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The article discusses the Mass communication media in ancient Rome, Italy. It states that the Ancient Rome has already knew press conferences, gatherings of magistrates, priests and generals who rendered information on matters to be put before the next meeting of the Senate and to be decided by their vote. It mentions that the tabulae publicae in ancient Rome had originated in the civil service and the censor was the one responsible for this publication and these tabulae were kept in the Aerarium which is the temple of Satrun in the Forum. It says that in the days of the Empire , the news sheets on the Forum walls were called acta urbis and with the introduction of the name acta urbis, the Roman wall newspapers became the information means for local news.

Information about several papers discussed during the Fourteenth Pugwash Conference on science and world affairs that was held in Venice, Italy is presented. On the five working groups, three worked on problems of international cooperation and two on disarmament. The conference was intended to deal mainly with international cooperation in science.

The article discusses issues related to the practice of law in Italy. As in most civil law countries, lawyers in Italy are divided into two classes — avvocati and procuraiori. The procuratore subscribes all pleadings and other papers submitted to the court, is present at the taking of depositions, and must sign the briefs, with few exceptions all papers during litigation are served on him rather than on his client. The avvocato in general performs broader and more responsible functions: he advises the client, drafts all papers and briefs and argues the case.

The article presents authors' comments on three research papers on economic development after Second World War by economists Erik Lundberg, George H. Hildebrand and Shigeto Tsuru. These papers point out some striking contrasts among the experiences of countries including Scandinavia, Japan and Italy and the postwar experience of the U.S. For example, these papers insistently raise the question why the U.S. has done so poorly in achieving stable and rapid growth. They discuss whether it is a matter of economic structure, or partly a fault of economic policy. Research paper by Hildebrand provides a summary both of the Italian postwar economic achievement and of Italy's still pressing problems of unemployment and incomplete development. But there are aspects of his analysis that needs to be questioned. Moreover, papers of Hildebrand and Tsuru gave the impression that something of a catching-up process has been important in the Italian and Japanese economies. In his paper Lundberg drew attention to some destabilizing effects of governmental action in Sweden. They refer to public investments or publicly controlled investments as an instrument of anti cyclical policy.

This paper examines the data analysis and conceptual assumptions of some recent work on the political orientation of the socially mobile in Italy. Whereas the previous research relied on separate cross-tabulation analyses of the upwardly and downwardly mobile respectively, this paper (utilizing the same data) specifies additive and interactive models of origin and destination effects for both directions of mobility and concludes, contrary to previous research, that mobility per se does not appear to affect the political affiliation of the socially mobile in Italy. The paper concludes with a discussion of the lack of correspondence between key theoretical concepts and their empirical indicators in the data and suggests that the previous research can be questioned on conceptual grounds alone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is a study of the political consequences of upward mobility. Beginning with a brief review of major findings and a formal statement coordinating some explanations of those findings, the paper proceeds to examine the "European aspect" of the theory, namely, the relevance of "status discrepancies" to an explanation of political orientation among the upwardly mobile in one European country, Italy. Viewing status discrepancies in terms of consumption patterns and feelings of discrimination, it is found that this factor accounts for the political orientation of the upwardly mobile when it is conceptualized in terms of the latter, but not when conceived in terms of the former. The paper concludes with a few remarks regarding the possible causes of the hereto/ore unexplained ultra-conservatism of American achievers and with an attempt to state a more general theory of upward mobility and political orientation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information about several papers discussed at a symposium entitled "International Symposium on Aggressive Behavior" that was held May 2-4, 1968, in Milan, Italy, is presented. The symposium featured several life scientists including L. Covi, L. A. Gottschalk and L. Valzelli. Scientist A. Randrup's paper described stereotyped behaviors and "rage" reactions that are induced in rats by d-amphetamine and by monoamine oxidase inhibitors combined with dihydroxyphenylalanine.

The article discusses a crisis in Italian colonial opinion. Recently a morning newspaper carried the headline that dictator Benito Mussolini had declared that Italy's security in Africa depended upon the elimination of the Ethiopian army. In saying this he reiterated the repeated claim of Italian colonialists that the warlike preparations and unfriendly attitude of Emperor Haile Selassie necessitated and justified military operations on the part of Italy. This argument, connected as it is always with statements that colonies are necessary to the well-being of Italy, brings to mind the fact that at one time most Italians thought that Africa was composed of barren bits of sand, swamp, and mountain. This time was nearly forty years ago, when Italy's leaders very nearly decided to surrender all right and title to her footholds on the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. It is the object of this paper to describe the usually adverse opinion on the subject of colonies which prevailed in Italy after the battle of Adowa and to account for the failure of the Italian government to trust the convictions of the Prime Minister.

Today the Italian South is taking on a new look. Not all goals have been reached but there is a great feeling of vitality in the South. It is the purpose of this paper to bring out some of the major accomplishments and some of the failures of the first sixteen years of the government policy to develop the Italian South. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Italy is faced with a very difficult, though not unique set of urban problems which include rapid population growth, chaotic fringe development, strangulation of automobile traffic, and a growing deficiency in infrastructure including schools, parks, playgrounds and other public facilities. Solution of these problems is hampered by the inadequacy of the basic urban planning law passed under Mussolini in 1942, a woefully underpaid civil service, an inadequate tax structure, and a monopolistic and socially irresponsible land development system. This urban crisis has evoked a widespread and continuing interest in the search for a more adequate set of development policies based on a modern and democratic planning law. In this paper we will examine these urban planning issues and note their relationship to the proposed new planning law, and to the Italian city planning profession. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the news and announcements published in the May 1, 1959 issue of "International Social Science Journal." The Fourth World Political Science Congress held in Rome, Italy, in September 1958, was in every way a success, It was attended by more than 300 political scientists from some thirty European, Asian and American countries, most of the best experts in subjects dealt with took part in these discussions, over 70 working papers were submitted. A meeting was convened by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and cultural Organizations to examine the social, moral and cultural implication of the scientific and technological developments that were the occasion for the United Nations sessions.

The article presents comments of economists George Soule, Harry W. Laidler and Eduard Heimann on researchers Summer H. Slichter's and Kirk Hinrich research papers related to economic instability. Schule argues that socialism is not synonymous with economic isolation. Germany and Italy are today following the policy of autarchy, although they are about as far from socialism as any regime that can be imagined. The Soviet Union, which is socialist, has been compelled by historic necessity to become nearly self-contained, but this is a departure from socialist theory, which remains internationalist. During the depression the government has devoted nearly as much borrowed money to the relief of unemployed capital as it has to the relief of unemployed labor. Laidler argues that the arguments of Slichter against wage cuts as a means to recovery axe far stronger. He agrees with Hinrichs that one should regard stability as a dynamic, not as a static concept. Heimann argues that Slichter made a rather unusual statement in saying that the present system is nearly always on the verge of shrinkage.

The intention of this research paper is to illustrate the relationship between land reform and the class structure of the southern part of Italy, to describe how the organization and implementation of the reform and its future prospects have been conditioned by these socio-economic factors, and to place in perspective the socio-economic changes which the reform has produced. In the post-war period the unrest that was endemic to the agrarian society of the Mezzogiorno found both the circumstances and the vehicles suited to its overt expression. During the last decade the Plan, the Development Scheme and the Agrarian Reform have become the cliches of political action. The ease with which the initial projects or proposals for such schemes are obtained serves to emphasise the difficulty with which the results are pursued. Discussion of the land reform is restricted to two of the major reform regions, the Maremma and Puglia Lucania with, in this region, particular attention being given to the Lucanian section. The regions are preferred largely because of the writer's field experience there and because the reform is better documented than in other regions.

This paper examines the hypothesis that members of the urban working class are significantly less involved (associationally) in the church than are members of other occupational strata. Using data from a national sample of adult, male. Catholic heads of households in Italy, a statistically significant but very weak positive relationship was discovered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper was to record observations of the Italian theater in 1969, including such aspects as its organization, popularity, plays, directors, actors, and acting. There are also necessarily brief observations about L'Accademia dell'Arte Drammatica, the state supported dramatic school in Rome. Noteworthy is the fact that the Italian government subsidizes permanent companies in principal cities. In addition there are other relatively permanent companies organized by one or more actors who may also write and direct. Perhaps the most striking phenomenon observed was the Italian predilection for foreign playwrights and dead Italian authors, whose works make up a large percentage of the theatrical bill-of-fare. Among living playwrights, the names of Diego Fabbri and Eduardo di Filippo are most often mentioned by those Italians questioned. Italian acting is broad, beautiful, and--above all--effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study of mass communications can be divided into three parts: intent analysis, content analysis and effect analysis. This order not only reflects chronology. By placing content analysis in the middle position, it also highlights the contribution of that procedure to the other two, namely, to support inferences about intent on the one hand and effect or response on the other. This paper reports a number of special attempts to discern the intentions of enemy propaganda during World War II by means of rigorous analysis of the manifest content of the communications under control. Among the many other problems in the area of intent analysis is the problem of discovering whether two communications-controlling groups, formally related or not, actually collaborate in their propaganda output; and if so, under what conditions, in what ways, and to what extent. This is the general context of this study. Specifically, the subject of investigation was the nature of collaboration between the German and Italian propaganda ministries in their short-wave radio output beamed to North America just before and after the entry of the United States into the war.

The article focuses on financial developments in Italy from 1860 to 1884. It falls naturally into two parts. In the first, after a brief examination of the economic conditions under which the new kingdom of Italy began its existence, an effort is made to present Italy's situation at the time of suspension and to discover in how far, broadly speaking, a forced paper was a necessity. The general condition of Italy at the time of her political consolidation was backward. Her national economic life did not really begin until after 1861; and not until the occupation of Rome in 1870 did political affairs fall finally into the background. Lack of confidence in the stability of the governments or of the laws discouraged all commercial undertakings and even the spirit of industrial enterprise seemed wanting. To describe the economic condition of Italy at this time is extremely difficult. So many elements enter into it, and these mixed in such confusion, that to give any precise estimate of the strain endured by Italy just previous to the suspension is well-nigh impossible. Foreign merchants refused to give credit, and were sending in their demands to be collected at any price. In the general panic, information came of the imminence of failures of the highest importance, if certain banking houses were not protected.

1. Pre-existing, simultaneous and supervening circumstances as autonomous causal series. The present paper concerns above all the "supervening cause".--2. The general provisions regarding causality in the Italian Penal Code.--3. The supervening cause, specified by It. Penal Code as an exclusive one, is a necessary antecedent, not a mere occasion.--4. The second paragraph of Art. 41 can be rightly explained only by the theory of the "efficient cause".--5. Art. 40 and 41 are related to the objective side of crime.--6. The section deals with pre-existing and simultaneous causes, as alone producing the event.--7. The different theories on causality and the real purpose of the law.--8. Conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The activities of the International Sociological Association during the past year have centered around plans for the Fourth World Congress of Sociology to be held in Perugia, Italy, probably from September 8 to 15, 1959. There are to be three sections as follows: sociology in its social context, the application of sociological knowledge and developments in sociological method. All papers are by invitation in the first section; and the third section is broken down into ten seminars, each chairman of which will prepare a paper to which invited discussants will react. In second section, papers may be offered for consideration to the chairmen of the sub-sections. The Social Science Research Council is administering a grant from the grant-making foundation Carnegie Corp. of New York for travel grants to international meetings. The committee in charge seeks persons who by their presence, participation or organizing services, will make major contribution to the success of a conference; and scholars who by their attendance will gain ideas and contacts that will advance their own research.

The article presents information on the first international society of tropical dermatology held in Naples, Italy during the week commencing June 8, 1964 in the Palazzo dei Congressi, Mostra d'Ottremare. Two halls were used simultaneously during the Congress, a main hall with very comfortable seating accommodation for one thousand persons and equipment for simultaneous translation into five languages, and a small halt with less comfortable seating and no translators. There were 520 participants from over 50 countries, and altogether about 130 papers were presented. The translators were at times sorely tried by speakers who attempted to read a 30-minute paper in the 10 minutes allowed, and one cannot help but conclude that brevity is foreign to the natures of many of those who speak at international medical congresses.

The article focuses on the sixth general conference of the Comparative Education Society in Europe, which was held in Italy on June 4 to 9, 1973. The theme of the event was "Recurrent Education. Some working papers discussed include the following: survey of recurrent education's position and prospects; strategies of recurrent education; technological aids to comparative studies of universities and implications of recurrent education for upper-secondary education. Some speakers were Denis Kallen, R.L. Plancke, Giuliana Limiti and Sixten Marklund.

The article provides information on social conditions in Italy as viewed by the author, as of November 1, 1959. According to the author, professor Corrado Gini was the main influence in Italian sociology. Gini helped to repress potential sociologists and that his Società has always been a paper organization. On the other hand, the author calls attention to Gini's excellent achievements. The author is aware of Gini's international contacts and referred to them in his articles. According to the author, any reader of his article will recognize it was not his intention to denounce Gini, but to call attention to the diverse activities and developments in Italian sociology since 1950.

This article presents the report of the Representative of the American Sociological Association to the International Sociological Association (ISA). The International Sociological Association held its Fourth World Congress in Stresa and Milan, Italy, from September 8-15, 1959. The meetings were exceptionally well attended, with over a thousand registrants. All of the nations of the world currently holding membership in ISA were represented among those in attendance. In addition, individuals from several countries not now having membership in ISA were present as observers. A large delegation of sociologists from the United States of America attended the meetings, many of them presenting papers, and several presiding at section meetings. There are two matters pertaining to the relations of the American Sociological Association to ISA that deserve mention and stress. One is the need of strong support of the journal, Current Sociology, inaugurated and published under the sponsorship of ISA.

The paper describes the feat of the Russian Navy medical officers and marines of the Baltic Guard-Marine repart, which gave medical aid to the victims of the earthquake in Calabria (28 December, 1908). The first psychiatrist offering psychiatric assistance to the affected and investigated the psycho-pathological sequelae of the disaster was the Russian research Bachenov. The high assessment by and gratitude of the Italian public for the heroism and self-denying attitude of the Russian medical personnel under the conditions of the earthquake was extensively reflected in the Italian press.