paper deals with the requestive development of a consecutive trilingual boy from ages 3.6 to 5.6. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has accounted for the requestive development (i.e. use of directives) of successive trilinguals in early childhood. Yet, in previous analyses of our data involving years 2.6–3.6, we identified an increase in the use of conventionally indirect forms and a decrease in the production of direct request types coinciding with the introduction of a third language. On account of our results, we wondered whether the act of requesting would evolve differently or similarly in the three languages involved. The goal of the present paper is thus to further examine the direct, conventionally indirect and indirect forms employed during preschool years, that is, from ages 3.6 to 5.6. We hypothesized that while the three pragmatic systems were closely linked during ages 2.6 and 3.6 (e.g. indirectness in English requests affected Catalan and Spanish request forms) (i) requestive behaviour would vary across languages in line with Pau's sociolinguistic development (Barnes, 2001, 2006), and (ii) the addressee's perceived status will affect the choice of pragmalinguistic routines employed (Peccei, 1999, 2006). Data were obtained from audio and video-recordings while Pau was playing at home and there was interaction with the mother-researcher. The corpus we have analyzed includes 45 scripts of 30–60min each. The time period between recordings was 30 days. Results from our analysis confirm our two hypotheses and they shed new light on early multilingual pragmatic development by providing a multilingual focus. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper examines Spanish echo questions, an understudied phenomenon even in extensively described languages such as English. In particular, it focuses on a very particular type of echo questions, such as those made in response to a previous yes/no question (e.g. -Did you buy {mumble}?; -Did I buy WHAT?) and makes a detailed description, on the one hand, of inherent echo features, common across most languages, and, on the other, those language-specific. In particular, I argue that wh-in-situ is not the only possible option in Spanish EQs in order to get a proper, echo interpretation. In addition, I offer some evidence from Spanish data in favour of a particular syntactic structure underlying this sort of questions (Sobin 2010). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The null hypothesis significance test (NHST) is the most frequently used statistical method, although its inferential validity has been widely criticized since its introduction. In 1988, the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) warned against sole reliance on NHST to substantiate study conclusions and suggested supplementary use of confidence intervals (CI). Our objective was to evaluate the extent and quality in the use of NHST and CI, both in English and Spanish language biomedical publications between 1995 and 2006, taking into account the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors recommendations, with particular focus on the accuracy of the interpretation of statistical significance and the validity of conclusions. Methods: Original articles published in three English and three Spanish biomedical journals in three fields (General Medicine, Clinical Specialties and Epidemiology - Public Health) were considered for this study. Papers published in 1995-1996, 2000-2001, and 2005-2006 were selected through a systematic sampling method. After excluding the purely descriptive and theoretical articles, analytic studies were evaluated for their use of NHST with P-values and/or CI for interpretation of statistical "significance" and "relevance" in study conclusions. Results: Among 1,043 original papers, 874 were selected for detailed review. The exclusive use of P-values was less frequent in English language publications as well as in Public Health journals; overall such use decreased from 41% in 1995-1996 to 21% in 2005-2006. While the use of CI increased over time, the "significance fallacy" (to equate statistical and substantive significance) appeared very often, mainly in journals devoted to clinical specialties (81%). In papers originally written in English and Spanish, 15% and 10%, respectively, mentioned statistical significance in their conclusions. Conclusions: Overall, results of our review show some improvements in statistical management of statistical results, but further efforts by scholars and journal editors are clearly required to move the communication toward ICMJE advices, especially in the clinical setting, which seems to be imperative among publications in Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A vast amount of research has been carried out inspired by the motion event typology established by Talmy (1985, 2000), that of, verb-framed and satellite-framed languages. However, hardly any research has been devoted to either deeply analyse motion verb lexicons or to explore manner-of-motion verb granularity between languages typologically different or similar (cf. Slobin, 2003, 2006). This paper concentrates on an important subdomain of motion, i.e., human locomotion, and examines the way Spanish and English lexicalise it in verbs. The first part of the paper focuses on the semantics of human locomotion verbs with special attention to the sort of fine-grained manner information that each language encodes. In the second part, an empirical study on how Spanish and English monolinguals categorise human locomotion verbs into three motor pattern categories (Walk -- Run -- Jump) is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper deals with matrix copular inferentials of the type "That's love for you" and "El amor es lo que tiene". Specifically, it shows that these configurations exhibit an early stage of grammaticalization, characterized by an increase in pragmatic significance and subjective expressiveness. It also demonstrates that the semantico-pragmatic (including discourse functional) properties of these constructions in English and Spanish lend further credence to the Traugottian context-based view of grammaticalization as involving two distinct yet related subtypes. The first one, pragmatic strengthening, is argued here to give rise to a shift from identifying attribution to characterizing attribution, thus expressing a positive or negative evaluation by the subject/speaker regarding the entity/person encoded in the lexical filler. The second one, at a textual level, results in these constructions functioning as summative discourse markers. Moreover, this paper offers a constructionist overview of the place of these inferential constructions within the family of focusing constructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to examine the micro-interactional co-construction of power within Spanish language concordant medical consultations in California involving a third party family member. Findings indicate the third party instigates code-switching to English on the part of medical providers, a language that the patient does not understand, rendering the patient a non-participant in the medical consultation. In these consultations involving a third party family member, monolingual Spanish-speaking patients are stripped of control in ways that are similar to other powerless groups in medical consultations. Implications include the need to further examine how micro-level interactions reproduce societal ideologies and shape policy on the ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I will make an approximation to the presence of words that come from the English language studying the Extremenian town of Mérida (Badajoz). To do this, from the implementation of the questionnaire for the study of the educated norm (Lope Blanch, 1972) and using as lexical base semantic fields of "the clothes", "the social life and entertainment" and the concepts of the theatre, the press, the film and the television (I have included also a subject area of internet), I will make a quantitative and qualitative analysis of a corpus composed of 25000 words. In the corpus, I include the use of foreign voices and also the presence of Spanish versions to describe some terms of English origin. With this research, I intend to observe the spread of anglicisms in the locality and I want to also check how semantic fields are foreign terms and why the presence of these voices in the current spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the present paper is to introduce the Teachers' Choices Cognate Database. English-Spanish cognates are words that are orthographically and semantically identical or nearly identical in both English and Spanish. To create this free online database, the cognates from every one of the 146 International Reading Association's Teachers' Choices books for the years, 1998-2012, were compiled and published at www.angelfire.com/ill/monte/teacherschoices.html. The cognates in the database may be used to create vocabulary lessons or mini-lessons to accompany book read-alouds for Latino English Language Learners ( ELLs) in the early primary grades. Ideas for teaching English-Spanish cognates through picture book read-alouds are presented and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Named entity recognition is an important subfield of the broader research area of information extraction from textual data. Yet, named entity recognition research conducted on Turkish texts is still rare as compared to related research carried out on other languages such as English, Spanish, Chinese, and Japanese. In this study, we present a hybrid named entity recognizer for Turkish, which is based on a manually engineered rule based recognizer that we have proposed. Since rule based systems for specific domains require their knowledge sources to be manually revised when ported to other domains, we enrich our rule based recognizer and turn it into a hybrid recognizer so that it learns from annotated data when available and improves its knowledge sources accordingly. The hybrid recognizer is originally engineered for generic news texts, but with its learning capability, it is improved to be applicable to that of financial news texts, historical texts, and child stories as well, without human intervention. Both the hybrid recognizer and its rule based predecessor are evaluated on the same corpora and the hybrid recognizer achieves better results as compared to its predecessor. The proposed hybrid named entity recognizer is significant since it is the first hybrid recognizer proposal for Turkish addressing the above porting problem considering that Turkish possesses different structural properties compared to widely studied languages such as English and there is very limited information extraction research conducted on Turkish texts. Moreover, the employment of the proposed hybrid recognizer for semantic video indexing is shown as a case study on Turkish news videos. The genuine textual and video corpora utilized throughout the paper are compiled and annotated by the authors due to the lack of publicly available annotated corpora for information extraction research on Turkish texts. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The acquisition of a foreign language phonology is guided/ conditioned by many factors (psychological, cognitive, linguistic, environmental, sociolinguistic, cultural, etc.). In this paper I analyze the influence of three sociolinguistic variables (sex, language level and type of formal instruction) on the acquisition of English /v/ by native speakers of Spanish. The corpus comprises 48 interviews with Montevidean participants (Montevideo, Uruguay) with different levels of competence in English and in two different classroom situations: bilingual schools and language institutes. The analysis proves that the students' interphonology can be described and explained by an in-depth study of the variation patterns their speech shows between the target language sound [v] and the Spanish-English interphonological variant [b]. A close look at how the three sociolinguistic variables -in isolation and combined- operate in the acquisition of /v/ also sheds light on theoretical issues of interest for sociolinguistics and applied linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Citation practice provides justification for arguments and allows a writer to indicate a rhetorical gap for her/his research and adopt a tone of authority. Claims must be supported with evidence, and writers must demonstrate an understanding of approaches and knowledge in their fields of specialisation, in order to persuade the examiners that the thesis is worthy of the award of a doctorate (Thompson. 2005b). Candidates need to keep the adequate interpersonal relationship with the immediate audience (the examiners). They have lo evaluate the previous research in an area of study and to be respectful with previous claims from authorities in the disciplines. They also need to position themselves in relation to other disciplinary members and highlight their individual claims. This paper investigates contrastively how interactional resources of citation and, in particular reporting verbs, arc deployed in the literature review chapters of PhD theses written in English and in Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the influence of the mother tongue when translating abstracts from Spanish into English. 80 abstracts were analyzed published in 2 Colombian scientific magazines. Text coherence and cohesion were analyzed based on the translators' attempts. During correction and drafting of those texts, relevant mistakes were found that affected the meaning of the content in the texts. In fact, this research shows how the mother tongue interferes through negative transfers in non- professional translations. When translation into English the content of the abstract, translators use Spanish structures without taking into account sociocultural aspects and text meaning, challenges faced by the so- called inverse translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper aims to show that metaphors are a powerful tool to frame economic issues and serve certain political interests. To this purpose, we have carried out a comparative study of the conceptual metaphors of the Global Systemic Crisis in both English and Spanish. The financial crisis has indeed caused havoc in the economic panorama worldwide. Spain has been no exception, but, unlike other European countries, financial problems were initially belittled by the Spanish mass media for several months, until the subsequent outbreak of the crisis in relatively recent times. Following the current trend of corpus approaches to metaphor analysis (), our study is based on a corpus of English and Spanish financial articles selected from those published during 2007 and the end of 2008 in the English journal The Economist and the Spanish newspaper El Economista. The analysis of the metaphors used in these articles will allow us to show how the same economic reality may be differently conceptualized at different points in time on account of different socio-political factors, such as a Government which, on the verge of national elections, refused to reveal the grim state of affairs of the national economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: proposed a prototype semantic analysis of the English word lie, arguing that a ‘good’ lie is one containing three basic elements and that utterances lacking one or more element might still be considered lies but to lesser degrees. The present study replicated their questionnaire by applying it to Spanish in Eastern Ecuador. This paper examines whether or not the concept of a lie is different for Spanish and, if so, to what degree and under what semantic prototypical notions. The questions addressed are (1) if lie is a word in Spanish whose definition involves a prototype in the sense discussed by Coleman and Kay; (2) if there is a prototype containing the three elements considered; (3) how participants assign the word lie to reported speech acts; and (4) whether speakers generally agree on the relative weights of semantic elements. The general notion of a prototype is revealed in the Spanish data; however, the order of semantic elements is different from English. It is also argued that pragmatic and cultural considerations are more important, particularly with respect to social lies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we analyse the incidence of English as an L2 in the acquisition of Italian as an L3. To this effect we have chosen a linguistic element that presents an interesting challenge in the research of language acquisition: the subject. Taking into account Luigi Rizzi's hypothesis that parameters are binary in general (A parametric approach to comparative syntax: properties of the pronominal system (1997)), we consider that languages are divided into pro-drop and non pro-drop. We have compared the production of subjects in students whose native language (Spanish) is pro-drop, their second language (English) is non pro-drop and are at present learning Italian (pro-drop) as their L3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigates the effects of individual, family, social and demographic characteristics on the maintenance of Spanish among English-speaking Latino youth. This research finds effects of generation, gender, race, parent's English proficiency, single-parent status, parental income, and neighborhood concentration of co-ethnics as well as combined effects of race and gender on Spanish oral proficiency. The findings presented here suggest support for elements of the assimilation and the segmented assimilation theoretical perspectives as well as the race-gender experience theory. The author suggests that Spanishspeaking proficiency may be associated with opportunities to speak Spanish that are structured differently, not only by family and neighborhood contexts that allow for greater or lesser contact with Spanish, but also by gender and race. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to provide guidelines for building a word alignment evaluation scheme. The notion of word alignment quality depends on the application: here we review standard scoring metrics for full text alignment and give explanations on how to use them better. We discuss strategies to build a reference corpus, and show that the ratio between ambiguous and unambiguous links in the reference has a great impact on scores measured with these metrics. In particular, automatically computed alignments with higher precision or higher recall can be favoured depending on the value of this ratio. Finally, we suggest a strategy to build a reference corpus particularly adapted to applications where recall plays a significant role, like in machine translation. The manually aligned corpus we built for the Spanish-English European Parliament corpus is also described. This corpus is freely available. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents guidelines for authors regarding submission of articles in the periodical's thematic section or book reviews. It informs that papers should be sent in English or Spanish language. It mentions requirements for entries including length of the title should be short, keywords for the article should be present, and length of the article for book review should not exceed five pages. Also presented is a flowchart depicting the same.

A conference paper about a pilot study on developmental eye movement (DEM) test scores for a Japanese-speaking sample and comparison to published English and Spanish-speaking normative values is presented. It notes that DEM test refers to a widely used clinical visual-verbal oculomotor examination that was originally standardized and normed for an English speaking population. The research involved 245 elementary school students. Also discussed are the implications of the results of the test.

To date, research on bilingual first language acquisition has tended to focus on the development of higher levels of language, with relatively few analyses of the acoustic characteristics of bilingual infants’ and childrens’ speech. Since monolingual infants begin to show perceptual divisions of vowel space that resemble adult native speakers divisions by about 6 months of age [Kuhl et al., Science 255, 606–608 (1992)], bilingual childrens’ vowel production may provide evidence of their awareness of language differences relatively early during language development. This paper will examine the development of vowel categories in a child whose mother is a native speaker of Castilian Spanish, and whose father is a native speaker of American English. Each parent speaks to the child only in her/his native language. For this study, recordings made at the ages of 2;5 and 2;10 were analyzed and F1-F2 measurements were made of vowels from the stressed syllables of content words. The development of vowel space is compared across ages within each language, and across languages at each age. In addition, the child’s productions are compared with the mother’s and father’s vocalic productions, which provide the predominant input in Spanish and English respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]