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With the surging energy price and environmental concerns, measures to improve energy efficiency have attracted increasing concerns of the manufacture sector, especially energy-intensive manufacturing industries such as tissue paper mills. Energy-efficiency scheduling, as a novel energy-efficient method, has attracted the attention of an increasing number of researchers in recent years. Drying process is the most energy-intensive production process in tissue paper mills, which has a great energy-saving potential. This paper aims to reduce the energy costs for the tissue paper mill, consisting of processing energy cost and set-up energy cost, through integrating drying process optimization with energy-efficient scheduling. First, the energy cost model and the scheduling model were built. Then, the energy cost of the drying process of every job in a given scheduling problem was optimized using particle swarm optimization (PSO). Afterwards, the energy cost was further optimized using energy-efficiency scheduling. In addition, a hybrid non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA-II) was utilized to solve the energy-efficiency scheduling problem. Finally, several real scheduling problems from a real tissue paper mill were addressed using the proposed approach to demonstrate its effectiveness in energy saving. The experiment result showed that there is a great energy-saving potential in the drying process, accounting for up to 12.53% of the total energy consumption. Moreover, the maximum energy saving ratio of the proposed approach could reach 9.03%. On the whole, the proposed approach can provide a new energy-saving method for tissue paper mills or other manufacturing industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The pulp and paper industry accounts for approximately 5% of total industrial energy consumption and contributes 2% of direct carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) emissions from industries. World paper and paperboard demand and production are increasing significantly, leading to an increase in this sector's energy use and CO 2 emissions. Although current studies identify a wide range of energy-efficiency technologies that have already been commercialized for the pulp and paper industry, information is limited or scattered regarding new energy-efficiency technologies that are not yet fully commercialized. Development of emerging or advanced energy-efficiency technologies and their deployment in the market will be crucial for this industry's mid- and long-term energy saving and climate change mitigation strategies. This paper compiles available information on energy savings, environmental and other benefits, costs, and commercialization status for 25 emerging technologies to reduce the energy use and CO 2 emissions. The purpose is to provide a well-structured comprehensive review on these emerging energy-efficiency technologies for engineers, researchers, investors, policy makers, pulp and/or paper companies, and other interested parties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper estimated the cost curve of energy saving and CO 2 emissions reduction in China's iron and steel sector. Forty-one energy saving technologies which are widely used or popularized are selected, their investments, operation costs, energy savings and CO 2 abatement are collected and the data in 2010 are taken as a baseline. Then energy conservation supply curve and CO 2 conservation supply curve under two different discount rates are calculated in the paper. These 41 technologies result in a saving contribution of 4.63 GJ/t and a CO 2 abatement contribution of 443.21 kg/t. Cost-effectiveness of technologies was analyzed based on the fuel price and an estimated CO 2 price. When comparing the result with the promoted technologies during the 12 th five-year-plan, we found that some promoted technologies are not cost-effective in current situation. Three scenarios are set through changing the diffusion rate of technologies and the share of BOF and EAF, based on this energy saving potentials of technologies in 2020 and 2030 are forecasted. At the same time, we compared the change of the CSC depending on the year and the energy saving potentials in three scenarios of 2020 and 2030, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The energy consumption in a multi-chiller system is very significant and its consumption will be increased by inappropriate operating of the chillers. Accordingly, the economic dispatch in multi-chiller systems becomes an important issue for saving energy. Such issue is known as optimal chiller loading, which is solved by applying different optimization methods. This study employs exchange market algorithm to obtain optimal set points of the economic dispatch problem on chiller plants, which is inspired by trading the shares on a stock market. Exchange market algorithm is proposed for solving continuous non-linear optimization problems and it is comprised of two searching and two absorbing operators. The decision variable of the optimal chiller loading is partial load ratio of each chiller and the objective function of the optimal chiller loading problem is minimizing the power consumption while satisfying the cooling demand. This paper adopts three case studies to evaluate the performance of exchange market algorithm and compares it with other optimization methods applied on the optimal chiller loading problem. Results show that exchange market algorithm is an efficient method for solving optimal chiller loading problem in chiller plants, and is adaptable for usage in air-conditioning systems. In addition, the comparison results show that the exchange market algorithm provides better solutions than previous optimization methods applied on the optimal chiller loading method in terms of convergence speed and total consumption of electrical energy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development of Internet communication business, the issues related to the space, efficiency and energy consumption of data center are increasingly attracting more attentions. Because the modular air conditioning system has the advantages of quick construction, easy replication, rapid deployment, flexible scalability, high cooling efficiently, it has become a way to solve the bottleneck problem of traditional data center. In this paper, a data center being equipped with modular air conditioning system in Tianjin is taken as an example to analyze the energy and electricity saving and the characteristics of deployment by steps. The practice of this example shows the feasibility and prospects of applying modular air conditioning system in data center. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A dynamic setting temperature that adapts to climate change was proposed. • The method was based on clothing adjustment behavior which adapts to thermal comfort. • The dynamic setting temperature had significant energy saving potential. • The dynamic setting temperature is useful for intelligent control of air-conditioner. Saving energy consumption of air-conditioning is essential to building energy conservation while satisfying the thermal comfort requirements of indoor environment. On the basis of human clothing adjustment behavior, a dynamic setting temperature (DST) that adapts to climate change was proposed in this paper, i.e. indoor air-conditioning setting temperature changes dynamically with outdoor air temperature; furthermore. A method was established to obtain the DST. The daily mean clothing insulation was predicted according to the historical temperature at first, then indoor thermal comfort temperature was calculated based on the variable clothing insulation, and finally the DST was determined. According to the value or range of predicted mean vote (0, -0.5~0.5, -1~+1) corresponding to the thermal comfort, three levels of DST were defined. The corresponding thermal acceptability rates were 95%, 90% and 73%, respectively. A simulation of DST was conducted in a public building in Changsha, China based on meteorological data of 2017. Three levels of DST ranges were obtained, varied from 20.1 to 27.8 °C in level I, 17.8 to 28.7 °C in level II and 15.4 to 29.7 °C in level III, respectively. The simulation results of operational air-conditioning energy consumption shows that the application of DST could save up to 65.5% of energy consumption compared with the traditional fixed setting temperature (FST), and the operational energy consumption decreased by 59.1% due to the application of level-III DST compared with level-I DST. Therefore, the DST proposed in this paper has significant energy saving potential while meeting the thermal comfort requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to achieve greater energy sustainability, the European Union has begun the reform process of the energy policy. Two main lines have been raised: electricity generation with renewable energy and energy saving. The raising cost of energy makes indoor lighting techniques as one of the most important contributors for energy saving in most of the industrialized countries. Therefore, the history of indoor lighting is not exclusively linked to the development of new light sources, having impact on energy saving and sustainability. The aim of this paper was to study and analyse the evolution and milestones of indoor lighting from incandescent bulbs to the modern light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and organic lighting emitting diodes (OLED) going through intermediate milestones like fluorescent lamps (FL) and/or techniques in lighting induction lamps. As main conclusion of this review, it has been found that indoor lighting techniques with their energy efficiency have opened new perspectives for optimizing the energy conversion and this in turn will play a major role in people's quality of life and well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Building envelope thermal conduction is dominant in the cold regions, the thermal performance of the building envelope plays a very important role in reducing building energy consumption. In cold areas, the annual air conditioning heating energy consumption of public buildings, there are about 50% consumed by the heat transfer of building envelope. Therefore, the study on energy saving building envelope is very important. This paper start from the building shape coefficient and the heat transfer coefficient of the building envelope, using DEST energy simulation software to analyze the office building energy consumption. Choosing the typical cold B region Shenyang, establishing the Office model, analysis the influence of office building envelope heat transfer coefficient to indoor equipment energy consumption. Pointing out that the architectural design and planning should try to select the building bottom shape close to a circle or a square, and try to select middle-high-rise buildings to reduce building shape coefficient. Generally, in cold B region the heat transfer coefficient K≤0.5W/m 2 • K, the windows and roofs try to select low heat transfer coefficient material, by reducing the heat transfer coefficient to achieve an insulating effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Environmental protection is one of the main concerns of the international community. Countries show meticulous attention to environmental issues by considering eco-efficiency. The eco-efficiency evaluation of countries is a complex and multidisciplinary topic. Data envelopment analysis has widely been applied to measure the eco-efficiency of organization for economic co-operation and development countries. In previous studies, energy inputs have not been contemplated. The subject becomes more important when there are non-discretionary factors. In this paper, the eco-efficiency of countries in the organization for economic co-operation and development is assessed given energy inputs, undesirable outputs, and non-discretionary factors. To this end, slack-based and range-adjusted measures are extended. Also, new environmental indices are introduced. The relationship between consumption of energy inputs and production of undesirable outputs can be addressed by two new environmental indices. Spearman correlation test indicates a direct and positive relationship between potential of energy saving and potential of undesirable output abatement. France, Germany, Luxemburg, Norway, Sweden, and the United Kingdom are recognized as eco-efficient countries. South Korea and Italy have the highest and lowest potential for energy saving, respectively. Poland and Iceland are countries with the highest and lowest potential for undesirable output abatement, respectively. It can be concluded that countries producing high undesirable outputs may not operate eco-efficiently and thus have an extreme potential to save the optimum energy. Moreover, countries consuming low energy may operate eco-efficiently and have a low potential to reduce undesirable outputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]