Search

Involving the global issues as listed in Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) in education is necessarily done in the education process, especially in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning. Exposure to global issues is known to improve students' understanding, awareness, and ability to solve urgent issues faced by global society. This paper aims to find out the trend of research on the coverage of SDGs in students' learning process. This systematic literature analysis was done by applying Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) Method. A total of 25 studies were recognized through a systematic search by using Sustainability, SDGs, and EFL as keywords. The result shows that the trend of associating SDGs with EFL settings was done mostly in Indonesia. In the recent year 2022, it reached the highest number of studies in the particular matter with 7 total of research. It was also found that the study involving SDGs on EFL learning was mostly done in the tertiary setting, compared with K-12, junior high school, secondary, high school, and other educational institutions. It was also discovered that the specific area of study enhances EFL students' learning achievement, environmental awareness, global citizen values, as well as students' levels of self-norms, beliefs, and self-value.

This paper presents the framework of an intensive programme (IP) organised by UNESCO and addressed to young graduate professionals to prepare them for a career in fields related to sustainability. The aims of the IP were to address participants' environmental awareness and to develop attitudes and skills related to environmental planning and management. This paper focuses on the methodological aspects of the educational activities and on the setting in which the activities were delivered. Teaching methods based on a learner-centred approach were used in the training. During the activities, 17 participants were provided the opportunity to experience various aspects of environmental integration and sustainability principles in key sectors of planning procedures in the Lonjsko Polje Nature Park (Croatia). The activities were evaluated using quantitative and qualitative tools such as the environmental education questionnaire, the training quality and involvement questionnaire and two focus groups with participants. The results showed the relevance of the setting and the methods applied to develop environmental awareness and skills related to managing sustainability issues. Implications for future research about educational programmes based on the development of sustainability principles are discussed.

With the hope of rapid development of rural tourism in Bulgaria, how to innovate and optimize the marketing mode and successfully achieve marketing purposes is an urgent problem for the marketing of rural tourism destinations. Based on the analysis of destinations in Bulgaria like Botevgrad, Chiprovtsi, Radomir, etc., this paper has proposed suggestions on designing tourist products in the provinces of Bulgaria. The ambition is to encourage rural areas to make full use of local superior resources, including traditional folk culture, old churches and pastoral views to build traditional leisure agricultural projects, protect the precious historic and cultural heritage and promote the prosperity of local rural economy. The research is based on field research of the specific places with the cooperation of local authorities and different organizations. The paper begins with a literature review concerning the role of tourism in sustainable destination development, considering the specificities of rural tourism, and the contribution of this tourism to sustainable development of rural areas. The literature review is followed by a case study for 3 regions in Bulgaria. Via qualitative and quantitative approach, the case study identifies the views of diverse stake holders (visitors, public, private agents of supply, residents and consultants). The methodology and observations under the analysis are presented and open for discussion. The paper ends with some prescriptions and offers for marketing strategy creation. In conclusion there are some suggestions on how to make the rural area sustainable through marketing strategies on rural tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Earth Observation (EO) is used to monitor and assess the status of, and changes in, the natural and manmade environment via remote sensing technologies, usually involving satellites carrying imaging devices. EO applications provide important inputs to governments in planning, implementing, and monitoring the progress of the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. Along with other countries, Bulgaria has committed to all 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and reflected them in its strategic documents. EO is one of the priority technologies for the development of the Bulgarian space sector. This paper analyzes how EO data could significantly help Bulgarian authorities in achieving and monitoring the progress of the SDG targets based on three specific EO monitoring pilot projects' results (showcases) focused more on the policy management approach than scientific achievement. The first project showed the opportunities of EO data for integration of a national (local) geospatial database with the existing international networks for monitoring natural disasters and accidents. The second demonstrated the time series usage of EO data for water quality monitoring. The third project integrated remote sensing data from EO and in situ measurements with ancillaries' data to provide phenology status and crop production forecast in a common geospatial database with the aim to support the Bulgarian agriculture sector modernization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable development of enterprises is based on three pillars: economic, social, and environmental. Sustainable development aims to limit climate change and its negative impact on the natural environment. The main aim of this paper is to assess the impact of selected energy economy factors (government expenditure, environmental taxes, outlays on renewable energy sources, prices of futures contracts for CO2 emissions, outlays on R&D, and the EU Emissions Trading System (ETSEU)) on the sustainable development of the energy sectors in Bulgaria, Czechia, Estonia, and Poland, from 2008 to 2022. We use the correlation coefficients, the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS), Vector Autoregressive (VAR) Models, and the simultaneous equation. The research results indicate a variation in the direction and strength of the influence of individual economic factors in the studied countries (p < 0.05). The results can support operational and strategic decisions sustaining the sustainable development of enterprises in the analyzed countries. The results indicate the need to reform selected economic factors, with an emphasis on the increased importance of environmental taxes and the reform of the EU ETS, which is a key tool for reducing greenhouse gas emissions cost-effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The growing social awareness of environmental protection entails that the assumptions of the sustainable development idea are being implemented in various economic sectors at an increasingly fast pace. One of them is the power industry, the sustainable development of which is now becoming a priority in economic policy for many countries. The paper refers to this issue by developing methodology for both studying and assessing the level of sustainable energy development in the Central and Eastern European Countries. The study involved 21 indicators characterizing the sustainable energy development of these countries in the areas of energy, environmental, economic, and social security for 2008 and 2018. When considering the complexity of the subject matter and the wide scope of the research, four methods of multi-criteria data analysis (TOPSIS, VIKOR, MOORA and COPRAS) were used. For each of them, based on the adopted criteria, synthetic indicators were determined, which allowed for the assessment of the level of sustainable energy development in the CEE countries. Weights for the adopted indicators were identified based on the Shanon's Entropy method. Afterwards, an unambiguous assessment of the level of sustainable energy development of the CEE countries was performed. The results showed that in 2008 and 2018, the best ranking position was held by Latvia and Croatia, and the worst ranking position was held by Poland and Bulgaria. The method of multidimensional scaling made it possible to determine the positions of studied countries on scatter plots in two-dimensional space, which showed differences between individual CEE countries. All in all, the applied methods allowed for a considerably broad assessment of the level of sustainable energy development of the CEE countries., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The entry and use of digital services is becoming more and more an invariable process in front of the perspectives and development of the Agriculture sector.This paper examines data for the state and use of digital agriculture market in demand side. The study presents readiness for using of digital services among the agricultural producers, the municipalities and sup-pliers. The paper presents results from the surveys carry out in the frame of the project “Theoretical models for digital agricultural development” – DIAGRO, financed by the National Fund for Scientific Research, Bulgaria. Integrating digital technologies can increase the efficiency of agriculture. Many more actors can get involved in shared platforms and in virtual/cloud services. The research results show quite large differences both in the use of digital services among farmers in different regions in Bulgaria. There is a lack of knowledge about the opportunities that digital services provide for sustainable rural development. As a result from there are several recommendations which can stimulate and impose on the process of digitalisation in agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban water systems are still in their infancy regarding the transition toward a circular economy, despite the sporadic successful examples worldwide. This paper was aimed at analyzing the preparedness of four water utilities in Bulgaria for the implementation of circular economy principles and solutions. These utilities provide water supply and sewerage services to about 30% of the population in Bulgaria. SWOT analysis was used as a core tool. Publicly available data such as nonrevenue water, pressure management, energy demand, network digitalization, and sludge utilization were used to explore the internal factors. The external environment was considered through the legislative and socioeconomic framework, climate change, etc. Finally, the credibility of the conclusions was verified in workshops with the water utilities. The key positive outcomes were that the external factors favor the shift to circular systems, while the major weakness, i.e., the aged infrastructure, is actually a good opportunity for the implementation of modern and circular solutions. The efficient collaboration of water utilities with other actors is a precondition for the development of a sustainable market for "circular" products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development of vineyard sector in Bulgaria is determined from one side by appropriate natural and climatic conditions and existing vineyard structure, as well as the traditions in selection of varieties and technology in wine producing. The aim of the paper is to analyze and assess the financing in the vineyard sector for the period 2007-2013 under the measure "Restructuring and conversion of vineyards" and on this basis to make generalized conclusions for, implementation of the measure in the previous programming period and to provide guidelines to enhance the potential of the sector through the use of funding in the new programming period. The paper presents the analysis of the possibilities for funding under the measure "Restructuring and conversion of vineyards"; analysis of the fund distribution of the measure for the period 2007-2013;analysis of the disbursed budget; analysis of maximal financial support per ha for different activities, evaluation of financial application and impact of the measure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Studies in Law & Economics / Studia Prawno-Ekonomiczne is the property of Lodz Scientific Society / Lodzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: This paper aims to assess the impact of entrepreneurial determinants on the sustainable development of enterprises in emerging EU economies from 2008 to 2020. Design/methodology/approach: This paper is empirical, and it consists of conceptual background, research methodology, research results, discussions, and conclusions. The survey covers the enterprise sector in Bulgaria, Croatia, Poland, Romania, and Hungary (emerging and developing economies in the EU). I used the correlations coefficients and the Ordinary Least Square Method to verify the strength and direction of influence of entrepreneurial determinants on the sustainable development of enterprises. Findings: In the analyzed countries, there is a diversified influence of individual entrepreneurial determinants on the sustainable development of enterprises, both in terms of direction and strength of influence. Research limitations/implications: The paper has serious limitations in selecting and integrating indicators for the research. Further research requires considering a larger group of determinants, not only strictly entrepreneurial factors. Practical implications: The analysis results indicate that entrepreneurial factors influence the sustainable development of the enterprise sector; therefore, the authorities should coordinate activities and initiatives related to sustainable development and entrepreneurship. Creating financial and non-financial incentives is necessary to run a sustainable business. Social implications: Sustainable development is crucial for the conditions and quality of life. Separating entrepreneurial factors and creating effective institutional support for business initiatives is crucial for sustainable development. Originality/value: A novelty in the paper is an attempt to isolate entrepreneurial determinants of the sustainable development of enterprises. The article is intended for a wide audience, theoreticians and practitioners interested in sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preservation and use of plant diversity is one of the global priorities for the development of sustainable agriculture in climate change conditions. During the period 1982-2021 in the National Genebank in Sadovo 53,545 accessions of cultural and wild plant species were stored. The enrichment of plant genetic resources collections in recent years has been focused on local traditional varieties, mainly by vegetable crops. The paper presents the status of conserved plant gene pool in Bulgaria in connection with optimization of the managing process of germplasm storage, study, reproduction, free exchange and use via establishment of an information system with specialized software. The created architecture follows the international standard of FAO/Bioversity. Passport data includes taxonomic description, biological status and origin of the accessions. The information system uses ontologies for facilitated free access and security of records through innovative blockchain technologies. As a result, the functionality of the documentation process as well as access to the plant gene pool to all stakeholders, in accordance with International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture and the Nagoya Protocol, is guaranteed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of sustainable agriculture is widely used to develop international and national policies for the sector. The European Green Deal, which promotes stable food supply, guarantees revenues for farmers and green living environment. Overcoming rural deprivation is usually the central topic of its implementation. The path to sustainable agriculture requires a holistic approach, considering the complexity of social, economic, cultural, technical, and environmental aspects. In this paper we explore the main preconditions to sustainable development of the agricultural sector in Bulgaria based on select indicators, structured in three main groups: economic, social and environmental. We prioritize certain critical challenges, matching them with appropriate interventions with a great potential for impact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a novel approach to evaluate European countries on Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) by means of Hierarchical Stochastic Multicriteria Acceptability Analysis (HSMAA). HSMAA produces rankings with Monte Carlo generation of weights, overcoming the need to choose one specific set of weights. The main contribution of this paper lies in the possibility of quantifying the probability by which each country receives a given ranking. Furthermore, HSMAA allows to take into account the hierarchical nature of SDG measurement given that each of the 17 Goals also consists of several indicators. Our results show that Denmark outperforms other European countries, while lower levels of performance are observed in Romania and Bulgaria. In between bottom and top performers, we also find that many countries' rankings vary widely by the chosen set of weights, exemplifying the need to rank countries based on multiple weightings and to quantify the probabilities of each ranking. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper aims at measuring the efficiency of the digital economy in EU countries. For that purpose, data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used. Sub-dimensions of the Digital Economy and Society Index (DESI) are used as inputs and the Sustainable Development Goals Index (SDGI) as an output. The results revealed that Bulgaria, Italy and Romania are the most efficient digital economies in terms of human capital; Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Croatia, Estonia, Finland, Greece, Lithuania, Poland and Portugal in terms of connectivity; Bulgaria, Hungary and Romania in terms of integration of digital technology; and Romania in terms of digital public services. The result of tobit regression analysis showed that not all the indicators of the DESI dimensions positively influence the efficiency of the digital economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrialization and mechanization of the agriculture in the 20th century led to an increase in productivity and efficiency and development of large-scale farms. The environmental concerns and resource scarcity transform the models of agricultural production. The implementation of new technologies and digitalization led to evolution of precision farming. The aim of the study is to analyse the economic efficiency of precision technologies in soft fruit production and discuss the possibility of their implementation. The survey focuses on case studies analysis and presents the economic benefits of precision technologies. Opportunities for adoption of innovation in Bulgaria are also outlined. The methodological framework is based on the "Case study" approach. The survey shows positive economic effect of precision technologies on agriculture. On the other hand, the analysis indicated that there are significant differences in total costs and especially in the investment costs. This in many cases this is the main reason related to the limited implementation of innovations by farmers. The application of precision technologies is concentrated mainly in extensive production with larger holdings. It is necessary to encourage their application in high value-added sectors and benefit from the EU funds in the field of innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the possibilities for higher education (HE) policies to be strategically assured upon the triple helix between university, local authorities and businesses providing the proper social context as a resource for authentic educational content and learning environment. The study is based on the application of Action Research methodology in the framework of the applied project of the Institute for the Study of Societies and Knowledge at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, on the example of ecopreneurship training, supported by the German Federal Environmental Foundation, as an experiment regarding our central research question: How is it possible to foster the transition toward sustainable economy through education, on the example of such transdisciplinary course in higher education? In particular, we involve different stakeholders (university teachers, students, university administration and green businesses) in order to improve educational outcomes, and especially, to increase the level of competence of academic staff and students to teach, learn, explore, and transfer new fields of knowledge, experience, and attitude toward sustainable economy. We operationalize that through competencies (with their nuclei - knowledge, skills, and attitudes) as a didactical instrument. During the process our cases reveal the need of transdisciplinary learning through especially designed close to ‘real-world’ settings. Thus, creating free space for experimentation and mutual learning we plan on achievable and product-oriented outcomes, which gives confidence and motivation for further learning and involvement in the field of sustainable economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper argues that cross-border cooperation is important for border regions for building productive economies and inclusive societies. It justifies also the need of integrating sustainable development principles into regional development practice. The paper analyses levels and dynamics of key socio- economic indicators of the Northeast Region of Macedonia and Kyustendil district in Bulgaria such as regional - GDP, gross value added, employment, economic structure, demographic indicators. It concludes by presenting prospects for development of cooperation in the cross border regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bulgaria's membership in the European Union defines the development of clusters as a key element of the National Strategy for increasing the competitiveness. The role of the clusters becomes especially important at this time because SME do not have the capacity to meet EU requirements and to survive without uniting themselves. Moreover the National Strategy for Vine-wine Sector in Bulgaria stipulates the transformation of the sector in a leading one and securing a decent place of Bulgarian wines on international market which may be succeed through cluster introduction in the sector. In the paper is presented an overview of the initiatives for cluster development in the Bulgarian grape-wine sector and are disclosed the structure and role of cluster participants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ongoing economic development provokes the intensification of competition on the global market, requiring developing countries to offer affordable conditions for attracting new labour and financial resources. At the same time, foreign investors and skilled labour forces focus on countries with a high level of investment attractiveness. The paper aims to estimate the coordination and degree of coupling between the dimensions of investment attractiveness, defining the internal and external dimensions of investment attractiveness in order to do so. The internal dimensions included five groups of indicators: socio-economic, infrastructural, innovation/research, energy resources, and agricultural dimensions. Based on entropy methods, the authors developed an approach to assessing the degree of coupling between the core dimensions of investment attractiveness. The countries which were the subjects of the investigation for the period of 2000- 2020 were Bulgaria, Croatia, Lithuania, Latvia, Romania, Poland, and Ukraine. The analysed data was obtained from the World Data Bank. The findings showed that Bulgaria, Croatia, Lithuania, Latvia, and Romania had the highest degree of coupling of integrated investment attractiveness in 2018-2020, Poland in 2018, and Ukraine in 2008. The results of pairwise and integrated assessment of coordination and interconnection between the core dimensions of investment attractiveness allowed for the identification of both positive and negative trends in the change thereof, justifying the governmental policy of increasing investment attractiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable development of a country depends on many factors. One of them is the balanced development of regions. The aim of this research is to study the inequalities between regions (NUTS 3 level) in Bulgaria by application of the Regional Competitiveness Index (RCI), a tool, which is based on 10 important for regional development indicators. The paper presents the last RCI ranking list (for the 2016 year) and analyses and compares it with the ranking lists for previous years. The results show significant inequalities between the capital region and other regions for the whole period and relative small imbalances between other regions. The RCI ascertained relatively stable groups of most competitive and most non-competitive regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The publication presents an overview of the national energy targets by sectors, emphasizing the goals of energy transition by analysing the national legislation, strategic documents and action plans in Bulgaria. A brief introduction is presented on the current energy data, what actions in terms of energy efficiency, savings and decarbonisation have been implemented so far and their impact. The publication analyses the government's action plans to move to a lowcarbon economy by implementing short-term and long-term measures in the different economic sectors. For the purposes of the analysis, the energy consumption sectors are defined according to the guidelines of the Sustainable Energy Development Agency for the development of municipal plans and programs to promote the use of energy from renewable sources and bio-fuels and energy efficiency, as well as the guidelines for developing a Sustainable Energy and Climate Action Plans of the Covenant of Mayors, as follows: Buildings, Industry, Transport and Agriculture sectors. This review will serve for further analysis and assessment of energy transition scenarios. The expected impact from the implementation of the national plans for achieving the European targets is analysed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to successfully meet the EU's resource efficiency targets by 2030, the transition to a circular economy model should become a state priority. This implies that the concept should be expanded not only to waste reduction and recycling, but also to the disruption of the dependence between economic growth and waste production. The purpose of this paper is to analyse how far in Bulgaria is done the transition to a circular model, while making a comparison with the EU and to prove the need for an accelerated implementation of adequate measures on the part of public authorities to promote such a change. Work is based on a descriptive analysis of secondary data on the performance of the selected indicators of circular economy and comparative analysis within the EU. The analysis shows the presence of a certain delay compared to the EU average indicators as well as unused opportunities not only related to more efficient use of resources, but also to a radical change in the business model. The conclusions reached indicate the existence of a number of obstacles that delay the transition. This calls for accelerating the reform of eco-fiscal and innovative government policies. The added value of the article is not only the analytical consideration of the problems, but mostly in drawing up recommendations for future measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rural development policy in Bulgaria is aimed at achieving sustainable development of the economic sectors, as the rural area is a place for development not only for agricultural activities, but also it offers good prospects for economic development on a regional scale, through adequate business support, job creation and tourism development. Therefore, the interconnection and interdependence between the two economic sectors is especially important to find opportunities for the development of alternative tourism with the formation of unique tourism products and the application of environmentally-friendly agricultural practices in order to achieve higher living standards and economic benefits for local communities. The problem is that the current pandemic conditions of last year and this year impose a number of restrictions to a greater or lesser extent on each of the economic sectors. The aim of our research is related to the study of interconnection and interdependence of key economic sectors -- agriculture and tourism in crisis conditions. The research methods used in the study include: basic scientific research methods, questionnaire survey, summary and synthesis, logical method, tabular and graphical presentation of characteristics and trends. The results of the research can be systematized in several directions: analysis of the connections and interdependence of the sectors through the opportunities for creation of unique tourist products and through diversification of the activities in the rural areas. In conclusion, the pandemic inevitably affects the economic sectors, with greater constraints on the tourism business, where the preferences of potential tourists are focused on domestic alternative tourism. In the construction of unique and specific tourist products in rural areas, the relationship agriculture -- tourism is strongly emphasized in terms of requirements for clean and healthy foods, incl. organic food or the purchase of local food products from the region. The diversification of activities in rural areas through the development of tourism provides an opportunity for the development of entrepreneurial initiatives. The strong connection and interdependence between the economic subjects in the indicated economic branches of key importance is fully manifested in a good combination of the interests of all participants concerned in the process of development of the specific territory/region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last decade, local action groups (LAGs) in Bulgaria have become key organizations supporting the implementation of projects important for rural development. Prerequisites for this are the unique characteristics of the LEADER/CLLD approach, which allow empowerment of the population, capacity building combined with providing access to financial resources, as well as building trust and accumulation of social capital. Since the beginning of the application of the approach in the country, LAGs have been facing some difficulties, but at the same time the opportunities for attracting funds to support a wide range of initiatives at the local level are expanding. In this regard, the aim of this study is based on the analyses of the activities of LAGs in the country, to outline the challenges facing these organizations and to reveal their potential for sustainable development of rural areas. The case study method is applied. The results of the study show a significant potential of LAGs to accelerate the socio-economic processes in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article considers the main parameters of the sustainable development of the urban and rural environment as a basis for ecological development of the Bulgarian Black Sea region. Based on the problems of urbanization in the post-totalitarian transition in Bulgaria, conclusions and findings are made about the nature and the parameters of the implementation of the second pillar "Green Bulgaria" of the Plan for Recovery and Sustainability of the Republic of Bulgaria. The thesis is defended that the future development of Bulgarian Black Sea region should be based on environmental friendliness and sustainability. An attempt has been made to highlight the positive and negative changes in the ecological development of the Bulgarian Black Sea region over the last three decades. The main guidelines for the necessary changes in the regulatory aspect are presented. They should ensure the protection of the air, soil, water and nature of the Bulgarian Black Sea region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifunctional agriculture is a continuation of the meaning of diversification. It is a way of undertaking an agricultural endeavor, combining different practices from different sectors. The idea behind such an approach is to use the typical resources of agricultural holdings to achieve results related to other sectors. Multifunctionality can refer to different functions. It has been adopted in agriculture as a paradigm of sustainable agricultural practices to achieve better rural development. Multifunctional agriculture can be an important factor in the economic development of both farmers and rural areas. The aim of the study is to analyze the economic, social and environmental effects of the application of multifunctional agriculture. The research is based on good practices of different farms in Bulgaria. The results show that multifunctional agriculture stabilizes the economic condition of agricultural holdings and contributes to the development of the rural areas in which they are located. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of rural regions and rural disparities are the main issues in the European Union regional policy. The topic continues to be an object of serious discussion among policymakers and scientist. Agriculture plays an important role in rural areas and contributes to generating employment and income. In the past decades, the CAP is reforming and changing to address the challenges in the EU rural regions. The aim of the study is based on the socio-economic analysis of the rural regions in Bulgaria to formulate opportunities for more balanced and sustainable development. The paper observes possibilities and prospects for the rural areas in Bulgaria in the context of the CAP post-2020. The study reveals that depopulation and marginalization of rural regions remain major issues in Bulgaria. Therefore, the implementation of the territorial and local model should dominate in Pillar II for the 2014-2020 programming period. These approaches could stimulate transformations and transition to sustainable regional development. In order to maximize the potential of the Pillar II funding, the national regional policy also should be reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to explore the social economy in the context of sustainable development and social inclusion, while tracking the developments in the legal framework of the social economy in Bulgaria and analysing some basic concepts. On the basis of this analysis, the authors have made generalisations and drawn conclusions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper examines tourism sector development in the Republic of Bulgaria in the context of the country's strategic priorities till 2020 of knowledge-based economy, sustainable growth and smart specialization, the opportunities for its integration with agri-food sector and potential contribution to balanced rural development. The principles and roles of destination management and marketing organizations are discussed and the opportunities for their application in the national conditions are explored. A framework for of establishment, management and functioning of such organizations is proposed based on integrated and participatory approaches, planning, coordination and communication activities, permanent monitoring and controlling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current food systems face major challenges in terms of sustainable development in social, economic and environmental dimensions. These challenges are related to the long-standing industrialization of agricultural production processes, the food industry and the associated longer and more transparent supply chains. Thе article was written in response to the question of the existence of short food supply chains (SFSC) in Bulgaria and their contribution to sustainable rural development. Cases and interviews were conducted with farm owners as representatives of the SFSCs in the country. A description of the case of SFSC in an organic farm in Bulgaria - Sofina farm is presented. Various survey methods have been applied, including primary data collection, case study approaches, interviews with farm managers, as well as desktop research. The conclusions we draw from the study relate to future policies that need to be followed to improve the sustainability of rural areas, which must undoubtedly take into account regional differences between actors in supply chains, different types and organizational forms of SFSCs, as well as the requirements of consumers regarding the delivered food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of the current study was to establish the dynamics of weight development and growth capacities until weaning in lambs from the Karnobat Fine-fleece breed in both sexes and different types of birth. The subjects of the study were 15 female and 15 male lambs. The study was conducted in the flock owned by Institute of Agriculture – Karnobat, during the 2020 lambing season. Four groups were formed, equalized according to the method of analogues by type of birth (singles, twins), gender (male, female), age and live weight. Live weight was recorded at birth, at 10 days, at 30 days, at 70 days and at 90 days. It has been established that the Karnobat Fine-fleece sheep breed is characterized by a good intensity of offspring growth until weaning, with female lambs reaching an average of 29.233 kg, and male lambs, respectively, 30.835 kg at 90 days. The average daily gain of lambs from the Karnobat Fine-fleece breed ranged from 0.236 kg to 0.344 kg for females by periods and from 0.242 kg to 0.367 kg for male lambs. Lambs of both sexes achieved the highest growth in the period 30-70 days. The results of the study indicate good compensatory abilities in the weight development of lambs born as twins from the Karnobat Fine-fleece sheep breed. The total gain reached by twin lambs at 90 days was close in value to singles of both sexes, being 1.97% lower in female lambs and 4.77% lower in male offspring. The Karnobat Fine-fleece breed has a good genetic potential for meat production, which is an advantage for sustainable development against the background of competition from specialized meat-producing sheep breeds in Bulgaria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The information technology (IT) sector is a powerful factor in present-day society, and its role in pro-sustainability policies is crucial. This study aims to gain insight into IT students' perspectives on the role of education for sustainable development (ESD) in their academic curriculum as well as to project their attitudes and actions to prospective employers. Design/methodology/approach: This study used a cross-sectional survey design, involving 260 students majoring in IT at a public university in Bulgaria. Findings: The majority of the students (67.30%) believed that their university education should promote students' social and environmental skills. However, 55–65% thought that the current academic curriculum failed to connect subject matter with relevant environmental issues. The students held high expectations of prospective employers. There was a significant concordance between the participants' views on sustainability and their perceived workplace actions. The participants who believed that employers should reduce carbon emissions were significantly more likely to refuse to do any work that supports the fossil fuel industry [odds ratio (OR) = 4.82, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2.04–11.37] or leave a job if the company provides products or services for the fossil fuel industry (OR = 3.10, 95% CI: 1.26–7.26). Such participants were more likely to opt for a lower salary in favor of environmental principles (OR = 2.38, 95% CI: 1.32–4.28). Social implications: The IT sector is a powerful factor in present-day society, and its role in pro-sustainability policies is crucial. IT students' perspectives on the gaps in current sustainability practices convey a message to the IT academic and employment communities that environmental issues matter and are important to this new generation of technologically savvy people. Originality/value: There have been a few other studies in Bulgaria on the issue of ESD, but no other study has focused on the projection of students' attitudes toward the environment onto future employers. The study's results showed that the Bulgarian young people who were getting ready for jobs in the IT field had the same environmental values and concerns as their peers from different higher education areas in different parts of the world. They were interested in acquiring knowledge and competencies that would help propel pro-environmental actions in their academic institution and future workplace. Notwithstanding the overall low economic standards in their country, they tended to put carbon-free and environmentally friendly policies ahead of financial interests. Their critical perspectives on the gaps in current sustainability practices convey a message to the academic and job communities in IT that environmental issues matter to this new generation of technologically savvy people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of social farming has gained wide popularity in Bulgaria over the last decade. A number of authors emphasize the importance of this concept for social inclusion and economic empowerment of vulnerable groups of society. Social farming contributes to increasing the level of social capital of the representatives of these groups, provides employment and allows them to become independent economic units. The aim of the study is to show the potential of social farming for achieving sustainable results in the rural areas of Bulgaria, based on the analysis of a network of organizations implementing an integrated model for small business support among disadvantaged families. The study applies social network analysis and case study methods. The results confirm the importance of the concept in addressing major rural problems. Some challenges for social farming have been outlined. Conclusions and recommendations have been made on policies in the area concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article examines the conditions and factors of developing cultural tourism in Bulgaria. The author proofs the point that the cultural tourism is not only different from the traditional tourist product, but is also specific, due to its role of formation of individual users. Based on a survey from among 115 real users of this type of tourism product, are defined the major factors of cultural tourism in Bulgaria. By using the scientifically based methodology, the factors are ranged. Three main factors are determined: cultural and historical sites, presentation of handicrafts and other local activities, presence of pristine nature. Indicated are the factors which discourage the potential users of cultural tourism. Based on the study and analysis, is concluded that Bulgaria has all the necessary conditions and prerequisites for developing cultural tourism. Formulated are specific conclusions and practical recommendations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents the concept of sustainable water resources management in the context of United Nations' sustainable development goals (UN SDG) and in relation to policies for water resources management in Bulgaria. The natural systems for wastewater treatment are discussed as an example for sustainable management. They could be used without the application of complex equipment or chemical processes. The economic and social advantages of these systems are discussed too. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Conservation and sustainable use of natural resources are gaining more and more weight on the world political agenda and are attracting the attention of national governments at the highest level. The Water-Energy-Food (WEF) approach helps to understand the interrelationship between natural resources and human activities such as planning, managing, or consuming water, energy, or agricultural products. The world is currently facing the challenge of providing water, energy, and food for all. Scarce natural resources and the environment are increasingly being exploited, while at the same time the demand for fresh water, agricultural products, and energy increases. In this context, the protection of the quality of the available water resources becomes even more important. The preservation of the quality status of water resources is compromised by excessive exploitation, the introduction of polluting substances of different origins, hydromorphological changes in aquatic habitats, and climate changes. The main aim of this article is to clarify the Water-Energy-Food relationship and determine the current physico-chemical state of Lake Srebarna, which is a protected natural site in Bulgaria, a wetland of international importance, a biosphere reserve, and part of the list of world cultural heritage monuments and natural sights of UNESCO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is a comparative analysis of the disparities between EU Member States regarding the uniformity of the observed changes in the field of sustainable development. In order to fulfil the purpose the relatively dynamic taxonomy has been applied. In the work the key indicators of the Sustainable Development analysis have been used. Application of relative measures enabled to assess the situation of a given country in relation to all other countries. According to the research relatively high levels of dis-proportionality between the EU Member States in the field of sustainable development can be observed. Surprisingly the greatest deterioration was observed between Southern European countries and not as could be expected between Western and Northern ones. The leaders throughout the period of analysis were the Netherlands and France, which clearly stood out in favor of the other countries. The least favorable positions were taken by Malta and Bulgaria, which were at the end of the all rankings. The results obtained can be utilized in subsequent years to examine the directions of change observed both from the point of view of individual EU Member States and geographical regions of Europe in the area of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this publication, the Framework of a new model of interaction between the parts is in in interest in the processes of strategic governance of higher education in Bulgaria is set. It could serve the administration in its efforts to create real interactions and working networks. The separation from the old department told strictly hierarchical model of public administration in our country is difficult, even with the support of the institutions and norms of the European Union. The problems in the strategic governance of higher education clearly testify to this. The challenges of our time require a multidimensional and integrated approach to public administration. “Good Governance” leads as an appropriate model that sets a new value on interactions. It is an approach to management “together”, through more complex and integrated strategies, which makes it possible to respond adequately to current and future challenges. In this sense, “Good Governance” to lead to sustainable development requires strategic management, so higher education systems should be managed strategically, through “New Public Governance” tools. Expanding interactions, in turn, creates additional challenges that must be addressed. The purpose of the study is to specify guidelines for identifying stakeholders in the “Higher Education” sector and defining a framework for discussion, decision-making and interaction in strategic governance processes. The formulated guidelines and framework should be perceived as the basis of a procedure for the development of interactions, which needs to be developed collectively and to be implemented in a mandatory form in Bulgarian practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discussed the state and trends in table grapes production development in Bulgaria during the period 2004-2015. The dynamics in the size of the cultivated area, the level of average yields and production were analyzed. The changes in the specialization and concentration of production were outlined. The trends in consumption, imports and exports of table grapes were presented. The main problems defining the low level of profitability of table grapes production were identified. The opportunities for financial support through the mechanisms of the Common Agricultural Policy 2014-2020 were indicated with a view of the prospects for sustainable development of the sub-sector in the mid-term plan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The strength of the bond between agriculture and the natural environment is measured by output intensity. This work aimed to evaluate the diversity of agriculture across the European Union in terms of agricultural output intensity from the perspective of the assumptions of the concept of sustainable development. Surveys were conducted using selected indicators based on data derived from EUROSTAT, FAOSTAT, and FADN from 2010–2019. The adopted indicators were used for developing a ranking of member states according to output intensity, which, in confrontation with the level of agricultural efficiency, can form a basis for an individual approach to the development strategies of respective member states. Their findings imply that, in the analyzed period, differences in output intensity among member states declined insignificantly. From 2010 to 2019, most countries forming the so-called 'old 15′ featured higher output intensity than new member states. The Netherlands and Malta recorded the highest cost of intermediate consumption per 1 ha of utilized agricultural area. By contrast, agricultural production was the least intensive in Bulgaria. Land productivity was also very strongly variable. The difference between the old and new member states was clearly marked. Dutch agriculture reached the highest land productivity from 2010 to 2019, where agricultural production levels per 1 ha were five times higher than on average in the European Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural areas in Bulgaria have an untapped potential, both in the use and protection of available resources and their socio-economic development, and for generation of additional income. Their sustainable development would balance the economic, social, and environmental growth and significantly improve the rural quality of life. The aim of this study is to identify the theoretical and methodological foundations for the management of sustainable development of rural areas in Bulgaria. On the basis of the general scientific methods of induction, deduction and translation, content analysis, and critical analysis of documents and literature sources, the following are reasoned: 1) the theoretical foundations of sustainable development; 2) the strategic framework for sustainable development; 3) the problems in defining the rural territories; 4) the development of alternative tourism as a good practice for the diversification of the functional use of the territory. The article argues that the management of sustainable development is based on the collaboration between the authorities, local communities and businesses for the diversification in the functional use of the territory and the optimal utilization of available resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the current context, with phenomena such as dramatic climate change, water, air, soil pollution, etc., the complex relation between environmental degradation and economic growth is intensely debated in the academia as well as in worldwide politics. This study examines the relationship between carbon dioxide emissions, gross domestic product, energy consumption, and urbanization rate in Romania and Bulgaria over 1980–2019 period. For this purpose, we have applied the ARDL bounds testing approach and, to validate the robustness of the results, we have used the VEC Granger model. The results showed that there are long term relationships between CO2 emissions per capita and the determinant factors taken into account in both countries; however, while the inverted N-shape of EKC is significant in the case of Bulgaria, this does not happen in the case of Romania although the model which includes the inverted U-shape of EKC is significant for both countries. Considering the fact that both Romania and Bulgaria are emerging economies which, despite having made significant progress, are still in search of a path towards sustainable development, such a study may constitute a good starting point and may suggest some action directions in terms of sustainable development policies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the mission, vision, goals and objectives of the National Spatial Development Concept (NSDC) of the Republic of Bulgaria by 2020. Attention is drawn to the expected results of its application. The main methodological guidelines and principles for spatial planning are studied. The coordinating role of NSDC in relation to other types of territorial planning is an object of particular analysis. After the accession of Bulgaria in the EU, the principles and provisions of European documents, practices and prospects for spatial planning are taken into account. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In today's uncertain climate, competitiveness and sustainable development have become milestones of both advanced and emerging countries. Since competitiveness and sustainable development are interconnected, an extensive vision of competitiveness should be available for both the economy and the society. The definition, measurement and analysis of both concepts taken into consideration, competitiveness and sustainable development, is thus an important issue for policy-makers. Thus, the goal of this paper is to research the interconnection between the competitiveness and sustainable development factors for two emerging countries, Romania and Bulgaria, based on the existing literature and the most recent studies in this area. Using extensive data over a period of 10 years, this study explores and tests the sign of the relationship between national competitiveness and sustainable development indicators for the cases of Romania and Bulgaria. The dataset includes the Global Competitiveness Index values and the sustainable development indicators for both countries and covers the period of 2004 - 2013. Our findings are the basis of developing new models describing the relationships between competitiveness, economic growth and sustainability, justified by the need of sustainable economy's development to increase the national competitiveness, in order to attract financial resources necessary for financing the growth of the economy and economic entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism & Management Studies is the property of Escola Superior de Gestao, Hotelaria e Turismo, Universidade do Algarve and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Energy Union aims to provide clean, secure, and affordable energy for many customers leading societies towards sustainable energy development. Several criteria were introduced in this vein to evaluate the twenty-third EU countries' progress towards energy union goals. The present study proposed and applied a SWARA-TOPSIS framework based on Pythagorean fuzzy sets to rank the EU members considering their sustainable energy development progress. Ten experts working in various fields were selected to support the identified criteria, and a sensitivity analysis based on twenty scenarios was performed to evaluate the proposed model's sensitivity to weight changes. The obtained results indicated that "energy affordability" is the most influential criterion for evaluating countries, and the proposed model is sensitive to weight changes. Luxembourg is also the first-ranked country, followed by Denmark and Sweden, while Bulgaria achieved the worst rank among the EU considering its progress towards the energy union goals. The analysis of the results indicates room for improvement in implementation with the European Union goals by the EU members and the need to consider energy justice and affordability in the policy development, especially in the new members of the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since municipal waste accounts for 7% - 10% of all waste generated in the European Union, this issue drums up major interest at the institutional level, given that increasing the levels of collected waste poses significant challenges to the environment and human health. The European Union adopted a legislative package which promotes the shift towards a more sustainable development model, known as the circular economy. The aim of this article is to analyze the dynamics of municipal waste management in Romania and Bulgaria in the European context, as there are deficiencies in these countries' implementation of the European waste management legislation. Eurostat's data for the 2000-2020 time horizon was used for the undertaken analysis. The results of the study show that both Romania and Bulgaria are facing similar challenges in terms of waste management due to the fact that some of the European directives have not been transposed into the national legislation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recurring economic crises, growing social insecurity, and environmental threats have brought forward the issue of sustainable development (SD) as a universal responsibility, called by some the “Green Revolution” (Peach 2013). In response to trends that the planet can no longer bear (WCED 1987), two discursive ields are formed that are mutually stimulating: On the one hand, more and more researchers are dealing with diferent aspects of endangered human existence on the planet, culminating in the theory of a risk society that began to produce more risks globally than wealth (Beck 1992; Giddens 1992). On the other hand, national governments seek solutions to these problems on a practical day-to-day basis, and most often with partial and indeterminate results. The intersection of these discourses is the report “Our Common Future” (1987) of the UN World Commission on Environment and Development, which proposes an integrated approach to solving problems, deining the three “pillars” of SD: a vibrant economy, a healthy environment and social equity. Culture has been added to them over the last two decades (Hawkes 2001). The article examines how culture permeates EU sustainable development policies through urban policies and how this resonates in Bulgaria. The analysis is based on documentary research and review of the Internet and media resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Universities can do more to deliver against the sustainable development goals (SDGs), working with faculty, staff and students, as well as their wider stakeholder community and alumni body. They play a critical role in helping shape new ways for the world, educating global citizens and delivering knowledge and innovation into society. Universities can be engines of societal transformation. Using a multiple case study approach, this study aims to explore different ways of strategizing sustainability toward delivering the SDGs are explored in a university setting with an example from the UK, Bulgaria (Europe) and USA. Design/methodology/approach: The first case is a public UK university that adopted enterprise and sustainability as its academic mission to secure differentiation in a disrupted and increasingly marketized global higher education sector; this became a source of inspiration for change in regional businesses and the local community. The second case is a business sector-led sustainability-driven transformation working with a private university in Bulgaria to catalyze economic regeneration and social innovation. Finally, a case from the office for sustainability in a major US research university is given to show how its engagement program connected faculty and students in sustainability projects within the institution and with external partners. Findings: Each case is in effect a "living lab," positioning sustainability as an intentional and aspirational strategy with sustainable development and the SDG framework a means to that end. Leadership at all levels, and by students, was key to success in acting with a shared purpose. Partnerships within and with universities can help accelerate delivery of the SDGs, enabling higher education to make a fuller contribution to sustaining the economic, environmental, cultural and intellectual well-being of our global communities. Originality/value: The role of universities as the engine of transformational sustainability toward delivering the SDGs has been explored by way of three case studies that highlight different means toward that end. The collegiate nature of the higher education sector, with its shared governance models and different constituencies and performance drivers, means that sustainability at a strategic level must be led with leaders at all levels acting with purpose. The "living lab" model can become a part of transformative institutional change that draws on both top-down and bottom-up strategies in pursuit of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]