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Punched paper tape readers, frequently used for machine control and computer input, are readily adaptable for the purposes of presenting extremely complex signal sequences such as those used in psychophysiology. A description of basic operating principles is given together with an explanation of the minor modifications necessary to adapt this instrument to signal control. Complete schematics are presented of an instrument with seven channel control capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. A new diagonal etectrophoretic technique for determining the order of the lysine-containing tryptic peptides of a protein is described. The protein is converted into its trifluoracetyl derivative, digested enzymatically (or chemically), and the resulting peptides separated by paper electrophoresis. The paper is then treated with ammonia vapour, which re-exposes the ε-amino groups of the lysine residues, and submitted to a second electrophoresis at right angles to the first direction. Peptides containing lysine residues, together with the N-terminal peptide of the protein, are found to lie off a diagonal formed by all other peptides, whence they may be readily purified. A study of these peptides enables the order of the lysine-containing tryptic peptides in the protein to be deduced. 2. The technique has been successfully tested with insulin. 3. When the method was applied to porcine pepsin, the four tryptic peptides isolated were easily ordered and the carboxyl-terminal sequence of the protein shown to be Arg-Gln-Tyr-TyrThr-Val-Phe-Asp-Arg-Ala-Asn-Asn-Lys-Val-Gly-Leu-Ala-Pro-Val-Ala. The thee basic ammo acid residues in the molecule are thus found clustering towards the C-terminus of the polypeptide chain. 4. A common ancestral gene for porcine pepsin and bovine (calf) rennin is suggested by the close homology between the C-terminal sequents of the two proteins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It was reported that the so-called salivary or pharyngeal gland of the marine snail Neptunea antiqua contains a toxic substance. Food poisoning is caused by the salivary gland of Neptunea arthritica. Extracts of the salivary gland of Neptunea antiqua produce acetylcholine-like effects on certain isolated organs. Extracts of the salivary glands of Neptunca antiqua contain a toxic substance. The results from paper chromatography and from studies of the biological effects of the extracts make it likely that the active substance is a quaternary ammonium base, possibly neurine or a compound related to neurine.

This article presents abstracts of papers presented at the eighth annual meeting of the association for the psychophysiological study of sleep at Colorado during March 22-24, 1968. Some of the topics of presented in the papers included Cortical Monophasic wave activity during Rapid Eye Movement Sleep (REM) and Wakefulness. Preliminary note on the sleep and waking cycle in the desert hedgehog (Paraechinus Hypomelus). Name of some of the psychologists who contributed articles during the meeting were Francois Michel, J. Allan Hobson and many others.

Comments on J. R. L. Allen's paper on the classification of cross-stratified units in sedimentology. Morphological features of cross-stratification; Non-genetic terminology.

The article presents abstracts of papers presented to the seventh annual meeting of the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep (APSS). The seventh annual meeting of the APSS was held at the Miramar Hotel, Santa Monica, California in April 1967. APSS was founded in 1961 for the purpose of promoting both formal and informal exchange of information among workers from various disciplines with a common interest in the psychophysiology of sleep.

The article focuses on the interaction recorder, an electronic punched paper tape unit for recording speech behavior during interviews. The study of verbal interview behavior results in the accumulation of (and the ultimate necessity to process) large quantities of data. This is true whether the investigative focus is on such global phenomena as personality traits or personality change, analysis of the content or themes expressed, or on such structural characteristics as frequency and durations of single units of speech and silence. With both the Chapple Interaction Chronograph and the Interaction Recorder, a trained observer is needed in order to record the interview interaction.

Comments on the effect of training on the author. Relation of supervision to the personal analysis of the trainee in the process of training; Recollection of reaction to a series of dreams and fantasies brought by clinic patients; Significance of patient in the training of analysts.

Comments on the article written by psychologist James Hillman with regards to the training program at the C. J. Jung Institute in Zürich, Switzerland. Need to keep all points of agreement under constant review; Corpulency of the training problems raised by Hillman; Suggestion of a reason for the difference of the views of Hillman; Points of detail on which Hillman seems to have distorted, overlooked or altered.

Comments on the 1966 paper by D.M. Triplehorn on the 'Morphology, internal structure, and origin of glauconite pellets' in the 'Sedimentology' journal. Microscopic observations of glauconite pellets; Ovoidal or spheroidal pellets; Tabular or discoidal pellets; Mammilated pellets; Ellipsoidal pellets; Vermicular pellets; Composite pellets; Fossil casts, internal molds or replacements.

The response measure in which conditioning is measured ranges from the eyelid to electrodermal and vascular responses. Cognition, in the sense utilized by most of these experimenters, deals with awareness by the subject of something. Awareness is an essential ingredient of the development of expectancies. In the count-up to a noxious stimulus, studies, subjects can develop expectancies about the likelihood of occurrence of the stimuli, as well as expectancies about the time of occurrence of stimuli.

Grass pollen allergens are shown to remain associated with protein material and a yellow pigment during paper chromatography and during dialyses and ultrafiltrations of various types. Dialysable* allergens comprise only a fraction of I per cent of the total activity and the amount of activity extractable by diethylene glycol (DEG) and similar solvents is of the same order. Besides the allergens, the DEG and aqueous extracts contain large amounts of inositol, glucose and fructose, also some yellow pigments and phosphates. Larger amounts of free and combined amino acids are found in the aqueous than in the DEG extracts, but the reverse is true for sucrose. In addition the DEG extracts contain a yellow glucoside different from the dactylen of the aqueous extracts, a glucosan and an arabinose-galactose-pigment complex, only the latter being associated with any activity. The spontaneous release of the crystalline dactylen from originally clear aqueous pollen extracts is found not to be caused by enzymes. The washed crystals are found to be chromatographically and electrophoretically homogeneous and devoid of allergenic activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on a simple quantitative measure of pressure for use in the projective techniques. It presents a brief description on the use of a measuring technique and some implications of the scores obtained by the use of it for quantifying the variable of pressure exerted by the subject in the various projective paper-and-pencil techniques. It is applicable to such tests as HTP, Bender Gestalt group administered TAT and Rorschach, and it is particularly useful in the draw-a-person technique. In essence, the method involves the multiple reproduction of the original drawing by means of carbon paper while the subject is drawing. The amount of pressure exerted by the subject will be reflected in the number and extent of reproductions that is made under standard conditions.

From the lipopolysaccharide of Escherichia coli U41/14 (serotype 03 :K2ab(L) : H2) an unusual amino sugar was isolated. By sequential oxidation with periodate and hypoiodite and by oxidation with periodate, followed by detection of acetaldehyde formed, the ammo sugar was characterized as a 2-amino- dideoxyaldose. The hydrochloride of the amino sugar, in comparison to those of 2-amino-2, 6-dideoxy-D-glucose, 2-amino-2,6-dideoxy-L-galactose, 2-amino-2, 6-dideoxy-D-mannose, 2-amino-2, 6-di- deoxy-D-allose, and 2-amino-2, 6-dideoxy-D-gulose, was studied with aid of ion exchange column chromatography. The N-acetylated amino sugar was compared with the N-acetylated reference amino sugars with regard to their relative mobihties in paper chromatography. The ammo sugar alcohols and reference amino sugar alcohols were studied using paper electrophoresis in molybdate buffer. On the basis of the results obtained the unknown amino sugar was identified as 2-amino- 2,6-dideoxymannose (rhamnosamine). Its optical rotation showed it to be of the L-configuration. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of L-rhamnosamine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Succinate dehydrogenase flavocoenzyme (‘SD-flavin’), previously shown to be an 8α-substituted riboflavin derivative containing a tertiary nitrogen homoconjugated to the flavin nucleus, was subjected to further hydrolysis and to reduction under acid conditions. Both conditions resulted in the liberation of 1 mole of histidine per mole of flavin. This proves histidine to be the covalent link between flavin and peptide backbone in succinate dehydrogenase and imidazole to be the tertiary nitrogen function homoconjugated to the flavin. 8α-Histidyl-riboflavin has been synthesized starting from riboflavin chemically and shown to be completely identical with the natural product in optical, ESR and NMR spectra, pH-fluorescence curve and behavior on thin-layer and paper chromatography, as well as paper electrophoresis. [This equation cannot be represented into ASCII Text] 3. Both the natural compound isolated by acid hydrolysis of flavin peptide and the synthetic one contain two isomers, which may be separated by high voltage electrophoresis. The isomers appear to be the N(1)- and N(3)-imidazole substituted compounds. Digestion of the flavin peptide with aminopeptidase M yields only one isomer but on treatment with 6-N HCl this is gradually converted to a mixture of the two isomers. The absolute assignment of the natural isomer is suggested as 8α-[N(3)-histidyl]-riboflavin on the basis of imidazole quaternization with CH3I, reductive cleavage of the flavin-imidazole bond and identification of the methyl-histidine liberated as 1-methyl-histidine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

4 UDP-trisaccharides present in the mammary gland and colostrum of the ewe were isolated and identified. The nucleotides, extracted by means of trichloracetic acid, were purified in the following way: 2 ion-exchange chromatographies on Dowex 1 (formate), filtration on Sephadex G-25, paper electrophoresis, pH 5, followed by paper chromatography in 3 different solvents. Using these fractionation techniques, 4 uridine derivatives (X1', X2', Y1', Y2') with positive reaction to the Warren neuraminic acid test, were obtained. UDP-5', which constitutes the nucleotidic part of the 4 derivatives, was defined more accurately after various acid or enzymatic analyses. The isolation of UDP-5' was made by ionexchange or paper chromatography and the total and labile phosphate was estimated. The Warren positive substances released from by neuraminidase or mild acid hydrolysis were identified as N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid for the X1', Y1' nucleotides, and N-acetyl-neuraminic acid for the X2', Y2' nucleotides. The behaviour of asialylated nucleotides to ion-exchange and paper chromatography is described as well as that of asialylated oligosaccharides. The 4 asialylated oligosaccharides contain galactose and an N-acetyl-D-hexosamine, the latter being N-acetyl-D-glucosamine in the case of X1' and X2', and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine in the case of Y1' and Y2'. Total analysis of UDPoligosaccharides shows a 1:1:1:1 ratio between uridine, N-acetyl-D-hexosamine, galactose, and neuaminic acid. The 1-P-trisaccharides and the trisaccharides were identified after phosphodiesterase hydrolysis followed by phosphatase hydrolysis. The N-acetyl-D-hexosamine carried the reducing group (sodium borohydride). Some structural characteristics of the 4 nucleotides were determined using β-galactosidase, neuraminidase, periodate, and periodate borohydride. Two of the nucleotides contain N-acetyl-glucosamine and are identical to those previously isolated from the goat colostrum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces the theme of the articles featured in the issue. The main topics in all the papers presented in the issue revolve around study of various aspects of voluntary associations. The study of voluntary associations involves three separate theoretical concerns. The first, and perhaps oldest of these, focuses on the nature and structure of society, especially industrial society. A second theoretical interest in voluntary associations is social psychological in emphasis; here voluntary associations are examined for what they can tell us about the nature of the person in contemporary society. Finally, voluntary associations may be studied within the framework of organizational theory with a focus upon associations as the units to be studied. Four of the papers in this issue are directly concerned with the problem of the contribution of voluntary associations to the society in which they exist. Most studies of voluntary associations implicitly suggest that such groups are integrative.

The article presents a reprint of the research paper which appeared in the Tweed Commissioners Annual Report for 1972 released in April 2, 1973. The paper reflects the results of the study on the growth of the 500 hatchery reared tagged brown trout with an average fork length of 25.0 centimeters which were released into the River Tweed, Scotland on March 29, 1972.

This paper treats structuralist and interactionist perspectives as complementary, in an approach to the dynamics of professional wrestling as a social scene. Both directive or formulating aspects of culture as it is specified for social life and the creativity of human agents in negotiating such constraints from the viewpoint of their particularistic interests are emphasized in an examination of the confirmation and negotiation of identities, the clash and resolution of moral meanings, the calculated transgression of legal tradition, the location of the charismatic hero, and the ritual importance of disorder and crisis in wrestling. As such, the paper is offered as a contribution to an understanding of the sources and movement of meanings in ritual and dramatic forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is an urgent need to examine the range of ecosystems that is currently protected in national parks and reserves, to point out those examples that are unprotected and to establish a rational programme of priorities for protecting as complete a series as possible. The International Biological Programme has pioneered the field of large-scale survey work for the collection of data of relevance to this need and has contributed to the development of information retrieval techniques for handling the data. The first part of the paper discusses the rationale of the development of the data base and its modus operandi. The system is illustrated by two examples of retrieval and analysis for specific enquiries; the distribution of four species of Pinus, and the occurrence of grazing, logging and burning in national parks and equivalent reserves in the United States. The second part of the paper deals with system design, details of programming for the data base, and retrieval strategy. It is intended as an independent section which may be skipped if the reader has no interest in the finer points of the data base itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ion‐exchange fractionization, paper chromatography, and soybean callus bioassay have partly resolved an apparent discrepancy in the sequence of cytokinin appearance in developing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) fruit compared to the sequence reported in corn (Zea mays L.). Cotton fruit cytokinins were separated into three fractions: A combined n‐butanol and ethylacetate extractable fraction comprisedc. 10% of the cytokinin activity, a fraction not retained by a polymethacrylate weakly acidic cation‐exchange resin comprised c. 45%, and a fraction that was retained by the resin, c. 45%. The latter fraction differs from cytokinin fractions reported in corn. However, like cytokinin ribonucleotides, its cytokinin activity remains below Rf 0.3 on paper chromatograms developed with water‐saturated sec‐butanol, thus complicating studies of sequential cytokinin appearance in cotton. An anion‐exchange resin did not retain the cytokinin activity of this fraction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate directly the relationship between the efficiency with which resources are allocated under central planning and the level of development of the economy, and to determine whether certain types of economic reform strategy are more effective than others. This is accomplished by measuring the allocative efficiency of one specific sector of the economy of five socialist countries, Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Rumania. The results indicate that, despite the efforts at reform of the more advanced countries, allocative efficiency is inversely related to the level of development and also appears to be related to the specific type of reform undertaken.
This paper develops a methodology for measuring the static efficiency of the export sector of centrally planned economies by means of a linear programming model. This model is utilized to measure the efficiency of export allocation in Czechoslovakia, the German Democratic Republic, Hungary, Poland and Rumania, during 1969. The results demonstrate that, under central planning, the efficiency of resource allocation declines as the level of development of the economy increases. Furthermore, we find that in the Hungarian economy, which has been the object of extensive reforms, allocative efficiency is significantly worse than in the other East European countries. Consequently, we conclude that pressure for economic reforms in Eastern Europe will continue, but that the scope of these reforms will be more limited in scope than the Hungarian experiment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper alternative approaches to intertemporal allocation and prices are considered (Section I) and used to reject some claims and criticisms on the equality of transformation rates and relative prices in an intertemporal framework appeared in recent literature (Section II). It is argued that the extension of conventional results to the intertemporal case is prevented by the nature of intertemporal exchange in a capitalist economy (Section III).
In recent economic literature a number of conflicting views have been expressed about the equality between interest rates, rates of return on investment, and rates of time preference; and about the very notion of internal rate of return. R.M. So-Low regards such equality as a particularly significant result, and treats the notion of the internal rate of return as the very foundation of capital theory (1963, 1966, 1967). L.L. PASINETTI denies that such an equality can hold even within the Fisherian framework (1969). C.R.S. DOUGHERTY vindicates the legitimacy of the Fisherian approach and claims it is 'dynamic', and regards the internal rate of return as an element of a 'search rule' for consumption optimization. In this paper alternative approaches to intertemporal allocation and prices are considered (Section 1) and used to reject these claims and criticisms on the equality of transformation rates and relative prices in an intertemporal framework, while the internal rate of return appears to have neither theoretical nor operational significance (Section 2). It is argued that the extension of conventional results to the intertemporal case is prevented by the nature of intertemporal exchange in a capitalist economy, namely by the absence of markets for future manufactured commodities. Since money is the only forward market extant (with the exception of forward markets for a handful of primary products) interest rates cannot be considered to measure rates of return on or preference rates for anything other than... [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents an overview of current recycling policies in contemporary China within the broader context of China's efforts to protect and improve her social and physical environment. Starting with an interpretation of China's traditional agriculture as a 'recycling' and energy producing economy, different efforts to improve the use of organic waste materials in agriculture are shown to have had positive results which, however, could be further improved by modern methods of recycling developed in the USA and other industrialized countries. The recovery of materials and their re-use or, as it is called in the Chinese literature, 'turning the harmful into the beneficial' may be regarded as one of the guiding principles of China's anti-pollution policies not only in agriculture but also in industry where both labor intensive methods and modern equipment are in operation. Control of inputs and location are shown to play an additional role in China's environmental policies. The paper concludes with a presentation of the Chinese interpretation of the causes of environmental disruption in the light of Chinese sources available in translation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues that there are no insuperable obstacles to making quantitative science-aided comparisons of the welfare effects of economic policies on different people. This contradicts the belief commonly held by economists that in principle meaningful interpersonal utility comparisons cannot be made.
The paper is intended as a contribution to the theory of governmental decision-making with respect to social redistribution problems. Examples of such problems include a) taxation and welfare transfers, i.e., who among the citizens should retain which portions of the national product; and b) population policy, i.e., how many people should be allowed to become claimants to the national wealth. The paper is not intended to cast any light whatsoever on positive consumer choice theory or the psychological study of decision-making. The approach described here is generally consistent with the recent discussion of 'social indicators'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A hitherto unknown amino sugar was discovered in lipopolysaccharides isolated from strains of chemotype III of the photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris. The sugar (2-3% of the lipopolysaccharides dry weight) is detected as a shoulder on the descending part of the glucosamine peak obtained when acid hydrolysates of the lipopolysaccharides are passed through an amino acid analyzer. It was separated from the other amino sugars of the lipopolysaccharide (i,e. glucosamine, galactosamine, quinovosamine) by high voltage paper electrophoresis and subsequent paper chromatography. The mass spectrometric analysis of the isolated sugar as deuterium-reduced alditol acetate revealed the presence of a 6-0-methyl-2-amino-2-deoxyhexose. Demethylation of the isolated sugar afforded glucosamine and the demethylation of its ninhydrin degradation product yielded arabinose, which showed that the parental amino sugar is glucosamine. Authentic 6-O-methyl-D-glucosamine exhibited identical properties in paper chromatography and high-voltage electrophoresis as did its alditol acetate derivative in gas-liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. These data prove that the unknown amino sugar in lipopolysaccharides of Rhodopseudomonas palustris is 6-0-methyl-glucosamine. The strong positive optical rotation of the isolated sugar indicates its D-configuration. 6-0-Methyl-D-glucosamine is part of the O-specific chain and not of the lipid A moiety of the lipopolysaccharide. Periodate-oxidation studies revealed that the sugar, like the other amino sugars of this lipopolysaccharide, does not occupy non-reducing terminal positions to any appreciable extent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The role of Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate as a cofactor in the reaction catalyzed by the phosphoglucomutase for Β-glucose 1-phosphate (Β-phosphoglucomutase) has been examined in purified extracts of Euglena gracilis var. bacillaris. 1. The incubation of Β-glucose 1-[32P]phosphate with Β-phosphoglucomutase in presence of high concentrations (0.1 mM) of a commercial preparation of α-D(+)-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate (prepared synthetically) yielded a labelled compound running electrophoretically and chromatographically as the sugar bisphosphate. Specificity studies with Β-phosphoglucomutase and muscle phosphoglucomutase (α-phosphoglucomutase) strongly suggest that the compound formed is Β-glucose 1,6-[32P]bisphosphate. The results would also indicate that the commercial preparation of α-D(+)-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate contains Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate as contaminant. 2. When synthetic Β-glucose 1-phosphate preparations were purified by paper chromatography and then incubated with Β-phosphoglucomutase, no glucose 6-phosphate could be detected. On the other hand the reaction readily took place when challenged with the chromatographic fraction that runs as sugar bisphosphate. Upon analysis with etectrophoresis, chromatography and weak acid hydrolysis, and experiments with Β-phosphoglucomutase and α-phosphoglucomutase it was concluded that this compound is Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate. 3. It was established that the natural α-D(+)-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate not only fails to sustain the reaction catalyzed by Β-phosphoglucomutase but rather inhibits the reaction when added to the whole Β-phosphoglucomutase system, it was also demonstrated that Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate acts as inhibitor of the α-phosphoglucomutase system. 4. These results show for the first time that Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate is an active and necessary participant in the reaction catalyzed by Β-phosphoglucomutase. The role played by Β-glucose 1,6-bisphosphate in this reaction would be essentially the same as that of the α-anomer in the reaction catalyzed by α-phosphoglucomutase. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acidic capsular polysaccharide of Vibrio parahaemolyticus A55 (05:K15) was esterified with ethylene oxide and then reduced with sodium borohydride. Hydrolysis of the reduced material gave two hexosamines identical with mannosamine (2-amino-2-deoxy-mannose) and gulosamine (2-amino.2-deoxy-gulose) on paper and ion-exchange chromatograms. This fact suggested that the K15 antigen contained mannosaminuronic acid (2-amino-2-deoxy-mannuronic acid) and gulosaminuronic acid (2-amino-2-deoxy-guluronie acid). Direct acid hydrolysis of the antigen gave two 2-amino-2-deoxy-hexuronic acids. These two were identified as mannosaminuronic and gulosaminouronic acids by paper chromatography and paper electrophoresis, being compared with synthesized standard samples. Titration of acid form of the polysaccharide indicated that about 91.5% of the polysaccharide was composed of the N-acetyl-hexosaminuronic acids. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the preceding paper a population of lymphoid cells was identified which (1) were derived from germinal centres in the appendix, (2) were localized in follicular structures elsewhere, and (3) could perform as antibody-forming cell precursors. The present paper presents evidence (1) that germinal centres in the spleen and lymph nodes perform the same function as germinal centres in the appendix, and (2) that germinal centres are dependent upon a stream of cells derived from the bone marrow. A new hypothesis is put forward regarding the origin and cellular kinetics of the B-cell system in mammals. It is proposed that germinal centres throughout the body function as an essentially antigen-dependent amplification system for the B-cell population of lymphocytes. Implications of this hypothesis are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper refers to a case of polymorphism in the desmid genus Xanthidium Ehr. It is based on material from Lake Dois Irmãos, the main body of water in the Zoological and Botanical Garden in Recife, Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil, collected at 4 different times of the 3 year during 1967 and 1968. A detailed examination of almost 1300 specimens showed an enormous variety in form of Xanthidium regulare Nordst., X. fragile Borge, and X. pseudoregulare Borge, thus allowing the authors, to draw the following conclusions: (1) the name X. regulare Nordst. should be retained until further and more detailed studies on form variation within the species are available; (2) the names X. regulare Nordst. var. asteptum Nordst. in Borge, X. regulate Nordst. var. sexangulare Grönbl., X. regulare Nordst. var. sexangulare Gröbl. f. robustior Gröbl., X. fragile Borge, X. fragile Borge forma, and X. fragile Borge var. depauperatum Borge should be considered synonymous, all referring to a single variety of X. regulare Nordst., var. asteptum Nordst. in Borge emend. C. Bic. & L. M. Carv.; (3) X. pseudoregulare Borge must be treated as a variety of X. regulare Nordst. and must be called X. regulare Nordst. var. pseudoregulare (Borge) C. Bic.& L. M. Carv. Finally, a key is given to the 3 varieties of X. regulare Nordst. proposed in the present paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents information on research papers contributed for the joint meeting with phycological section of Botanical Society of America, to be held from August 28-30, 1967. Researchers G.J. Hill and L. Machlis contributed papers on cell division in oedogonium. In this paper, the ultrastructural events occurring during vegetative and sexual cell division of oedogonium is described. Researcher Norma J. Lang contributed papers in which the extraplastidic red pigment astaxanthin was investigated.

The object of this paper is to suggest a theoretical approach to the study of social development in developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America. Social development is regarded here as a radical transformation of economy and society, and as something which must be assessed in primarily human terms. After a critical examination of some conventional theories of modernization and social change, the paper goes on to suggest that a fruitful line of research is to view development as fundamental structural change. This would involve examination of social structural features in a society which encourage or hinder social development. Finally, specific empirical research is to be directed to identify agents as well as obstacles to social development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper contains an exploratory effort to analy the factors which determine the effectiveness of personal discussion as an extension method. The basic data for the paper consist of an inquiry among a small number of farmers and extension workers, ad hoc observations during a workshop on methods of personal discussion at Wageningen, and experience. The point of departure for an analysis of the extension agent's behaviour in personal discussion is the client's expectations regarding his behaviour. A number of such expectations among Dutch farmers are presented. From these expectations, a number of variables (15) are developed which describe the conditions under which personal discussion occurs. These conditions allow the formulation of a number of sub-roles -- appropriate for the conditions -- which the extension worker can enact in personal discussion. The sub-roles presented are: 1. one who asks for information; 2. one supplying information; 3. one supplying cut and dried advice; 4. one who sustains the client's confidence in what he intended doing anyway; 5. one who helps the client to think rationally; 6. one who helps the client to overcome his emotions. Awareness of such sub-roles will allow the extension worker to play the appropriate one for the conditions which are present and to choose deliberately among the alternatives available. The paper ends with some practical suggestions on how best to conduct a personal discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For more than a generation a considerable amount of attention has been given to the development and utilization of an empirical measure of the theoretical concept of innovativeness. Research workers in agriculture have employed various types of adoption of farm practices scales as a measure of the relative rates of adoption of technological innovations by farmers. The major problem in using an adoption scale has rested with unidimensionality; the degree to which the developed scale measures the innovativeness dimension. Following the review of several research studies aimed at establishing unidimensionality, some sociologists claimed that the analyses provided no clear cut answer as to whether adoption scales measure only a single general dimension; innovativeness. The major aims of this paper are to demonstrate that such unidimensionality does clearly exist and to show the theoretical and practical implications. The data used in this paper were drawn from an interdisciplinary study of the factors determining the adoption of agricultural innovations by a sample of 116 woolgrowers in New South Wales.

It has long been recognized that the study of peasant movements requires two basic methodological rules for its proper understanding: first, the focus of the study must be both on the interaction process which binds the peasantry to its overlord and the social forces that impinge upon both poles of interaction; second, such study must necessarily deal with the historical contexts within which the interaction process between lord and peasant develops. The main purpose of this paper is to apply these two methodological rules to a case study of a) the transformation of a regional power structure and b) the origins and development of a peasant movement that swept an intermontane valley of Peruvian Central Sierra dominated by the hacienda system, transforming it into a region of Indian communities. A second purpose of the paper is to derive certain theoretical generalizations from the empirical case, which can be relevant for the development of a theory of political peasant movements. This article also discusses the role of successful peasant movements in the development process of dependent, unequally developed societies, like Peru.

In this paper, an attempt has been made to evaluate the contents volumes I to X of Sociologia Ruralis (1960-1970), with the understanding that only the (75) English written papers are being reviewed. The main starting points have been derived from Article 4 of the Constitution of the European Society for Rural Sociology. After having proposed a number of critical remarks on the subject that have been dealt with in the papers concerned, a tentative evaluation has been made of the practical, theoretical, and methodologic relevance of these papers. In the final section, some ideas are suggested which might be used in order to remove several shortcomings brought to light in to previous sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents information on a workshop related to the linkages between theory and practice in rural sociology. The papers in this Workshop concentrate on the conditions affecting the utilization of rural sociological research findings by practitioners. A restriction is that papers deal with applied research and not with pure research, which in the long run can have an important effect on the decisions of practitioners. There are four papers: (1) a paper by the author, which gives a theoretical framework, but no empirical evidence that this framework is correct. Unfortunately, this paper is somewhat out of date, because after it was written, the author obtained an overview of 4000 publications in this field, (2) a paper by author M. Lerner, which gives a case study of 15 years of sociological research for the Settlement Department of the Jewish Agency in Israel. Experience taught that it was necessary to change the relations between research workers and practitioners considerably over this time, (3) a paper by author A. Levesque, which describes to years experience of a French private research agency in research on rural development for a number of different government agencies and professional organizations, (4) a paper by author R. Riedler, based on experience in a mountainous district of Austria, where not much empirical sociological research has been done.

The objectives of this paper are threefold. First, it traces briefly the use of the comparative method La sociology. It documents that what is currently called 'cross-national research' is an interest that has antecedents running back for at least a century in a great variety of field. Secondly, the paper argues for a closer interplay between sociological theory construction and cross-national data. Because current sociological theory is exceedingly culture-bound, basing its propositions largely on data derived from modern American and Western European societies, the need for testing hypotheses within truly cross-cultural settings is most timely and urgent. Thirdly, the paper delineates three major methodological problems in cross-national research. These problems include (I) the requirement of equivalence of meaning, (2) the requirement of concept equivalence, and (3) the requirement of equivalence of cultural variability. It concludes with a recommendation for furthering interest in cross-national research in rural sociology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents additional thoughts about collective behavior with reference to two papers on the Kent State University incident which papers were written as applications of theory of collective behavior. The author developed this theory to establish general analytic relations among a set of variables that he had discovered to be important in the genesis of hundreds of episodes of collective behavior. One of the most original and strongest aspects of the theory was its emphasis on the behavior of agents of social control as determinants of the timing, content, direction, and outcomes of episodes of collective behavior. The author stressed social-structural aspects, but he underplayed the importance of psychological mechanisms in the dynamics of episodes of collective behavior. In this article, the author developed a few new thoughts about the psychological and organizational characteristics of collective behavior in reading the two papers. These thoughts are developed under three headings, strategies to fix blame and assign illegitimacy in episodes of conflict; the relations among different agents of social control as these influence the development of an episode; and shifts in the definition of the situation, and the implication of these shifts for the application of the value-added model.

This paper attempts both to ‘bring up to date’ the author's conception of social stratification as set forth in two previous general papers written in 1940 and 1953, and to broaden the field of consideration by giving special attention to the forces pressing toward equality in various respects, as well as the bases of inequality, The position taken is that the erosion of the legitimacy of the traditional bases of inequality has brought to a new level of prominence value-commitment to an essential equality of status of all members of modern societal communities. Inequalities, among units of societal structure which are essential in such fields as economic productivity, authority and power, and culturally based competence, must be justified in terms of their contribution to societal functioning. The balancing of the respects in which all members of the societal community and many of its collective subunits must be held to be equal with the imperatives of inequality constitutes one of the primary foci of the problem of integration in modern society. A few suggestions about the mechanisms by which this integrative process can operate are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper presents comparison between the associations of British and American voluntary associations. The development of postwar research on the structure and functioning of voluntary associations has been uneven, and there have been marked differences between British and American research in this field. This paper offers a narrow definition of voluntary associations. It defines voluntary associations as groups in which membership is in no sense obligatory, which have a formal constitution, but which do not have paid officials at the local level. The next section of this paper places the subsequent analysis in context by pointing briefly to the very substantial similarities between research in Great Britain and the U.S. The third section discusses differences in the research environments of the two countries, and suggests their relevance to the main problem. The fourth section assesses the differences in research orientations between the two countries, as it has influenced the study of voluntary associations. The final section considers the effect of these differences upon the functional analyses that have been made.

The paper presents an integrative analysis of voluntary associational leadership and reputational influence. It is noted that the degree to which leadership in voluntary organizations contributes to reputational influence patterns in the general community is not an easily predictable phenomenon. It becomes clear that no "a priori" assumptions can be made about the role of voluntary groups in the general leadership of any given community. There is a need, however, to distinguish the "organizational community" from the community in which formal voluntary groups are of considerably less significance. The study results of the overlap of reputational influentials and formal leaders in four towns are given in tabular form. The factors are number of reputational individuals, number of formal leaders, maximum possible overlap, actual overlap and percentage overlap. From the point of view of influence structures, it was discovered that the larger the town the greater the number of persons who receive a given proportion of nominations as an influential. The results of the study presented in this paper justify the trend toward the use of a combination of the positional and reputational methods of identifying leaders.

The article describes the outcome of a research on various aspects of participation in voluntary organizations. Although there have been periodic discussions of the criteria for the category "voluntary associations," the term primarily designates a set of interests and questions rather than a special kind of organization. In addition, the literature on voluntary associations deals either with the question of participation or with the question of community function. This paper discusses participation in "voluntary associations" from an organizational analysis point of view. The research has focused on a single community of about 30,000 population. The data collected include two sample surveys, membership lists, basic identification data on most associations in the community, and full descriptive data on the associations. The aim of the paper is to report on a significant by-product of the research that may have considerable relevance for organizational analysis as well as for voluntary association interests.

The article presents information on the 1965 issue of the journal "Sociological Inquiry." The 1954 and 1955 Supreme Court decisions on desegregation are the force that set in motion vast changes that are restructuring the very nature of race relations in the United States. This volume contain recent developments relating to race relations in the United States. Its nine essays touch on several of the major areas in which change occurs or in which old blemishes remain. The paper by Robin Williams, with which this issue begins attempts an overview of what has happened in the last two decades. Most of the papers in this set are themselves reports of research appropriate to Williams' contention that intergroup relations are part of the basic dynamics of modem social systems. Richard Lamanna's doctoral dissertation is concerned in part with the response of the Negro public school teacher to desegregation. Lewis Killian turns his attention to the negotiations between representatives of the white and Negro communities.

Determination of the organ sites and chemical nature of root-promoting substances in Lycopersicon esculentum seedlings was made. Results of organ excision indicated that the young cotyledons were the primary site of root-promoting substances. As the cotyledon matured, its root-promoting activity decreased while that of the developing plumular leaves increased. Application of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA) at 10 3 M in lanolin to the hypocotyl below the cotyledonary node significantly prevented root formation. Bioassay, using a new tomato rooting test, of the basic, acidic and bound fractions of the cotyledon extracts after paper chromatography showed biological activities in all three fractions. Gas-liquid chromatography of selected active regions of the paper chromatogram resulted in a partial tentative identification of indolepropionic acid, 5-methylindole, 5-hydroxyindole and 3-indoleacetonitrile. The combined evidence indicated that the root-promoting substances in tomato seedlings resemble auxin compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Possible hormonal interactions between soybean roots and the Rhizobium initiating nodule proliferation in this genus were studied. A cytokinin has been isolated by column and paper chromatography from an effective strain of Rhizobium japonicum grown in pure culture. The substance promotes cell proliferation in a cytokinin-requiring soybean callus tissue. The bacteria are capable of conditioning a cytokinin-free soybean culture medium so that it is able to support the cytokinin- requiring tissue. It is concluded that the substance is a product of the bacteria rather than an artifact of purification. This unidentified cytokinin or a substance moving to a similar Rf value on the paper chromatograrn produces polyploid divisions when tested on cultured pea root segments. Some of the division figures exhibit the diplochromosomes typical of the root nodule primordium in pea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Root-promoting substances were extracted from softwood cuttings of Salix alba L. by centrifuging them with water or by shaking the ground freeze-dried stems with water. Rooting substances were partitioned by paper chromatography or chemical fractionation and their rooting activity was tested by mung bean cuttings. Both extracts indicated three major root-promoting fractions at mung bean cutting. Both extracts indicated three major root-promoting fractions at Rf 0-0.1, 0.7-0.8, and 0.3-0.4 in a decreasing order of their activities when paper chromatographed with isopropanol: ammonia: water 8:1:1 v/v. The strongest one indicated an apparent synergistic rooting effect with indol-3yl-acetic acid (IAA) regardless of the extraction method. The results indicate that water can extract from freeze-dried sample the similar rooting substances found in the centrifugal diffusates. The Rf 0-0.1 fraction consisted of at least four fractions and the strongest one did not move from the starting line on the chromatogram when isopropanol: ammonia: water 8: 1: 1 was used. This starting line fraction was extremely strong in rooting activity and its highest concentration resulted in 8.7 times as many roots as controls. More thain additive rooting effect between IAA and the fraction was found only at the highest concentration. The fraction was very soluble in water but insoluble in chloroform or ethyl ether and only stimulated rooting of mung bean cuttings when it was applied within 3 days after cuttings were made. It had no effect in lengthening roots. The starting line fraction was further found to have four root-promoting sub-fractions at Rf 0.05, 0.35, 0.65, and 0.85 when it was chromatographed in 60% isopropanol. Among these four, the subfractions at Rf 0.65 and 0.35 were strongly root promotive and displayed more than additive root promotion with IAA at the highest concentrations studied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]