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Abstract: This paper applied conjoint analysis to elicit consumer preferences over attributes of functional foods and nutraceuticals using probiotics as the functional compound of interest. Data were gathered through a mall intercept survey in Guelph, Canada. Cluster analysis and chi-square tests were used to examine the relationship between respondents’ characteristics and preferences for product variants. On the basis of cluster analysis of the part-worth scores from the conjoint analysis, three clusters were identified. Clusters differed predominantly according to the preferred mode of delivery and source of health claims. The value attached to health claims related to probiotics was also explored. The results suggested that consumers place a strong premium on claims verified by government, but little value on ‘non-verified’ claims made by product manufacturers. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Traditional food resources of indigenous peoples provide a wealth of information on use of unique food species, and their harvest and preparation. In conjunction with a larger study associated with the Northern Contaminants Program, traditional food items most frequently consumed in Inuit, Dene/Metis and Yukon First Nations communities of the Canadian North, were identified following a large-scale dietary assessment that included monitoring and collection of traditional and market foods in five regions of the Canadian North. Fifty out of 200 traditional food samples, collected as eaten, were prioritized for water-soluble vitamin analysis (folate, pyridoxine, riboflavin and niacin) based upon parameters that included frequency of consumption, lack of nutrient data and expectation of nutrient content. This paper reports on contents of selected B vitamins in the prioritized food samples, as eaten and expressed per 100g of food sample. This is the first report of the levels of these water-soluble vitamins in many of these food sources. This study strongly suggests that traditional foods have the potential to contribute significantly to the water-soluble vitamin requirements of Northern Indigenous Peoples. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

As governments consider policy action to reduce smoking, a key factor in creating political will is the level of public support, particularly among smokers who are most affected by the policies. The goal of this paper is to assess and compare the level of support in Canada, the United States, England, and Australia for five smoking control policies: 1) banning menthol in cigarettes, 2) banning cigarette additives, 3) reducing nicotine in cigarettes to make them less addictive, 4) raising the minimum age to purchase cigarettes to 21 years and older, and 5) requiring pictorial warning labels on cigarette packs (examined in the US only). Data for these analyses come from 8165 daily cigarette smokers who responded to the 2016 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Survey. In all countries, the highest level of support was for raising the legal age for purchase to 21 years and older (62-70%) and reducing the nicotine content of cigarettes to make them less addictive (57-70%). Smokers who were less dependent on cigarettes and those expressing interest in quitting were more likely to support all policies. When asked how they would respond to a nicotine reduction policy, the most common response given was to try the non-nicotine cigarettes to see how they liked them (42-48%), with the next most common response being to quit smoking entirely (16-24%). The high level of support for these proposed policies among daily smokers provides important evidence for policymakers to counteract claims that such policies would be unpopular. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: High blood pressure is an important and modifiable cardiovascular disease risk factor that remains under-detected and under-treated. Community-level interventions that address high blood pressure and other modifiable risk factors are a promising strategy to improve cardiovascular health in populations. The present study is a community cluster-randomised trial testing the effectiveness of CHAP (Cardiovascular Health Awareness Program) on the cardiovascular health of older adults. Methods: Thirty-nine mid-sized communities in Ontario, Canada were stratified by geographic location and size of the population aged ≥65 years and randomly allocated to receive CHAP or no intervention. In CHAP communities, residents aged ≥65 years were invited to attend cardiovascular risk assessment sessions held in pharmacies over 10 weeks in Fall, 2006. Sessions included blood pressure measurement and feedback to family physicians. Trained volunteers delivered the program with support from pharmacists, community nurses and local organisations. Results: The primary outcome measure is the relative change in the mean annual rate of hospital admission for acute myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure and stroke (composite end-point) among residents aged ≥65 years in intervention and control communities, using routinely collected, population-based administrative health data. Conclusion: This paper highlights considerations in design, implementation and evaluation of a large-scale, community-wide cardiovascular health promotion initiative. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: A new technique for climate simulations and projections has emerged over the past 15 years that allows to reach unprecedented spatial resolution at an affordable computing cost: regional climate modelling. The technique has matured and several groups around the world are participating in model intercomparison projects and collaborating in coordinated endeavour to produce ensemble climate-change projections at regional scales. The paper describes the formulation of a specific regional climate model (RCM), the Canadian RCM, commenting on the formulation choices and experience gained during the development and validation process of this model. Current issues in regional climate modelling are also reviewed and discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The aim of this study was to increase our understanding of how people make sense of healthy eating discourses by exploring the ‘ways of knowing’ about healthy eating among members of three different ethnocultural groups in Canada: African Nova Scotians, Punjabi British Columbians and Canadian-born European Nova Scotians and British Columbians. Data for this paper come from in-depth, individual interviews with 105 adults where they described their experiences, interpretations, and reasoning used in learning and deciding what to believe and/or reject about healthy eating. Between and within ethnocultural group differences in how people come to know and use practices about healthy eating were examined as they were represented through three broad healthy eating discourses: cultural/traditional, mainstream and complementary/ethical. The discourses represented different ways to interpret the food–health relationship and make sense of the evidence about healthy eating in the everyday experience. Engagement with different discourses led participants to undertake different practices upon themselves in the name of healthy eating. We suggest that each of the discourses has a significant contribution to make in a dialogue about how healthy eating, as part of health and well-being, should be conceptualized by a society. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper presents a methodology for quantifying the effectiveness of water-trading under uncertainty, by developing an optimization model based on the interval-parameter two-stage stochastic program (TSP) technique. In the study, the effectiveness of a water-trading program is measured by the water volume that can be released through trading from a statistical point of view. The methodology can also deal with recourse water allocation problems generated by randomness in water availability and, at the same time, tackle uncertainties expressed as intervals in the trading system. The developed methodology was tested with a hypothetical water-trading program in an agricultural system in the Swift Current Creek watershed, Canada. Study results indicate that the methodology can effectively measure the effectiveness of a trading program through estimating the water volume being released through trading in a long-term view. A sensitivity analysis was also conducted to analyze the effects of different trading costs on the trading program. It shows that the trading efforts would become ineffective when the trading costs are too high. The case study also demonstrates that the trading program is more effective in a dry season when total water availability is in shortage. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: The paper briefly describes Canada''s distinctive experience in the control of polio and offers some lessons for governments and health policy leaders in other jurisdictions, particularly as they consider immunization policies for the post-polio-eradication era. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper analyzes the introduction and development of irrigation agriculture in the lower Bow River region, Alberta, Canada. Sponsored by the Canadian Pacific Railroad (CPR) and the Canadian federal government, irrigation promised to transform semi-arid prairie into a densely settled countryside. After 1900, a mixture of policies and practices pioneered elsewhere were deployed to create the largest irrigation project of its kind in North America. Settlers faced difficult economic conditions, however, and fell into conflict with the CPR. The system as a whole experienced a range of environmental changes as irrigation water altered the land and produced new conditions for flora and fauna. By 1930, the irrigation project experienced high levels of settler abandonment and deep fiscal problems. The circumstances of the Bow River case suggest the particular qualities of social and environmental changes initiated by irrigation agriculture in the Canadian prairies, but they also provide the basis to consider comparatively the processes and difficulties attending irrigation expansion in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century world. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: Evolutionary simulation-optimization (ESO) techniques can be adapted to model a wide variety of problem types in which system components are stochastic. Grey programming (GP) methods have been previously applied to numerous environmental planning problems containing uncertain information. In this paper, ESO is combined with GP for policy planning to create a hybrid solution approach named GESO. It can be shown that multiple policy alternatives meeting required system criteria, or modelling-to-generate-alternatives (MGA), can be quickly and efficiently created by applying GESO to this case data. The efficacy of GESO is illustrated using a municipal solid waste management case taken from the regional municipality of Hamilton-Wentworth in the Province of Ontario, Canada. The MGA capability of GESO is especially meaningful for large-scale real-world planning problems and the practicality of this procedure can easily be extended from MSW systems to many other planning applications containing significant sources of uncertainty. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper uses time series techniques to estimate the points in time when Argentina started to lose ground with Australia, Canada and the OECD. Based on my estimates Argentina started to fall behind Australia in 1899 and behind Canada in 1896, earlier than the dates maintained by previous scholars. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper examines self-employment in Canada at the beginning of the 20th century. Self-employment 100 years ago was associated with greater human capital and negatively related to earnings in employee occupations in the local district. We also find strong evidence of immigrant assimilation in self-employment and modest evidence of higher self-employment in enclaves with greater concentration of immigrants. An analysis of recent immigrants supports the hypothesis that liquidity constraints were an important determinant of self-employment. Christian affiliation had little impact on self-employment outcomes. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: In this paper we present a new methodology for developing sample-specific metric sex determination methods using unidentified individuals that can be applied to archaeological samples. This methodology does not require the assessment of sex of a large sample from pelvic morphological features as a first step in developing the method and instead is developed from a sample of individuals with sex unknown. The procedure involves using the overall mean of a measurement collected from the sample of unknowns as the discriminant criteria for determining the sex of the individuals in that same sample. Experiments with various sample sizes and sex ratios using distal humerus measurements from the Coimbra Collection (Portugal) suggest that allocation accuracies of 83–96% can be expected when the sample used to develop the method is greater than 40 individuals and the sex ratio is less than 1.5:1. The utility of the methodology is explored using the Lisbon Collection (Portugal) and an archaeological sample from Belleville (Canada) is tested as an example. The Lisbon Collection data indicate that joint measurements of long bones will provide the highest allocation accuracies. The results from the Belleville sample confirm that humerus joint measurements consistently provide the highest allocation accuracies (88–100%) even when the sex ratio in the sample used to develop the method is estimated at 1.9:1. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Abstract: This paper presents the analysis and interpretation of one instance of hunter–gatherer economic intensification, based on three sites in the Mackenzie River Delta, Northwest Territories, Arctic Canada. Quantification of the very well-preserved archaeofaunas from these sites allows a particularly high-resolution analysis of intensification, because faunal resources represent nearly 100% of all food consumed in the region. Exploratory multivariate statistics are applied to the samples, in order to assess the degree to which they vary, and the degree to which faunal variability coincides with chronological relationships among the contexts. The archaeofaunas are then assessed in relation to three component strategies of intensification [after Morrison, K., 1994. The intensification of production: archaeological approaches. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 1 (2), 111–159]: “specialization,” the economic focus on a narrow range of resources; “diversification,” the increasing reliance on a broader range of resources; and “investment,” the development of new technologies and procurement strategies. Results indicate that in the Mackenzie Delta case, the economy remained specialized throughout the sequence, but diversification and investment increased during later periods. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Research was conducted to determine the significance of the deliberate use of mercury in products in Canada and the associated releases from these sources. Through a combination of literature review and new calculations, the reservoir, flux, and releases of mercury from eight product sources were calculated, and these results compared to historical Canadian inventories. Mercury contributions from the waste sector were also assessed and compared to total Canadian mercury releases and to mercury releases from coal-fired generating stations. Results suggest the use and release of mercury associated with release of mercury associated with its use in products is 4.5 times what previous inventories indicate. Including dental amalgam and sewage sludge, the total releases of mercury to all environmental compartments in Canada totals 20 tonnes per year. This accounts for less than one-half of the 44 tonnes per year of mercury released from mercury waste disposal each year in Canada. Waste mercury contributions from hazardous waste imports, unknown product sources, and incomplete information on the use of mercury in known products may account for this discrepancy. Waste-related mercury releases and transfers for disposal and recycling are 11 times greater than that of electricity generation in Canada. Results indicate that Canadian inventories have underestimated the significance of mercury use and release associated with products, calling into question the current priorities for mercury management. This paper was developed as part of a panel session at the International Joint Commission “Mercury in the Ecosystem” workshop, February 26–27, 2003, Windsor, ON, Canada, as a complement to the information on Canadian Inventories presented by Luke Trip (Senes Consulting, Ottawa, ON, Canada). [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

Although measures of evenness of archaeological faunas are increasingly used in zooarchaeological analyses, the widely accepted hypothesis that increasing evenness should indicate increasing dietary breadth has not been tested. In this paper, I examine three factors that can contribute to changing evenness values—changing encounter rates with high-ranked prey types, changing diet breadth, and similarity between the return rates of the highest-ranked resources—and discuss ways of controlling the latter two factors. I then test the “evenness hypothesis” using ethnographic data collected by Smith [E.A. Smith, Evolutionary Ecology and the Analysis of Human Foraging Behavior: An Inuit Example from the East Coast of Hudson Bay, Ph.D. thesis, Cornell University, 1980, E.A. Smith, Inujjamiut Foraging Strategies: Evolutionary Ecology of an Arctic Hunting Economy, Aldine de Gruyter, Hawthorne, NY, 1991] in Inukjuak, northern Canada. Although the results support the evenness hypothesis, they also show that the nature of archaeological data may make evenness measures difficult to use accurately. Evenness can be used to understand changing prehistoric encounter rates with prey, but many conditions must be met for it to do so. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper examines the use of inspections and warnings to enforce environmental regulations. An empirical model of petroleum storage inventory reconciliation regulations is developed based on a state-dependent penalty system. I estimate a two-stage probit model on a dataset of inspections and warnings at petroleum storage sites in the province of Manitoba, Canada between 1983 and 1998. The results suggest that, even in the absence of frequent prosecutions, inspections deter future violations but that this effect is small. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper analyzes the contestation of a resource—salmon—and a site—Hells Gate, British Columbia, Canada—in a context of rapid environmental change. The focus is the Fraser River and its salmon fisheries during and following landslides at Hells Gate from 1912 to 1914. The landslides obstructed salmon migrations and affected salmon populations in future spawning cycles. Different social groups debated the causes and consequences of the landslides and vied for access to and control of Hells Gate and the salmon. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper applied the model of Linear System of Action developed by Coleman (1992) to understand racial composition in neighborhoods from a systemic approach. The model had an advantage to consider how an individual household simultaneously maximizes all desirable neighborhood qualities with limited socioeconomic resources. The model generated relative values of socioeconomic resources and neighborhood qualities of each racial group in the exchange process. In addition, the model estimated a preference hierarchy of neighborhood qualities of each group. Results suggested that blacks and Asians in Canada tend to live in neighborhoods with higher proportions of their own groups because blacks may be steered away from predominantly white neighborhoods and Asians experience low returns on their socioeconomic resources in improving spatial contact with whites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes a ten-item instrument for measurement of Maslow's need hierarchy. Data were obtained from 247 Certified General Accountants, 355 Chartered Accountants, and 290 Engineers and Scientists employed in public and private organizations across Canada. Responses were analyzed for five factors using oblique rotation. The factors corresponded to the security, social, esteem, autonomy, and self-fulfillment categories. Analysis for two factors resulted in separation of the security needs from the higher needs. There was no evidence for a deficiency-growth (Maslow, A. H., Toward a psychology of being. Toronto: van Nostrand, 1962) separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Objective: This paper examines whether adolescent students in Canada who have never smoked but who drink alcohol mixed with energy drinks (AmED) are more susceptible to smoking than those who do not consume AmED. Methods: A nationally representative sample of 15,875 never-smoking students in grades 9 to 12 from the 2010–2011 Canadian Youth Smoking Survey is used. The association between AmED and susceptibility to smoking is examined using a logistic regression. Results: About 28% of the never-smoking adolescents in grades 9 to 12 are susceptible to smoking, and 13% report using AmED. Results of the adjusted logistic regression analysis show a statistically significant positive association between consuming AmED and susceptibility to smoking. Never-smoking students who reported using AmED are more susceptible to smoking when compared with those who have not consumed AmED (OR=1.89; 95% CI=1.71–2.10). Similar results are obtained when the analysis is stratified by gender. Conclusions: The consumption of AmED is associated with higher odds of smoking susceptibility among Canadian adolescents. AmED use could be a potential marker for smoking susceptibility among never-smoking adolescents. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

• The Mill Brook Stream site is a small Late Maritime Woodland (ca. 1500–500 BP) site location in south-central New Brunswick, Canada. • Heat-treated lithics at the site were all made of a local material, Washademoak Multi-coloured chert. • Analysis suggests heat-treating does not improve the material mechanics of the chert. • A reduction sequence analysis indicates preference for colours which heat-treating produces (reds and whites) • Colour preferences in archaeological results correspond with those of contemporary Wabanaki groups. • Heat-treating may have served an aesthetic as much as a functional purpose for hunter-gatherer groups. Archaeological discussions of the influence of aesthetic preferences in quotidian aspects of hunter-gatherer lives, including practical procurement and preparation activities, have been limited. Lithic technological discussions of heat-treating tend to focus on a prevailing logic that heat-treating was undertaken to improve the quality or knappability of lithic material. In this paper, we discuss a small lithic site from the Lower Saint John River Valley in south-central New Brunswick, Canada where the observation of anomalies in colour patterning of a local lithic material, Washademoak Multi-coloured Chert or, Washademoak Chert, indicated heat-treating was occurring at the site. An experimental heat-treating study was conducted to test whether heat-treating improved the quality of Washademoak Chert and to understand the duration and intensity of heating; however, results suggest heat-treating does not improve the quality of Washademoak Chert. Using lithic technological data and statistical analysis, we argue that heat-treating in this context was conducted to transform the colour of Washademoak Chert to aesthetically preferable colours—ones which reflect contemporary Indigenous perceptions of colour. These results provide valuable insights into the level of influence that aesthetic and cultural decisions may have had for hunter-gatherers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: The latest meeting in the series of International Conferences of Historical Geographers was held in Kyoto in 2009. The series originated in a meeting of Canadian and British historical geographers held in Kingston, Ontario, in 1975. Four subsequent meetings held in Britain, Canada and the USA saw an increasingly international participation and the sixth meeting, held in 1986, was accorded the title of the Sixth International Conference of Historical Geographers. Eight further such conferences have been held since then, some in locations well beyond Britain and North America. This paper records the basic historical and geographical characteristics of all of the meetings between 1975 and 2009. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

This paper sought to examine chronic disease risk behaviour latent classes and their association with Body Mass Index (BMI), assessing for gender differences. Participants were youth (n = 116,086; grades 9-12) enrolled in the COMPASS study (Ontario, Canada) during 2013, 2014, 2015. Multilevel latent class analysis was used to identify underlying, homogenous classes of youths' engagement in physical activity, smoking, binge drinking and marijuana use. Adjusted multilevel models regressed BMI on the latent classes controlling for ethnicity and grade. Three latent classes were identified: active experimenters (ACE), inactive clean youth (INC) and inactive substance users (INSU). This study found that gender differences are apparent in chronic disease risk behaviour latent classes and their association with BMI. INC males (OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.78, 0.93) were associated with a lower odds of overweight/obesity relative to active males who experimented with substance use. As for females, the class with the highest proportion of youth using substances were associated with higher odds (Females: OR = 1.2, 95% CI = 1.1, 1.4) of overweight/obesity relative to their active experimenting peers. As such, youth in latent classes with substance use are associated with higher BMI and weight status. Successful interventions may include school policies/programs that limit screen time use, as they were seen to have a positive effect on PA engagement and including social-influences approaches for substance use. Future research and interventions should be gender-specific as our results show that different latent classes are associated with obesity across genders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]