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In 2019, New Zealand passed “The Climate Change Response (Zero Carbon) Amendment Act” which included establishing the Climate Change Commission, a Crown entity to provide independent advice to Government to help Aotearoa transition to a climate-resilient and low emissions future. The Climate Change Commission’s first draft advice was released in January 2021 and, amongst other things, highlighted the opportunity to transition away from fossil fuels for domestic space and water heating. Compared to natural gas or LPG the use of wood burners for domestic heating, while a carbon neutral heating option, has the disadvantage of contributing to the deterioration of local air quality. In order to improve winter air quality, Environment Canterbury (ECan) has introduced a pseudo real-life wood burner authorisation test method known as Canterbury Method One (CM1). Appliances passing the CM1 test method qualify as Ultra-low Emission Burners (ULEBs) and are the only wood burning appliances allowed to be installed into houses within clean air zones in Canterbury. This paper provides updated information on the numbers and design trends of ULEBs authorised to date, and comments on how manufacturers have achieved the ULEB performance limits. The ongoing improvement of ULEBs provides the opportunity to transition away from fossil fuels toward a carbon neutral fuel without generating adverse air pollution impacts. This paper provides a summary of the journey to-date. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The voluntary carbon market (VCM) is a relatively mature field where institutions have become firmly established. This empirical paper explores findings obtained from interviewing key actors within the VCM in New Zealand, at a time when the organizational field was beginning to emerge (2010/2011). Fourteen semi-structured interviews were carried out with managers and decision-makers at 13 organizations, representing a cross-section of leaders in the field at the time. Participants were investigated regarding their cognitions as well as their operational activities and interactions with the range of actors in the field, and how these evolved over time. Case studies of the wine industry, the taxi industry and the carbon services industry are presented. Findings identify a number of early successes, including endeavors which focused on promoting market integrity through infrastructure and knowledge sharing amongst participants, which influenced others to shift behavior around climate change mitigation in general. Setbacks are evident as well, with the primary setback characterized as market stagnation: buyers and sellers drifting away from the market. Communication challenges, low certification recognition, risk of greenwash exposure, policy uncertainty, the global financial crisis and general disenchantment with the carbon market were listed as some of the causes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper argues for research into the effectiveness of government strategies for a 'carbon neutral public sector'. We review initiatives in three OECD countries: New Zealand, Australia and the UK. In all jurisdictions, government agencies have consistently stressed 'leading by example' as a rationale for adoption. 'Direct mandate' by the Prime Minister (NZ); 'organic development' from wider central government sustainability initiatives (UK); and a more 'laissez faire' approach by Australian Federal and State Governments, were identified as the general pathways leading to implementation. Our assessment indicates: a lack of understanding of the implementation process for carbon neutrality; a need to identify and critically examine the 'offset threshold' at which mitigation efforts cease and offsetting is adopted; an absence of any evaluation of the 'leading by example' rationale; a lack of inter-country comparisons; a gap in understanding the relationship with economic and social aspects of sustainability; and a need to evaluate the utility of core government departments as the focus of carbon accounting. We urge colleagues to consider research in this area with a view to contributing to the interdisciplinary solutions which we believe are required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic CO 2 emissions are one of the principal driving forces of climate change. Climate change leads to systematic changes of ecosystems that cause significant impacts on species interactions, ecosystem processes, and result in profound socio-economic consequences. While carbon offsetting of terrestrial forests and their monetary value are well accepted, the carbon offsetting potential and value of coastal and marine ecosystems (Blue Carbon, BC) remains excluded from the international carbon accounting framework. In this study, we estimated the carbon offsetting value of kelp forests (Ecklonia radiata) against urchin barrens (dominated by crustose coralline algae) using the standing stock biomass as a metric. We propose that standing stock biomass is a crucial next step in introducing BC to the general carbon offsetting framework. Our approach is informed by long-term ecological research conducted in a marine reserve, which highlights the potential of utilizing trophic cascades to limit the dominance of urchin barrens in shallow coastal habitats. We found that the value of carbon standing stock in current kelp forests with reforestation in the Hauraki Gulf Marine Park (HGMP) is worth up to $NZ 7.9 million, based on 2021 carbon market pricing in New Zealand. This simple step towards realizing the value of marine conservation and its multiple benefits to society highlights the missed opportunities when policy and plans do not align with ecology and economics. Including the ocean's contributions to carbon storage is a critical step in using monetization techniques to overcome climate change challenges. Monetizing the carbon offsetting value of kelp forests contributes to establishing funding mechanisms to attract diverse investments in marine ecosystem restoration while providing ecological benefits in ocean governance. • This paper draws attention to the missed opportunity of including kelp forest in the current carbon offsetting framework. • The CO 2 stored in kelp standing stock biomass could be worth up to NZD 7.9 million (2021, with reforestration) in the Hauraki Gulf Marine Park. • Monetizing the carbon storage value of kelp contributes to the establishment of funding mechanisms to attract investments as a nature-based solution to climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the apparent failure of international negotiations and renewed criticism of the accuracy of climate science, responses to climate change continue in households, cities, fields, and meeting rooms. Notions of “doing something about”, or “taking action on” or “mitigating and adapting” to climate change inform practices of carbon trading, restoring native forests, constructing wind turbines, insulating houses, using energy efficient light bulbs, and lobbying politicians for more or less of these actions. These expressions of agency in relation to climate change provide the focus of our enquiry. We found that relationships or social networks linked through local government are building capabilities to respond to climate change. However, the framework of “mitigation–adaptation” will need to be supplemented by a more diverse suite of mental models for making sense of climate change. Use of appropriate languages, cultural reference points, and metaphors embedded in diverse histories of climates and change will assist actors in their networked climate change responses. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]