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The article offers information on the Canadian scholar Ellen Gillies Cooke and her contributions to Manitoba and Canada's historical record. Topics include her gift of thousands of documents to the Archives of Manitoba which include office records of Manitoba premier John Norquay and a significant amount of her personal research on the Norquays, the mystery of the office documents being in typed form when the premier's office did not have a typewriter, and its implications in archival practice.

The article focuses on the papers of the 19th-century British art connoisseur and curator George Scharf. The author notes that the papers, which are housed at the National Portrait Gallery in London, England, represent a remarkable repository of unpublished information regarding hundreds of old master paintings. Particular focus is paid to a series of papers relating to the art collections of the industrialist Abraham Darby IV and the art dealer John Watkins Brett. The paintings, which toured the U.S. in the 1830s, are related to early efforts to establish the first American national gallery. In addition, the author comments on the display of the paintings at the "Art Treasures of the United Kingdom" exhibition held in Manchester, England in 1857.

This article analyzes various intellectual practices tied to the use of public and private documents in the practice of history in Argentina over the second half of the nineteenth century. Starting from the "question of limits," this essay analyzes the work of bibliophiles Manuel Ricardo Trelles and Juan Martín Leguizamón, both of whom tried to historically reconstruct the territorial unity of Argentina. it shows how this work lies at the crossroads of antiquarian studies, History, and Natural History. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current descriptions of the history of subtotal cholecystectomy require more details and accuracy. This study presented a narrative review of the articles on partial resections of the gallbladder published between 1898 and 2022. The Scale for the Assessment of Narrative Review Articles items guided the style and content of this paper. The systematic literature search yielded 165 publications. Of them, 27 were published between 1898 and 1984. The evolution of the partial resections of the gallbladder began in the last decade of the 19th century when Kehr and Mayo performed them. The technique of partial resection of the gallbladder leaving the hepatic wall in situ was well known in the 3rd and 4th decades of the 20th century. In 1931, Estes emphasised the term 'partial cholecystectomy'. In 1947, Morse and Barb introduced the term 'subtotal cholecystectomy'. Madding and Farrow popularised it in 1955–1959. Bornman and Terblanche revitalised it in 1985. This term became dominant in 2014. From a subtotal cholecystectomy technical execution perspective, it is either a single-stage (when it includes only the resectional component) or two-stage (when it also entails closure of the remnant of the gallbladder or cystic duct) operation. Recent papers on classifications of partial resections of the gallbladder indicate the extent of gallbladder resection. Subtotal cholecystectomy is an umbrella term for incomplete cholecystectomies. 'Subtotal open-tract cholecystectomy' and 'subtotal closed-tract cholecystectomy' are terms that characterise the type of completion of subtotal cholecystectomy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Joseph Boussinesq is among the great physicists of the late 19th and the early 20th centuries, mainly due to his novel techniques to mathematically solve complicated equations by an adopted method of approximations. He has scientifically worked in all fields of physics, except for electro-dynamics. His writings are difficult to read due to overlong sentences and complicated formulations. He therefore does not count to the readers' favorite author. Boussinesq's work can, alternatively, be approached by a correspondence between two 19th century scientists, de Saint-Venant and Boussinesq. Their well-known papers are thus commented from the point of development of their theories; the input of both scientists is evidenced by their writings, and comments of both to each other. The age difference of the two was 45 years, the experienced engineer de Saint-Venant, and the mathematician Boussinesq, two eminent researchers, met to discuss not only problems in hydraulics, but in physics generally. In addition, their correspondence embraced questions in ethics, religion, history of sciences, and personal news. The life of Boussinesq is poorly documented, given his shyness and his privacy. The letters of the Correspondence reveal many details, however, that this venue was selected as the basis of this paper, ending with Saint-Venant's death in 1886. The topics discussed include Boussinesq's early career until Saint-Venant became part of his life, by asking questions on one of his first papers. They felt attached to each other, so that numerous letters were exchanged. Although others are missing in the Correspondence, the entire collection allows for an almost complete view on the life and career of Boussinesq. His years at the College of Gap and at the University of Lille are considered. The last days of Saint-Venant are commented then both in terms of the master of mechanics, and his great steps made for Boussinesq to enter the Sorbonne University in Paris. The present work is concluded with a hardly known obituary of more private than professional origin, by which the many facts are evidenced by one of his friends. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article contributes to the debate on institutions and economic development by examining the historical link between land access inequality and education. Using information from the 464 districts existent in mid-19th century Spain, this paper confirms that there is a negative relationship between the fraction of farm labourers and male literacy rates. This result does not disappear when a large set of potential confounding factors are included in the analysis. The use of the Reconquest as a quasi-natural experiment allows us to rule out further concerns about potential endogeneity. In addition, controlling for different sources of spatial dependence does not explain away this result either. By analysing the rural–urban divide and the gender-specific information on the number of schools and teachers, as well as schooling enrolment rates, this paper also explores the mechanisms behind the observed relationship. As well as supply factors, our results show that demand effects also played a significant role in explaining the negative impact of inequality on education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The founder of the Vienna School of Ophthalmology was Prof. Dr. Georg Joseph Beer, who founded the First University Eye Clinic in the Vienna General Hospital in 1812. Prof. Ferdinand von Arlt led it for 27 years from 1856 to 1883. As the First Eye Clinic became too small, the Second University Eye Clinic was founded in 1883 at the same hospital in Vienna. Since 1885 it had been led for 30 years by Prof. Ernst Fuchs. Many well-known ophthalmologists were leading those Viennese eye clinics. However, Arlt and Fuchs were the main representatives of the Vienna School of Ophthalmology, which was always characterised by the high standards in the diagnosis and therapy of eye diseases. Many Croatian ophthalmologists were educated by them or their students, and later they established eye departments in the major cities in Croatia and transmitted acquired knowledge and experience. The first eye departments in Croatia were formed at the turn of the 19th and 20th century. The First University Eye Clinic in Croatia started to work in Zagreb in 1923. Our ophthalmologists transmitted the organisation of the clinics as they existed in Vienna, and that was the matrix form of all European clinics at that time. Therefore, the tradition of the Vienna School of Ophthalmology was passed on to the next generations. The paper also gives short biographies of Viennese and Croatian ophthalmologists and their mutual relations in education and work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Book chapters and journal articles dealing with spinal cord vascular malformations often reference Otto Hebold and Julius Gaupp, but frequently misrepresent the observations published by the two German authors in the late 19th century. The purpose of this paper is to provide a better appreciation of these important contributions based on abridged translations of original documents set in their historical context, notably regarding the landmark works of Brasch, Raymond and Cestan, and Lindenmann. It is concluded that Gaupp offered the first reliable description of a perimedullary arteriovenous fistula while the lesion reported by Hebold was not a spinal vascular malformation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Māori construction and structural principles have received limited detailed attention since Reverend Herbert W. Williams published The Maori Whare: Notes on the Construction of a Maori House in this journal in 1896. Since then, publications that have considered Māori construction have relied heavily on this text. Subsequent discussion of Māori construction has examined 19th-century practices largely through Western historical and technical perspectives. This paper discusses Māori building concepts and technology from a bicultural viewpoint, involving both Māori tectonics and cosmology, and Western engineering principles. In doing so it draws from a close scrutiny of whare ‘house’ components, written and oral accounts of Māori cosmology and building, and from the analysis of large-scale structural models. The article focuses on the tāhuhu ‘ridgepole’ as a principal component of Māori architecture that activates both the primary cosmological structure of Te Ao Mārama ‘creation narrative’ and the structural system of the 19th-century Māori house. It is argued that the tāhuhu in its metaphorical manifestation as the atua ‘god’ Tāne (within Te Ao Mārama) corresponds in the construction of the whare with the holding up of the roof, understood as Ranginui, the sky father. Monumental in scale and ancestry, the tāhuhu mobilised a cooperative social dimension to its deployment in the whare, co-opting manpower from hapū and iwi ‘subtribal and tribal groups’. The paper concludes that the tāhuhu was a key element in a sophisticated and high performing Pacific building technology that was, in many ways, antithetical to Western building principles. Located in the abstract and conceptual distance of machine function, Western analysis appears to have failed to identify and understand the effective capacity of socially-collective Polynesian engineering. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the arguments regarding the regulation of freedom of the press in Corrientes during the second half of 19th century. In the first section I describe the main features of Corrientes' newspapers and the political context in which these discussions were held. Later, I analyze the participation of Agustín Justo, Miguel Morel and Santiago Baibiene in newspapers from Entre Ríos and Buenos Aires. The links between the debates about the freedom of press and the performance of the journalists in exile shows that these controversies revolved around three issues: the moral duties attributed to the press for the consolidation of a republican system; the limitations regarding the legitimacy of political dissent, and the role of the press in the trajectories of political elites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the press control practices used by the provincial political powers of Entre Ríos between 1862 and 1870. This period was characterized by an increasing political dispute and the deepening of public debate. An indication of this process is the increase in the number of newspapers and the diversity of their political positions. Most of the newspapers were Federalists and supporters of Urquiza, but they maintained a space of discursive autonomy and what was published did not always go along the lines of the caudillo's interest. Also, there were Unitary and dissident Federal newspapers which were very critical of the provincial government and the figure of Urquiza. Respect for press freedom as a legitimating principle of the exercise of power prevented the development of legislation restricting that freedom and discouraged the practice of filing law suits for libel against publishers or journalist among provincial officials. Hence, the way in which political power managed to limit opinion was dominated by informal practices of political control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the conflictive implementation of freedom of the press in Buenos Aires, after the fall of Rosas' regime. It examines norms and the initiatives to reform them, some trials, government actions, and the debates within the legislature and the press. The study discusses the traditional interpretation according to which, in the province of Buenos Aires, those years were characterized by a wide freedom of expression. It also argues that the difficulties to implement freedom of the press in the 19th century are explained by the tension between the consideration of the press as a pillar of civilized, republican societies and, at the same time, as a corrosive agent of the social and political order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pivotal role played by non-banking institutions in supporting the expansion of international trade after the Napoleonic Wars and before first globalization c. 1870-1913 has long been recognised. Merchant-bankers in particular played a crucial role by advancing monies to consignors of products all over the world. Without this form of credit, many international trade operations could not have taken place. Despite the important extant literature on merchant-banking, we knew little about how these international lenders protected themselves against the risks involved in advancing during this period, in particular for merchantbankers who had diversified both geographically and by products. This paper is concerned with the risk protection strategies followed by one of these actors: Huth & Co., the first of these companies to globalize their operations. During this expansionary period they provided credit to many of their connections all over the world, thus becoming an important financial intermediary within world trade. This paper, therefore, provides the first account of the credit risk management strategies followed by this pioneer global lender. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current paper analyzes the southern frontier of the state of Pará and the northern territory of the state of Maranhão, Brazil, close to the river Turiaçu and assesses its importance for the displacement of people and goods during Portuguese colonial rule and in the post-1822 Independence years. The paper investigates the strategic and political relevance of the frontier for travel and transport, correspondence and transport of goods within the context of the Brazilian Indigenes, merchants and the Portuguese and Brazilian governments. The conflicts between inhabitants and settlers are highlighted in the essay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the historiography of Hawaiian mobility in the 19th century, with reference to mobilities that took place through Kānaka Maoli engagements as servants for the Hudson's Bay Company of London. In recharting Hawaiian mobilities to the Pacific Northwest, it considers how Kānaka Maoli histories were intertwined with trans-Pacific networks of commerce and a broader Pacific world of aspirational mobility, extractive marine-based industries, and ultimately, a land-based fur trade centered initially at Fort Astoria. It discusses how Hawaiian engagements with the HBC in the Pacific Northwest were formative for their eventual incorporation into the colonial settler world of British Columbia, and examines their displacement from Oregon Territory in the wake of the 1846 boundary settlement. It incorporates themes of intimacy, encounter and hierarchy as key sites for locating Hawaiian social histories along the Northwest Coast. Finally, the Hawaiian presence in British Columbia is traced with attention to community formation and land acquisition. Whether or not they fit within a broader category of pioneer-settlers, the "Kanakas" displaced to the Northwest Coast were for a time first positioned along what historian Adele Perry has termed the "ragged margins" of empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the various actions taken by the authorities of the state of Zacatecas (Mexico) during the First Federal Republic (1824-1835), in order to find solutions to problems related to the exercise of patronage and related topics. It shows that these proposals were useful to defend and drive federalism, and to advance a project to create a secular and liberal State and society. The paper concludes that the attempt to apply this was ambiguous, as it became part of the "pitfalls" that prevented the first federalism from consolidating by contributing to the division of local and national political groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a series of papers read to the Cambridge Philosophical Society through the 1820s, the Cambridge mathematician George Peacock laid the foundation for a natural history of arithmetic that would tell a story of human progress from counting to modern arithmetic. The trajectory of that history, Peacock argued, established algebraic analysis as a form of universal reasoning that used empirically warranted operations of mind to think with symbols on paper. The science of counting would suggest arithmetic, arithmetic would suggest arithmetical algebra, and, finally, arithmetical algebra would suggest symbolic algebra. This philosophy of suggestion provided the foundation for Peacock's "principle of equivalent forms," which justified the practice of nineteenth-century English symbolic algebra. Peacock's philosophy of suggestion owed a considerable debt to the early Cambridge Philosophical Society culture of natural history. The aim of this essay is to show how that culture of natural history was constitutively significant to the practice of nineteenth-century English algebra. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the distribution of specialized subjects devoted to health care in the Argentine territory according to the First National Census (1869). We present statistical estimations and visual resources that contribute to illustrate the logic of the absolute and relative presence of graduates and empirical practitioners. By articulating census data with input from specialized bibliography, the paper provide evidence for certain variables associated with the presence of the State, the differential socio-economic development of the regions, and the rural-urban splits in the long first half of the nineteenth century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a territorial view of the Araucanía region in Chile when it was formed in the second half of the nineteenth century. In this period, the area transformed from a territory dominated and constructed by the different Mapuche groups to one dominated and constructed by the Chilean State. Based on accounts given by historical sources and the cartography produced by Nicanor Boloña in 1916 and 1917, the main constructions that dominated the process of occupying and colonizing the territory, which lasted several years, are described. These constructions include: the series of military forts, the division of rural land, and the railroad line. The sum of these constructions came to give a new physiognomy and order to the entire region. Thus, the objective of this paper is to begin to understand the Araucanía from the point of view of the construction of the territory's form. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article will consider the alignment of scientific and media practice at the beginning of the nineteenth century. Over several decades after 1817 certain instrument makers began to specialise in the domestic entertainment market, transferring skills from optical instrument manufacture to the design of fashionable novelty devices. The instrument trade was expanding into a new middle-class market to exploit an increasing popular trade in optical novelties, exemplified by the 1817 Kaleidoscope craze and new interest among the middle classes for microscopes, telescopes, and magic lanterns. This paper will address this shift towards more popular uses of scientific instruments and optical toys. In particular it will address the involvement of the Birmingham and London optician Philip Carpenter in three popular media formats of the 1810s and 1820s - the 1817 patent Kaleidoscope, 1821 Improved Phantasmagoria Lantern and 1827 Microcosm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to enrich the analytical record of the process of formation of the political system of the Argentine “Confederation” in the 1850s, from the specificities of San Juan province. We considered variations of San Juan political and economic integration in the national and “transcordillerano” stage. We reveal that the attempts of San Juan authorities to (re)articulated in a long-standing activity as overland trade with Chile, though not always successful, were important both to define provincial political tensions and the gravitation of the province in the political and institutional frame of the “Confederation”. So, we analyzed provincial, regional and international aspects of this process, taking into account the multiplicity of actors, resources, ideas and practices that were involved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the long-run effect of the 1981–1993 Punjab insurgency on the educational attainment of adults who were ages 6–16 at the time, using the 2005 India Human Development Survey. We find a substantial and statistically significant negative effect of terrorism on female educational attainment through a triple differences specification. We find that our main effects are robust to two separate placebo tests, fertility checks, selection bias and migration checks, caste fixed effects and alternative ways of measuring conflict. Additionally, we carry out a unique parallel short-term analysis of the effect of conflict on education for boys and girls. This analysis makes use of micro-level expenditure data from a farmer-level data set and sheds light on household investments during the insurgency. Results from this analysis are consistent with the long-term effects found in the first part of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The railroad's outstanding role in the social and economic activities in Cuba during the XIX century produced the establishment of administrative structures for developing, planning and regulating the railway topic inside the island's government. This research is targeted to analyze the labor of the military engineers in the introduction and development of railroads in Cuba during the period 1837-1898. Therefore, this paper explains the competences of those professionals in engineering and architecture works, their tasks in public and private occupations related to railway's activities, and finally, it establishes a characterization of the buildings as a result of the expansion of this mean of transportation in Cuba. The approach to this topic, through an historical and architectonical point of view, emphasizes the exceptionality of the Cuban example due to its role as pioneer in Hispanic America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with Huth & Co.'s activities in Chile during the 1820s-1850s. Huth was the only London merchant-banker that decided to go global before 1850, and also the only one to open a branch in Chile. The analysis of how his branches operated should take this into account, yet Huth's activities in Chile have only previously been examined using a bilateral approach to examine the economic relations between Chile and Britain. This situation was mainly due to the fact that the richest collection of primary material on Huth & Co. (the Huth papers at University College London) had been ignored by scholars working on Anglo-Chilean economic relations during the first half of the nineteenth-century. The main focus of this paper is on the information that we were made unaware of due to this restricted investigative approach. Among them are the connections established between Huth's branches in Chile and the USA, Asia, continental Europe and the rest of Latin America; and the important trade in Spanish quicksilver. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyses the contribution of the second wave of immigrants to the United States to the formation of the young American people. Unlike other states, the USA is a nation founded on waves of immigrants coming from different parts of the world. This paper includes the second wave of immigrants in US history in the four waves and presents the migration of the Irish and Germans to the USA at the middle of the 19th century. They had an important contribution to the increase of American population and were a source of consumption and workforce for agriculture and various industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article discusses the failure of historians to acknowledge a revolution during the second half of the nineteenth century. During this period, historians discarded sacred history as a factual account of human history and began to offer secularized alternatives. However, standard narratives found in textbooks never fully abandoned the geographical and chronological grip of sacred history. In this paper, the author argues that historians has never escaped the grip of sacred history. The paper also explores to create a space for writing a deep history of humankind that integrates the Paleolithic into the general framework of historical understanding.

Institutions are considered one of the fundamental elements of economic growth. We analyse the impact of the feudal landlordship institution on regional economic growth in nineteenth century Prussia in order to help draw implications for the modern roles of institutions. To measure landlord power, we use three measures of feudal landlordship: landowner concentration, servant population share, and household‐servant population share. These proxies, measured in 1816, are associated with both faster regional population growth and agricultural productivity growth, but no impact on industrialization in the early nineteenth century. However, in the latter nineteenth century, these same proxies are associated with delayed industrialization and no influence on regional population. Thus, stronger feudal landlordship was beneficial to regional growth when agriculture was the dominant industry but became detrimental to growth when manufacturing became dominant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economists have increasingly turned to height data to gain insight into a population's standard of living. Because height measures are used when other data are unavailable, testing their reliability can be difficult, and concerns over sample selection have led to several vigorous debates within the heights literature. In this paper, I use a unique contemporaneous census to gauge the extent of selection into a contested sample of American Indian heights. I have linked people from the 1892 Boas sample of the Cherokee Nation to the 1890 Cherokee Census. An initial analysis finds evidence of negative selection into the Boas sample. A detailed examination of those measured reveals a more complex story. Two distinct groups are present within the data. The first group consists of 64 members of the Cherokee elite. Their households owned more land, invested more in improvements to their land, and had higher literacy rates. The remainder of the Boas sample is poor relative to both the elite and the rest of the Cherokee Nation. Part, but not all, of this difference is due to their residential location. Forty percent of the Boas sample lived in poorest district of Cherokee Nation. These differences in wealth between the two groups were mirrored by a fairly dramatic difference in average heights. The average height of all men in elite group was 173.9 cm while the non-elite were several centimeters shorter at just 171.2 cm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to analyze the characteristics of the cholera epidemic of 1833 in the city of Veracruz, from a sociodemographic approach, using information from the burial records of the Parish between 1832 and 1834, as well as the statistics and reports prepared by the Governors of Veracruz from 1827 to 1834, with which it has been possible to develope mortality indicators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A case study of the Clausius-Williamson hypothesis sheds light on the development of the physical sciences during the nineteenth century. In the 1850s, Rudolf Clausius and Alexander William Williamson independently developed similar hypotheses at a time when physics and chemistry were beginning to be considered independent endeavors. Some thirty years later, after specialization took root, their names were associated; the two hypotheses became the hypothesis of Clausius-Williamson. How and why were these distinct investigations conducted in the 1850s unified in the 1880s? The current historiography addresses the Clausius-Williamson hypothesis as it is featured in subsequent interpretations by Svante Arrhenius, but does not thoroughly analyze the published writings of Clausius and Williamson themselves. This paper reappraises Clausius's and Williamson's works in their original context and analyzes how their hypotheses came to be associated. This case study emphasizes how the relationship between physics and chemistry evolved in the nineteenth century. More specifically, it underscores the limited communication between these disciplines in the 1850s and the rise of interdisciplinarity in the 1880s, which led to the creation of a new field: physical chemistry. From the study of the emergence and success of the theory of ionic dissociation and physical chemistry, I show that referring to the authoritative figures of Clausius and Williamson legitimized and valorized investigations at the borderlands of physics and chemistry in a context of increased specialization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the most most outstanding achievement of the Transylvanian geological mapping activity of the mid- nineteenth century, namely the overall geological map of Transylvania by Hauer (1861) represents an important part of our cartographic heritage. Therefore, the aim of this study is on the one hand, to offer a brief survey about the historical cartographic overview of the map with special respect to the geological mapping activity of Transylvania in the midnineteenth century. On the other hand, the paper summarizes the cartographic analysis which has been made in order to geo-reference the map in its initial projection and geodetic datum. The rectification has been performed in Global Mapper v16.1 using all the crossings of the grid lines, while the geometric accuracy of the map has been analysed with the MapAnalyst 1.3.23 software application. This analysis is necessary when the goal is to extract geological information from several geological maps from different periods in order to compare the old geological data with modern ones and to make possible the tracking of the evolution of geological knowledge in time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the interactions between historical and literary narratives in the Province of Grão-Pará throughout the first half of the nineteenth century, involving the figure of the defector Jacob Patacho. Some of the actions of the so-called cangaceiro das águas (bandit of the waters), allegedly responsible for “terrorizing" the populations residing in the rivers and streams of the Amazon region in the early 1830s, exceeded the official and popular memory of the time, coming to literature and history books. In general, these narratives and memories were linked to the stigma of “violence" and “crime." This apparently unpretentious association contributed to settle a specific view, marked by a sense of fear, of the poor and the slave populations in Pará during the Second Empire in Brazilian historiography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The military demobilization of allied troops stationed in Paraguay and the festivities and commemorations at the end of the War of the Triple Alliance were controversial subjects and occur in the documents produced by foreign embassies and by the press in Argentina, Uruguay and Brazil. The discussion formed the imagination of journalists and political disputes between liberals and conservatives in Brazil, between 1869 and 1870. Current paper simultaneously uses contemporary official documents and newspapers to demonstrate how the theme was forwarded by the government and by the press to Brazilian society. It will also be a great help for the writing of the history of the War against Paraguay. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ancestors of the Xukuru of Ororubá, Fulni-ô and Wassú, and other indigenous peoples in the northeastern region of Brazil participated in the War against Paraguay. What do documents and registers inform us on the subject? What did these populations report on the War? What is the meaning of indigenous memories on the conflict? Recent studies on the "great war" bring about a novel interpretation by going beyond the traditional points of the war, by describing the battles and the biography of war heroes. Current approach tries to understand the different phases of the conflict and the different social groups involved. Current paper discusses the indigenous history and memories on the War against Paraguay within current debates on the conflict, for a better comprehension of indigenous history in contemporary Northeast of Brazil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the nineteenth-century globalizing world of colonial expansion and maritime trade, systematic study of ocean currents and winds became of increased concern in various seafaring nations. Both naval officers and university professors engaged in maritime meteorological and hydrographic research. In order to attract the attention of the state and obtain support for establishment of national scientific institutes, university professors teamed up with naval officers in building networks for maritime data collection, thus connecting practical utility to academic credentials. This paper looks into the combined efforts of the U.S. Navy lieutenant M. F. Maury and the Dutch naval officer M. H. Jansen in organizing the 1853 International Maritime Conference in Brussels, which aimed to develop a worldwide system of uniform atmospheric and marine observations. Such efforts, however, amounted to walking a tightrope between mutual interests and personal rivalries. The alliance between elite scientists and naval officers proved to be only temporary. Once the meteorological institutes were established, academically trained meteorologists gradually marginalized the role of naval officers in scientific research at the institutes, thereby establishing and securing their authority in maritime science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Throughout the 19th century, in the context of setting up the new republican order, the humanization of physical punishments was promoted. As part of a cultural climate affected by the individualization of the body, modern educational trends questioned the excessive punishment of children. This paper discusses the reviews of such disciplinary practices in Buenos Aires elementary schools and its countryside, with the aim of reflecting on how this "civilized awareness" process struggled for a punishment economy to design--at the end of the century--a new ethical code of honor and virtue based on self-discipline as the kind of behavior that should be adopted by future citizens of the republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the role of exploitable nature in the International Exhibition held in Chile in 1875. Based on documentation from the organization and development of the even such as letters, catalogs, newspapers and visitor reports the article examines first, the ways in which the countries' exploitable nature related to agriculture and mining was represented in this event. This paper looks to examine the base upon which objectives and models were exhibited, and at the same time examines how the representation of this nature could imply its denaturalization, by strictly presenting it as rational and almost artificial. Second the article analyzes how some parts of nature represented in the exhibition could have been appropriated, at least provisionally, within national criteria in the Chilean case. In relation to the aforementioned, the article focuses on problems such as the agricultural dimension of the country, the centralization of knowledge about nature and the construction and contrast of "national nature" during the Exhibition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the origin and transformation of three streets south of the Alameda, from when they were first roads until they became "modern" streets at the end of the nineteenth century. This process was documented in different types of sources of traditional urban historiography that have allowed the elaboration of detailed chronologies. Notwithstanding today we have access to exceptional historical cartographic registers that complement and enhances our ability to know about this process. To have an accurate account of this transformation, the streets whose origin go back to pre-existing roads have been distinguished from those that originated as streets. This distinction has led us to a deeper understanding of the problem where it's not only possible to establish the nature of each street in itself but also allows us to understand the purpose of the section of the city of which they belong to and the role that they filled in their definitive forms. This paper understands that the street, consequently the public space, is the chief configuring element of the city; first, as a "geographic accident" that adjusts to the space, and later, as an operation which requires there to be a project capable of establishing a new functional as well as environmental order. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the end of the nineteenth and at the beginning of the twentieth century, the city of Santiago, Chile experienced an important process of transformation in which the city and the urban started to assume socio-economic and discursive prominence. Using evidence gathered from parliamentary and municipal debates, legislative text, the press, scientific literature from the era and business archives this paper shows that the construction of Santiago's sewage system was a phenomenon that condensed the economic, the technical, political and the discursive in the exercise of power and the administration of the public during that time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the results of research that aimed to understand the institutionalization of the first ethnic schools in Parana, its form of organization of the curriculum and how articulated the historical process of the country in the early of the First Republic. The ethnic schools taught language and the preservation of their culture. On the other hand, the immigration process accelerated the colonization movement in Paraná, with occupation of empty spaces propitious to the development of agriculture, trade and industry and the substitution of slave labor by wage labor. Thus, there was encouraging the development of cities, which stimulated trade and encouraged the setting up of infrastructure. In this historical context seek to understand the importance of the role and influence of ethnic schools for the educational organization in Parana until their extinction with the nationalization policy which caused changes in the organization of these didactic and educational institutions. The theoretical-methodological axis allows to reconstruct a totalitarian history, analyzing the determinants of economic, political and social. To understand the institutionalization of ethnic schools in Paraná, started from the analysis of this situation, as well as surveying and cataloging of primary and secondary sources, in selected public institutions, museums and private collections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The killing of animals for human consumption in the early 19th century was done in a rudimentary form and without any government control. Concern on the rationalization and modernization of urban spaces started to take priority. A greater intervention of sanitary authorities within social dynamics implied in the revision of several aspects on the different moments of meat production, such as conditions for breeding and killing of animals in abattoirs, new requirements on the hygiene of abattoirs, the need for centralization and control by the municipal authorities for abattoirs, control of laborers in abattoirs and the gradual displacement of abattoirs far from urban space and from the sight of the population within ethical concerns on the death of animals. Current paper analyzes the initial phase of this transforming process of abattoirs taking as example the specific case of the municipal abattoir in Ponta Grossa PR Brazil in 1888. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Before turning control of Guam over to the Department of Interior in 1950, the US Navy published the US Navy Report on Guam, 1899-1950, summarizing its achievements as the island's administrators since 1898. In it, the Chief of Naval Operations depicted Chamorros as a physically, intellectually, and culturally backwards people whose lives focused on achieving nothing more than the bare minimum requirements of survival. To deal with such a forlorn people, the Navy enunciated for itself a fourfold agenda "to rehabilitate, to organize, to administer, and to make productive" the Chamorros. The colonial project, therefore, sought not simply to rule over the Island's government, but more broadly to transform the bodies and minds of its natives. This paper interrogates naval efforts to implement its goals, examining the rich cache of naval records to underscore the tangle of political, economic, and cultural issues that faced Guam's 20th century colonizers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The work is centred on the presence of the conception of the common good in the Cuban thought of the XIXth century. Its objective is demonstrating the existence of this conception in the most representative figures of the philosophy of the selected period. The used methodology is based on the hermeneutical analysis of original papers, as well as of complementary sources, at the same time it was used the historic logical and inductive deductive focus. The result of investigation evidences the continuity of ideas around the common good transit from one to another thinker, acquiring perceptible shades in abolitionism, independentism, justice and social equality, collective well-being, survival, solidarity, that are articulated among themselves to conform an ampler conception: the one of common good, which essence is shown at the subordination from the particular interests to the collective interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper explores the extent to which unskilled internal migrants in the United States were motivated by the possibility of upward occupational mobility. Drawing on the literature on contemporary migrant selection and sorting, I argue that workers with greater potential for occupational upgrading may have selected themselves out of counties with low skill premiums and sorted themselves into counties with high skill premiums. Using linked data from the U.S. Census and county-level wage data, I present results consistent with this argument, with a focus on shorter distance movers. Conditioning on migrant status, I find that unskilled migrants who moved to places with high skill premiums were most likely to upgrade. 1 offer some evidence that migrant sorting explains much of this result. My results imply that previous research focusing solely on wage gains provides an incomplete picture of the factors motivating east-west migration in nineteenth century America. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to approach the administration and functioning of justice of first instance in the Parish district of Manizales between 1855 and 1865. Through the analysis of the judicial processes for sluggishness, games and forbidden dances, we want to show the capacity scope of the Neogranadinian State to establish an order in a peripheral society, and the roles that prosecuted social actors played in the social and legal fabric of that time. Our hypothesis is that prosecuted individuals were not mere spectators but that they participated, altered and used the processes of normalization of their practices to negotiate punishments, accuse their enemies, defend themselves from justice and flee when there was nothing else to do. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

O presente artigo examina as causas pelas quais a assembleia anfictiónica, convocada por Simón Bolívar para unir as novas repúblicas americanas, nào pode ter sessào no México após sua transferência do Panamá em 1826. Definem-se as posiçôes dos ministros plenipotenciários apelando a fontes primárias e a documentos da época, incluida urna minuta inédita da reuniào dos ministros dos Estados Unidos e da Grâ-Colômbia. Este último docu-mento, cuja importância é contextualizada neste artigo, permite conhecer a controvérsia que dividiu os hispano-americanos em torno da possibilidade de instalar a assembleia sem esperar a ratificaçào dos tratados do Istmo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the disputes that took place in rural towns during the Buenos Aires Campaign for the control of military commands. We seek to identify the opportunities that arose during the revolutionary process to transform the local government in a context of deep contradictions between the will of the upper government to control the campaign, and the aspirations of self-government of the towns. Through this, we identify some of the components of the political cultures that were a product of a singular combination and selective appropriation of colonial traditions and revolutionary discourses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pursuant to the Royal Order of July 25, 1946, issued by the Ministry of Government, the Council Architect of Alicante Emilio Jover Pierron made the General Plan of the city of Alicante. His work, which started immediately in 1846, led to a document which contained the alignment of the buildings existing at the time, and also the future plans, consisting in the modification of some previous buildings and the creation of new ones. This plan was the first graphical instrument of this nature affecting the whole of the city; nevertheless, such an interesting item has been now missing since 1990. This paper summarizes the study of the only remains of the document and the work leading to its recovery through digital reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pursuant to the Royal Order of July 25, 1946, issued by the Ministry of Government, the Council Architect of Alicante Emilio Jover Pierron made the General Plan of the city of Alicante. His work, which started immediately in 1846, led to a document which contained the alignment of the buildings existing at the time, and also the future plans, consisting in the modification of some previous buildings and the creation of new ones. This plan was the first graphical instrument of this nature affecting the whole of the city; nevertheless, such an interesting item has been now missing since 1990. This paper summarizes the study of the only remains of the document and the work leading to its recovery through digital reconstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]