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Background: Prostate cancer (PCa) is poor response to the immunotherapy for its high heterogeneity of immune microenvironment. In this study, we aim to introduce a new immune subtype for PCa involving M2 tumour associated macrophages (M2-TAMs). Methods: Three hundred and sixty-two PCa patients and matched normal prostate tissues were selected from the Cancer Genome Atlas and Gene Expression Omnibus databases. Patients' immune infiltration characters were then analyzed based on the gene expressions. The immune subtypes were identified by the method of unsupervised hierarchical clustering. Finally, the relationship between the M2-TAMs infiltration and anti-programmed death-ligand-1 (PD-L1) therapy was investigated in the IMvigor210 cohort. Results: PCa expressed lower immune-related genes levels compared with the adjacent normal tissues. Based on the proved immunosuppressive mechanisms in PCa, tumour patients were classified into three independent subclasses with high infiltrated cytolytic activity (CYT), M2- TAMs and regulatory T cell (Tregs), respectively. Among these subtypes, M2-TAMs infiltration subtype showed the worst clinicopathological features and prognosis compared with the other two subtypes. The results of the IMvigor210 cohort demonstrated poor response of anti-PD-L1 therapy for patients with high M2-TAMs infiltration. Conclusion: Prostate tumours involved in significant immunosuppression, and high infiltration of M2-TAMs can be applied to predict the effect of anti-PD-L1 therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper focuses on multi-agent-system-based bi-level bidding strategy of microgrid to make all power producers participate in electricity allocation as rational agents under electricity market transaction. Firstly, the multi-agent-system-based bidding system is constructed as bi-level MAS. Then, the bidding model is formulated as a bi-level optimization problem, which makes the best of renewable energy source, and subjects it to the object of obtaining maximum profits for all power producers. According to this model, electricity market is divided into two subsidiary markets, which involve the upper and the lower electricity market. The lower electricity market is composed of microgrids, which ally together in the upper electricity market to offset their shortages compared to traditional power producers, such as efficient market influence, the reliability of the energy supplying. Additionally, game theory is introduced for modeling and Nash equilibrium as the solution of bidding optimization problem is found through a series of iterative process based on the bi-level MAS. Finally, both the upper market and the lower market are illustrated in the case studies and corresponding proper conclusions are received. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]