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Electronic paper displays rely on electrokinetic effects in nonpolar solvents to drive the displacement of colloidal particles within a fluidic cell. While Electrophoresis (EP) is a well-established and frequently employed phenomenon, electro-osmosis (EO), which drives fluid flow along charged solid surfaces, has not been studied as extensively. We hypothesize that by exploiting the interplay between these effects, an enhanced particle transport can be achieved. In this study, we experimentally investigate the combined effects of EP and EO for colloidal particles in non-polar solvents, driven by an electric field. We use astigmatism micro-particle tracking velocimetry (A- μ PTV) to measure the motion of charged particles within model fluidic cells. Using a simple approach that relies on basic fluid flow properties we extract the contributions due to EP and EO, finding that EO contributes significantly to particle transport. The validity of our approach is confirmed by measurements on particles with different magnitudes of charge, and by comparison to numerical simulations. We find that EO flows can play a dominant role in the transport of particles in electrokinetic display devices. This can be exploited to speed up particle transport, potentially yielding displays with significantly faster switching times. Interplay of electrokinetic effects : Driven by the applied electric field, both electro-osmosis (EO, top left), which drives a flow along the surfaces of the fluidic cell, and electrophoresis (EP, top right), which drives a migration of particles relative to the background liquid, occur in our system. A typical example of the resultant particle velocity field (bottom) illustrates the important role of EO on particle transport in the fluidic cell. • Studied electrokinetics of particles in nonpolar solvent using astigmatism micro-PTV. • Both electrophoresis (EP) and electro-osmosis (EO) play important roles. • Combination of EO and EP could be exploited in faster switching e-paper displays. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • Bilayered V 2 O 5 nH 2 O xerogel constructed 2D nanopapers were synthesized. • The V 2 O 5 nH 2 O Xerogel combines oxygen defect engineering. • Oxygen defect improves Zn2+/Mg2+ insertion/extraction kinetics. Aqueous zinc ion batteries (AZIBs) and aqueous magnesium ion batteries (AMIBs) offer powerful alternatives for large-scale energy storage because of their high safety and low cost. Consequently, the design of high-performance cathode materials is essential. In this paper, we present a simple strategy that combines oxygen defect (O d) engineering with a 2D-on-2D homogeneous nanopape-like bilayer V 2 O 5 nH 2 O xerogel (BL-HVO d NPS). This strategy employs O d to improve Zn2+/Mg2+insertion/extraction kinetics and reduce irreversible processes for high-performance AZIBs/AMIBs. And interlayer water molecules serve as an effective spacer to stabilize the expanded interlayer gap in BL-HVO d NPS, thereby providing extended diffusion channels for Zn2+/Mg2+ during insertion/extraction. The interlayer water molecules help shield the electrostatic interaction between Zn2+/Mg2+ and BL-HVO d NPS lattice, which improves diffusion kinetics during repeated. In addition, electrochemical characterization results indicate that the BL-HVO d NPS can effectively the surface adsorption and internal diffusion of Zn2+/Mg2+. More importantly, the successfully prepared unique 2D-on-2D homogenous nanopaper structure enhances electrolyte/electrode contact and reduces the migration/diffusion path of electrons/Zn2+ and Mg2+, thus greatly improving rate performance. As a result, the BL-HVO d NPS as AZIBs/AMIBs electrodes offer better reversible capacity of 361.8 and 162.8 mA h g−1 (at 0.2 A g−1), while displaying impressively long cycle lifes. This method provides a way to prepare advanced xerogel cathode materials for AZIBs and AMIBs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many animals devote substantial time, energy and resources to assessing nonmating social partners. However, relatively little is known about how individual characteristics influence the process and outcome of social partner choice. Social partner choice is an important aspect of Polistes fuscatus wasp lives, as nest-founding queens form and dissolve many short-term social relationships before settling down in stable cooperative groups. Here, we asked how personality and body size influence social partner assessment, the specific partners chosen, behaviour within social groups and group offspring production. We evaluated social and nonsocial personality traits (exploration, affiliation, aggression, investigation) and body mass in 75 individually marked queens, then released them in a large naturalistic enclosure where we recorded social partner assessment, nest founding behaviour and behaviour on nests. At the end of the season, we collected nests as a measure of group reproductive output. Exploratory personality had a stronger effect on social behaviour than other personality measures. More exploratory wasps sampled more social partners, joined nests later and spent fewer days as members of stable nests. Less exploratory wasps were more likely to become dominant on nests and were more aggressive after partnerships were established. Larger wasps sampled more potential nest sites, suggesting that sampling induces energetic costs that larger individuals are better able to bear. Among dominant and solitary-nesting wasps, more affiliative wasps built larger nests and more aggressive wasps built smaller nests. We did not find that wasps selected partners based on any measured trait. Overall, our work demonstrates that personality traits play an important role in how social partners are assessed, how social groups are formed, behaviour within established social groups and the success of social groups. Our study also suggests that personality mediates a trade-off between time spent sampling partners and social bond stability. • We evaluated effects of personality and body size on social partner choice in wasps. • More exploratory wasps sampled more social partners and joined nests later. • They spent fewer days in stable groups and were less likely to be dominant on nests. • Body size and social personality had little effect on partner assessment. • Personality may mediate a social assessment–stable social bond trade-off. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A bilayer photothermal paper-based 3D cone flowing evaporator with high solar light absorption, low water evaporation enthalpy and excellent salt-rejecting performance is fabricated using multilayered MXene, ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires, and hydrophilic polymers. The 3D cone flowing evaporator cooperates with a siphon effect-driven unidirectional fluid transportation unit to guide concentrated saline flows out from the evaporating surface, leading to high water evaporation rate and salt-rejecting stable seawater desalination performance. [Display omitted] • A bilayer photothermal paper-based cone flowing water evaporator is reported. • The evaporator exhibits excellent properties for solar seawater desalination. • The evaporator exhibits much higher water evaporation rate than most reported values. • The evaporator can effectively prevent salt accumulation on the evaporating surface. Solar energy-driven water evaporation technology is a promising, low-cost and sustainable approach to alleviate the global clean water shortage, but usually suffers from low water evaporation rate and severe salt deposition on the water evaporation surface. In this work, a hydrophilic bilayer photothermal paper-based three-dimensional (3D) cone flowing evaporator was designed and prepared for stable high-performance seawater desalination with excellent salt-rejecting ability. The as-prepared bilayer photothermal paper consisted of MXene (Ti 3 C 2 T x) and HAA (ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires, poly(acrylic acid), and poly(acrylic acid-2-hydroxyethyl ester)). The accordion-like multilayered MXene acted as the efficient solar light absorber, and ultralong hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanowires served as the thermally insulating and supporting skeleton with a porous networked structure. A siphon effect-driven unidirectional fluid transportation unit in the 3D cone flowing evaporator could guide the concentrated saline flowing away from the evaporating surface to prevent salt deposition on the evaporation surface, avoiding severe deterioration of the performance in solar water evaporation. Furthermore, combining high solar light absorption and high photothermal conversion efficiencies, low water evaporation enthalpy (1838 ± 11 J g−1), and additional energy taken from the ambient environment, the as-prepared cone flowing evaporator exhibited a high water evaporation rate of 3.22 ± 0.20 kg m−2 h−1 for real seawater under one sun illumination (1 kW m−2), which was significantly higher than many values reported in the literature. This study provides an effective approach for designing high-performance solar energy-driven water evaporators for sustainable seawater desalination and wastewater purification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The MXene-modified papers with high-uniform loading of polypyrrole and excellent conductivity have been fabricated via a multiple self-assembly and in-situ polymerization strategy, which achieves boosting areal capacitance. [Display omitted] • Multiple self-assembly and in-situ polymerization strategy is proposed tofabricate paper-based supercapacitors. • Alternate adsorption of MXene and polypyrrole on paper yields an ultra-high polypyrrole loading of 10.0 mg/cm2. • The paper-based supercapacitor shows a boosting areal capacitance of 2316 mF/cm2. Despite the intriguing features of freestanding flexible electronic devices, such as their binder-free nature and cost-effectiveness, the limited loading capacity of active material poses a challenge to achieving practical high-performance flexible electrodes. We propose a novel approach that integrates multiple self-assembly and in-situ polymerization techniques to fabricate a high-loading paper-based flexible electrode (MXene/Polypyrrole/Paper) with exceptional areal capacitance. The approach enables polypyrrole to form a porous conductive network structure on the surface of paper fiber through MXene grafting via hydrogen bonding and electrostatic interaction, resulting in an exceptionally high polypyrrole loading of 10.0 mg/cm2 and a conductivity of 2.03 S/cm. Moreover, MXene-modified polypyrrole paper exhibits a more homogeneous pore size distribution ranging from 5 to 50 μm and an increased specific surface area of 3.11 m2/g. Additionally, we have optimized in-situ polymerization cycles for paper-based supercapacitors, resulting in a remarkable areal capacitance of 2316 mF/cm2 (at 2 mA/cm2). The capacitance retention rate and conductivity rate maintain over 90 % after undergoing 100 bends.The maximum energy density and cycling stability are characterized to be 83.6 μWh/cm2 and up to 96 % retention after 10,000 cycles. These results significantly outperform those previously reported for paper-based counterparts. Overall, our work presents a facile and versatile strategy for assembling high-loading, paper-based flexible supercapacitors network architecture that can be employed in developing large-scale energy storage devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial processes and municipal wastes largely contribute to the fluctuations in iron (Fe) content in soils. Fe, when present in unfavorable amount, causes harmful effects on human, flora, and fauna. The present study is an attempt to evaluate the composition of Fe in surface soils from paper mill and municipal landfill sites and assess their potential ecological and human health risks. Geochemical fractionation was conducted to explore the chemical bonding of Fe across different fractions, i.e., water-soluble (F1) to residual (F6). Different contamination factors and pollution indices were evaluated to comprehend Fe contamination extent across the study area. Results indicated the preference for less mobile forms in the paper mill and landfill, with 26.66% and 43.46% of Fe associated with the Fe–Mn oxide bound fraction (F4), and 57.22% and 24.78% in the residual fraction (F6). Maximum mobility factor (MF) of 30.65% was observed in the paper mill, and 80.37% in the landfill. The enrichment factor (EF) varied within the range of 20 < EF < 40, signifying a high level of enrichment in the soil. The individual contamination factor (ICF) ranged from 0 to >6, highlighting low to high contamination. Adults were found to be more vulnerable towards Fe associated health risks compared to children. The Hazard Quotient (HQ) index showed the highest risk potential pathways as dermal contact > ingestion > inhalation. The study offers insights into potential Fe contamination risks in comparable environments, underscoring the crucial role of thorough soil assessments in shaping land use and waste management policies. [Display omitted] • Geochemical fractionation unveils less bioavailable Fe in contaminated soil. • EF, ICF, and I geo indicate high Fe contamination. • Adults are more susceptible to potential health risks from surplus Fe exposure. • HQ analysis pinpoints dermal contact as the primary pathway for Fe exposure risks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of microalgae and bacteria as a strategy for the startup of bioreactors for the treatment of industrial wastewater can be a sustainable and economically viable alternative. This technology model provides satisfactory results in the nitrification and denitrification process for nitrogen removal, organic matter removal, biomass growth, sedimentation, and byproducts recovery for added-value product production. The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of microalgae and bacteria in their symbiotic process when used in the treatment of paper pulp industry wastewater. The experiment, lasting fourteen days, utilized four bioreactors with varying concentrations in mgVSS/L of microalgae to bacteria ratio (R1-100:100, R2-100:300, R3-100:500, R4-300:100) in the startup process. Regarding the sludge volumetric index (SVI), the results show that the R1 and R2 reactors developed SVI30/SVI10 biomass in the range of 85.57 ± 7.33% and 84.72 ± 8.19%, respectively. The lipid content in the biomass of reactors R1, R2, R3 e R4 was 13%, 7%, 19%, and 22%, respectively. This high oil content at the end of the batch, may be related to the nutritional stress that the species underwent during this feeding regime. In terms of chlorophyll, the bioreactor with an initial inoculation of 100:100 showed better symbiotic growth of microalgae and bacteria, allowing exponential growth of microalgae. The total chlorophyll value for this bioreactor was 801.46 ± 196.96 μg/L. Biological removal of nitrogen from wastewater from the paper pulp industry is a challenge due to the characteristics of the effluent, but the four reactors operated in a single batch obtained good nitrogen removal. Ammonia nitrogen removal performances were 91.55 ± 9.99%, 72.13 ± 19.18%, 64.04 ± 21.34%, and 86.15 ± 30.10% in R1, R2, R3, and R4, respectively. [Display omitted] • Microalgae and bacteria symbiotically initiated bioreactor start-up. • Initial inoculation concentrations were critical for photogranule development. • High total nitrogen removal efficiency in all bioreactor configurations. • Optimal setup boosts biomass and pigment. • Microalgae-bacteria consortium facilitated the production of valuable bioproducts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The pulp and paper sectors are thriving yet pose significant environmental threats to water bodies, mainly due to the substantial release of pollutants. Lignin-derived compounds are among the most problematic of these contaminants. To address this issue, we present our initial results on utilizing organic semiconductor photocatalysis under visible light for treating lignin-derived compounds. Our investigation has been centered around creating a green and cost-effective organic semiconductor photocatalyst. This catalyst is designed using a structure of bagasse cellulose spheres to support PM6 (poly[(2,6-(4,8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)-4-fluorothiophen-2-yl)benzo[1,2- b :4,5- b' ]dithiophene))– co -(1,3-di(5-thiophene-2-yl)-5,7-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-benzo[1,2- c :4,5- c' ]dithiophene-4,8-dione))]: MeIC (3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-cyclopentane-1,3-dione[ c ]-1-methyl-thiophe))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3- d:2′ , 3′-d' ]-s-indaceno[1,2- b :5,6- b' ]-dithiophene)). This photocatalyst demonstrates remarkable efficiency, achieving over 91 % degradation of lignin-derived compounds. The superior photocatalytic performance is attributed to three main factors: (1) The ability of PM6 to broaden MeIC's absorption range from 300 to 800 nm, allowing for effective utilization of visible light; (2) the synergistic interaction between PM6 and MeIC, which ensures compatible energy levels and a vast, evenly spread surface area, promoting charge mobility and extensive donor/acceptor interfaces. This synergy significantly enhances the generation and transport of carriers, resulting in a high production of free radicals that accelerate the decomposition of organic materials; (3) The deployment of PM6:MeIC on biomass-based carriers increases the interaction surface with the organic substances. Notably, PM6: MeIC showcases outstanding durability, with its degradation efficiency remaining between 84 % and 91 % across 100 cycles. This study presents a promising approach for designing advanced photocatalysts aimed at degrading common pollutants in papermaking wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biomass can be used as an energy source to thermochemical conversion processes to biocrude production. However, the supply and dependence on only one biomass for biocrude production can be an obstacle due to its seasonality, availability, and logistics costs. In this way, biomass waste and agroindustrial residues can be mixture and used as feedstock to the hydrothermal co-liquefaction (co-HTL) process as an alternative to obtaining biocrude. In this sense, the present paper analyzed the biocrude yield influence of the co-HTL from a quaternary unprecedented blend of different biomasses, such as sugarcane bagasse, brewer's spent grain (BSG), sludge from a paper recycling mill (PRM), and microalgae (Chlorella vulgaris). In this way, a simplex lattice design was employed and co-HTL experiments were carried out in a 2000 mL high-pressure stirred autoclave reactor under 275 °C for 60 min, considering 15% of feedstock/water ratio. Significant effects in each feedstock and their blends were analyzed aiming to increase biocrude and biochar yield. It was found that the addition of microalgae is only significant when considered more than 50% into the blend with BSG and PRM sludge to increase biocrude yield. • Unprecedented blend (microalgae, sugarcane bagasse, BSG, and PRM sludge) in co-HTL. • Highest biocrude yield of 51.7% using microalgae as the only feedstock. • Second-highest biocrude yield (29%) for BSG and PRM sludge (synergetic interaction). • BSG and PRM sludge can complement co-HTL feedstock in low microalgae availability. • E RoI higher than one for 50% of microalgae, 25.8% of BSG, and 24.2% of PRM sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] The commercialization of lithium metal batteries (LMBs) is encountering significant challenges due to the electrolyte incompatibility and poor mechanical properties of polyolefin separators, as well as the hazardous growth of lithium dendrites at the anode. Simultaneously, the development of safe and environmentally-friendly separators has become a central focus in rechargeable battery technology. In this study, we introduce a novel Janus separator (CP@SiO 2), featuring a composite structure with cellulose paper (CP) as the base layer and electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofibers as the top layer. The nanofibers are uniformly coated with mesoporous SiO 2 nanoparticles through hydrogen bonding. The CP@SiO 2 separator leverages its three-dimensional lithium-ion channels and rigid ceramic particles to enhance electrolyte retention and stabilize lithium metal anodes (LMA). Shielded by this separator, LMA exhibits an impressive cycling performance, enduring a current density of 2 mA cm−2 for 350 h without short-circuiting, effectively doubling the cycle life compared to conventional PP separators. Furthermore, the Li/LiFePO 4 cell utilizing the CP@SiO 2 separator demonstrates a high capacity of 101 mAh·g−1 at 5C, with 90 % capacity retention after 1000 cycles. This outstanding electrochemical performance is attributed to the compatible anode/separator interface and the effective inhibition of lithium dendrite growth. The research presented in this work capitalizes on a synergistic configuration design, offering a promising pathway towards the development of high-safety and advanced lithium-ion separators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

How do people adapt to others in adversarial settings? Prior work has shown that people often violate rational models of adversarial decision-making in repeated interactions. In particular, in mixed strategy equilibrium (MSE) games, where optimal action selection entails choosing moves randomly, people often do not play randomly, but instead try to outwit their opponents. However, little is known about the adaptive reasoning that underlies these deviations from random behavior. Here, we examine strategic decision-making across repeated rounds of rock, paper, scissors, a well-known MSE game. In experiment 1, participants were paired with bot opponents that exhibited distinct stable move patterns, allowing us to identify the bounds of the complexity of opponent behavior that people can detect and adapt to. In experiment 2, bot opponents instead exploited stable patterns in the human participants' moves, providing a symmetrical bound on the complexity of patterns people can revise in their own behavior. Across both experiments, people exhibited a robust and flexible attention to transition patterns from one move to the next, exploiting these patterns in opponents and modifying them strategically in their own moves. However, their adaptive reasoning showed strong limitations with respect to more sophisticated patterns. Together, results provide a precise and consistent account of the surprisingly limited scope of people's adaptive decision-making in this setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective packaging solutions are pivotal in addressing sustainability challenges associated with food consumption. Sustainable packaging must not only reduce ecological impact but also ensure food quality preservation, minimize the risk of foodborne diseases, and contribute to mitigating the accumulation of plastic waste. While paper-based food packaging is environmentally friendly, it is susceptible to mold growth when exposed to specific humidity and temperatures, potentially leading to spoilage and safety concerns. This study introduces an innovative modeling approach employing survival analysis to estimate time to visible mold growth on paper-based materials used in food-contact packaging under varying environmental conditions. The objective is to establish an alternative statistical framework for assessing the impact of relative humidity and temperature on mold proliferation. This approach is particularly relevant to novel sustainable packaging materials in the food industry, especially when dealing with censored data. Survival heatmaps are developed to simplify the visualization of spoilage likelihood, measured by time to visible growth at a given confidence level. Although the survival model is proposed for paper-based materials, there are no theoretical limitations to its extension for use with other materials within and beyond the food industry. • Proposed survival heatmaps to simplify spoilage likelihood visualization. • Investigated spoilage characteristics of novel paper-based packaging. • Addressed challenges of censored data in mold growth modeling. • Proposed a conservative predictive model to assess spoilage timelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accompanying China's accession to the World Trade Organization, the rapid development of the Chinese economy has led to increasingly serious environmental issues. However, the inherent mechanisms underlying the impact of Environmental Information Disclosure (EID) policy and trade on the environmental effects of Chinese paper enterprises remain unclear in the context of the era's requirement for a resource-conserving and environmentally-friendly society. The pollution problem in the papermaking industry has received attention worldwide, and how to balance the environmental and development issues of papermaking enterprises is an urgent issue that needs to be solved in the academic community. This study explores the impact mechanisms of EID policy and trade on the environmental effects of enterprises from the perspective of financial constraints. Utilizing the PSM-DID model, the study investigates the moderating effects of financial constraints on the EID policy and import-export trade. The findings reveal that both external and internal financial constraints have negative, detrimental effects on the environmental effects of the EID policy and trade. These constraints impede research and development investment and technological upgrades, hinder productivity improvement, and hamper the realization of "regulatory and trade innovation effects". This study enriches our understanding of the mechanisms by which trade affects the environmental effects of Chinese paper enterprises and further identifies the impacts of Chinese EID policy and trade on pollution emissions by enterprises, providing a theoretical basis and practical foundation for the government in formulating financial, environmental, and trade policies. • Analyzing the environmental effects of Chinese paper enterprises from the perspective of financing constraints. • This study validated the research hypothesis using three micro databases. • This study decomposes the impact mechanism into three aspects: scale effects, technical effects, and structural effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Understanding of Africa's long, complex human history has been enriched by the work of archaeological scientists for over a century. Since 1977 over 500 papers on African topics have been published in the Journal of Archaeological Science. This paper briefly reviews the geographical location of the research that they report along with their authorship and thematic content. Significant imbalances highlight continuing disparities in archaeological opportunities within the continent and between Africa and the rest of the world. The twenty-one papers included in this special collection nevertheless showcase the breadth of archaeological science in Africa, focusing on papers that have shaped subsequent research, explored new methodological approaches, or introduced novel areas of study. Discussion of how to capitalise upon this diversity emphasises the importance of increasing funding for archaeological science on a sustainable basis, forging co-operation between archaeologists and other scientists, playing to strengths in less expensive (but potentially highly informative) areas of archaeological science, and developing regional hubs of expertise. Collectively, these efforts can enhance capacity and ensure a future for archaeological science research by African scholars within Africa. • Archaeological science is a longstanding component of archaeology in Africa. • The selected papers show its diversity and capacity for innovation in the African context. • However, regional biases still favour Egypt, South Africa and non-African scholars. • Enhanced efforts are needed to build capacity for sustained research within Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp-paper industry is one of the main industrial sectors that produce massive amounts of residual sludge, constituting an enormous environmental burden for the industries. Traditional sludge management practices, such as landfilling and incineration, are restricted due to mounting environmental pressures, complex regulatory frameworks, land availability, high costs, and public opinion. Valorization of pulp-paper industry sludge (PPS) to produce high-value products is a promising substitute for traditional sludge management practices, promoting their reuse and recycling. Valorization of PPIS for biorefinery beneficiation includes biomethane, biohydrogen, bioethanol, biobutanol, and biodiesel production for renewable energy generation. Additionally, the various thermo-chemical technologies can be utilized to synthesize bio-oil, hydrochar, biochar, adsorbent, and activated carbon, signifying potential for value-added generation. Moreover, PPIS can be recycled as a byproduct by incorporating it into nanocomposites, cardboard, and construction materials development. This paper aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of PPIS management approaches and thermo-chemical technologies utilized for the development of platform chemicals in industry. Substitute uses of PPIS, such as making building materials, developing supercapacitors, and making cardboard, are also discussed. In addition, this article deeply discusses recent developments in biotechnologies for valorizing PPIS to yield an array of valuable products, such as biofuels, lactic acids, cellulose, nanocellulose, and so on. This review serves as a roadmap for future research endeavors in the effective handling of PPIS. [Display omitted] • Valorization of pulp-paper industry sludge is a sustainable option for getting waste to wealth. • Pre-treatment of pulp-paper industry sludge helps in yielding platform chemicals in the biorefinery scenario. • Pulp-paper industry sludge is a sustainable feedstock for renewable energy production. • Biochars derived from pulp-paper industry sludge exhibited excellent adsorption performance for metals removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The carbonization of lignocellulosic biomass with ionic liquids (ILs) are considered as an advantageous approach for the preparation of carbonaceous materials. The commonly used imidazolium and pyridinium based ILs have drawbacks such as toxicity, resistance to biodegradation, high cost and viscosity. These issues can be mitigated by diluting ILs with water, although excessive water content above 1 wt% can reduce the solubility of biomass. This research aims to investigate the potential of pretreating wastepaper with a "fully green" ILs, amino acid-based IL with high water content, followed by pyrolysis without IL, in enhancing the properties of biochar. For this purpose, the paper was treated with an aqueous solution of IL cysteine nitrate ([Cys][NO 3 ]), and the IL was not involved in the pyrolysis process to prevent the formation of secondary gaseous pollutants. The findings revealed that the hemicellulose and mineral filler in the paper were eliminated during pretreatment, leading to higher carbon content but lower oxygen content. As a result, the biochar exhibited micropores of 0.42 cm3g-1 and a specific surface area of 1011.21 m2 g−1. The biochar demonstrated high adsorption capacities for Cd2+, enrofloxacin, bisphenol A, ciprofloxacin, and tetracycline, with values of 45.20 mg g−1, 49.82 mg g−1, 49.90 mg g−1, 49.88 mg g−1, and 49.65 mg g−1, respectively. The proposed mechanism for the adsorption of enrofloxacin by the biochar primarily involves physical adsorption such as pore filling and electrostatic interactions, along with chemical adsorption facilitated by graphitic nitrogen. [Display omitted] • Amino acid-based IL with high water content removed the hemicellulose and minerals. • The specific surface area was four times of that of biochar without pretreatment. • More nitrogen was retained in the biochar and provided adsorption sites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paper mill Electrostatic Precipitator (ESP) ash contains a mixture of alkali metal chloride (34.2 %) and sulfate (84.2 %) which has serious negative effects on the environment and makes it more expensive and constrained to dispose ESP ash. Therefore, handling and recycling ESP ash demands extra thought when disposing of it. Present study, aimed to separate chloride and sulfate from ESP ash using electrochemical membrane technology. Three different concentrations of ESP ash solution such as 200 g L-1, 320 g L-1 and 450 g L-1 were used as the electrolyte. Ti/TiO 2 –IrO 2 –RuO 2 and titanium (Ti) are used as anode and cathode respectively. Caustic and sulfate solutions were recovered at the respective compartments. The collected sulfate solution was dried by solar light to convert 99 % sulfate salts as confirmed by Energy-dispersive X-ray analysis (EDAX) analysis. Recovered sulfate salt was used for the dye fixing process, in which the colour fixing difference of ΔE value was about 2.10 and the strength of the dye was about 86.72 %. Therefore, the textile industry can repurpose the recovered sulfate salt for the dye fixing process. [Display omitted] • An electrochemical membrane process was adopted to treat the ESP ash slat. • Na2SO4, Cl2 and alkali were recovered in a single electrochemical process. • Double layer cation exchange membrane provided good current efficiency. • Recovered Na2SO4 was used in the dyeing process and ΔE is 2.10 and dye strength is 86.72 %. • Sulfate concentration does not affect the CEM in the electrochemical process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, a printing paper functionalized with Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) was used as a flexible surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) swab (AgNP@FP) to evaluate its ability to detect sodium sulfite residues on the surface of edible mushrooms. The results showed that the prepared AgNP@FP swab had fingerprint-like signals (at 620 and 927 cm–1), which could serve as a clear confirmation of the analyte. In addition, the swab not only exhibited good repeatability, with spot-to-spot variation of < 2.6% at 620 cm–1 signal intensity, but it also met the requirement of commercial transportation as the peak intensity at 620 cm–1 remained at 57.84% of its initial value after 5 days of storage. The sensitivity of the substrate to sodium sulfite on the surface of oyster mushroom and enoki mushroom was as low as 0.2 mg/mL. The limit of detection (LOD) values of the sulfite residue on the surface of oyster and enoki mushrooms were 1.2 and 1.6 mg/kg, respectively. This study demonstrated that the AgNP@FP swab provided a simple tool for obscure and in situ screening of residues on the surface of agricultural products. • A in-situ screening of sodium sulfite using SERS print-paper swab was developed. • The SERS substrate exhibits high SERS activity and stability. • The method detected sodium sulfite residues in mushroom with high sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Thermal printing technology requires a color developer to activate the dye under the action of heat. Bisphenol A (BPA) has traditionally been used for this purpose, although it has increasingly been replaced by bisphenol S (BPS) in recent years. Due to concerns regarding their toxicity, the Swiss authorities have banned both BPA and BPS from thermal papers since 2020. The impact of this regulatory decision was evaluated during 3 monitoring campaigns: in 2013–2014, 2019 and 2021. They were used to describe the starting point, the transition phase, and the status after entry into force of the ban, respectively. Whereas the use of BPA as color developer dropped from 82.2% in 2013/14 to 10.8% in 2021, the fraction of BPS-based thermal paper rose from 3.1% to 19.1% during the same period, despite being banned. However, Pergafast® 201 (PF201) is now the main color developer in thermal paper in Switzerland, with an occurrence of 60.3%. Other alternatives such as D-8, TGSA, PPSMU, NKK-1304, BPS-MAE, D-90 and Blue4est® have only been marginally detected. This study demonstrates the efficiency of the regulatory measure and the feasibility to substitute BPA in thermal papers with less-toxic alternatives. [Display omitted] • Swiss authorities banned BPA and BPS from thermal papers in 2020. • Whereas BPA use dropped drastically, BPS increased slightly despite its ban. • PF201 is clearly the most frequent color developer currently in Switzerland. • D-8, TGSA, PPSMU, NKK-1304, BPS-MAE, D-90 and Blue4est® were marginally detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Veterinary drug residues in food-producing animals pose a threat to human health and public safety, and accurate measurement of these drug residues is necessary. However, detecting nitrofuran metabolite residues is challenging because of their low molecular weight and the long derivatisation time required for their indirect detection. Current antibodies produced against these metabolites have limited accuracy and sensitivity owing to the traditional and ineffective hapten design based on the reaction of 3-amino-5-morpholinomethyl-2-oxazolidone (AMOZ) with nitrobenzaldehyde. In this study, a new antigen strategy was adopted using an original-structure-based hapten design combined with a new carrier protein with immunosynergistic effects to produce a monoclonal antibody that could recognise the metabolite of furaltadone (AMOZ) directly without derivatisation with excellent analytical performance. Finally, a gold-based paper lateral flow immunoassay for AMOZ without derivatisation was established with a visual limit of detection of 5 ng/mL, IC 50 of 0.97 ng/mL and linear range (IC 20 ∼IC 80) of 0.45–2.07 ng/mL. The method was sensitive and accurate, and detection was completed within 10 min. This new antigen design strategy provides a theoretical basis and reference for antibody production of other ultrasmall molecules. [Display omitted] • An antigen strategy of AMOZ was proposed by hapten design and new carrier proteins. • The excellent antibody directly recognizes AMOZ without derivatization. • Effect of EP distribution and spatial structure to antibody production was studied. • This method could be used as a rapid screening method for AMOZ analysis on site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research assessed waste-based briquettes consumption compared to conventional fuels in the Andes. Laboratory tests were conducted together with on-field analysis in Colquencha (Bolivia). The laboratory study shows that the performances of briquettes are better in terms of PM2.5 (933.4 ± 50.8 mg kg−1) and CO emissions (22.89 ± 2.40 g kg−1) compared to animal dung (6265.7 ± 1273.5 mgPM2.5 kg−1 and 48.10 ± 12.50 gCO kg−1), although the boiling time increased due to the lower fuel consumption rate and firepower compared to shrubs. The social survey organized with 150 Bolivian citizens suggested that low-income households are not able to pay for an alternative fuel: about 40% would pay less than 4 USD per month, while methane use for cooking is positively correlated with the income level (r = 0.244, p < 0.05). On field analysis suggested that local cookstoves are not appropriate for briquettes combustion since indoor air pollution overcomes 30 ppm of CO and 10 mgPM2.5 m-3. On balance, local small manufactures can be the main target for selling waste-based briquettes to reduce shrubs and wood consumption. However, briquettes production costs seem not yet competitive to natural easy-to-obtain fuels (i.e., animal dung). The research encourages the use of cellulosic and biomass waste-based briquettes in the Andean area for cooking, heating, or manufacturing and strongly advises policy-makers to introduce economic incentives for the recovery of secondary raw materials. • Analysis of waste-based briquettes use in Andean areas were conducted. • Laboratory analysis, social surveys, and on field evaluations are the methods. • Briquettes can be employed for reducing about 30% of the conventional fuels. • The research encourages the employment of waste-based briquettes in the Andes. • Incentives to briquettes production and consumption should be introduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Novel Carbon quantum dots-graphite composite ink-based Screen-printed electrodes (CQDs/SPEs) were used to assemble a highly sensitive electrochemical aptasensor against chlorpyrifos (CPF). The aptasensor showed a broad linear range from 1 pM (0.445 ng/ml) to 500 nM (0.22 mg/ml) with a detection limit (LOD) 0.834 pM (0.37 ng/ml); sensitivity 21.39 μA pM−1 cm− 2 and with good linearity of R2 = 0.973. Moreover, the aptasensor's showed better selectivity among few other pesticides. Further, the aptasensor electrode showed high stability for five months when stored at 4 °C. In the final step, the aptasensor's ability to identify CPF in real samples was evaluated on spiked potato (Solanum tuberosum) extract samples. Potato extract spiked with CPF in the electrochemical aptasensing platform showed excellent linearity of R2 = 0.981. The developed aptasensor showed good response to without spiked potato extract with increasing volumes. Hence, the developed aptasensor demonstrated reasonable applicability in real food and agriculture samples. • Chlorpyrifos (CPF), an organophosphate pesticide, is known for detrimental effects on environment raising global health concern. • Electrochemical based disposable screen printed aptasensor is developed for the detection of chlorpyrifos pesticide. • The CQDs/SPE aptasensor was fabricated using carbon quantum dots (CQDs) through drop cast method. • The aptasensor exhibited a wide linear range (1 pM-500 nM) with LOD (0.834 pM) and high sensitivity (21.39 μA pM−1 cm− 2). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we consider the vanishing viscosity limit of solutions to the initial boundary value problem for the compressible viscoelastic equations in the half space. When the initial deformation gradient does not degenerate and there is no vacuum initially, we establish the uniform regularity estimates of solutions to the initial-boundary value problem for the three-dimensional compressible viscoelastic equations in the Sobolev spaces. Then we justify the vanishing viscosity limit of solutions of the compressible viscoelastic equations based on the uniform regularity estimates and the compactness arguments. Both the no-slip boundary condition and the Navier-slip type boundary condition on velocity are addressed in this paper. On the one hand, for the corresponding vanishing viscosity limit of the compressible Navier-Stokes equations with the no-slip boundary condition, it is impossible to derive such uniform energy estimates of solutions due to the appearance of strong boundary layers. Consequently, our results show that the deformation gradient can prevent the formation of strong boundary layers. On the other hand, our results also provide two different kinds of boundary conditions suitable for the well-posedness of the initial-boundary value problem of the elastodynamic equations via the method of vanishing viscosity. Finally, it is worth noting that we take advantage of the Lagrangian coordinates to study the vanishing viscosity limit for the fixed boundary problem in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Known as thin residually connected incidence geometry, hypertopes extend the framework of abstract polytopes, and can be built from Coxeter groups (not necessarily with linear diagrams). A regular hypertope is a flag-transitive hypertope. In this paper, we present infinite families of regular hypertopes of ranks 5, 6 and 7, in terms of a certain group covering approach (analogous to a method introduced by Conder and the author in an earlier paper on abstract chiral polytopes, but with wider adaptation). Although the illustrative examples within these families are derived from Coxeter groups exhibiting Y-shaped diagrams, this approach is applicable to obtaining regular hypertopes from Coxeter groups with other diagrams, such that the size of the family members grows linearly with entries of their types. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We continue the study of (tw , ω) -bounded graph classes, that is, hereditary graph classes in which the treewidth can only be large due to the presence of a large clique, with the goal of understanding the extent to which this property has useful algorithmic implications for the Maximum Independent Set and related problems. In the previous paper of the series [Dallard, Milanič, and Štorgel, Treewidth versus clique number. II. Tree-independence number, J. Comb. Theory, Ser. B, 164 (2024) 404–442], we introduced the tree-independence number , a min-max graph invariant related to tree decompositions. Bounded tree-independence number implies both (tw , ω) -boundedness and the existence of a polynomial-time algorithm for the Maximum Weight Independent Packing problem, provided that the input graph is given together with a tree decomposition with bounded independence number. In particular, this implies polynomial-time solvability of the Maximum Weight Independent Set problem. In this paper, we consider six graph containment relations—the subgraph, topological minor, and minor relations, as well as their induced variants—and for each of them characterize the graphs H for which any graph excluding H with respect to the relation admits a tree decomposition with bounded independence number. The induced minor relation is of particular interest: we show that excluding either a K 5 minus an edge or the 4-wheel implies the existence of a tree decomposition in which every bag is a clique plus at most 3 vertices, while excluding a complete bipartite graph K 2 , q implies the existence of a tree decomposition with independence number at most 2 (q − 1). These results are obtained using a variety of tools, including ℓ -refined tree decompositions, SPQR trees, and potential maximal cliques, and actually show that in the bounded cases identified in this work, one can also compute tree decompositions with bounded independence number efficiently. Applying the algorithmic framework provided by the previous paper in the series leads to polynomial-time algorithms for the Maximum Weight Independent Set problem in an infinite family of graph classes, each of which properly contains the class of chordal graphs. In particular, these results apply to the class of 1-perfectly orientable graphs, answering a question of Beisegel, Chudnovsky, Gurvich, Milanič, and Servatius from 2019. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Greenhouse production of fruits and vegetables in developed countries is challenged by labour scarcity and high labour costs. Robots offer a good solution for sustainable and cost-effective production. Acquiring accurate spatial information about relevant plant parts is vital for successful robot operation. Robot perception in greenhouses is challenging due to variations in plant appearance, viewpoints, and illumination. This paper proposes a keypoint-detection-based method using data from an RGB-D camera to estimate the 3D pose of peduncle nodes, which provides essential information to harvest the tomato bunches. Specifically, this paper proposes a method that detects four anatomical landmarks in the colour image and then integrates 3D point-cloud information to determine the 3D pose. A comprehensive evaluation was conducted in a commercial greenhouse to gain insight into the performance of different parts of the method. The results showed: (1) high accuracy in object detection, achieving an Average Precision (AP) of AP@0.5=0.96 ; (2) an average Percentage of Detected Joints (PDJ) of the keypoints of PhDJ@0.2 = 94.31%; and (3) 3D pose estimation accuracy with mean absolute errors (MAE) of 11o and 10o for the relative upper and lower angles between the peduncle and main stem, respectively. Furthermore, the capability to handle variations in viewpoint was investigated, demonstrating the method was robust to view changes. However, canonical and higher views resulted in slightly higher performance compared to other views. Although tomato was selected as a use case, the proposed method has the potential to be applied to other greenhouse crops, such as pepper, after fine-tuning. • Accurate 3D pose-estimation of peduncle nodes in a commercial greenhouse. • Combination of colour image and 3D point cloud to estimate 3D pose. • Comprehensive evaluation covering object, keypoints, pose and, viewpoints aspects. • Robust to variations caused by view change. • Canonical and higher views are superior while lateral views should be avoided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For nonnegative integers h , g with h ≥ 2 , a set A of nonnegative integers is defined as a B h [ g ] sequence if, for every nonnegative integer n , the number of representations of n with the form n = a 1 + a 2 + ⋯ + a h is no larger than g , where a 1 ≤ ⋯ ≤ a h and a i ∈ A for i = 1 , 2 , ⋯ , h. Let Z be the set of integers and N be the set of positive integers. In 2013, by introducing the method of Inserting Zeros Transformation , Cilleruelo and Nathanson obtained the following result: let f : Z → N ⋃ { 0 , ∞ } be any function such that lim inf | n | → ∞ f (n) ≥ g and let B be any B h [ g ] sequence. Then, for any decreasing function ϵ (x) → 0 as x → ∞ , there exists a sequence A of integers such that r A , h (n) = f (n) for all n ∈ Z and A (x) ≫ B (x ϵ (x)). Recently, Nathanson further considered Sidon sets for linear forms. In this paper, we apply the Inserting Zeros Transformation into Sidon sets for linear forms and generalize the above result related to the inverse problem of representation functions. For a video summary of this paper, please visit https://youtu.be/KRtew2rLbXY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let k be a field, let n ≥ 2 be a nonsquarefree integer not divisible by the characteristic of k. Assume that all roots of unity of degree n are contained in k. In the first part of the paper we consider pairs of symbol algebras over k with common slots D 1 ≃ (e , x) n ≃ (r , u) n , D 2 ≃ (e , y) n ≃ (r , v) n , exp D 1 = exp D 2 = n , and show that in general (e , x , y) n ≠ (r , u , v) n. As a consequence we prove that in general it is impossible to connect the pair { (e , x) n ; (e , y) n } and the pair { (r , u) n ; (r , v) n } by a chain of pairs of symbol algebras with a common slot and isomorphic to (D 1 ; D 2) in such a way that any two neighboring pairs in the chain are obtained from one another by a "natural" transformation. In the second part of the paper we prove that in contrast to the case n = 2 for any n divisible by 4 there exist symbol algebras D 1 , D 2 with deg ⁡ D 1 = deg ⁡ D 2 = n and exp D 1 = exp D 2 = n without common slot such that i D 1 + j D 2 is a symbol algebra of degree n for any i , j ∈ Z. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we design a binder GG-CA-GLY (abbreviation: GGC) for silicon negative electrode by guar gum as the backbone chain with self-healing function, combing and straightening the guar molecular chain of guar gum through the plasticizing effect of glycerol. The condensation reactions between the exposed hydroxyl sites of guar gum and the carboxyl groups of citric acid create a stronger hydrogen bond, so as to achieve the effect of self-healing and cope with the serious volume expansion effect of silicone-based materials. [Display omitted] • A easy polycondensation reaction is used to create a mechanically strong self-healing polymer (GGC). • GGC adhesives have excellent mechanical properties and facilitate rapid self-healing. • GGC@Si electrodes were prepared with excellent rate capability and higher cycling stability. • GGC adhesives have the ability to repair cracks and other damage on prepared silicon anodes, returning them to their original state. Silicon is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries with its superior capacity. However, the volume change of the silicon anode seriously affects the electrode integrity and cycle stability. The waterborne guar gum (GG) binder has been regarded as one of the most promising binders for Si anodes. Here, a unique steric molecular combing approach based on guar gum, glycerol, and citric acid is proposed to develop a self-healing binder GGC, which would boost the structural stability of electrode materials. The GGC binder is mainly designed to weaken van der Waals' forces between polymers through the plasticizing effect of glycerol, combing and straightening the guar molecular chain of GG, and exposing the guar hydroxyl sites of GG and the carboxyl groups of citric acid. The condensation reaction between the hydroxyl sites of GG and the carboxyl groups of citric acid forms stronger hydrogen bonds, which can help achieve self-healing effect to cope with the severe volume expansion effect of silicone-based materials. Silicon electrode lithium-ion batteries prepared with GGC binders exhibit outstanding electrochemical performance, with a discharge capacity of up to 1579 mAh/g for 1200 cycles at 1 A/g, providing a high capacity retention rate of 96%. This paper demostrates the great potential of GGC binders in realizing electrochemical performance enhancement of silicon anode. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rational fertilisation of olive trees, based on adding exclusively the nutrients that are actually needed, is important from both the economic and environmental sustainability points of view. This paper employs UAV-obtained multispectral data collected from five different orchards located in Southern Spain to build a set of models for the prediction of the leaf nutrient content of olive trees using Support Vector Regression. The paper shows the convenience of addressing the problem as a Multiple Instance Regression, and compares two strategies of data aggregation and different choices of feature vectors derived from the raw multispectral data. The models provided good results for N, P and K (r 2 = 0.76, r 2 = 0.87 and r 2 = 0.91, respectively for the Hojiblanca model, and r 2 = 0.79, r 2 = 0.80 and r 2 = 0.80 for the Picual model). The rest of nutrients studied also offered good results for both the Picual and Hojiblanca models, ranging from r 2 = 0.69 for B to r 2 = 0.93 for Cu. The results indicate a robust performance of the models and a potential for improvement with the addition of more data, along with an advantage of considering individual models for each cultivar variety. Overall, these results are very promising for the estimation of the leaf nutrient content of olives trees and the detection of spatial variability in the fertilisation needs of orchards. [Display omitted] • Leaf nutrient content of olive trees is predicted from UAV multispectral data. • Multiple Instance Regression is applied and its benefits discussed. • Models provide good results for N, P and K in the Hojiblanca and Picual models. • The rest of nutrients also show acceptable results. • Results are promising for detecting spatial variability in fertilisation needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an extension of Bhargava's theory of factorials associated to any nonempty subset S of Z. Bhargava's factorials k ! S are invariants, constructed using the notion of p -orderings of S where p is a prime. This paper defines b -orderings of any nonempty subset S of Z for all integers b ≥ 2 , as well as "extreme" cases b = 1 and b = 0. It defines generalized factorials k ! S , T and generalized binomial coefficients ( k + ℓ k ) S , T as nonnegative integers, for all nonempty S and allowing only b in T ⊆ N. It computes b -ordering invariants when S is Z and when S is the set of all primes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Paul Erdos and Carl Pomerance have proofs on an asymptotic upper bound on the number of preimages of Euler's totient function ϕ and the sum-of-divisors functions σ. In this paper, we will extend the upper bound to the number of preimages of iterates of ϕ and σ. Using these new asymptotic upper bounds, a conjecture in de Koninck and Kátai's paper, "On the uniform distribution of certain sequences involving the Euler totient function and the sum of divisors function" is now proven and many corollaries follow from their proven conjecture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let X be a finite connected poset, K a field of characteristic zero and I (X , K) the incidence algebra of X over K seen as a Lie algebra under the commutator product. In the first part of the paper we show that any 1 2 -derivation of I (X , K) decomposes into the sum of a central-valued 1 2 -derivation, an inner 1 2 -derivation and a 1 2 -derivation associated with a map σ : X < 2 → K that is constant on chains and cycles in X. In the second part of the paper we use this result to prove that any transposed Poisson structure on I (X , K) is the sum of a structure of Poisson type, a mutational structure and a structure determined by λ : X e 2 → K , where X e 2 is the set of (x , y) ∈ X 2 such that x < y is a maximal chain not contained in a cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Let k be an algebraically closed field of characteristic 0. We study some cohomological properties of Lie subalgebras of the Witt algebra W = Der (k [ t , t − 1 ]) and the one-sided Witt algebra W ≥ − 1 = Der (k [ t ]). In the first part of the paper, we consider finite codimension subalgebras of W ≥ − 1. We compute derivations and one-dimensional extensions of such subalgebras. These correspond to Ext U (L) 1 (M , L) , where L is a subalgebra of W ≥ − 1 and M is a one-dimensional representation of L. We find that these subalgebras exhibit a kind of rigidity: their derivations and extensions are controlled by the full one-sided Witt algebra. As an application of these computations, we prove that any isomorphism between finite codimension subalgebras of W ≥ − 1 extends to an automorphism of W ≥ − 1. The second part of the paper is devoted to explaining the observed rigidity. We define a notion of "completely non-split extension" and prove that W ≥ − 1 is the universal completely non-split extension of any of its subalgebras of finite codimension. In some sense, this means that even when studying subalgebras of W ≥ − 1 as abstract Lie algebras, they remember that they are contained in W ≥ − 1. We also consider subalgebras of infinite codimension, explaining the similarities and differences between the finite and infinite codimension situations. Almost all of the results above are also true for subalgebras of the Witt algebra. We summarise results for W at the end of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper investigates changes to Copenhagen's landscape of commemoration concerning its former colony, the Danish West Indies (DWI), prompted by the 2017 centennial anniversary of the Islands' sale to the US. It argues that Denmark, like other European nations, navigates a postcolonial identity crisis and that the landscape of commemoration plays a significant role within it. The paper advances our understanding of postcolonial Europe's identity crisis not only by shedding light on the under-explored case of Denmark, but also by emphasizing the role of the landscape of commemoration in this crisis. In addition to demonstrating how landscapes function as 'arenas' for negotiating expressions of hegemonic identity and territorial claims, it argues that the commemorative landscape is pivotal in tackling the construction of 'Europe' as a detached, self-made entity rather than a space (re)produced through connections with other (ed) places and people. It underscores that Europe's allegedly monochromatic historical fabric is woven from diverse global threads. Re-membering Europe with the people and regions vital to its (re)production re-writes them into European history and re-locates detached Europe (with)in the world. • Denmark can be situated within (post)colonial Europe's identity crisis. • Memories of the Danish West Indies are leveraged to negotiate Danish identity. • Copenhagen's commemorative landscape is instrumental in navigating the crisis. • Copenhagen's commemorative landscape redefines 'the Dane' and 'Denmark.'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the Linguistic Survey of India (LSI), a monumental exercise supervised by George Grierson to survey and classify the languages of colonial India. It considers why the LSI developed into an atypical scheme that corresponded with a multiethnic and multinational network of officials and scholars to survey India's languages. It makes the case that the networked practice of surveying was reciprocated at different scales, from localised linguistic surveys in districts and princely states to gather information and specimens, to a loosely governed transnational exercise involving Indians and Europeans to edit, review and publish results. The paper argues that the LSI's scalar geographies were negotiated by Grierson and, more importantly, his assistant Gauri Kant Roy and demonstrates that scale, as an analytic or process, was not an abstraction or predetermined for those entangled in the LSI's survey of India's languages. • Examines the Linguistic Survey of India from a historical geography perspective. • Highlights the LSI's uniqueness as a colonial Indian survey. • Draws on underutilised materials from National Archives of India. • Proposes a scalar and networked approach to the history of science and surveying. • Emphasises the significance of Gauri Kant Roy and various Indian surveyors in shaping India's linguistic geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the re-animation of a geography departmental collection through a study of the archives and map collection of the School of Geography, University of Nottingham. The discussion is situated within parallel examples of work on geographical archives and map collections, and wider debates on engagement with archival sources. The paper considers how a previously dormant collection has been re-animated in recent years, conveys the range of source material involved, and discusses the possibilities of digitisation. The paper thereby raises questions which could be asked of the holdings of any academic department, from whatever time period. • The first detailed study of the re-animation of a geography departmental archival and map collection. • Shows a variety of original source material including photographic slides, plans, maps and posters. • Connects the study of a specific archive and map collection to wider debates on engagement with archival sources. • Examines the possibilities and implications of digitising analogue archival material. • Raises questions which could be asked of any archives and collections held by academic departments, from whatever period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is an attempt to understand a mesh of complex relationships among tangible and intangible socio-economic factors that turned a desert city into the headquarters of one of the mighty polities in the Middle East in the fourteenth century CE. This paper argues that proto-industrialization led to the growth of 'virtual water' that helped the city of Yazd, in central Iran, to break free from its water limitation for the first time in its history. Yazd was almost absent in history until the twelfth century, as a peripheral oasis whose sparse population lived off subsistence agriculture irrigated by qanat systems (groundwater-mining subterranean channels). Following the Mongol invasion in the thirteenth century, the influx of landless refugees changed the relations of production and paved the way for proto-industrialization whose development hinged on skill and capital rather than water and land. Sufism and waqf (endowment tradition) contributed to the expansion of trading routes that facilitated the mobility of goods and people. The qanats were urbanized, and Yazd became an industrial hub where raw materials were processed into tradable products with considerable value added. This paper contributes to a broader understanding of the historical geography of the arid Middle East. • The Iranian city of Yazd rode out the Mongol invasion in the thirteenth century. • A surge of refugees upset the balance between population and agricultural resources. • Abundance of skilled workers led to a Middle Eastern mode of proto-industrialization. • Proto-industrialization engendered virtual water as an adaptation strategy. • Virtual water made a transition to a non-hydraulic society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We provide generalizations of a class of stochastic Gronwall inequalities that has been studied by von Renesse and Scheutzow (2010), Scheutzow (2013), Xie and Zhang (2020) and Mehri and Scheutzow (2021). This class of stochastic Gronwall inequalities is a useful tool for SDEs. Our focus are convex generalizations of the Bihari-LaSalle type. The constants we obtain are sharp. In particular, we provide new sharp constants for the stochastic Gronwall inequalities. The proofs are connected to a domination inequality by Lenglart (1977), an inequality by Pratelli (1976) and a characterization of Lenglart's concept of domination via the Snell envelope. The inequalities we study appear for example in connection with exponential moments of solutions to path-dependent SDEs: For non-path-dependent SDEs, criteria for the finiteness of exponential moments are known. To be able to extend these proofs to the path-dependent case, a convex generalization of a stochastic Gronwall inequality seems necessary. Using the results of this paper, we obtain a criterion for the finiteness of exponential moments which is similar to that known for non-path-dependent SDEs. Stochastic Gronwall inequalities can also be applied to study other types of SDEs than path-dependent SDEs: An estimate of this paper is applied by Agresti and Veraar (2023) to prove global well-posedness for reaction-diffusion systems with transport noise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we consider the following elliptic system of Hamiltonian type on a bounded domain: (0.1) { − Δ u = K 1 (| y |) | v | p − 1 v , in B 1 (0) , − Δ v = K 2 (| y |) | u | q − 1 u , in B 1 (0) , u = v = 0 on ∂ B 1 (0) , where K 1 (r) and K 2 (r) are positive bounded functions, B 1 (0) is the unit ball in R N , (p , q) is a pair of positive numbers lying on the critical hyperbola: 1 p + 1 + 1 q + 1 = N − 2 N. We investigate the local uniqueness and the nondegeneracy of the bubbling solution for problem (0.1). Our proof is based on the local Pohozaev identities, blow-up analysis, and the properties of Greens function. Our results are quite different from single equation, which is mainly caused by the non-cooperative nonlinear terms and (p , q) lying on the critical hyperbola. We believe that the various new ideas and technique computations that we used in this paper would be very useful to deal with other related problems of Hamiltonian type with interact critical exponents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we study the following (p , q) -Laplacian equation with L p -constraint: { − Δ p u − Δ q u + λ | u | p − 2 u = f (u) , in R N , ∫ R N | u | p d x = c p , u ∈ W 1 , p (R N) ∩ W 1 , q (R N) , where 1 < p < q < N , Δ i = div (| ∇ u | i − 2 ∇ u) , with i ∈ { p , q } , is the i -Laplacian operator, λ is a Lagrange multiplier and c > 0 is a constant. The nonlinearity f is assumed to be continuous and satisfying weak mass supercritical conditions. The purpose of this paper is twofold: to establish the existence of ground states, and to reveal the basic behavior of the ground state energy E c as c > 0 varies. Moreover, we introduce a new approach based on the direct minimization of the energy functional on the linear combination of Nehari and Pohozaev constraints intersected with the closed ball of radius c p in L p (R N). The analysis developed in this paper allows to provide the general growth assumptions imposed to the reaction f. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper concerns static and evolution equations involving degenerate curls. The topic is motivated by the mathematical problems of Meissner states of anisotropic superconductors, and of the nonlinear magneto-static Maxwell equations with strong anisotropy. Two types of degenerate curls are studied, among them one is the directional curl along a unit length vector field, which has been introduced by the author before, and the other is the matrix-curl, which is introduced in this paper. Because of the degeneracy produced by the degenerate curl of the unknown vector field in the leading term of the equation, the boundary condition should be prescribed on part of the boundary according to the nature of the degenerate curl. We formulate the Dirichelt type and natural type boundary conditions, and give existence of solutions both for the static equations and for the evolution equations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 1935, the introduction of the norm of a group by Reinhold Baer is a turning point in group theory. In fact, Baer proved that there is a very strong relationship between the structure of the norm and that of the whole group (see [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] , [5]). Since then, the norm has been playing a very significant roles in many aspects of group theory and its applications: it has been used in [43] to describe the connection between Hopf–Galois structures and skew braces; it has been used in [23] to describe some special types of profinite groups; and it has been fundamental in the theory of subgroup lattices of groups (see [40]). In this paper, we weaken the original definition of norm by taking into account only those subgroups that are "large" in some sense. Depending on the chosen concept of largeness, the resulting norm can have an impact on the structure of the whole group that is even greater than that of Baer's norm. This is exactly what happens with the non-polycyclic norm , and in fact, Theorem 4.17 gives a precise description of generalized soluble groups in which the non-polycyclic norm is non-Dedekind (and can be considered as the main result of the paper). Other times, the resulting norms have their own peculiar behaviour; this is the case if "large" means "infinite", "having infinite rank", "being non-Černikov", or "having cardinality m " for some given uncountable cardinal number m. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the final one in the series of papers by the authors devoted to finite-dimensional singular (simple right-alternative with zero product in the even part) superalgebras. In previous papers, algebraically generated singular superalgebras were studied and it was proved that any such superalgebra has the structure of an extended double. In this article, we prove that any singular superalgebra is algebraically generated and, therefore, has the structure of an extended double. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines information structures that can guarantee full surplus extraction via collusion-proof mechanisms. Our collusion-proofness notion requires that there does not exist any coalition whose manipulation can affect the mechanism designer's payoff. When the mechanism designer is restricted to using standard Bayesian mechanisms, we show that under almost every prior distribution of agents' types, there exist payoff structures under which there is no collusion-proof full surplus extracting mechanism. However, when ambiguous mechanisms are allowed, we provide a weak necessary and sufficient condition on the prior such that collusion-proof full surplus extraction can be guaranteed. Thus, the paper sheds light on how the collusion-proofness requirement resolves the full surplus extraction paradox of Crémer and McLean (1985, 1988) and how engineering ambiguity in mechanism rules restores the paradox. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) is a clinically challenging eye disease caused by damage to limbal stem cells (LSCs). Currently, the international consensus classifies LSCD into three clinical stages based on the disease severity. However, no existing animal models attempt to replicate the varying degrees of LSCD observed in clinical cases. The present study demonstrates an easy-to-create, reproducible, and reliable mouse model of graded LSCD. To achieve mild, moderate, or severe LSCD, filter paper rings with a variety of central angles (90°, 180°, or 270°) are utilized to deliver alkali burns to different sizes of the limbal area (1, 2, or 3 quarters). The animal model has successfully resulted in the development of clinical signs and pathological manifestations in escalating severity that are similarly observed in the three clinical stages of LSCD. Our study thus provides new insights into distinct pathological features underlying different grades of LSCD and serves as a new tool for further exploring the disease mechanisms and developing new effective therapeutics for repairing damaged LSCs. • An easy-to-create, reproducible, and stable animal model of graded LSCD is demonstrated. • Filter paper rings with a variety of central angles (90°, 180°, or 270°) are utilized to deliver alkali burn to different sizes of limbal area (1, 2, or 3 quarters). • A development of clinical signs and pathological manifestations in escalating severity that are similarly observed in patients with different degrees of LSCD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]