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This paper explores the procedural meaning of the Spanish adverb apenas , proposing that it carries the procedural meaning of right-hand APPROACHING. This procedural meaning effectively accounts for various interpretations and argumentative orientations of apenas in different contexts. The analysis demonstrates that apenas consistently implies a closeness or minimality, whether in quantitative or temporal domain. The procedural meaning also explains the negative argumentative orientation of apenas. Therefore, the different meanings of apenas can be analyzed in a holistic way. Through this analysis, the study aims to contribute to a deeper understanding of adverbial usage in Spanish and potentially guide analogous investigations in other languages. • The Spanish adverb apenas carries a procedural meaning. • The procedural meaning can offer a holistic analysis of this adverb. • The procedural meaning also explains the negative argumentative orientation of apenas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

According to the dictionary of the Royal Academy of the Spanish Language, numismatics is the discipline that studies coins and medals, mainly ancient ones. In other places, this definition includes the study and collection of paper money or banknotes. The information we can obtain from coins with a minimum study of the aspects that appear on them is surprising. In relation to vision and ophthalmology, they show us important figures in the field, ocular symbology, they tell us about mythology and religion and curious stories that we would hardly have known without looking at the coins. Finally, we will talk about an important 19th century Valencian ophthalmologist, Rafael Cervera y Royo, and the collection of ancient coins that bears his name. This work is not intended to be an exhaustive description of all the coins and medals that speak of vision, but rather a sample of the valuable information that numismatics contributes to our speciality and to stimulate the public's curiosity about this fascinating science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Text mining has led to growth in sentiment analysis (SA) across various research disciplines. The pandemic has provided a unique and special context for analysing students’ written expression. We utilised comments from a survey conducted during the pandemic to create a corpus for SA. The corpus comprises 25,197 words extracted from over 600 comments in Spanish, collected during a survey that lasted around 20 days. We aim to detect sentiments and emotions from this corpus using SA. However, some essential and little-discussed issues in literature should be addressed, such as its relationship with post-cognitivist theory. This paper uses the post-cognitivist approach to analyse emotions and sentiments through SA with the Spanish lexicon in the economics of education. Literature in this area needs further development, especially in Spanish. The article shows that the emotions and sentiments of students in challenging situations can be identified through a corpus of student comments. However, specific elements should be considered while interpreting emotions and sentiments within the framework of post-cognitivism methodologies. Recognising that the human experience is a complex interaction, it is essential to consider the emotional nuances within the context in which they develop. Addressing this issue from the post-cognitivist approach is one of several ways to carry out this task. Using SA and emotions to analyse a text corpus is still helpful for researchers who follow the post-cognitivist approach. However, combining this technique with other qualitative and in-depth computational methods is essential to fully understanding the emotional experiences within their respective contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sign language serves as the primary mode of communication for the deaf community. With technological advancements, it is crucial to develop systems capable of enhancing communication between deaf and hearing individuals. This paper reviews recent state-of-the-art methods in sign language recognition, translation, and production. Additionally, we introduce a rule-based system, called ruLSE, for generating synthetic datasets in Spanish Sign Language. To check the usefulness of these datasets, we conduct experiments with two state-of-the-art models based on Transformers, MarianMT and Transformer-STMC. In general, we observe that the former achieves better results (+3.7 points in the BLEU-4 metric) although the latter is up to four times faster. Furthermore, the use of pre-trained word embeddings in Spanish enhances results. The rule-based system demonstrates superior performance and efficiency compared to Transformer models in Sign Language Production tasks. Lastly, we contribute to the state of the art by releasing the generated synthetic dataset in Spanish named synLSE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most approaches to discourse markers tend to rely on observation on the behavior of monolingual classes of markers. In this paper, we offer a detailed analysis of the behavior and function of a single Spanish discourse marker, namely bueno , in bilingual discourse as opposed to its bilingual counterpart well. In particular, we compare pragmatic factors, and namely fine-grained differences between Spanish bueno and English well , with interactional factors such as the position of the marker in monological vs. dialogical sequences. Finally, we also take into account the impact of individual linguistic choices by comparing the behavior of different speakers when using the scrutinized discourse marker. Thus, we do not only contribute to and expand on previous literature on the behavior of discourse markers, but we also offer a new perspective to further study discourse markers in situations of language contact. • The paper explains the behavior of a single Spanish DM and its English counterpart in bilingual discourse. • A methodology based on online focus groups is used to explore the functionality of the discourse marker in interactions. • The paper finds a broad range of interpersonal functions that explain the use of bueno in bilingual discourse. • An underexplored community is proposed as a focal point in the study of contact and pragmatics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Correct use of Spanish when writing biological papers. We present a list of the most frequent errors in biological manuscripts written in Spanish, and we explain which are the recommended options. Our article is based on the International Codes of Nomenclature, and the guidelines of the Real Academia de la Lengua and the Council of Science Editors. We group the indications in four categories: lexical errors (e.g. English cognates); spelling (graphic accents, punctuation, font), morphology (use of prepositions) and style (linguistic economy). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper offers an in-depth analysis of a novel elliptical construction in Spanish, dubbed Topic-Remnant Elided Polar Questions (or polar TREQs in short). A detailed examination of polar TREQs in Spanish will provide evidence for the claim that (a) they are a type of clausal ellipsis, triggered by the presence of an [E]-feature on C, and (b) the remnant is a topicalized XP that undergoes movement out of the ellipsis site. Furthermore, the analysis of polar TREQs in various contexts (in particular, with respect to the so-called connectivity effects) confirms the need of syntactic identity between the linguistic antecedent and the ellipsis site. Moreover, an examination of the patterns related to the presence or absence of an overt complementizer in this elliptical construction provides empirical support for Merchant's (2001) Sluicing-COMP Generalization. In summary, this paper not only provides a comprehensive account of the syntactic intricacies of a new elliptical construction in Spanish, but also provides valuable insights into the broader landscape of elliptical phenomena in this language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Unlike diseases, automatic recognition of disabilities has not received the same attention in the area of medical NLP. Progress in this direction is hampered by obstacles like the lack of annotated corpus. Neural architectures learn to translate sequences from spontaneous representations into their corresponding standard representations given a set of samples. The aim of this paper is to present the last advances in monolingual (Spanish) and crosslingual (from English to Spanish and vice versa) automatic disability annotation. The task consists of identifying disability mentions in medical texts written in Spanish within a collection of abstracts from journal papers related to the biomedical domain. Results: In order to carry out the task, we have combined deep learning models that use different embedding granularities for sequence to sequence tagging with a simple acronym and abbreviation detection module to boost the coverage. Conclusions: Our monolingual experiments demonstrate that a good combination of different word embedding representations provide better results than single representations, significantly outperforming the state of the art in disability annotation in Spanish. Additionally, we have experimented crosslingual transfer (zero-shot) for disability annotation between English and Spanish with interesting results that might help overcoming the data scarcity bottleneck, specially significant for the disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Supervised training has traditionally been the cornerstone of hate speech detection models, but it often falls short when faced with unseen scenarios. Zero and few-shot learning offers an interesting alternative to traditional supervised approaches. In this paper, we explore the advantages of zero and few-shot learning over supervised training, with a particular focus on hate speech detection datasets covering different domains and levels of complexity. We evaluate the generalization capabilities of generative models such as T5, BLOOM, and Llama-2. These models have shown promise in text generation and have demonstrated the ability to learn from limited labeled data. Moreover, by evaluating their performance on both Spanish and English datasets, we gain insight into their cross-lingual applicability and versatility, thus contributing to a broader understanding of generative models in natural language processing. Our results highlight the potential of generative models to bridge the gap between data scarcity and model performance across languages and domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores the evolving interest in names. Until now, the little research conducted has focused on surnames and place names. This paper examines the influence of origin and self-identity on reactions to forenames and pet forms by employing a comparative approach across English and Spanish languages. With 425 participants from Murcia, Spain, and Leeds, United Kingdom, this study employed a self-designed semi-structured questionnaire in both languages. The questionnaire addresses demographic information and name preferences and liking based on the participant and name origins. Using quota non-probability sampling and personal interviews, the research applied qualitative and quantitative analyses utilising SPSS 28.0.0 and thematic analysis. The findings highlight participants' connections between names and origins, echoing the linguistic–cultural interplay. Divergences emerge in discussing fashion trends and self-identity expressions between Spanish and English participants, potentially tied to historical and linguistic factors. The study underscores varying name significance in the two districts, revealing insights into cultural and identity associations. Future research is recommended to explore sociodemographic factors and gender differences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

School well-being has a growing interest in educational research and practice, although its multidimensional nature and the imprecision in its definition limit its knowledge and make more in-depth study necessary. The aim was to deepen the understanding of the construct of school well-being identifying perspectives, models and definitory elements. A systematic review of 53 bibliographic sources from internationally databases (APA, PsycInfo, ERIC, Scopus, WoS) was conducted. PICO approach for formulating the eligibility criteria and searching for research questions, and PRISMA-compliance systematic review recommendations were followed. There were included articles and papers conferences, from 2000 to 2020, with the keywords school wellbeing or well-being, in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish languages. Topics related to health and illness, work, university, and social, economic, politic, or cultural issues were excluded. Information was analysed descriptively using the meta-narrative. The characteristics of the studies (methodology, participants, years of publication and countries) were presented; the perspectives classically linked to school well-being as a subjective (hedonic) and psychological (eudemonic) concept as well as the social well-being were explained; and the factors that operationalize it were identified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper aims to shed a critical light on the moral panic surrounding multiple-perpetrator rape (MPR) in Spain, by exploring the interplay between official statistics of this type of crime, and the depiction in the media. The concordance between media representation and the statistical reality of crime raises questions: (1) how multiple perpetrator assault and its assailants are represented in media narratives (content analysis) is examined, including the content, framing, and underlying themes within the media coverage, with a particular emphasis on the role of nationality, and (2) this representation is compared to official crime statistics (Ministry of Home Affairs report on crimes against sexual freedom and indemnity in Spain (detentions/accused) and the statistics of the sentences passed by various Spanish Provincial Courts between 2005 and 2020 from criminal justice data), and to what extent, they align. If they do not align, do news portrayals influence a moral panic? In conclusion, the idea of tabloid justice (Fox et al., 2001) is not present in the three largest Spanish daily newspapers from 2005 to 2021. There is a misrepresentation of non-Spanish nationalities having the highest rates, Romanians being underrepresented and the French being overrepresented. Media coverage perceives tourists as a certain danger, and is questioning the idea of certain non-Spanish immigrants as 'folk devils.' [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the growing migratory movement of Venezuelans to Brazil, the state of Roraima occupies a prominent place in the dynamics of reception of crisis migrants of Venezuelan origin. In this context, this paper aims to reflect on the representation of the Venezuelan as an "invader" in the midst of xenophobic manifestations of part of the population of Roraima and the Spanish language represented as "the language of the invader". The theoretical framework is based on applied linguistics with debates on language and crisis migration. The methodology used was qualitative and interpretativist, with clippings of oral narratives of crisis migrants living in Roraima generated in a focus group activity. The results point out that the representation of the "invading" migrant is present in Roraima's society by both Brazilians and foreigners, and the use of the Spanish language may influence the way these people are treated in the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on Applied Cognitive Linguistics, more specifically on how the different areas within this theoretical perspective contributed to the field of the acquisition and teaching of Spanish as a Foreign Language (SFL). Cognitive Linguistics is not a homogeneous approach to language; it includes different perspectives about language that share some theoretical principles, such as the integration of language with other cognitive abilities. In SFL, Cognitive Grammar has received most of the researchers’ attention but the interest in other areas of Cognitive Linguistics is now growing. The main benefits of applying Cognitive Linguistics to SFL teaching are explained in this paper. The focus is on typological contrasts in the area of motion events (e.g. ir ‘go’ vs. venir ‘come’; dejar ‘leave’/poner ‘put on’/meter ‘put in’) and the difficulties they pose to SFL students. Finally, it is explained how Cognitive Linguistics helps with the new challenges of the acquisition and teaching of SFL, particularly in relation to typological contrasts. For ex*ample, the development of mediation and plurilingual competence through the lens of Cognitive Linguistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper delves into concept extraction and lexical simplification in the financial domain in Spanish. In our approach, concept extraction involves identifying relevant terms and phrases using AI language models, while lexical simplification aims to make complex financial concepts more accessible. For this study, terms were annotated in the FinT-esp financial corpus and the mT5 neural model was used for accurate term extraction. The model yielded remarkable results: 96% of the detected terms had not been manually annotated before, showcasing its noteworthy generative capability. For lexical simplification, the paper proposes three main strategies: paraphrasing, synonym substitution, and translation, all integrated into an interactive interface that addresses the issue of sentence length. This research significantly contributes to financial concept detection and offers an effective method for simplifying financial language in Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reports of official organizations and interns at the Teacher Training Faculty confirm the gradual increase, especially at the primary education level, of international students who do not know the vehicular language of their schools. At the same time, abroad, there is a growing and sustained demand for Spanish as a Foreign Language courses at the primary education level. Consequently, primary education teaching degree programs must help students develop competencies and strategies linked to teaching ELE. Therefore, this paper reviews existing measures to address this reality. It also presents a training proposal that contributes, within the framework of active and cooperative learning, to an understanding of the difficulties of international students in learning the official languages of their schools, and improves the linguistic support provided to them. Consequently, the proposal will enhance the inclusion of international students. Finally, this paper aims to broaden the job outlooks of future primary education teachers by showing the growing request for ELE learning in primary education level abroad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to present the social and stylistic variation in the speech prosody of the Spanish of Mérida, Yucatán. Assertive utterances from sociolinguistic interviews and discourse completion tasks are analyzed considering the social variables of age, gender and educational level. The prosodic analysis is carried out within the Autosegmental Metrical model (Pierrehumbert 1980, Ladd 2008) and with the Sp_ToBI labeling conventions (Hualde & Prieto 2015). The results show that this variety of Spanish is characterized by a prominent descent starting from the first tonal peak, the early-peak alignment in some prenuclear positions, and the presence of some non-falling boundary tones. The social and stylistic variation suggests that the last two are features that indicate vernacularity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the presence of Anglicisms in the field of drinks in Spanish. After analyzing 22 digital media using the search tool "Observatorio Lázaro", a sample of seventy-eight anglicized non-adapted lexical units has been excerpted. The extracted terms refer to various types of alcoholic drinks, some of which already have a Spanish equivalent, whereas in other cases, those terms refer to new concepts that do not have Spanish equivalent due to its novelty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The behavior of Spanish verbs of becoming (e.g., volverse rico 'to become rich'), also known as pseudocopular or semicopular verbs, has received relatively little attention in the literature. Bybee & Eddington (2006) (B&E) analyze these verbs employing an exemplar model based on frequency and semantic similarity. The current paper presents an analysis of verbs of becoming based on the notion of cluster concepts (Jackendoff 2002, 2019, 1983), set within a scale, as an alternative account to B&E's, that explains the behavior of this class of verbs in a more precise and comprehensive way. The current study shows that there are strong tendencies in the use of adjectives with a given verb of becoming, which correlate to their use with the copular verbs ser/estar. Crucially, the cluster concept model accounts for uses of adjectives that do not fall into any particular grouping in B&E's model. A corpus study supports the analysis. The current study represents an original contribution in that it is the only study that treats verbs of becoming using the notion of cluster concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It has been claimed in the literature that referential null subjects receive definite readings in consistent null-subject languages, like Spanish. That is why they are said to display the typical behavior of definite pronouns (referential pro). However, referential null subjects can receive indefinite readings under the following conditions: i) the antecedent must be a bare plural, ii) the indefinite null argument is interpreted as a bare noun, typically as an internal argument, and iii) identity of sense anaphora is involved. Crucially, referential null objects appear under similar conditions, and receive indefinite readings in European Spanish. This suggests that the gap could be analyzed in the same way. In this paper, I argue that both null arguments should not be analyzed as empty pronominals (pro), given the syntactic behavior that they show. By contrast, I will argue that an argument ellipsis analysis should be assumed, given that the internal argument position is occupied by an indefinite, non-specific bare noun, the null gap can receive sloppy readings, and the omission is not as 'big' as the one at verb-stranding VP-ellipsis, nor as 'small' as the one at nominal ellipsis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a quantitative and qualitative analysis of the subtitles in peninsular and Latin Spanish of the Netflix series Sex Education (Nunn et al., 2019). The series features dialogues with numerous colloquial and vulgar marks typical of youthful language, as well as scenes in which issues related to the ideological category of sex are addressed. The corpus is made up of a selection of scenes taken from the eight episodes of the first season that contain elements related to the category of sex and, in particular, to the following subcategories: sexual relations and sexual anatomy. Based on the classification proposed by Ávila-Cabrera (2020; 2023) in his model for analyzing the translation of taboo languages, it has been possible to shed light on the different techniques used to translate sexual slang in the two versions compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

From a historiographical and political-linguistic perspective, in this paper I try to show some historical and educational data of Spanish teaching policies during the process of generalization of public secondary education in the context of the consolidation of the Uruguayan State (1912-1936). The selected period includes the creation of public high schools (1912) and the institutionalization outside Montevideo, Uruguay's capital city of the Spanish Language ("Idioma Castellano") (1912) and Spanish Language ("Idioma Español") (1936) and the books for students, framed in the corresponding study plans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to study the history of education in Chile in the 19th century, focusing on its institutions and fundamental actors. For the analysis, we analyse legal and educational texts, which structure the gestation and evolution of the education throughout this century More specifically, we pay attention to the aspects concerning grammar. The externalist and epihistoriographical approach adopted in this research allows us to draw essential conclusions for further general and particular research in this period, which emanate from the interdependence between education and the historical, social and cultural context. The results demonstrate both the importance given to Spanish grammar at all levels of teacher training, which would subsequently be transmitted to the students, as well as the preponderance of the figure of Bello in its theoretical bases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medical terminology is a historical product whose creation and evolution involves not only scientific, but also social and cultural factors. Based on this premise and taking the TERMMED Project as a reference, the aim of this paper is to study the terminology of the field of assisted reproduction (AR) in order to understand its evolution, to determine how this evolution depends on and feeds back into the social context in which it takes place, and to observe its rate of dictionarization in the Spanish academic dictionary. As one of the discourses that best shows the changes experienced by any area of reality is the dictionary, firstly, the entries of a representative selection of AR terms in various editions of the academic dictionary of Spanish are analyzed. Secondly, the first appearance of these words in the most representative textual corpora of Spanish, their frequency of use and the interest of the general population in consulting them, are also analyzed. The results show the social importance that AR has been acquiring and the mismatch between the rate of dictionarization of these units and the needs of the speakers reflected in the corpora of use and in the consultations to the dictionary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The Latina(o)/Hispanic (L/H) population represents the largest and fastest-growing ethnic group in the United States. Migration patterns have evolved and greater diversity (i.e. country of origin) is evident, highlighting the ever-changing heterogeneity of this community and the need for the field of neuropsychology to ensure equitable care for linguistically and culturally diverse communities. This paper aims to provide a flexible protocol of neuropsychological instruments appropriate for primarily Spanish-speaking adults residing in the United States. Method Spanish measures were selected based on availability, translations/cultural modifications, accompanying normative data sets, and clinician experience/acumen. Bilingual/bicultural providers of neuropsychological services to Spanish speakers across the training spectrum working at U.S.-based medical centers implemented a multimodal approach (i.e. literature search, clinical practice parameters, and focus groups) in the development of a multi-domain primary protocol that includes core and supplemental measures that are appropriate for individuals with varying linguistic proficiency and sociocultural demographic characteristics. Results A multi-domain, evidence-based, flexible neuropsychological protocol is presented. Recommendations for test selection based on sociocultural demographic factors and examples of clinical assessment practices are provided via a case illustration. Most instruments included may be applied across cultural and regional backgrounds. Conclusion Provision of neuropsychological services to primarily Spanish-speaking adults presents unique challenges. Existing Spanish measures and accompanying data rarely capture the heterogeneity of L/H individuals. Although Spanish has the largest number of neurocognitive instruments, relative to other languages, robust and representative norms continue to be scarce. Future studies should prioritize collecting normative data from educationally and geographically diverse samples. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes impoliteness-related language in response to a season's greeting posted by the Prime Ministers of Spain and the UK on December 2022 to wish Twitter users a Felices Fiestas/Merry Christmas. A corpus made up of the first 500 tweet events mentioning Sánchez and Johnson with the @ feature was analyzed through the combination of qualitative and quantitative tools and an impoliteness2 approach to compare the most commonly deployed impoliteness strategies in response to what is felt as an offense by respondents from the two cultures. Previous impoliteness taxonomies inform the analysis (Culpeper, 1996 , 2011). Findings reveal a preference for on-record strategies vs. off-record ones in both corpora. Whereas the English respondents oriented themselves towards attacking the negative face of the Prime Minister and that of other participants with sarcasm and implicated impoliteness, the Spanish group deployed impoliteness-related language to disparage the Prime Minister's positive face through insults and the rectification of his words. The hostile acts and explicit metalanguage about emotional states in the replies to the expressive speech act corroborate the perceived breach of some aspects of the moral order on the part of the Twitter users in the out-group, hence aiding the already observed polarization of political discussions. • Impoliteness is analyzed in replies to the season's greetings of Pedro Sánchez and Boris Johnson on Twitter. • Findings indicate that on-record impoliteness strategies are more frequent than off-record ones in both groups. • English respondents use negative-face attacking strategies, sarcasm, and implicated impoliteness in their replies. • Spanish respondents deploy insults and attacks on the positive public face of the Prime Minister as favored strategies. • Impoliteness-related discourse is multifunctional and aims to restore the moral order that is perceived as altered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although educational breakout has been implemented in pre-university stages, there is little evidence in subjects related to history in postsecondary levels. The aim of this paper was to present the results obtained after implementing an educational breakout, under the premises of Universal Design for Learning, in a history subject that belongs to the university degree in Spanish Sign Language and Deaf Community. A descriptive and comparative ex post facto study (N = 59) was developed to quantify the impact of an educational breakout activity on the students' commitment, establishing a pre- and post-comparison. Significant differences were found with respect to the perception of the speed of the passage of time and with respect to sustained attention, where there was a statistically significant difference between the time before and the time after the educational breakout. The predisposition of university students to participate in gamified or game-based activities was positive and in subjects such as history, and offers good results, both attitudinal and learning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse a corpus of 137 texts published between 1888 and 1899. These texts are included in one of the most successful Spanish-language newspapers published in the United States during the second half of the nineteenth century: Las Novedades (New York, 1876-1918). In the analysis I will determine the linguistic ideologies and the discursive strategies used for the promotion of Hispanism and Spanish language in a sociopolitical context in which the Spanish hegemony was losing all its power at an international level. Thus, the ideologies found are divided in two different categories: the linguistic ideologies that give the language a cultural value and the linguistic ideologies that make reference to the economic and commercial value of the language. The results obtained from this analysis will contribute to understand the role of Spanish language in the United States. Furthermore, this paper presents an unpublished corpus of clear historiographic interest that contributes to clarify the panorama of Hispanism in a country like the United States. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Grammatical agreement, a property of inflectional languages such as Spanish, consists of a formal association of different syntactic constituents. Even though it is a categorical morphosyntactic phenomenon, in Peruvian Spanish non-agreement occurs in different communicative contexts, due to certain social factors that will be analyzed in this paper. Based on a variationist perspective, we intend to identify and analyze non-concordant (NC) utterances extracted from the PRESEEA-LIMA corpus (directed by the author) in several linguistic contexts related to the constituents of noun phrases and verb phrases. An overview of the quantitative results will be provided in this paper. Moreover, we will approach data from both a heuristic and a hermeneutic point of view, through a reinterpretation of the role of quantitative value in the determination of linguistic variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyses the translation of motion events from Spanish novels into German and English. More precisely, it focuses on three translation agents: translation students, professional translators and the neural machine translation tool DeepL. The study, contextualised in the Thinking-for-translating hypothesis (Slobin, 1997, 2000, 2003), aims at investigating whether all the information about the motion events in Spanish novels is transferred or otherwise Manner information is added, as might be expected due to intertypological differences (German and English languages are satellite-framed languages and Spanish is a verb-framed language, Talmy, 1985, 2000) and the data obtained from studies based on professional translation (cf. Slobin, 1996; Cifuentes-Férez, 2013; Molés- Cases, 2019). Overall, the results show that the way students and professionals deal with the translation of motion events is influenced by their mother tongues. However, it seems that, in general, students are more reluctant to add information about Manner in motion events than professional translators. Besides, the most observed translation technique in the case of DeepL corresponds to literal translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is an attempt to analyses 5686 research publications indexed in Web of science core collection across the world on a phytoconstituents i.e Astaxanthin which is a keto-carotenoid pigment mainly accumulated by microalgae. These 5686 publications on Astaxanthin have been contributed by 15224 authors and received 159896 citations upto year 2021. The year 2021 was the most productive year with 598 publications on Astaxanthin. Journal Aquaculture is the most productive journal with 173 publications on Astaxanthin, China is the most contributing country with a 21.54 % share of global publication. Among the top 5 most productive institutions three belongs to China. English is the most preferred language for communication followed by Japanese and Spanish. Chen Feng from Peking University is the most productive author on Astaxanthin. 97 % of the publications are in collaboration and only 3 % publications have been contributed by Single author. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Passivization in Spanish takes (active) clauses with a direct object and turns them into (passive) clauses in which that argument behaves as a subject. English allows secondary passives as well, in which the constituent that is promoted to the subject position is the goal or beneficiary argument of ditransitive predicates such as give: Peter was given a book. Although Spanish does not have this kind of passives, this paper discusses some data on ditransitive verbs whose passives allow the promotion of goal or beneficiary arguments. It is shown that there are at least two major types with differentiated characteristics: verbs that enable a construction we call beneficiary accusative and verbs that trigger what we call lexicalized goal-passives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to describe the prosodic features --nuclear pitch configurations and pitch range-- of neutral and oriented interrogative utterances in the Spanish of Mexico City. We carried out a study of polar and wh- questions recorded in the free conversation module of the Corpus Norma Lingüística Culta (Lope Blanch 1971) and Habla Popular de la Ciudad de México (Lope Blanch 1976). The findings of the qualitative analysis show: i) the nuclear pitch configuration L* (L)H% --with the variants L* (L)H%, L* ¡H%, !H* ¡H%-- in information-seeking yes-no questions and confirmation questions, ii) the nuclear configuration L* L% documented in neutral wh- questions, and the boundary tone H% produced in the non-neutral condition --hypothetical or confirmative-- of the utterance; iii) the use of the pitch range as a potential prosodic resource for the expression of lesser or greater knowledge about the expected answer. The spontaneous speech data partially confirm the descriptions based on discourse completion tasks for this variety of Spanish (de-la-Mota et al. 2010). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT. In Mexican Spanish, the indefinite quantifier "uno que otro" is used to refer to low cardinalities of entities separated over space or time. Even though they have a strictly singular form, noun phrases with "uno que otro" always refer to more than one entity. And, despite their notional content of plurality, they reject collective predicates. In this paper we propose a semantic analysis of this expression as a distributive indefinite, that is, an indefinite whose reference covaries as a function of a distributive operator, in the way that adnominal distributive numerals do in other languages (Gil, 1983; Cable, 2014). Distributive numerals are supposed not to exist in Spanish; however, we claim that "uno que otro" is a distributed share marker (Choe, 1987; Bosnić et al 2020) related to a set of events (Balusu, 2006; Cable, 2014; Romero, 2006). This set is necessarily plural, although of low cardinality, and involves the precondition that its elements (atomic events) occur in non-contiguous time or space intervals. The semantic characterization of "uno que otro" as a distributive indefinite captures its referential dependence, its plural sense, its rejection of collective predicates and its content of separation as a secondary effect of a precondition on the events over which it is distributed. We thus show that Spanish has an adnominal expression of the same semantic nature as distributive numerals, with the precision that it requires distribution over events and not over entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to explain the differential object marking (DOM) of inanimate objects in Spanish. Generally, animate objects in Spanish are marked with an A morpheme; however, it is possible for the A-marker to appear also with inanimate objects in specific circumstances. In this article, I defend the idea that the marking of inanimate objects in Spanish responds to the interaction of the feature of existence presupposition of the verb with the feature that dominates the object's specificity. The analysis will be done using mainly two theoretical tools: the feature geometry of Harley & Ritter (2002) and Chomsky's (2013, 2015) labeling theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article describes, from the viewpoint of Systemic-Functional Linguistics (henceforth, SFL), the specific ways in which the structure of the Spanish clause is organized for the realization of basic experiential functions, including Participant, Process and Circumstance. Thus far, SFL-descriptive work on Spanish has given little attention to the ways in which units and classes of units are organized along the rank scale of this language and how this organization contributes to the structural configuration of types of process. Based on the principles derived from the SFL theoretical dimensions of axis and rank, this article accounts for Spanishspecific resources at stake, first, in the realization of nuclear clause functions such as Process and Participant, and then in the realization of peripheral circumstantial elements. The paper finally addresses the key implications of the approach adopted to the account of the Spanish clause as well as to the general criteria involved in the identification of basic functions in its experiential structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present the multiple realizations of lower limit and of speakers from different Spanish speaking territories found in the extensive oral corpus FEC (Fonología del Español Contemporáneo). We present several acoustic criteria to assign the continuum between occlusive and approximant to different phonetic variants to enable quantitative analysis of the corpus. The results of the acoustic analysis confirm the different phases described in previous literature of the phenomenon in the different Spanish speaking territories. Additionally, they show that a) palatal fricative realizations [?] - the IPA symbol commonly used for the phoneme - is very rare in the corpus and b) that in territories that distinguish between/?/and/j/, hybrid variants consisting of lateral + central that show a beginning delateralization are quite recurrent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper is based on the idea that the study of peripheral phenomena or marginalia in language can shed new light on the interpretation of other, less marginal linguistic data. Specifically, it focuses on the joining or separation of linguistic elements, which is often considered a typically marginal phenomenon, but which constitutes one of the syntactic criteria for classifying verbal periphrases. For this purpose, interpolation, i.e. the separation of the two components of a periphrasis by another element, is examined in three specific cases: , and . The analysis offers clues for reconsidering interpolation as a criterion for the classification of periphrases. At the same time, the study makes it clear that, on the one hand, verbal periphrases are characterised by a type of syntactic ambiguity and, on the other hand, their semantic value is decisive in determining their periphrastic nature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper analyses the reasons for comprehension monitoring failure and the regulatory actions performed by Spanish university students when reading in English as a Foreign Language (EFL). Two different but connected empirical studies were conducted to obtain data about students' behaviour during a reading task. In Study 1, comprehension monitoring was assessed following the Error Detection Paradigm. Then, semistructured interviews were conducted to analyse subjects' regulatory actions. In Study 2, a questionnaire was proposed to classify subjects' detection X regulation actions when reading in EFL. Results showed that participants' comprehension monitoring level was not very high according to other literature findings. Moreover, the lack of language proficiency could imply additional processing and monitoring difficulties. The questionnaire accounted for a great percentage of participants' behaviour: semantic obstacles, spurious detections, no re-reading, skip information or no detection. Knowing students' reading obstacles is necessary for teachers and practitioners in order to help students become effective readers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces a system that incorporates several strategies based on scientific models of how the brain records and recovers memories. Methodologically, an incremental prototyping approach has been applied to develop a satisfactory architecture that can be adapted to any language. A special case is studied and tested regarding the Spanish language. The applications of this proposal are vast because, in general, information such as text way, reports, emails, and web content, among others, is considered unstructured and, hence, the repositories based on SQL databases usually do not handle this kind of data correctly and efficiently. The conversion of unstructured textual information to structured one can be useful in contexts such as Natural Language Generation, Data Mining, and dynamic generation of theories, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

These notes set forth a linguistic model reminiscent of glossematics, with four differentiated modules each dealing with variation in the system of address in Spanish according to the characteristics of each of the analyzed phenomena. The model distinguishes two main levels: content and expression. In each, the model further distinguishes between form and substance. Within the level of content, the study of social relations belongs to substance, and the way those relations are grammatically formalized and how they interact with each other belongs to form. A fundamental aspect of the model is the connection between the enunciative person and the grammatical person. The paper concludes with an analysis of the morphological instantiation of the grammatical person in different varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we examine existing analyses for (restrictive) relative clauses and propose an analysis for Spanish relatives from the perspective of a lexicalised Tree Adjoining Grammar (TAG). We will provide a summary of the main proposals in the literature and examine the questions that any analysis of relative clauses should address. Our TAG approach synthesises the descriptive and theoretical advantages of existing models (the head external analysis, the raising analysis, and the matching analysis) and offers a solution to some of the main problems that have been observed in the literature. We will focus on the internal configuration of relative clauses, their structural position, and the category of the expression que in Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ambiguous relative clauses with two possible antecedent nouns have been widely studied in Spanish since they cast doubt on the universality of syntactic parsing principles. Current research suggests that there is an early contribution of prosodic information in the disambiguation of this kind or sentences in oral comprehension and production tasks. In this paper we present two comprehension experiments of locally ambiguous relative clauses with two possible attachment sites in Spanish, in which different prosodic parameters were manipulated to yield either congruous or incongruous pairings of prosody and syntax, with the aim of testing their influence on listeners' attachment preferences of the ambiguous clause and on their response times. Additionally, fundamental frequency (F0) and temporal (pause distribution) prosodic parameters were manipulated in different subexperiments so as to assess their separate contribution to participants' performance. Our results confirm an effective and relatively early use of prosodic information by listeners during language processing. In particular, congruous prosody with syntax generally facilitates participants' responses, though this effect was found to vary across the two attachment options. Finally, F0 and temporal prosodic features were found to make a similar contribution to participants' responses, with few occasional differences between them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper discusses the effect of mood on the availability of an existential interpretation of negative words such as nadie in the complement of affective emotive factive predicates in Spanish. In these contexts, the subjunctive mood allows nadie to function as a NPI, and it may be interpreted either as a non-negated existentially quantified expression, ∃x, equivalent to alguien, or as negative universally quantified expression, ∀x¬, equivalent to the English "nobody". On the other hand, the indicative mood allows only for a negative universal interpretation, as ∀x¬. An account of this phenomenon is proposed in terms of the notion of settledness. A proposition expressed by an indicative complement is asserted, and the speaker is signaling their intention that it be settled in the context set. It is said that the proposition is grammatically settled. By expressing a proposition in the subjunctive mood, the speaker is not intending that it be settled at the time of utterance, and, as a consequence it is in a grammatically unsettled state (p/¬p: a state in which it is undetermined whether p or ¬p). A negative word such as nadie is analyzed as denoting a quantity scale <∀, ∃>. Within an asserted complement, the interpretation of nadie is fixed at the highest, most informative, point in the scale, ∀. On the other hand, within the grammatically unsettled complement of an affective predicate, which allows for scale reversal, the interpretation of nadie is not fixed. This indeterminacy allows it to assume the value of the lowest point, ∃. It is noted that this possibility provides an expressive tool which may be used to add an emphatic hue to an utterance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper provides an insight on the centrality of two main paradigms of the current linguistic theory in the field of Spanish as a second/foreign language acquisition, and its operative role in teaching. Generative Grammar (GG) as well as Cognitive Grammar (CG) are mentalist models, however, its postulates on the connection between human cognition and non-native linguistic knowledge are, in many cases, opposite; therefore, these models imply different conceptions of a pedagogical grammar. Throughout the paper, it is taken into consideration the way in which they are antagonistic, but also how they can be complementary. Even though GC has been more popular in classroom teaching, current GG may have a relevant impact on the curriculum, as well as on the instruction, by presenting a greater predictive capacity to identify the learner’s difficulties in processing certain linguistic structures. Finally, other key notions on linguistic knowledge, processability, and input, regarding didactic intervention, are also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, our aim is to present the results of our researchs about the anaphoric accusative object in the Spanish variety of Madrid and in the Brazilian Portuguese variety of São Paulo and to propose a theoretical analysis to these constructions based on minimalist developments (CHOMSKY, 1999, 2000, 2004). Interviews of the Spanish variety of Madrid (CESTERO MANCERA et al. 2014) and Brazilian Portuguese variety of São Paulo (LIMA-HERNANDES; VICENTE, 2012) were analysed. Regarding the theoretical approach, the biological (CHOMSKY, 1981, 1986) and social (LABOV, 2008; WEINREICH; LABOV; HERZOG, 2009) perspectives on language were combined. We observed the effect of the antecedent referenciality, of the determinant indefinite features, of the bare nouns, of the structure and lexical aspect of verbs on possibility of elipsis in the Spanish variety of Madrid. Concerning the Brazilian Portuguese variety of São Paulo, the null objects were almost categorical and the lexical pronoun presented restrictions to less referencial antecedents. These results ressemble the tendencies of our previous research (SIMÕES, 2015) and the Spanish varieties of País Vasco (LANDA, 1993) and Quito (SUÑER; YÉPEZ, 1988). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this paper was to analyze the teaching practice of a preschool teacher in a private school in San Luis Potosi, Mexico, based on the dimensions of effective and represented work. From the analysis of the instructions and the simple self-confrontation, axes of analysis were identified that allowed an approach to the main challenges that the teacher faced with the online education developed during the pandemic by covid-19. The results of the work placed at the center of the discussion the teacher's challenges and concerns about the ways of teaching online literacy, the relationships with the students' families when working from home, and the interaction with technology in the virtual classroom. Taken together, the findings broaden the picture of teaching practices during social distancing and contribute to the empirical knowledge of this object of study as a result of the impact generated by the pandemic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the use of the verbs “poder” and “conseguir” among basic level learners of Portuguese as a foreign language. These verbs in context are discussed from a semantic-pragmatic perspective, in the light of modal theories such as those of Kratzer (1977; 1981; 1991; 2008; 2012) and others, as well as the classical notions of “accomplishment” and “achievement”, according to Vendler (1957; 1967), Dowty (1979), Abusch (1985) and Smith (1997). Since the Brazilian-Portuguese (BP) and South American Spanish language pairs differ in several aspects, the objective is to verify weather or not non-facilitative transfer from Spanish to Portuguese occurs, according to Cabrelli et al. (2020). By analyzing the occurrences of these verbs in oral speech during classroom moments, the study suggests the possibility of adopting practices to raise awareness of these differences between BP and Spanish so that learners can use these forms appropriately according to their context of use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the growing migratory movement of Venezuelans to Brazil, the state of Roraima occupies a prominent place in the dynamics of reception of crisis migrants of Venezuelan origin. In this context, this paper aims to reflect on the representation of the Venezuelan as an "invader" in the midst of xenophobic manifestations of part of the population of Roraima and the Spanish language represented as "the language of the invader". The theoretical framework is based on applied linguistics with debates on language and crisis migration. The methodology used was qualitative and interpretativist, with clippings of oral narratives of crisis migrants living in Roraima generated in a focus group activity. The results point out that the representation of the "invading" migrant is present in Roraima's society by both Brazilians and foreigners, and the use of the Spanish language may influence the way these people are treated in the state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Author profiling consists of extracting their demographic and psychographic information by examining their writings. This information can then be used to improve the reader experience and to detect bots or propagators of hoaxes and/or hate speech. Therefore, author profiling can be applied to build more robust and efficient Knowledge-Based Systems for tasks such as content moderation, user profiling, and information retrieval. Author profiling is typically performed automatically as a document classification task. Recently, language models based on transformers have also proven to be quite effective in this task. However, the size and heterogeneity of novel language models, makes it necessary to evaluate them in context. The contributions we make in this paper are four-fold: First, we evaluate which language models are best suited to perform author profiling in Spanish. These experiments include basic, distilled, and multilingual models. Second, we evaluate how feature integration can improve performance for this task. We evaluate two distinct strategies: knowledge integration and ensemble learning. Third, we evaluate the ability of linguistic features to improve the interpretability of the results. Fourth, we evaluate the performance of each language model in terms of memory, training, and inference times. Our results indicate that the use of lightweight models can indeed achieve similar performance to heavy models and that multilingual models are actually less effective than models trained with one language. Finally, we confirm that the best models and strategies for integrating features ultimately depend on the context of the task. • Study of large language models for conducting Author Profiling in Spanish. • Feature integration improves the performance of large language models. • Interpretability of profiles using linguistic features. • Hyperlinks and hashtag are strong features when discerning between bots and humans. • Stylometry is the linguistic category most relevant in Author Profiling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]