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Around 1882, the photographer Albert Fernique photographed a group of Parisian workers gathered around trestles and benches inside a workshop. The floor is strewn with piles of wood and the ceiling beams tower above the workmen. Even so, the space is dwarfed by a massive, sculpted shoulder, draped in Roman robes, which dominates the background of the photograph; two workers watching the scene from a beam just below the roof appear to be perched on it like sparrows. The shoulder belonged to the statue, Liberty Enlightening the World— a gift to the United States from the France of the Third Republic. Work on the statue began here, in the workshop of the sculptor Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi, only a year after the suppression of the Paris Commune. More people were killed in that one Bloody Week (la semaine sanglante) in 1874 than were executed in the entire Reign of Terror following the French Revolution. If the statue was supposed to symbolize liberty, this was to be an orderly liberty far removed from the license of the armed Parisian workers and their short-lived utopian government. Unlike her ancestor Marianne, immortalized by Eugène Delacroix's Liberty Leading the People , the statue does not wear the red cap that, since ancient Rome, had symbolized freedom from slavery. In the wake of the Paris Commune, the Third Republic banned the cap and sought to banish the unruly freedom it represented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Upon encountering cognate antigen, B cells can differentiate into short-lived plasmablasts, early memory B cells or germinal center B cells. The factors that determine this fate decision are unclear. Past studies have addressed the role of B cell receptor affinity in this process, but the interplay with other cellular compartments for fate determination is less well understood. Moreover, B cell fate decisions have primarily been studied using model antigens rather than complex pathogen systems, which potentially ignore multifaceted interactions from other cells subsets during infection. Here we address this question using a Plasmodium infection model, examining the response of B cells specific for the immunodominant circumsporozoite protein (CSP). We show that B cell fate is determined in part by the organ environment in which priming occurs, with the majority of the CSP-specific B cell response being derived from splenic plasmablasts. This plasmablast response could occur independent of T cell help, though gamma-delta T cells were required to help with the early isotype switching from IgM to IgG. Interestingly, selective ablation of CD11c+ dendritic cells and macrophages significantly reduced the splenic plasmablast response in a manner independent of the presence of CD4 T cell help. Conversely, immunization approaches that targeted CSP-antigen to dendritic cells enhanced the magnitude of the plasmablast response. Altogether, these data indicate that the early CSP-specific response is predominately primed within the spleen and the plasmablast fate of CSP-specific B cells is driven by macrophages and CD11c+ dendritic cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because it has ignored recent arguments about just and unjust wars that accompanied wars of decolonisation, contemporary just war theory has produced a distorted understanding of the history of argumentation about just war and of the history of international humanitarian law and has become disconnected, often quite deliberately, from a history of competing visions of the good life that informed profound, and historically situated, political conflicts about the justice or injustice of particular wars. Despite the centrality of the war in Vietnam to the revival of just war theory in the twentieth-century (Ramsey, [39]; Walzer, [50]), just war theorists have paid strikingly little attention to the sophisticated body of writing and legal activism produced by those on the Vietnamese side of the war. The justice of the Vietnamese war could not be understood in isolation from the injustice of the US war; following Mao Tse Tung's account of contradiction, Giáp made clear that there could be no war of liberation without a war of aggression, no just war without an unjust war (Mao, [27]). In this respect, however much a just war theorist may recognise and deplore particular wars or war in general, he or she is perpetuating the idea that war can be made ethically safe and manageable, even if only in theory. O'Driscoll argues that just war theory has effectively colonised moral discourses about war but warns that just war theorists have "los[t] sight of what war actually entails". [Extracted from the article]

Objective: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a debilitating condition, characterized by negative interpretations about ambiguous situations. This study tested whether entirely internet-delivered interpretation training [cognitive bias modification (CBM)] versus control promotes positive interpretations and reduces worry and anxiety in individuals with GAD, with or without depression. Method: A two-arm (CBM; control) parallel-group randomized controlled experiment. Assessments were preintervention (T0), postintervention (T1), 1-month (T2) postintervention, and 3-month (T3) postintervention. Participants with GAD (with or without comorbid depression) were randomly allocated to either CBM (n = 115) or control (n = 115). Participants, but not researchers, were blind to allocated condition. Participants completed up to 10 online CBM or control sessions across 1 month. Interpretation bias [coprimary outcomes: scrambled sentence test (SST), recognition test (RT)], and number of negative thought intrusions during a breathing focus task were measured at T0 and T1. Self-reported levels of worry [Penn State Worry Questionnaire-trait (PSWQ trait); Penn State Worry Questionnaire-past week (PSWQ weekly)], anxiety [Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale (GAD-7)], depression [Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9)], rumination [Ruminative Response Scale (RRS)], and repetitive negative thinking [RNT; Repetitive Thinking Questionnaire-trait (RTQ-trait)] were assessed at T0–T3. Results: The per-protocol analyses included N = 186 participants (CBM n = 94; control n = 92). As predicted, we found moderate-to-large training effects on the primary outcome of interpretation bias at T1. Secondary outcomes of negative thought intrusions at T1 and self-reported symptoms at T2 were all significantly lower in the CBM versus control condition. All but one effect (trait RNT) were sustained at T3. Conclusions: In this randomized controlled study, we found that fully online interpretation training ameliorated core features of GAD in individuals with or without comorbid depression up to 3 months posttraining. What is the public health significance of this article?: Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is a common debilitating problem with uncontrollable worry at its core. It often co-occurs with clinical depression. The tendency to draw negative conclusions from unclear/ambiguous information (interpretation bias) maintains worry, anxiety, and depression. This web-based study of people with GAD (with or without depression) used computerized practice in generating positive interpretations and compared this training to another (control) condition which did not alter interpretations. Positive interpretation training reduced worry, anxiety, and depression up to 3 months after training finished. The effects were due to changes in interpretation bias. Given the online nature of the interpretation training, this indicates for the first time that interpretation training can be effective when delivered remotely to people suffering from GAD with or without depression, opening up the possibility that this approach could be used to help people recover from anxiety and depression without attending a clinic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In her 2019 book I The Morals of the Market: Human Rights and the Rise of Neoliberalism i , Jessica Whyte investigates 'the historical and conceptual relations between human rights and neoliberalism'.[1] To undertake this investigation, Whyte returns to the 1940s to trace the way in which the post-war neoliberal thinkers of the Mont Pèlerin Society "mobilised and developed"[2] a language of human rights as a way to serve their own ends. But what was really important was that they didn't just conceptualise human rights in individualistic terms; they made an argument that human rights were not natural rights, that human rights actually had only emerged on the basis of liberal market capitalism and therefore if liberal markets disappeared, human rights would disappear too. B SP: b It's interesting that at no point do you say that human rights is I necessarily i a companion to power, but ... maybe we can come back to that question at the end, as to whether human rights can be redeemed or not ... because I think there are some quite interesting political insights in the book, which bode ill for supporters of human rights. [Extracted from the article]

Objective: Repetitive negative thinking (RNT; e.g., worry and rumination) is common across emotional disorders, as is the tendency to generate negative interpretations (interpretation bias). Ameliorating negative interpretations via cognitive bias modification of interpretations (CBM-I) reduces worry/rumination, and improves mood in people diagnosed with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) or depression. We investigated whether these findings generalize to high worry or rumination populations, irrespective of diagnosis, and whether effects are increased by enhancing emotional engagement with training with active generation of positive resolutions of ambiguity and imagery. Method: Community volunteers with excessive worry and/or rumination, who were above clinical cut-off on anxiety and/or depression measures, were allocated to an active control condition (n = 54), interpretation training condition with prior activation of RNT (CBM_RNT; n = 54), or training condition augmented with positive outcome generation and imagery (CBM_ENH; n = 53). Interpretation bias, RNT, and mood were assessed before and following 10 Internet-based sessions completed within a 1-month period. RNT and mood questionnaires were also completed at 1-month follow-up. Results: After training, both forms of CBM-I (vs. control) facilitated more positive interpretations and reduced negative intrusions during a worry task. At 1-month follow-up, anxiety, depression, RNT, and worry in the past week were lower in the CBM-I than control conditions, but not rumination or trait worry. Compared with standard CBM-I, the augmented form facilitated more positive interpretations, reduced negative intrusions after training, and reduced trait rumination at 1-month follow-up, but it did not augment effects on trait worry, anxiety or depression. Conclusions: Interpretation bias maintains transdiagnostic RNT and Internet-based CBM-I can reduce longer-term RNT. What is the public health significance of this article?: Worrying about the future or mulling over negative events from the past (rumination) is common in people experiencing anxiety and depression. Importantly, these types of unhelpful repetitive negative thinking can maintain anxious and depressed mood. This study indicates that simple regular practice in making positive interpretations of emotionally ambiguous information reduces repetitive negative thinking and improves mood in people with high levels of worry or rumination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on importance of socialist calculation with development and intellectual clarification of those strands of classical liberalism that would ultimately metamorphose into neoliberalism. It mentions systematic perversion of the relation between market demand and social needs and social waste in the form of ecological damage, contamination of waterways, ill health, and work injuries. It also mentions rise of economic planning with vision of civilizational development.

Objective: Repetitive negative thinking (RNT) for example, worry in generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and rumination in depression, is often targeted during psychological treatments. To test the hypothesis that negative interpretation bias contributes to worry and rumination, we assessed the effects of inducing more positive interpretations in reducing RNT. Method: Volunteers diagnosed with GAD (66) or depression (65) were randomly allocated to one of two versions of cognitive bias modification for interpretation (CBM-I), either with or without RNT priming prior to training, or a control condition, each involving 10 Internet-delivered sessions. Outcome measures of interpretation bias, a behavioral RNT task and self-reported worry, rumination, anxiety and depression were obtained at baseline, after home-based training and at 1-month follow-up (self-report questionnaires only). Results: CBM-I training, across diagnostic groups, promoted a more positive interpretation bias and led to reductions in worry, rumination, and depressive symptoms, which were maintained at follow-up. Anxiety symptoms were reduced only in the GAD group at follow-up. There were no differences between CBM-I versions; brief priming of RNT did not influence CBM-I effectiveness. Level of interpretation bias post training partially mediated the effects of CBM-I on follow-up questionnaire scores. Conclusions: In contrast to some recent failures to demonstrate improvements following Internet-delivered CBM, we found that selfreported RNT and negative mood were reduced by CBM-I. This is consistent with a causal role for negative interpretation bias in both worry and rumination, suggesting a useful role for CBM-I within treatments for anxiety and depression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Worry and rumination are two forms of repetitive thinking characterised by their negative content and apparently uncontrollable nature. Although worry and rumination share common features and have been conceptualised as part of a transdiagnostic repetitive negative thinking (RNT) process, it remains unclear whether they share the same underlying cognitive mechanisms. This multisession experimental study investigates the tendency to make negative interpretations regarding ambiguous information as a cognitive mechanism underlying RNT. We compare multisession cognitive bias modification for interpretations (CBM-I) with an active control condition to examine whether repeatedly training positive interpretations reduces worry and rumination in individuals with generalised anxiety disorder or depression, respectively. Further, we examine the potential modulatory effects of engaging in RNT immediately prior to CBM-I. Design, methods and analysis: A community sample of individuals meeting diagnostic criteria for either generalised anxiety disorder (n=60) or current major depressive episode (n=60) will be randomly allocated to CBM-I with prior RNT, CBM-I without prior RNT (ie, standard CBM-I), or an active control (no resolution of ambiguity) condition. All conditions receive a 3-week internet-based intervention consisting of one initial session at the first study visit and nine home-based sessions of CBM-I training (or active control). We will assess and compare the effects of CBM-I with and without prior RNT on 'near-transfer' measures of interpretation bias closely related to the training as well as 'far-transfer' outcomes related to RNT and emotional distress. Impact on questionnaire measures will additionally be assessed at 1-month follow-up. Multigroup analyses will be conducted to assess the impact of CBM-I on near-transfer and far-transfer outcome measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a reply to: Meine, Anna. 2016. “Debating legitimacy transnationally.”Global Discourse6 (3): 330–346.http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/23269995.2016.1175084. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The article discusses the relations between privacy and photography and how photography in public spaces can cause privacy violations.

The article discusses the challenges that photographers face while taking photographs in public places following the 9/11 terror attacks.

The short story "Sunday" by Jessica Whyte is presented.

The article discusses the atmosphere of fear and intimidation that photographers in Australia are experiencing due to the restrictions on street photography where the differences between what is public and what is private are unclear. It cites several photographers who have been arrested and labeled as potential perverts including Rex Dupain and a grandmother named Val Moss. It points out how these restrictions are indicative of the changing perceptions on public space and a breakdown of a shared public life at an age of privatization.

This article examines the consequences for the res publica of the simultaneous increase in state surveillance and the restriction of the right to take photographs in public ushered in by the 'War on Terror'. We draw on Ariella Azoulay's theorization of what she terms the 'civil contract of photography', or the possibility for non-state civic interaction allowed by the invention of the camera. While Michel Foucault's studies of the role of constant surveillance in disciplinary societies help us to understand our increasingly panoptical public spaces, Azoulay also draws on Giorgio Agamben's theorization of the 'state of exception', which enables us to better understand the restriction of established rights, including the right to take photographs, in the post-9/11 context. The article asks whether these developments signify an attempt to monopolize the decision as to who constitutes the 'citizenry of photography', and also considers artistic and political responses to surveillance and photography restrictions in Australia and the United Kingdom. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans is a leading cause of meningoencephalitis in the immunocompromised. As current antifungal treatments are toxic to the host, costly, limited in their efficacy, and associated with drug resistance, there is an urgent need to identify vulnerabilities in fungal physiology to accelerate antifungal discovery efforts. Rational drug design was pioneered in de novo purine biosynthesis as the end products of the pathway, ATP and GTP, are essential for replication, transcription, and energy metabolism, and the same rationale applies when considering the pathway as an antifungal target. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of C. neoformans 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) transformylase/5'-inosine monophosphate cyclohydrolase (ATIC), a bifunctional enzyme that catalyzes the final two enzymatic steps in the formation of the first purine base inosine monophosphate. We demonstrate that mutants lacking the ATIC-encoding ADE16 gene are adenine and histidine auxotrophs that are unable to establish an infection in a murine model of virulence. In addition, our assays employing recombinantly expressed and purified C. neoformans ATIC enzyme revealed Km values for its substrates AICAR and 5-formyl-AICAR are 8-fold and 20-fold higher, respectively, than in the human ortholog. Subsequently, we performed crystallographic studies that enabled the determination of the first fungal ATIC protein structure, revealing a key serine-to-tyrosine substitution in the active site, which has the potential to assist the design of fungus-specific inhibitors. Overall, our results validate ATIC as a promising antifungal drug target. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]