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Lime mud, a kind of industrial waste that produced in paper mill, was proposed as CO2 sorbent in calcium looping process. The carbonation performance of the lime mud was investigated in a dual‐fixed bed reactor (DFR) and a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The carbonation kinetics of the lime mud in the chemical reaction controlled stage was analyzed by a surface reaction‐controlled kinetic model. The results show that the lime mud presents much poorer carbonation performance during the chemical reaction controlled stage compared with the limestone, mainly due to the high content of chlorine in the lime mud. A prewash treatment process was used to decrease the chlorine content to mitigate the sintering of the lime mud when calcined at high temperature. After prewash treatment, the prewashed lime mud shows much higher CO2 capture capacity during the chemical reaction controlled stage compared with the lime mud. A prolonged carbonation process successfully further enhances the microstructure and improves the carbonation performance of the prewashed lime mud in the chemical reaction controlled stage. The lime mud can be effectively used as CO2 sorbent in calcium looping process after prewash treatment and the following prolonged carbonation treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The global energy system is in transition. It is attempting to reach net‐zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2050. The systemic changes mean that the role of bioenergy will change. The potential of bioenergy to make a flexible contribution to the energy system is key for the achievement of global emission reduction ambitions and the functioning of the low‐carbon energy system and economy. As the volume of sustainably available biomass resources is limited, defining the contributions from bioenergy to a low‐carbon energy system and finding balances – and ideally synergies – between the different possible energy and climate system services that biomass can provide will be very important. The recognized system services include, among others, the flexible operation of bioenergy plants to integrate variable renewable energy sources and to provide negative carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Interest in flexible operation of bioenergy value chains, bioenergy with carbon capture and utilization as well as synergies with renewable hydrogen‐based value chains has increased recently. The objective of this paper is to present a holistic definition of flexible bioenergy as a system service based on the work conducted in International Energy Agency (IEA) Bioenergy Technology Collaboration Programme's Task 44 Flexible Bioenergy and System Integration, and to provide some practical examples. The paper also presents the different bioenergy system services and considers their definitions and interactions, as this is important in energy system design. The definition of flexible bioenergy shows that the flexibility provision from bioenergy goes far beyond the traditional definition of providing short‐term flexibility in the power sector. Indicators to demonstrate the value of services as well as further quantitative assessment of synergies and trade‐offs are needed to valorize the different services from bioenergy and create viable business cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Photocatalytic reduction of CO2 with H2O vapor is gaining increased interest because it is a promising “green chemistry” route for the direct conversion of CO2 to value‐added chemicals driven by solar energy. To increase the efficiency of photocatalytic conversion, most efforts are made by exploring various photocatalysts while little effort on advanced light management. For the first time, it is demonstrated that bio‐degradable transparent paper with excellent light diffusivity can effectively enhance the light utilization of photocatalytic reactions when attached on the device surface, and thus greatly increase the conversion efficiency. As a proof‐of‐concept, a graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) photocatalyst with transparent paper attached, exhibited 1.5 times higher photocatalytic activity than bare g‐C3N4 in the reduction of CO2 under visible light irradiation. The improved catalytic performance can be ascribed to the (1) refractive index matching and (2) enhanced light absorption via prolonged light traveling path in transparent paper, which decreases the light reflection at surface and traps the absorbed light inside, leading to an increased light absorption at the active layer of the device. The transparent paper with a controllable light management behavior has an unprecedented potential for applications in photocatalysis as a general method for improved light utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric‐driven conversion of carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon monoxide (CO) under mild reaction conditions offers a promising approach to mitigate the greenhouse effect and the energy crisis. Surface engineering is believed to be one of the prospective methods for enhancing the electrocatalytic activity of CO2 reduction. Herein, hydroxyl (OH) groups were successfully introduced to cadmium nanosheets to form cadmium and cadmium hydroxide nanocomposites (i. e. Cd/Cd(OH)2 nanosheets) via a facile two‐step method. The as‐prepared Cd/Cd(OH)2/CP (CP indicates carbon paper) electrode displays excellent electrocatalytic activity for CO2 reduction to produce CO. The Faradaic efficiency of CO reaches 98.3 % and the current density achieves 23.8 mA cm−2 at −2.0 V vs. Ag/Ag+ in a CO2‐saturated 30 wt% 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazole hexafluorophosphate ([Bmim]PF6)‐65 wt% acetonitrile (CH3CN)‐5 wt% water (H2O) electrolyte. And the CO partial current density can reach up to 71.6 mA cm−2 with the CO Faradaic efficiency of more than 85 % at −2.3 V vs. Ag/Ag+, which stands out against Cd/CP, Cd(OH)2/CP, and Cd/CdO/CP electrodes. The excellent electrocatalytic performance of the Cd/Cd(OH)2/CP electrode can be attributed to its unique structural properties, suitable OH groups, perfect interaction with electrolyte, abundant active sites and fast electron transfer rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As carbon monoxide has a broad spectrum of biological activities, its production by plasma is a significant advantage in medicine. This paper presents a comparative study of the CO production of two plasma jets: a MHz‐jet and a kHz‐jet. Both were fed with a helium gas with CO2 ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ admixture (0%–1%). CO was produced by CO2 ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ dissociation and its maximal concentration was hundreds of parts per million, which is safe for clinical applications. For the same specific energy input, the CO production was more efficient for the kHz‐jet than the MHz‐jet. Both had antibacterial properties on Escherichia coli, and the addition of CO2 ${\text{CO}}_{2}$ improved them for the MHz‐jet, while it reduced them for the kHz‐jet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Across Europe, countries are reducing CO2 emissions and energy demand by lowering the temperature in public office buildings. These measures affect men and women unequally because the latter prefer and, indeed, perform better under higher temperatures than the standard temperature. Lowering the temperature thus further increases an already existing inequality. We show that the philosophical literature on discrimination provides an interesting theoretical approach to understanding such measures. On prominent understandings of what discrimination is, the policy would be considered direct discrimination against women if it could be shown to reflect a broader inattentiveness to the needs of women in society. Alternatively, and more straightforwardly, the policies can be considered indirect discrimination because of their disparate effects on men and women. The final part of the paper shows that the policies are also wrong for the reasons it is often argued that discrimination is wrong—to wit, that it harms or disrespects those who are discriminated against. The final section suggests a range of measures to offset the discriminatory aspects of the policy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, single‐atom catalysts (SACs) have received increasing attention in the field of electrochemical CO2RR with their efficient atom utilization efficiency and excellent catalytic performance. However, their low metal loading and the presence of linear relationships for single active sites with simple structures possibly restrict their activity and practical applications. Active site tailoring at the atomic level is a visionary approach to break the existing limitations of SACs. This paper first briefly introduces the synthesis strategies of SACs and DACs. Then, combining previous experimental and theoretical studies, this paper introduces four optimization strategies, namely spin‐state tuning engineering, axial functionalization engineering, ligand engineering, and substrate tuning engineering, for improving the catalytic performance of SACs in the electrochemical CO2RR process by combining previous experimental and theoretical studies. Then it is introduced that DACs exhibit significant advantages over SACs in increasing metal atom loading, promoting the adsorption and activation of CO2 molecules, modulating intermediate adsorption, and promoting C−C coupling. At the end of this paper, we briefly and succinctly summarize the main challenges and application prospects of SACs and DACs in the field of electrochemical CO2RR at present. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the core of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) active site two metal ions together with hydrogen bonding scheme from amino acids orchestrate the interconversion between CO2 and CO. We have designed a molecular catalyst implementing a bimetallic iron complex with an embarked second coordination sphere with multi‐point hydrogen‐bonding interactions. We found that, when immobilized on carbon paper electrode, the dinuclear catalyst enhances up to four fold the heterogeneous CO2 reduction to CO in water with an improved selectivity and stability compared to the mononuclear analogue. Interestingly, quasi‐identical catalytic performances are obtained when one of the two iron centers was replaced by a redox inactive Zn metal, questioning the cooperative action of the two metals. Snapshots of X‐ray structures indicate that the two metalloporphyrin units tethered by a urea group is a good compromise between rigidity and flexibility to accommodate CO2 capture, activation, and reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At the core of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CODH) active site two metal ions together with hydrogen bonding scheme from amino acids orchestrate the interconversion between CO2 and CO. We have designed a molecular catalyst implementing a bimetallic iron complex with an embarked second coordination sphere with multi‐point hydrogen‐bonding interactions. We found that, when immobilized on carbon paper electrode, the dinuclear catalyst enhances up to four fold the heterogeneous CO2 reduction to CO in water with an improved selectivity and stability compared to the mononuclear analogue. Interestingly, quasi‐identical catalytic performances are obtained when one of the two iron centers was replaced by a redox inactive Zn metal, questioning the cooperative action of the two metals. Snapshots of X‐ray structures indicate that the two metalloporphyrin units tethered by a urea group is a good compromise between rigidity and flexibility to accommodate CO2 capture, activation, and reduction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiphysics inversion exploits different types of geophysical data that often complement each other and aims to improve overall imaging resolution and reduce uncertainties in geophysical interpretation. Despite the advantages, traditional multiphysics inversion is challenging because it requires a large amount of computational time and intensive human interactions for preprocessing data and finding trade‐off parameters. These issues make it nearly impossible for traditional multiphysics inversion to be applied as a real‐time monitoring tool for geological carbon storage. In this paper, we present a deep learning (DL) multiphysics network for imaging CO2 saturation in real time. The multiphysics network consists of three encoders for analysing seismic, electromagnetic and gravity data and shares one decoder for combining imaging capabilities of the different geophysical data for better predicting CO2 saturation. The network is trained on pairs of CO2 label models and multiphysics data so that it can directly image CO2 saturation. We use the bootstrap aggregating method to enhance the imaging accuracy and estimate uncertainties associated with CO2 saturation images. Using realistic CO2 label models and multiphysics data derived from the Kimberlina CO2 storage model, we evaluate the performance of the deep learning multiphysics network and compare its imaging results to those from the deep learning single‐physics networks. Our modelling experiments show that the deep learning multiphysics network for seismic, electromagnetic, and gravity data not only improves the imaging accuracy but also reduces uncertainties associated with CO2 saturation images. Our results also suggest that the deep learning multiphysics network for the non‐seismic data (i.e., electromagnetic and gravity) can be used as an effective low‐cost monitoring tool in between regular seismic monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Flexible gas sensors, which can detect gas markers from the human body and hazardous gases from the environment, are attracting tremendous attention recently. Carbon nanotube (CNT) films are explored for flexible gas sensors due to its sensing ability at room temperature, strong adsorption for foreign molecules, mechanical robustness, and remarkable flexibility, and providing nanoscale surfaces with large surface area for various functional materials, etc. In this paper, recent advances in flexible gas sensors based on CNT films are reviewed. It discusses various strategies to design the structure of flexible CNT films and improve flexibility/stretchability performance. It generalizes different types of sensitive materials loaded for detected gases and analyzes the sensing mechanism of CNT films, with interface interactions and synergistic effects leading to an improvement in gas sensing. In addition, it discusses the preparation of CNT self‐standing films and the use of flexible substrates in transformation and assembly, in order to enable CNT films with improved flexible properties. CNT films show remarkable response and flexibility to hazard or greenhouse gases, such as ammonia, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen, nitric oxide, carbon dioxide, and others. Summary and perspectives toward the future development of flexible gas sensors based on CNT films are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Premise: A comparison of methods using different materials to exclude light from stems to prevent stem CO2 exchange (i.e., photosynthesis), without affecting stem conductance to water vapor, surface temperature, and relative humidity, was conducted on stems of avocado trees in California. Methods and Results: The experiment featured three materials: aluminum foil, paper‐based wrap, and mineral‐based paint. We examined stem CO2 exchange with and without the light exclusion treatments. We also examined stem surface temperature, relative humidity, and photosynthetic active radiation (PAR) under the cover materials. All materials reduced PAR and stem CO2 exchange. However, aluminum foil reduced stem surface temperature and increased relative humidity. Conclusions: Methods used to study stem CO2 exchange through light exclusion have historically relied on methods that may induce experimental artifacts. Among the methods tested here, mineral‐based paint effectively reduced PAR without affecting stem surface temperature and relative humidity around the stem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of global transport models to go up in resolution becomes discriminating for greenhouse gas atmospheric inversions. This paper describes the porting on Graphics Processing Units of the global transport model currently used in the European operational Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) for CO2 and N2O inversions. It represents an important milestone to achieve sub‐degree resolution. The code includes not only the direct model but also its tangent‐linear and its adjoint versions which are needed in variational inversions. Tests were carried out for CO2 at a resolution of 2.50° in longitude, 1.27° in latitude and 79 layers in the vertical, corresponding to 1,626,768 3D cells, 4.5 times more than the current standard resolution of the model used in the CAMS reanalyzes. A month's worth of computation of the tangent‐linear and of the adjoint versions now takes 2.5 min, including 50 s for reading meteorological data. Plain Language Summary: Atmospheric transport models are intensively used to infer global greenhouse gas emissions and removals, from atmospheric measurements: a single global analysis involves repeated and long transport simulations. This intensive use has limited the spatial resolution of such analyses despite an increasing need for national greenhouse gas budgets, despite an increasing number of corresponding space‐based observations at kilometer resolution, and despite an increasing number of high‐quality surface measurements made in sites marked by strong local influences. For the global transport model currently used in the European operational atmosphere monitoring service, our objective within the next 5 years is to make it reach a resolution of about 50 km over the whole globe. This paper describes an important milestone in this direction with the porting of this transport model on hardware components initially developed for video display but now used for high performance computing. Tests were carried out at a resolution of 2.50° in longitude, 1.27° in latitude and 79 layers in the vertical, corresponding to 4.5 times more 3D cells than the current standard resolution of the model. The direct model itself now takes less time than reading the input meteorological data. Key Points: The workload in a Eulerian transport model on a longitude‐latitude grid can be embarrassingly parallel enough to run efficiently on a Graphics Processing UnitThe transport model of the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique was run in a new grid of 1,626,768 3D cellsThe calculation time in the direct version of the model is now less than the time to read the input meteorological data [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A novel electrochemically assisted cycloaddition process is proposed, in which highly efficient coupling of CO2 with styrene oxide (SO) can be achieved to form styrene carbonate (SC) as a high‐value‐added product. A series of Cu catalysts with different morphologies and chemical states were fabricated on carbon paper (CP) by using in‐situ electrodeposition, and the sample with nano‐dendrimer structure was found to exhibit a relatively high activity of 74.8 % SC yield with 92.7 % SO conversion under gentle reaction conditions, thus showing its potential for practical applications. The relatively high electrochemically active surface area and charge transfer ability of dendrimer‐like Cu benefited the electrochemical reaction. In particular, the Cu2+ species that were formed in situ during the reaction played a vital role in enhancing the activity and selectivity of the proposed Cu/CP hybrid catalyst. Cu2+ atoms served as active sites that can not only electrochemically activate CO2 but also facilitate the ring opening of SO. Mechanistic analysis suggested that the reaction followed electrochemical and liquid‐phase heterogeneous paths, which provide a new green and sustainable route for efficient utilization of CO2 resources for fine chemical electrosynthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Broadband (spectrally‐integrated) radiation calculations are dominated by the expense of spectral integration, and many applications require fast parameterizations for computing radiative flux. Here we describe a novel approach using a linear weighted sum of monochromatic calculations at a small set of optimally‐chosen frequencies. The empirically‐optimized quadrature method is used to compute atmospheric boundary fluxes, net flux profiles throughout the atmosphere, heating rate profiles, and top‐of‐the‐atmosphere forcing by CO2, in the longwave for clear skies. We evaluate the method against two modern correlated k‐distribution models and find that we can achieve comparable errors with 32 spectral points. We also examine the effect of minimizing different cost functions, and find that in order to accurately represent heating rates and CO2 forcing, these quantities must be included in the cost function. Plain Language Summary: Quantifying the way radiation flows through the atmosphere is computationally expensive, and most applications require fast approximation. In this paper, we develop an empirically‐optimized quadrature method that can compute quantities of interest in climate science and weather prediction such as radiative flux throughout the atmosphere, heating rates, and forcing by carbon dioxide. The method uses a simple optimization algorithm, combined with a linear model, to achieve accuracy and computational cost of similar order of magnitude to the modern correlated k‐distribution models. Depending on the focus of the application, the algorithm can easily be adapted to prioritize desired quantities. Key Points: Spectrally integrated radiative quantities can be estimated from a small weighted set of monochromatic calculationsTradeoffs between computational cost and accuracy are commensurate with correlated k‐distribution modelsOptimization priorities can be tailored to a specific applications [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Raman spectroscopy is a promising method to analyze natural gas. Measurement of hydrocarbon concentrations is required for quality control of this fuel. Despite the presence of intense characteristic peaks of hydrocarbons in the range of 2800–3040 cm−1, researchers avoid this region due to the overlap with a methane spectrum. This paper presents a simple method to simulate the Raman spectrum of methane in natural gas at different pressures and concentrations of nitrogen, carbon dioxide, and ethane. A detailed description of the algorithm and the empirical parameters necessary for the simulation are provided. The method can be used to improve the accuracy of the Raman gas analysis of natural gas and other methane‐bearing media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is unquestionably necessary for economic progress, but it also results in carbon emissions, which are the leading cause of environmental deterioration and climate change. From this perspective, clean energy can contribute to both sustainable development and ecological sustainability, as it consists of non‐carbohydrate energy sources that do not or rarely emit greenhouse gases. In this context, this paper investigates economic policy uncertainty (EPU), economic expansion (EE) and clean energy consumption (EC) on carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in Russia from 1995 to 2021. The autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model was used to illustrate the interdependence of factors. The error correction model (ECM) is also used to check the relationship among the study's desired factors. The long‐term investigation found that EPU harms the environment by increasing emission levels. The economic expansion increases CO2 emissions and reduces the environmental quality, supporting the ecological modernization argument. The consumption of clean energy negatively impacts CO2 emission; hence its higher amount reduces the carbon. Thus, the study found a causal relationship between EPU, EC, EE and CO2 emissions. Based on the study's findings, a policy framework is proposed to address the sustainable development goals and environmental quality. Adding the other variables like environmental regulations can be taken as future direction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction of a "net‐zero‐emission" system through CO2 hydrogenation to methanol with solar energy is an eco‐friendly way to mitigate the greenhouse effect. Traditional CO2 hydrogenation demands centralized mass production for cost reduction with mass water electrolysis for hydrogen supply. To achieve continuous reaction with intermittent and fluctuating flow of H2 on a small‐scale for distributed application scenarios, modulating the catalyst interface environment and chemical adsorption capacity to adapt fluctuating reaction conditions is highly desired. This paper describes a distributed clean CO2 utilization system in which the surface structure of catalysts is carefully regulated. The Ni catalyst with unsaturated electrons loaded on In2O3 can reduce the dissociation energy of H2 to overcome the slow response of intermittent H2 supply, exhibiting a faster response (12 min) than bare oxide catalysts (42 min). Moreover, the introduction of Ni enhances the sensitivity of the catalyst to hydrogen, yielding a Ni/In2O3 catalyst with a good performance at lower H2 concentrations with a 15 times adaptability for wider hydrogen fluctuation range than In2O3, greatly reducing the negative impact of unstable H2 supplies derived from renewable energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Construction of a "net‐zero‐emission" system through CO2 hydrogenation to methanol with solar energy is an eco‐friendly way to mitigate the greenhouse effect. Traditional CO2 hydrogenation demands centralized mass production for cost reduction with mass water electrolysis for hydrogen supply. To achieve continuous reaction with intermittent and fluctuating flow of H2 on a small‐scale for distributed application scenarios, modulating the catalyst interface environment and chemical adsorption capacity to adapt fluctuating reaction conditions is highly desired. This paper describes a distributed clean CO2 utilization system in which the surface structure of catalysts is carefully regulated. The Ni catalyst with unsaturated electrons loaded on In2O3 can reduce the dissociation energy of H2 to overcome the slow response of intermittent H2 supply, exhibiting a faster response (12 min) than bare oxide catalysts (42 min). Moreover, the introduction of Ni enhances the sensitivity of the catalyst to hydrogen, yielding a Ni/In2O3 catalyst with a good performance at lower H2 concentrations with a 15 times adaptability for wider hydrogen fluctuation range than In2O3, greatly reducing the negative impact of unstable H2 supplies derived from renewable energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper tells the recent history of CO2 chemistry through the contributions from members of CIRCC to its birth and growth. Starting with the first transition metal complex bearing CO2 as a ligand synthesized in 1975 by the Aresta Group in Bari, the mode of bonding and the reactivity of coordinated CO2 are discussed. The early applications in chemo‐thermal, electrolytic, and biotechnological processes, and the use of SC‐CO2 as solvent and reagent are fields in which CIRCC partners have made pioneering contributions and continue to provide essential inputs. The paper is closed by highlighting key issues and challenges at stake, from capture to large‐scale conversion, investment infrastructure, progressive policies and standardized regulations needed to advocate carbon recycling as a pillar of future innovation in energy and chemical industries. CIRCC has been the nest of modern CO2 chemistry and the place where CO2 has always been considered a "resource" rather than a "waste". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Utilizing renewable energy to hydrogenate carbon dioxide into fuels eliminates massive CO2 emissions from the atmosphere and diminishes our need for using fossil fuels. This review presents the most recent developments for designing heterogeneous catalysts for the hydrogenation of CO2 to formate, methanol, and C2+ hydrocarbons. Thermodynamic challenges and mechanistic insights are discussed, providing a strong foundation to propose a suitable catalyst. The main body of this review focuses on nanostructured catalysts for constructing efficient heterogeneous systems. The most important factors affecting catalytic performance are highlighted, including active metals, supports and promoters that can potentially be used. The summary of the results and the outlook are presented in the final section. During the past few decades, heterogeneous CO2 hydrogenation has gained much attention and made tremendous progress. Thus, many highly efficient catalysts have been studied to discover their active sites and provide mechanistic insights. This paper summarizes recent advances in CO2 hydrogenation and its conversion into various hydrocarbons such as formate, methanol, and C2+ products. As for formate production, Au and Ru nanocatalysts show superior activity. However, considering the catalyst cost, Cu‐based catalysts have an excellent prospect for methanol production, among other catalysts. Ultra‐small nanoparticles and nanoclusters appear promising to provide highly active cost‐effective catalysts. A growing number of researchers are investigating the possibility of directly synthesizing C2+ products through CO2 hydrogenation. The major challenge in producing heavy hydrocarbons is breaking the ASF limitations, which have been achieved over bifunctional catalysts using zeolites. Using suitable support and promoter can lead to a superior activity, ascribed to structural, electronic, and chemical promotional effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Excess CO2 can be effectively converted into valuable fuels and chemicals by electrochemical CO2 reduction, which can help establish a low‐carbon emission economy and solve the current energy crisis. In recent years, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), as an emerging multifunctional material with porous structure, high chemical tunability and large specific surface area, has received increasing attention in the field of electrochemical CO2RR. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview of various MOFs and their derivatives as CO2RR electrocatalysts and analyze their roles in the catalytic process from physical and chemical aspects. In addition, combining experiments and theory, this article also offers a personal view on the electronic structure modulation strategies to improve electrocatalytic performance. The article concludes with an analysis of the challenges in realizing MOFs and their derivatives for electrocatalytic CO2RR applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, CaxZn10‐xFe20 catalysts were prepared by the co‐precipitation method and applied to CO2 hydrogenation. The experimental results show that the CO2 conversion of the catalyst Ca1Zn9Fe20 at a Ca doping amount of 1 mmol can reach 57.91 %, which is 13.5 % more than the CO2 conversion of the catalyst Zn10Fe20. Moreover, the catalyst Ca1Zn9Fe20 has the lowest selectivity for both CO and CH4, with 7.40 % and 6.99 %, respectively. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption‐desorption, CO2‐TPD, H2‐TPR, and XPS. The results demonstrate that the doping of Ca increases the basic sites on the catalyst surface and thus allows the catalyst to adsorb more CO2 to promote the reaction. Besides, the Ca doping amount of 1 mmol can suppress the formation of graphitic carbon on the catalyst surface and prevent the excess graphitic carbon from covering the active site Fe5C2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The duration of apnoeic oxygenation with high‐flow nasal oxygen is limited by hypercapnia and acidosis and monitoring of arterial carbon dioxide level is therefore essential. We have performed a study in patients undergoing prolonged apnoeic oxygenation where we monitored the progressive hypercapnia with transcutaneous carbon dioxide. In this paper, we compared the transcutaneous carbon dioxide level with arterial carbon dioxide tension. Methods: This is a secondary publication based on data from a study exploring the limits of apnoeic oxygenation. We compared transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring with arterial carbon dioxide tension using Bland–Altman analyses in anaesthetised and paralysed patients undergoing prolonged apnoeic oxygenation until a predefined limit of pH 7.15 or PCO2 of 12 kPa was reached. Results: We included 35 patients with a median apnoea duration of 25 min. Mean pH was 7.14 and mean arterial carbon dioxide tension was 11.2 kPa at the termination of apnoeic oxygenation. Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring initially slightly underestimated the arterial tension but at carbon dioxide levels above 10 kPa it overestimated the value. Bias ranged from −0.55 to 0.81 kPa with limits of agreement between −1.25 and 2.11 kPa. Conclusion: Transcutaneous carbon dioxide monitoring provided a clinically acceptable substitute for arterial blood gases but as hypercapnia developed to considerable levels, we observed overestimation at high carbon dioxide tensions in patients undergoing apnoeic oxygenation with high‐flow nasal oxygen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Education for Sustainable Development has been an essential part of instruction in chemistry classes for some time now. Leaners experiencing sustainable education are enabled to understand coherences and sustainable action by approaching a topic using different perspectives, that is ecological, economic, political, social and cultural dimensions. In this paper, it is shown how nearly all Unesco Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be connected to compulsory content of the German curriculum. Furthermore, a learning unit for students grade ten with the topic "Climate impact of carbon dioxide and approaches to emission reduction" is presented that illustrates how the mentioned dimensions can be addressed in chemistry lessons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of satellite instruments to accurately observe long‐term changes in atmospheric temperature depends on many factors including the absolute accuracy of the measurement, the stability of the calibration of the instrument, the stability of the satellite orbit, and the stability of the numerical algorithm that produces the temperature data. We present an example of algorithm instability recently discovered in the temperature data set from the SABER instrument on the NASA TIMED satellite. The instability resulted in derived temperatures that were substantially colder than anticipated from mid‐December 2019 to mid‐2022. This algorithm‐induced change in temperature over 1 to 2 years corresponded to the expected temperature change over several decades from increasing anthropogenic CO2. This paper highlights the importance of algorithm stability in developing Geospace Data Records (GDRs) for Earth's mesosphere and lower thermosphere. A corrected version (Version 2.08) of the temperatures from SABER is described. Plain Language Summary: Instruments on Earth orbiting satellites offer the opportunity to detect long‐term changes in atmospheric temperature. Many factors may affect the ability to identify actual long‐term changes in the temperature and to distinguish these from changes in the instrument or from unintended changes in the algorithm that produces the temperature data from the instrument observations. SABER is an instrument on a NASA satellite that has been observing temperatures from 15 to 110 km (10–68 miles) in altitude for over 20 years. An "instability" in the scientific algorithm used to derive temperature from the instrument observations was recently discovered, beginning in late 2019. An unintended change was made in a parameter central to the derivation of temperature from SABER measurements. The consequence was that the atmospheric temperatures between 85 and 110 km (51–68 miles) from 2020 onward were several degrees colder than they would have been without the unintended change. This has been corrected and an updated version of the SABER temperatures and all other SABER data products, called Version 2.08, is now publicly available. Key Points: The concept of Geospace Data Records (GDRs) and their relevance to accurate detection of long‐term change is introducedAlgorithm instability in a GDR of the 20‐year record of SABER temperatures between 85 and 110 km is described and correctedThe field of Geospace Climate is emerging as a frontier with scientific and economic relevance. Accurate GDRs are essential to both [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Atmospheric inversions provide estimates of carbon dioxide (CO2) fluxes between the surface and atmosphere based on atmospheric CO2 concentration observations. The number of CO2 observations is projected to increase severalfold in the next decades from expanding in situ networks and next‐generation CO2‐observing satellites, providing both an opportunity and a challenge for inversions. This study introduces the TRACE Regional Atmosphere–Carbon Ensemble (TRACE) system, which employ an ensemble‐based simultaneous state and parameter estimation (ESSPE) approach to enable the assimilation of large volumes of observations for constraining CO2 flux parameters. TRACE uses an online full‐physics mesoscale atmospheric model and assimilates observations serially in a coupled atmosphere–carbon ensemble Kalman filter. The data assimilation system was tested in a series of observing system simulation experiments using in situ observations for a regional domain over North America in summer. Under ideal conditions with known prior flux parameter error covariances, TRACE reduced the error in domain‐integrated monthly CO2 fluxes by about 97% relative to the prior flux errors. In a more realistic scenario with unknown prior flux error statistics, the corresponding relative error reductions ranged from 80.6% to 88.5% depending on the specification of prior flux parameter error correlations. For regionally integrated fluxes on a spatial scale of 106 km2, the sum of absolute errors was reduced by 34.5%–50.9% relative to the prior flux errors. Moreover, TRACE produced posterior uncertainty estimates that were consistent with the true errors. These initial experiments show that the ESSPE approach in TRACE provides a promising method for advancing CO2 inversion techniques. Plain Language Summary: To gain a better understanding of the main drivers behind atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) variations and trends, it is essential to accurately quantify CO2 exchanges—also known as fluxes—between the atmosphere and other components of the Earth system. It is generally not possible to directly measure surface CO2 fluxes at regional scales; however, fluxes can be inferred from a network of atmospheric CO2 concentration observations combined with atmospheric modeling and inversion methods, which seek to find the most likely fluxes given prior knowledge and observational evidence. This paper presents a new regional inversion framework called TRACE Regional Atmosphere–Carbon Ensemble (TRACE) for deriving CO2 fluxes at high resolution in space and time. One of the major innovations in TRACE is the ensemble‐based dual state and parameter estimation approach, which makes it computationally feasible to ingest large volumes of observations into the system. A series of experiments were carried out in a domain over North America to test the new framework in a controlled setting. In the experiments, we used synthetic tower observations of atmospheric CO2 concentrations to constrain parameters controlling terrestrial biogenic and oceanic CO2 fluxes. The results show that TRACE is capable of accurately estimating both the magnitude and spatial pattern of regional CO2 fluxes. Key Points: An ensemble‐based simultaneous state and parameter estimation approach is introduced for regional CO2 flux inversionsThe new dual‐state TRACE Regional Atmosphere–Carbon Ensemble (TRACE) framework provides a flexible platform for conducting coupled atmosphere–carbon data assimilationControlled experiments show that TRACE is effective at constraining regional CO2 fluxes using in situ CO2 concentration observations [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to use a random‐effects model of meta‐analysis to merge various heritability estimates of different gas emission traits (methane yield [METY], methane production [METP], carbon dioxide production [CO2], the sum of carbon dioxide and methane production [METP + CO2], METPMETP+CO2 ratio, and oxygen consumption [O2]) and their genetic association with growth and partial efficiency traits in sheep. A total of 53 genetic correlations and 47 heritability estimates from 13 scientific articles were used in the meta‐analysis. The included papers were published between 2010 and 2022. To measure heterogeneity, Chi‐square (Q) test was performed, and the I2 statistic was determined. The average heritability estimates for the studied traits were low to moderate and ranged from 0.137 (for METY) to 0.250 (for METP + CO2). The heterogeneity test of heritability estimates indicated that heritability estimates for METY, O2 consumption, and METPMETP+CO2 had low Q values and non‐significant heterogeneity (p > 0.10). However, the average heritability estimates for other traits experienced significant heterogeneities (p < 0.10). The genetic correlation estimate between METP with O2 was −0.597 (p < 0.05), but its genetic correlations with other gas traits ranged from 0.593 (with METP + CO2) to 0.653 (CO2; p < 0.05). Also, mean estimates of genetic correlation between METP with live weight (LW), feed intake (FI), and residual feed intake (RFI) were 0.719, 0.598, and 0.408, respectively. The genetic correlations of CO2 with performance traits varied from 0.641 (with RFI) to 0.833 (with FI; p < 0.05). This meta‐analysis showed gas emission traits in sheep are under low‐to‐moderate genetic control. The average genetic parameter estimates obtained in this study could be considered in the genetic selection programmes for sheep, especially when there is no access to accurate phenotypic records or genetic parameter estimates for gas emission traits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nitrous oxide (N2O) is the third important long‐lived greenhouse gas next to carbon dioxide and methane and croplands are considered biogeochemical hotspots of soil N2O emissions. To reduce soil N2O and other greenhouse emissions, climate‐smart agricultural practices including biochar application have been applied. Many studies have been conducted with biochar application but results from these studies are not conclusive. To address this issue, meta‐analysis, a quantitative review that synthesizes results from multiple independent studies, has been widely used. The results from different meta‐analyses also differ but are seldomly evaluated. In this study, we evaluated meta‐analyses on the effects of biochar application on soil N2O emissions. A grand mean response ratio (RR) was further proposed to estimate an overall effect and the impacts of experiment setting, properties of biochar and soil, and agricultural practices. We found 18 meta‐analysis papers were published between 2014 and 2022. Sample size (publications or experiments) varied from less than 30 to more than 1000, with a mean sample size of 275. RR was calculated in all studies except one. While four meta‐analyses did not find a significant effect of biochar application on soil N2O emissions, all others reported reductions of soil N2O emissions, but the magnitude ranged from −10.5% to −54.8%. Synthesizing all results from these meta‐analyses, we found that biochar application overall significantly reduced the soil N2O emissions by 38.8%. The impacts increased with experimental duration till one and half years and reduced after that. Biochar application rate and C:N ratio had large influence on the effects of biochar application on soil N2O emissions. This study demonstrated that while meta‐analysis provides a more comprehensive and better estimation, the inconsistence among these studies may need to be further evaluated. A grand mean RR based on meta‐analyses could be more accurate and representative than single meta‐analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carboxylic acid compounds are important structural units that exist widely in nature; the only byproduct in the decarboxylation process is carbon dioxide, which is non‐flammable, non‐toxic, and easy to remove. Therefore, decarboxylative reactions are of great importance in synthetic chemistry. Heterocyclic compounds are important backbones that constitute a variety of biologically active molecules; therefore, research into the development of new synthetic tactics for heterocyclic derivatives based on decarboxylative cyclization is of great interest. In this paper, we describe metal‐catalyzed, visible light‐driven, electrochemically enabled, decarboxylative cyclization reactions, as well as other types, that have been rapidly developed in the past five years; moreover, for some of these methods, we discuss the scope of their application and the mechanism of the reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of green carbon science is to promote the goal of achieving carbon neutrality, the importance and urgency of which have been well‐recognized and received worldwide attention. Carbon neutrality has become the focus of research work in many fields, and correspondingly, a growing number of papers and publications have been published over the last few years. However, since carbon neutralization is a real problem that urgently requires technical solutions, the transition from fundamental research to practical applications must be accelerated. A number of research teams are bold in putting things into practice and blazing new trails. This Review summarizes the recent technological developments within the framework of green carbon science, focusing on conducted pilot tests, industrial demonstrations, and commercial applications beyond the laboratory stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of green carbon science is to promote the goal of achieving carbon neutrality, the importance and urgency of which have been well‐recognized and received worldwide attention. Carbon neutrality has become the focus of research work in many fields, and correspondingly, a growing number of papers and publications have been published over the last few years. However, since carbon neutralization is a real problem that urgently requires technical solutions, the transition from fundamental research to practical applications must be accelerated. A number of research teams are bold in putting things into practice and blazing new trails. This Review summarizes the recent technological developments within the framework of green carbon science, focusing on conducted pilot tests, industrial demonstrations, and commercial applications beyond the laboratory stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global warming has in recent years become a cause for serious concern. It is believed to result from the release of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, particularly carbon dioxide. Upon assessing the recent developments, it can be learnt that attempts in relation to the reduction of anthropogenic carbon dioxide content and decreasing the emission of greenhouse gases appear to be among the key issues. Despite a range of technologies and approaches established over the years, the issue of separating carbon dioxide from gas streams still cannot be addressed. Notwithstanding having developed new methods, another substantial challenge identified in the area is the growth of adsorbents with relatively higher performance. It is worthy of note that they help balance an array of optimization‐needed factors which include efficiency, engineering feasibility and costs. Zeolites, metal‐organic frameworks, silica and activated carbon are among the adsorption materials which are widely discussed in the literature. Accordingly, recent studies focusing on such materials are comprehensively discussed and summarized in this review. Besides, the cost, carbon capture capacity and selectivity which are among the major concerns with respect to selecting adsorbents are compared in this paper. Furthermore, both the privileges and drawbacks of each type of adsorbent are presented in this manuscript. Despite the encouraging results achieved in this study, developing more effective adsorbents to capture carbon dioxide remains a fundamental challenge. Therefore, further innovations regarding the design and synthesis of adsorbents are essential for future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

German industry is committed to climate targets, but faces uncertainty regarding feasible transformation pathways in terms of future renewable energy availability, the speed of technology development, and the future regulatory framework. The Carbon2Chem® project aims to develop flexible solutions for the chemical utilization of CO/CO2 in various industries with hard‐to‐abate CO2 emissions. This paper presents general strategies for using Carbon2Chem® technology in the transformation process to reduce CO2 emissions and provide sustainable feedstocks to the chemical industry, both in the short and long term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Respiration is an important physiological activity of eggs and is closely related to their freshness. To further observe the diffusion of carbon dioxide released by egg respiration, we used a respirometer to measure the respiration parameters of eggs stored at room temperature and performed a respiration simulation using Fluent software. This paper also explores the relationship between respiratory intensity, freshness, and storage period. RESULTS: The results demonstrate that the diffusion of carbon dioxide released from the respiration of eggs is related to the characteristics of heavy gas diffusion. By comparison, the simulated value (0.0199 m s−1) is close to the experimental value (0.0208 m s−1), which indicates that the simulation and analysis results are valid. In addition, the logarithmic model was used to assess the relationship between respiration intensity, Haugh unit, and the yolk index (R2 values 0.89 and 0.87). The R2 of the relationship between the real and the predicted Haugh unit value and the yolk index are 0.9 and 0.84 respectively, indicating that the model is a good fit. The equivalent egg age model was established using nonlinear regression, where the correlation coefficient R was 0.888 and P < 0.01, indicating it was both stable and reliable. CONCLUSION: The standard k–ε model is suitable for egg respiration simulation analysis. Respiratory intensity can be used as a potential index for nondestructive testing of egg freshness, which is a new method for nondestructive testing of egg freshness and storage period. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(R)‐Limonene, a renewable terpene, and its epoxidized derivatives, i. e. limonene epoxides, have prompted growing attention over the last decade as building blocks for the synthesis of biobased monomers and polymers. With the goal of replacing petroleum‐based polymers several polymerization techniques have been applied on limonene oxide and limonene dioxide monomers. This paper aims to contribute to the literature by presenting a review dedicated to limonene oxide and dioxide as raw monomers of renewable origin for the development of biobased polymers. The polymerization techniques described are namely the homopolymerization, the copolymerization with carbon dioxide and anhydrides, and the copolymerization of limonene epoxide‐based monomers. Limonene oxide polymerizations will be investigated first, followed by limonene dioxide polymerizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2ER) to multi‐carbon chemical feedstocks over Cu‐based catalysts is of considerable attraction but suffers with the ambiguous nature of active sites, which hinder the rational design of catalysts and large‐scale industrialization. This paper describes a large‐scale simulation to obtain realistic CuZn nanoparticle models and the atom‐level structure of active sites for C2+ products on CuZn catalysts in CO2ER, combining neural network based global optimization and density functional theory calculations. Upon analyzing over 2000 surface sites through high throughput tests based on NN potential, two kinds of active sites are identified, balanced Cu−Zn sites and Zn‐heavy Cu−Zn sites, both facilitating C−C coupling, which are verified by subsequent calculational and experimental investigations. This work provides a paradigm for the design of high‐performance Cu‐based catalysts and may offer a general strategy to identify accurately the atomic structures of active sites in complex catalytic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electrochemical CO2 reduction (CO2ER) to multi‐carbon chemical feedstocks over Cu‐based catalysts is of considerable attraction but suffers with the ambiguous nature of active sites, which hinder the rational design of catalysts and large‐scale industrialization. This paper describes a large‐scale simulation to obtain realistic CuZn nanoparticle models and the atom‐level structure of active sites for C2+ products on CuZn catalysts in CO2ER, combining neural network based global optimization and density functional theory calculations. Upon analyzing over 2000 surface sites through high throughput tests based on NN potential, two kinds of active sites are identified, balanced Cu−Zn sites and Zn‐heavy Cu−Zn sites, both facilitating C−C coupling, which are verified by subsequent calculational and experimental investigations. This work provides a paradigm for the design of high‐performance Cu‐based catalysts and may offer a general strategy to identify accurately the atomic structures of active sites in complex catalytic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical redox‐control is an emerging strategy for the regulation of polymerization process without the addition of external oxidants and reductants, which enables the control over composition, microstructure and properties of the polymer products. In this paper, based on the chemical selectivity of heterometallic Salen‐Co‐Mn complexes of different valences, an electrochemically switchable strategy was developed for the copolymerization of lactide (LA), CO2 and epoxides. The switchable redox reactions endowed this system with the capability to easily synthesize a multi‐block copolymer of polylactide (PLA) and polycarbonate (PC). Moreover, the multi‐block copolymer could be further modified by introducing various monomers with different microstructures and functional groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electrochemical redox‐control is an emerging strategy for the regulation of polymerization process without the addition of external oxidants and reductants, which enables the control over composition, microstructure and properties of the polymer products. In this paper, based on the chemical selectivity of heterometallic Salen‐Co‐Mn complexes of different valences, an electrochemically switchable strategy was developed for the copolymerization of lactide (LA), CO2 and epoxides. The switchable redox reactions endowed this system with the capability to easily synthesize a multi‐block copolymer of polylactide (PLA) and polycarbonate (PC). Moreover, the multi‐block copolymer could be further modified by introducing various monomers with different microstructures and functional groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regulating the coordination environment via heteroatoms to break the symmetrical electronic structure of M‐N4 active sites provides a promising route to engineer metal‐nitrogen‐carbon catalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction. However, it remains challenging to realize a site‐specific introduction of heteroatoms at atomic level due to their energetically unstable nature. Here, this paper reports a facile route via using an oxygen‐ and nitrogen‐rich metal–organic framework (MOF) (IRMOF‐3) as the precursor to construct the Fe‐O and Fe‐N chelation, simultaneously, resulting in an atomically dispersed axial O‐coordinated FeN4 active site. Compared to the FeN4 active sites without O coordination, the formed FeN4‐O sites exhibit much better catalytic performance toward CO, reaching a maximum FECO of 95% at −0.50 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode. To the best of the authors' knowledge, such performance exceeds that of the existing Fe‐N‐C‐based catalysts derived from sole N‐rich MOFs. Density functional theory calculations indicate that the axial O‐coordination regulates the binding energy of intermediates in the reaction pathways, resulting in a smoother desorption of CO and increased energy for the competitive hydrogen production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The focus of this paper is the development of fast solvable dynamic mathematical models (real‐time models). Real‐time models represent a part of model‐based tools that can be used to prevent and eliminate emergency situations in industry. In this paper, the development of real‐time models is illustrated for chemical absorption, using rigorous dynamic rate‐based models. An approach to develop the real‐time models is explained in detail and the outcome is presented in the form of mathematical equation systems. The results are shown for the chemical absorption of CO2 by aqueous monoethanolamine solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The methanol oxidation reaction has high energy density and the product is non‐toxic and harmless (CO2, H2O), making it become one of the targets of new fuel energy. To maximize the efficiency of the reaction, its key lies in the development of highly efficient catalysts. In this paper, we reviewed the types of methanol electrocatalytic oxidation catalysts in recent years, some new preparation methods, and the reaction mechanism of different types of catalyst systems, and discussed their structure‐activity relationships, laying the foundation for the development of highly efficient new catalysts in the future. And this paper is included on the types of catalysts (Pt‐based catalyst, Ni‐based catalyst, and other transition metal‐based catalyst) and preparation methods (Reduction method, sol‐gel method, in‐situ method), and discussed the catalytic mechanism which mainly starts from two aspects, one is adsorption‐desorption, the other is the bond between the catalyst, methanol, and the medium. Finally, the future challenges and opportunities of the electrocatalytic oxidation of methanol are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This document is a response to concerns raised by Reershemius and Suhrhoff regarding a study conducted by Kantola et al. The authors of the response acknowledge that Reershemius and Suhrhoff did not find any faults with the derivation in the paper, which they state are factually true. They also mention that Reershemius and Suhrhoff arrived at a similar result in their own unpublished work. The response addresses specific implementation details raised by Reershemius and Suhrhoff and argues that these concerns lack merit. The authors appreciate the constructive engagement and transparency of data. [Extracted from the article]

Across Canada's boreal forest, disturbances from in situ oil sands mining, including well‐pads, significantly impact vast areas of the landscape. The creation of well‐pads requires removal of vegetation and placement of mineral fill, which essentially stops any carbon (C) sequestration on the once peatland ecosystem. It is important that, once no longer in use, these well‐pads are restored as long‐term C (peat) accumulation is what defines peatland ecosystem. However, little is known about the recovery of greenhouse gas exchange post‐restoration of these features. We studied a decommissioned well‐pad located in a treed poor fen that was restored using three soil adjustment treatments (SATs): (1) complete mineral fill removal (Peat‐Dec); (2) partial pad removal and burial under peat layer (BUPL); and (3) mixing mineral and peat by inversion (Mixed‐P‐M). The recreated peat surface was revegetated with donor peatland species using the moss layer transfer technique (MLTT). The objectives of this paper were to (1) quantify plot‐scale seasonal carbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) exchange of the SATs, 2–4 years post‐restoration compared to reference sites and (2) determine the influence of several environmental variables on CO2 and CH4 exchange. All SATs proved effective in recreating a soil surface needed to support peatland vegetation as shown by similar rates of net ecosystem exchange (NEE). Equally, both types of vegetation reintroduced led this site on a trajectory toward functioning as a net C sink. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stratospheric temperature adjustment (STA) is often a significant component of greenhouse gas radiative forcing (RF), for both the most widely used definition of RF and effective radiative forcing. It is well established that the magnitude and sign of STA differs among greenhouse gases, being negative (at the tropopause) for CO2 increases (because it induces a cooling of the stratosphere) and positive for many halocarbons (because they induce a warming of the stratosphere); this effect is strongly related to the opacity (and hence the effective emitting temperature) of the troposphere at the wavelengths at which gases absorb. Here the spectral variation of STA is examined for the first time by systematically imposing a weak absorber in each of 300 bands of a narrow‐band radiation code. For this weak absorber, STA is negative for wavelengths greater than about 13 μm and positive in the 8‐ to 13‐μm "window" except in the vicinity of the 9.6‐μm ozone band. By combining narrow‐band and line‐by‐line model results, these findings are used to improve a widely used fast method to estimate radiative efficiency (RE, the RF per unit change in concentration) directly from laboratory measurements or theoretical calculations of halocarbon absorption cross sections; the new method reproduces detailed RE calculations to better than 1.4%. This is a significant improvement over a cruder method used to account for STA in RE tabulations in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fifth Assessment Report, which were used to calculate metrics such as the Global Warming Potential, for halocarbons and related substances. Plain Language Summary: Increased emissions and concentrations of greenhouse gases, due to human activity, are a major driver of climate change. Carbon dioxide is the most important such gas, but many other gases are emitted which, collectively, contribute significantly to climate change. This paper focuses on methods to calculate the climate impact of halocarbons which are used in refrigeration, insulation, air conditioning, etc. This includes chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), whose usage has been phased out because they deplete the ozone layer; hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs) which were regarded as transitional substances to replace the CFCs; and hydrofluorocarbons, which are widely used replacements for CFCs and HCFCs. It is important to quantify the climate impacts of halocarbons and to compare the relative impact of different halocarbons; this information is used in international agreements aimed at reducing greenhouse gas emissions. This paper presents an important refinement of a widely used simple method for calculating and comparing the climate impact of different halocarbons. This refinement considers the impact of these gases on temperatures in the stratosphere (i.e., altitudes of about 10–50 km); to achieve this, the paper first develops a general understanding of the way such gases influence stratospheric temperatures. The new technique is a significant improvement over previous methods. Key Points: Stratospheric temperature adjustment is an important component of the effective radiative forcing for many greenhouse gasesThe variation of the magnitude and sign of this adjustment with the wavelength at which greenhouse gases absorb is investigatedThe results are used to enhance a widely used simple method for estimating halocarbon radiative efficiency [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Polyetherimide (PEI) is an extraordinary type of polyimide with excellent thermal and mechanical properties. The polymer is also gas permeable and is considered one of the best membranes for gas separation. Despite the high selectivity, PEI suffers from low permeability due to the trade‐off between phenomena in polymers. To overcome this limitation, fillers are added during the membrane preparation to create voids for better gas transport. In this paper, permeability and selectivity data of PEI membranes for the separation of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and helium are discussed. The paper also summarizes the reported studies for adding fillers to improve the membrane performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agriculture is one of the primary contributors to Pakistan's economy. However, over the last few decades, the atmospheric carbon dioxide emission has been amplified to a great extent in Pakistan. This amplification may cause climate change, global warming, and environmental mitigation in Pakistan. This paper empirically investigates the impact of CO2 emissions on the agricultural export trade of Pakistan over the period 1975–2017. Evidence suggests that climate change could be a primary cause for the decline in Pakistan's agriculture export trade; no studies have been carried out for this specific issue, particularly over time. In this paper, the empirical analysis suggests the negative coefficient of agriculture export trade with CO2 emissions subsequently decreases agriculture export trade, which leads to direct impact on Pakistan's economy. Both theoretical and empirical outcomes suggest that the adaptation of clean and green energies and technologies are the key to reduce pollution in Pakistan. Overall, the effects of carbon dioxide emissions on agriculture export trade are stronger in the long‐run dynamics, thus making the finding heterogeneous. Possible initiatives should be taken by the government of Pakistan to improve the agriculture sector and it should also introduce new policies to reduce the emissions of carbon dioxide. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Translation abstract Education for Sustainable Development has been an essential part of instruction in chemistry classes for some time now. Leaners experiencing sustainable education are enabled to understand coherences and sustainable action by approaching a topic using different perspectives, that is ecological, economic, political, social and cultural dimensions. In this paper, it is shown how nearly all Unesco Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) can be connected to compulsory content of the German curriculum. Furthermore, a learning unit for students grade ten with the topic “Climate impact of carbon dioxide and approaches to emission reduction” is presented that illustrates how the mentioned dimensions can be addressed in chemistry lessons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]