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As a new green material, steel-paper straw board (PSB) composite structures are widely used in practical engineering. This study proposed a new cold-formed thin-walled C-shaped steel-paper straw board (CFCSPSB) composite floor. To study its mechanical properties, flexural experiments were conducted on three composite floors. The experimental results showed that the combined effect of PSB and cold-formed thin-walled C-shaped steel (CFCS) beam was good, and the local buckling caused by the restraint effect of PSB on the CFCS beam was an important factor for the failure of the composite floor. On this basis, the composite floor was investigated by finite element analysis (FEA) software ANSYS, and the FEA results were consistent with the experimental results. Then, the effect of different factors on the flexural capacity of the composite floor was analysed by ANSYS. The obtained results showed that reducing the screw spacing and floor span, or increasing the CFCS beam cross-sectional size, web height of CFCS beam, and CFCS thickness could improve the flexural capacity of composite floors, and the calculation formula of flexural capacity for the composite floor was proposed.

In this paper, we propose novel transdisciplinary STEAM practices to enable students and teachers to model architecture using technology. Architectural modelling can foster students' mathematical knowledge and computational thinking while connecting them to other disciplines such as culture and history. Our study focuses on enabling architectural, cultural, and historical diversity in educational practices. Moreover, the study tries to foster participants' modelling skills and innovative technology use as augmented reality and 3D printing. Thus, this paper will describe three case studies from Austria, Libya, and Indonesia and how these STEAM practices were used in different ways to allow participants to express their diversities through modelling diverse architectural constructions cross-culturally. We followed a qualitative data analysis approach for the participants' interviews, questionnaires and artefacts including architectural modelling, disciplines connections and lesson plans. The data analysis resulted in emerging themes emphasizing STEAM practices' possibilities to connect architecture to culture and history and highlighting the participants' cultural diversities in each of the three case studies.

The printing industry has become more development than before, as well as the challenges that related to quality and consistency of colors results, especially with the repetition of printing operations in the packaging field. The using of measurement devices is very important due to the many changes that occur on printing materials in general and on paper and inks in particular. And their were many sources of cellulose plants and other sources of paper manufacturing, as well as the entry of recycling operations in this industry , and also many producing companies are manufacturing paper with different technology in the world.Also there are a several companies producing inks and the development of the manufacture of chemical›s Pigment compounds and sources of oils, resins and other additives.All of that factors made it necessary and to use measurement devices, especially in the production of repeated printing to ensure the stability of results and quality control in each process.In this research we will highlight on the most important types of paper in general and especially the paper that used in this research .And we will print models of the fourteen basic colors of the Pan tone and will make measurements using the spectrophotometer to register and monitor the differences resulting from the different surface finishing of the paper coated - glossy/matt and uncoated.As well as registered the results and values of the difference between the print samples and Pantone.In this research, we will highlight on the colors deviations with the different surface finishing of the paper and fixed the other factors to identify the reasons that lead to the deviation of the results with the use of the same materials and equipment and using of different types of finishing surface of paper.

This contribution focuses on paper models of architectural surfaces, in particular on some roofing systems describable by developable ones. Drawing on an interdisciplinary approach, between Architecture and Mathematics, potentialities and criticalities of these models in explicitly conveying Geometry are investigated, in relation to educational and communicative tasks, both when they are used in a direct, tangible way, and when the use is mediated by images generated by them (thus indirect); we discuss on the possibility for models and images to communicate their explicit and implicit Geometries. The main issue discussed is that a material or analytical description unequivocally allows to grasp all the peculiarities of geometrical shapes, while other representations are subject to critical selection of data and are therefore affected by subjective interpretations; similarly, the translation of the physical model into images is the result of choices which emphasize certain object peculiarities over others and is thus less objective. Hence the importance of the physical model (as well as its digital counterparts) which, even if not used directly, can be complementary to a content that, alone, would be partial and/or misleading.

The presented article is a review of building envelope designs where paper-based products are used as the main material. Paper-based products, especially honeycomb panels and corrugated cardboard provide good thermal insulation properties, affordable prices, and relatively low environmental impact. Paper as a building material has been occasionally used in building envelopes in the past several decades, however, no extensive research has been made on this topic. This study aims to organise knowledge about the design of paper envelopes and help designers in making deliberate and environmentally responsive decisions. Seven different envelope designs were described, evaluated, and compared to each other, three of which were designed by the authors of this article. Particular attention was given to their structure, selection of materials, method of protection against external conditions, thermal insulation properties, and resistance to destructive factors. Based on this analysis, tendencies in designing envelopes made of paper-based materials were described and guidelines for designers were formulated. According to the analysed case studies, the most important factors in semi-permanent paper-based envelope design were indicated. These factors include the core with high thermal resistance, durable protective layer combined with additional impregnation or membrane, and paper core ventilation system.

According to the UNHCR, in 2019 there were 70.8 million refugees worldwide. Due to war, catastrophes, and emergency situations a great demand for temporary accommodation has arisen within the last couple of years. The main requirements for these shelters are protection for the inhabitants, easy transportability, and quick construction. In addition, in terms of resource efficiency, the recyclability of the construction materials is of great importance. Paper materials have a high potential for this, due to their strong structure, cost-effective production, and optimised recycling processes. The following paper presents a case study of a prototype for a temporary paper house that meets the static and technical requirements for a comfortable and hygienic living space by combining different paper materials. The overall objective of this research was the constructive development of building elements made of paper materials, which meet the requirements for temporary residential use over a period of at least 3 years. The main advantages of using paper materials for this purpose are easy processing, cost-effective production, and a high probability for its sustainable disposal after usage. The main challenges of the material are fire protection and moisture protection, which affect the recyclability, as well as the gluing and joining techniques. An overview of possible solutions for these disadvantages and their applicability will be demonstrated and discussed. The paper aims to emphasise that simplicity and performance do not need to be diametrically opposed. The envelope, which provides all the functions required of a modern building through its multi-layered structure, represents the performance of this project. Transportation, construction, and joining, on the other hand, were kept as simple as possible in order to make assembly possible even by unskilled workers and under very basic conditions. The paper is divided into four sections. First, the technical and regulatory requirements for temporary emergency shelters, as well as the decisive characteristics of paper materials are described and analysed. In the second part, the architectural design and the construction typology are defined. The third part focusses on the elaboration and evaluation of building elements with regard to joining technologies, statics, building physics, and production technologies. Finally, the results of the prototype and their transferability are presented and discussed.

The article presents the results of a study on the role of Japanese industry and, in particular, the pulp and paper mills of the Karafuto period on settlement plans on the island of Sakhalin. An analysis is made of the development of Japanese industry and transport infrastructure on the island. The city-making and city-forming role of the pulp and paper mills has been studied. The spatial planning and design characteristics of the pulp and paper mills are identified.

During the industrialization in the late 1920s - early 1940s, Soviet Union constructed large pulp and paper mills, mainly in the European North and North-West, the Volga-Vyatka district, and the Urals. These were combines built using advanced industrial construction technologies and equipped with advanced equipment and processes. The planning and architectural appearance of these mills are poorly studied, though presenting undeniable interest in terms of pulp-and-paper industry history, operation of industrial buildings in the late 1920s - early 1940s, and prospects for their use at present. The examples chosen are Arkhangelsk Mill (in the north of the European part of Russia) and Solikamsk Mill (Western Urals), which were built in the second half of the 1930s - early 1940s and put into operation on the eve of the Great Patriotic War. Both were built following the same design but had differences in layout and architectural appearance. The study revealed that a key role in the planning of the mills belonged to the mutual position of the river and the railway line to the nearest station. Most of the production buildings built in the late 1930s and early 1940s operated for a long time, underwent reconstruction or, if dilapidated, were subjected to conservation or dismantled. The buildings formed the architectural appearance of these pulp-and-paper mills and continue to be its integral parts at the present time.

This paper responds directly to the question, how do we communicate our philosophy of art education? It does this by drawing upon previous research with "House of Imagination, School Without Walls" and doctoral research exploring children's learning identity as artists, to illuminate a philosophical approach to art education and its pedagogy that highlights both human and more-than-human dimensions of learning in communities of practice involving artists, researchers and educators working alongside children and young people where spaces of possibility for practice and innovation emerge. The paper focuses particularly on current and creative research in the "Forest of Imagination," a long-term participatory contemporary arts and architecture event in Bath, UK. "Forest of Imagination" offers an alternative, creative approach to learning, focusing on ecological imagination and nature connection. As a new aesthetic imaginary, the Forest of Imagination is a living, breathing art classroom, inspiring curiosity, imagination and a deeper connection with the natural world.

This study is mainly about developing an approach for fostering creativity in design education through analyzing the interactions among creative dimensions resembling spatial and organizational pattern of folding as a technique and also by the help of cognitive action of designers: workshop participants. In order to make an assessment, a case study is structured, intended to refine and integrate the creativity with the characteristics and principles of design. Herein, two methods; retrospective protocol, and spatial-structural organizational analysis methods, are generated by the help of an informal education medium; "(N)On Place-2" architectural design workshop, which was conducted at "Eskisehir Osmangazi University Design Festival 2013" with the theme "Folding in Architecture".

This paper deals with the plans of a paper money factory built in Tokyo in 1876, and considers the development of the architectural practice of one of the prominent Oyatoi engineers, Thomas Waters. The project of the paper money factory, which highlights the prominent brick-made western architecture in the early Meiji period, was thought to have originally been designed by T. Waters and then succeeded by Charles Boinville, although the detail of this has until now remained unclear. Other than the floor plans and elevation with the signature of T. Waters, the author has found some plans of the paper money factory, and as a result can clarify the detailed process of the project. In addition, the author makes use of the various plans of the paper money factory and has made a restored CAD copy of the factory in order to analyze the particulars of T. Waters′ plans. Further to this, it is compared with the plans of another project connected to him, thus T. Waters′ significant influence is considered as to the secure control of goods and labor circulation.

To study the effect of the structure of self-supporting binding (SSB) forming fabrics for high-speed papermaking on heir abrasion resistance, we analyzed the mass loss rate of SSB forming fabrics with different parameters (weave pattern, bottom weft diameter, warp and weft yarn density, and insertion method, etc.) under the abrasion test conditions of 500, 750, 1 000, 2 500, and 5 000 cycles. The results show that the abrasion degree of SSB forming fabrics increases with the increase of friction cycles, and the influence of weaving pattern on the abrasion resistance of SSB forming fabrics varies with warp and weft densities. When the warp and weft densities are small, the mass loss rate is the highest with the bottom layer made of 10-variant warp satin pattern, whereas when the warp and weft densities are large, the mass loss rate is the lowest. Under the same conditions, the abrasion resistance of SSB forming fabrics is positively correlated with the bottom weft diameter and the warp and weft densities. The abrasion resistance of the main structure of SSB forming fabrics is better than hat of the inserted structure formed by the inserting process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

English language education nowadays is not merely about the instruction and acquisition of linguistic knowledge and skills. Instead, it has progressed to the real-life applications of the target language, which further requires a mastery of cultural knowledge and skills. In terms of culture, English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, compared to native speakers of English, own their unique native culture. Yet, since language teachers tend to focus on the delivery of English cultural knowledge, EFL learners' native culture is sometimes shadowed in the mainstream English classrooms worldwide. To this end, this exploratory paper aims to advocate attention to the importance of EFL learners' native culture awareness and share some practical teaching and learning experiences in an English course called "Multimedia and Foreign Language Learning." The paper outlines the pedagogical design of the course in China, providing classroom examples and practical suggestions to course designers, educators and instructors. We expect to give insights into integrating native culture into foreign language education in university settings.

The work on a great number of research projects began from the very establishment of the Institute of Architecture and Urban & Spatial Planning of Serbia (IAUS) as an independent scientific research organization. On the basis of an insight into the archival materials, this paper will present the first seven Scientific Research Papers (SRP). This paper will give the basic data for each SRP project (title of the theme, names of authors of the project and their collaborators, project orderer, research project duration), titles of papers published in journals, titles of monographs with the scientific projects results and the list of archival numbers of boxes containing the existing documentation.

Recently, the concepts of "passive construction" and "sustainable architecture" have firmly entered our everyday life. With these concepts, we understood that in the "passive stable architecture" the building is designed to minimize not only the energy resources spent on its operation, but also the need for mechanical control of sound, light and heat. In addition, design automation processes in energy-efficient construction have become essential. And, if the design of building structures has long been accompanied by the use of modern calculation programs, then the design of insolation - an integral part of architecture and construction lighting engineering - does not have such powerful support in the form of calculation computer programs. In this work, we present our own developed design complex, which makes it possible to calculate the illumination of internal premises with energy-efficient lighting systems based on hollow tubular light guides. The settlement complex is unique, since it has no analogues in the world. He informatively illustrates the calculations made using a full 3D view of the illuminated room and a graphic image of the distribution of light energy over a given surface. The design complex is presented on the practical example of designing combined lighting in domestic premises of the pulp and paper mill of the Vologda region.

The paper discusses the open, inclusive, dynamic, proactive notion of cultural heritage that is emerging in the international scientific debate. Some significant innovations are examined first: the overcoming of the dualism between tangible and intangible cultural heritage, the increasing role of local communities in the processes of heritage recognition, safeguarding and enhancement and the need for valorisation as a democratic mandate. Aiming at developing this approach, the second step of the research focuses on industrial heritage, investigating its specific features and values. A case study is provided in order to understand some crucial issues concerning industrial heritage management and value creation. Focusing on the City of Paper (Fabriano, Italy), the activities carried out by the Museum of Paper and Watermark and by the Institute of Paper History Gianfranco Fedrigoni (ISTOCARTA) are analysed in-depth, highlighting the role of collaboration among the different actors involved in industrial heritage management in order to promote sustainable local development.

The aim of higher education is to make the student the protagonist of their learning. In this context, the researchers must create appropriate scenarios that enable students to explore and develop critical thinking both independently and cooperatively while making use of information technology. This paper presents a model of pedagogical practice in the subject of Introduction to Research Methodology (IRM) based on the construction of literature maps applying John W. Creswell's research design theory through the use of virtual whiteboards. 120 students from the seventh cycle of the study plan of the School of Architecture of the National University of San Agustín participated. As a result, the model used in this paper enabled students to collect and organize the data necessary to formulate their research and develop critical thinking based on scientific knowledge. In this process, it was possible to reflect on the importance of emphasizing the development of critical and creative thinking skills in order to create literary maps that contribute to the comprehensive education of students. It should be noted that students are obliged to be protagonists in the construction of their knowledge especially in subjects that develop competencies related to scientific research.

The second article concludes the cycle "Paper Architecture" and narrates about the criteria for projects belonging to the considered genre of creativity, highlights its most representative representatives of both domestic and foreign schools. The publication mainly deals with architectural concepts that interpret the anti-utopian moods of the society of the late twentieth century, the comments of the participants of the movement themselves and the evaluation of art critics. The author hypothesis of factorsled to numerous victories of Moscow architects on international conceptual competitions is offered

Complexity and complexity economics are relatively new fields of science, both of which started at the beginning of the 1980s. As it had emerged, questions have been raised regarding complexity’s applicability on human-involved systems and its predictive powers. Economics has been in the spotlight in recent years within the framework of complexity, since economics is one of the most well-established fields in social sciences. Within this framework, the field is referred to as complexity economics. While in its early years, complexity economics research had distanced itself from the reductionist neoclassic tradition of economics that has been identified by its use of, and reliance on, descriptive equations. One of the salient feature of complexity economics is its somewhat unorthodox approach to economic systems, as in its emphasis on non-equilibria. However in recent years, the proponents have become more assertive that complexity economics needs to be more modest and symbiotically co-exist with well-established mainstream economics. Although we focus on economics under the prism of complexity, our underlying interest is in the investigation of how other disciplines, such as industrial engineering and operations research, may benefit from a similar complexity-oriented perspective. Keywords: Complexity, complexity economics, mainstream economics, equation-based economics, non-equilibrium

Copyright of Journal of Near Architecture is the property of Journal of Near East Architecture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2015, the Open Science Collaboration reported in the journal Science that a disturbingly large proportion of psychological studies cannot be replicated (Open Science Collaboration, 2015). The ensuing 'reproducibility crisis' became a lightning rod for contesting what counts as legitimate research, and for negotiating the relationship between communication infrastructures and research practice. In the psychological and cognitive sciences, the Open Science community has advocated widespread reforms to incentivize transparency, encourage replication, and detect and discourage questionable research practices. The model of 'openness' underlying mainstream Open Science centers on sharing information to increase science's self-correcting capacity. Against the backdrop of broad-scale transformations in Open Science, this case study depicts how scientists read. By examining the activity of a group of researchers 'virtually witnessing' an experiment together, this study reveals reading as a non-trivial process that matters for how research is apprehended and for how science is moved through time and space. The case complicates a disembodied, information-centric 'openness' pursued by mainstream Open Science reforms and advocates integrating situated and embodied resources into methods reforms, beginning with practices of reading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

مع التحول الرقمی العالمى فی جمیع المجالات واجهت الصحف فی شتى أنحاء العالم أزمة حادة فی التحریر وتقنیات الإنتاج ، مما هدد استمرار الصحیفة المطبوعة فی الإصدار ودعى إلى ضرورة التغییر. حیث تفتقد الصحیفة المطبوعة إلى عنصری الصورة المتحرکة والتفاعلیة المباشرة، الّذین یمثلان عنصرین أساسیین فی العملیة الإتصالیة الرقمیة وهما ما یدفع الجمهور إلى الإقبال على الصحافة الإلکترونیة والإعلام الرقمى بصفه عامه. وبالرغم من ان الثورة الرقمیة هی من هدد وجود الصحیفة المطبوعه إلا انها هی أیضا من أوجدت فرصا جدیدة للبقاء. حیث ظهرت استراتیجیة جدیدة للصحف المطبوعة تتمثل فی دمج تقنیة الواقع المعزز "Augmented reality" داخل صفحاتها، لتصبح الصحیفة المطبوعة أحد أنماط الوسائط المتعددة الهجینة. فمن خلال تلک التقنیة یحدث تراکب رقمی على الصفحة المطبوعة بإضافة محتوى متعدد الوسائط ، یشمل ملفات الفیدیو والصوت ووصلات للربط مع وسائل الاعلام الاجتماعیة، وأکثر من ذلک. وتعمل هذه التقنیّة على تحویل الصورة الثابتة التی نشاهدها فی الصحیفة المطبوعة إلى صورة متحرکة وفیدیو نشاهده عبرالأجهزة الذکیة بمختلف أنواعها واشکالها.وینظر إلی الواقع المعزز (AR) على أنه تکنولوجیا المستقبل والمصدر الرئیسی للدخل فی وسائل الإعلام المطبوعة. تعرض هذه الدراسة وصف ومناقشة تطبیقات الواقع المعزز فی الصحف المطبوعة لتحلیل وتقییم استخدام التقنیة المستحدثه لتحسین فعالیة وکفاءة الصحیفة المطبوعة الأتصالیة،ولتحدید کیف یمکن لتقنیة الواقع المعزز (AR) کتقنیة هجینة مع تقنیة الطباعة تغییر مفهوم الصحافة المطبوعة والأستفادة من ممیزات دمج تقنیة الواقع المعزز لرقمنة الصحیفة المطبوعه وتحسین تفاعلیتها. حیث أنتهجت الدراسة المنهجین الوصفی التحلیلی والمسحى المیدانى،عن طریق تحلیل دمج تقنیة الواقع المعزز مع الصحف المطبوعة، ثم إجراء دراسة میدانیة من خلال مجموعة من المقابلات الشخصیة المقننة باستمارة استبیان مع عدد خمسین من المتخصیین والخبراء فی مجال الطباعة والإعلام المصرى من أساتذة الجامعات والمسؤلیین والعاملین فی المؤسسات الصحفیة (کجهات فاعلة فی اتخاذ قرار التطبیق والتنبأ بمدى فاعلیته). بغرض مسح آراء النخبة حول تطبیق الواقع المعزز لرقمنة الصحف المطبوعه المصریة وتحسین فاعلیتها الأتصالیة ، والوقوف على أهم التحدیات التقنیة والمؤسسیة والجوانب البشریة والمجتمعیة التی یمکن أن تواجه تطبیق تلک التقنیة ، ثم تحدید فرص نجاحها فی ظل تلک التحدیات. وکانت أهم النتائج التی توصلت إلیها الدراسة أنه بالرغم من أن مدى فوائد دمج تقنیه الواقع المعزز مع الصحف المطبوعة مازال غیر واضح المعالم وخاضع للمناقشة والبحث،إلا أن تقنیة الواقع المعزز تمثل أحد أفضل الخیارات الأستراتیجیة المتاحة لتحسین فاعلیة اتصال الصحیفة المطبوعة وجعلها أحد وسائل الإعلام الهجینة.

Recycled paper has many benefits, from saving woods to reducing carbon footprints. Industrialized recycled paper were mainly made in developed countries. These processes are using high technology and utilize chemical reactions and materials that can only be done in large factories. Meanwhile, paper are also used in developing countries. Newspaper is one of the mass medias that use a high number of paper. Printed newspaper are still used by the majority of people which they prefer rather than the digital newspaper version. This paper focuses in newspaper recycling that can be done in a home industry without high technology involved so that the people of developing countries could easily do it. The paper is broken into cellulose and then glued using tapioca starch. The recycled paper is formed as a panel for partition in a house. The recycled panel paper is put into the water to measure the resistance level. This experiment will help to understand the recycled panel paper strength against water. Recycling process in a home industry can be a part of green solution, especially in paper use. Through this experiment method research, it can be seen that recycled paper panel has a certain resistance level from water and may be used for partition panel. Keywords: recycled paper, panel, partition, environmental friendly, building materials KETAHANAN AIR PANEL KERTAS DAUR ULANG Kertas daur ulang memiliki banyak manfaat, mulai dari mengurangi penggunaan kayu sampai karbon. Industri kertas daur ulang banyak terdapat di Negara maju. Proses ini membutuhkan teknologi tinggi dan menggunakan reaksi dan bahan kimia yang hanya mungkin dilakukan di pabrik besar. Sementara itu, kertas juga digunakan di Negara berkembang. Koran adalah satu dari media massa yang menggunakan banyak kertas. Koran cetak masih lebih banyak digunakan daripada media online. Paper ini membahas daur ulang kertas koran yang dapat dilakukan pada skala rumah tangga tanpa teknologu tinggi sehingga dapat dilakukan oleh orang awam di negara berkembang. Kertas koran dihancurkan menjadi selulosa dan menggunakan tepung tapioca sebagai perekat. Kertas daur ulang dibentuk menjadi panel untuk digunakan sebagai dinding partisi. Panel kertas daur ulang ini dimasukkan kedalam air untuk mengetahui ketahan terhadap air. Percobaan ini memperlihatkan tingkat ketahanan panel kertas daur ulang terhadap air. Proses daur ulang yang dapat dilakukan pada rumah tangga dapat menjadi bagian dari solusi hijau, khususnya pada penggunaan kertas. Melalui riset berbasis eksperimen ini, dapat dilihat bahwa panel kertas daur ulang memiliki ketahanan terhadap air dan dapat digunakan sebagai dinding partisi. Kata-kata kunci: kertas daur ulang, panel, partisi, ramah lingkungan, bahan bangunan REFERENCES Alice Wisler (2015) Facts about Recycling Paper. http://greenliving.lovetoknow.com/Facts_About_Recycling_Paper. Accessed 2 April 2016 Clay Miller (2011) 5 Benefits of Recycling Paper. http://www.ways2gogreenblog.com/2011/09/28/5-benefits-of-recycling-paper/. Accessed 10 May 2016 Hari Goyal (2015) Grades of Paper. http://www.paperonweb.com/grade.htm. Accessed 2 April 2016 Hari Goyal (2015) Properties of Paper. http://www.paperonweb.com/paperpro.htm. Accessed 2 April 2016 Kathryn Sukalich (2016) Everything You Need to Know about Paper Recycling. http://earth911.com/business-policy/business/paper-recycling-details-basics/. Accessed 15 July 2016 [U1] Larry West (2015) Why Recycle Paper. http://environment.about.com/od/recycling/a/The-Benefits-Of-Paper-Recycling-Why-Recycle-Paper.htm. Accesed 15 June 2016 Marie-Luise Blue (2008) The Advantages of Recycling Paper. http://education.seattlepi.com/advantages-recycling-paper-3440.html. Accessed 15 June 2016 Nina Spitzer (2009) http://www.sheknows.com/home-and-gardening/articles/810025/the-impact-of-disposable-coffee-cups-on-the-environment. Accessed 15 June 2016 Radio New Zealand (2010) Iwi not Giving Up Fight against Tasman Mill Discharges. http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/regional/64521/iwi-not-giving-up-fight-against-tasman-mill-discharges. Accessed 15 July 2016 Rick LeBlanc (2016) Paper Recycling Facts, Figures and Information Sources. https://www.thebalance.com/paper-recycling-facts-figures-and-information-sources-2877868?_ga=1.192832942.544061388.1477446686. Accesed 2 April 2016 Robinson Meyer (2016) Will More Newspapers Go Nonprofit? http://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2016/01/newspapers-philadelphia-inquirer-daily-news-nonprofit-lol-taxes/423960/. Accessed 3 August 2016 School of Engineering at Darthmouth (2010) Forest and Paper Industry. http://engineering.dartmouth.edu/~d30345d/courses/engs171/Paper.pdf. Accessed 2 April 2016 T. Subramani, V. Angappan. (2015). Experimental Investigation of Papercrete Concrete. International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering and Management. Volume 4 Issue 5 page 134-143

Ferramentas para auxílio de análise ergonômica são frequentemente utilizadas quando há a necessidade de avaliação de riscos musculoesqueléticos no trabalho. Dessas ferramentas, uma das mais conhecidas é a REBA (Rapid Entire Body Assessment). Seu amplo uso fez com que suas formas de distribuição e aplicação fossem alteradas por vários autores, de forma a tentar encontrar a melhor maneira de aplicação. Inclusive, com o advento de celulares e tablets, foram feitas diversas versões em aplicativo da ferramenta. Pouco pode ser encontrado sobre a usabilidade desse método, ainda mais em qual versão é mais apropriado, em termos de usabilidade. Objetivou-se neste artigo realizar uma avaliação de usabilidade da ferramenta REBA em duas diferentes versões para verificar a influência que a usabilidade da ferramenta tem nos seus resultados. Acredita-se que qualquer tipo de ferramenta para uma avaliação ergonômica deve, de forma intrínseca, ser usável, pois sua usabilidade tem influência direta em sua confiabilidade e replicabilidade. Sendo assim, fez-se uma análise comparativa de usabilidade com a ferramenta em versão papel e aplicativos para celular com oito sujeitos para a verificação de tal usabilidade. Encontrou-se melhor usabilidade para o aplicativo, mas confiabilidade equiparada para as duas versões. Assim, constata-se que as duas podem ser igualmente usadas para avaliação REBA.

Os desastres naturais têm gerado, em diversas localidades, um grande número de desabrigados e, consequentemente, a necessidade de habitações temporárias. Em resposta a isso, o arquiteto Shigeru Ban desenvolveu em 1995 o projeto de uma habitação temporária denominada "Paper Log House" para os desabrigados após um terremoto no Japão, reutilizando tubos de papel. Posteriormente, a Paper Log House foi utilizada como resposta a desastres em diferentes locais, sendo modificada para se adaptar a cada contexto. Este artigo tem como objetivo realizar uma análise comparativa dessas habitações temporárias, utilizadas no Japão, na Turquia, na Índia e nas Filipinas, e avaliar aplicações no contexto brasileiro. Utilizou-se de pesquisa bibliográfica para averiguar a reutilização de tubos de papel na arquitetura de Shigeru Ban e as características projetuais e construtivas da primeira Paper Log House. Após isso, foi realizada uma análise comparando os quatro casos e são apresentados estudos realizados no Brasil, referentes a ensaios laboratoriais e à construção de uma réplica da Paper Log House. Com os resultados da análise comparativa pode-se concluir que os aspectos culturais, econômicos e ambientais de cada contexto são de grande importância no projeto. Observou-se que seria possível construir obras semelhantes às do arquiteto Shigeru Ban com os tubos de papel fabricados no Brasil, a partir de soluções projetuais para compensar a baixa resistência mecânica dos tubos. Também se verificou que o sistema construtivo da Paper Log House pode ser vantajoso em termos econômicos como resposta a situações emergenciais no País.

Fernando Távora was a renowned Portuguese architect who made significant contributions to the field of architecture, both in Portugal and internationally. He was known for his unique design style and his ability to seamlessly blend traditional and modern architectural concepts. Távora was a prolific traveller and used his travels as an opportunity to analyse and capture his surroundings through the art of drawing. His drawings, made with felt-tip and ballpoint pens, graphite and crayons, are highly regarded for expressing Tavora´s observations and reflections on the architecture and urbanism of different regions and cultures. In September 2022, the Department of Architecture of the University of Bologna, in collaboration with the Marques da Silva Foundation, hosted the exhibition “Fernando Távora in Viaggio” (Cesena, from 23 September to 12 October). For this exhibition, it was necessary to assess the state of conservation of the eighty-seven drawings, the colours present and the different types of paper used by this architect. It was also an opportunity to carry out conservation work and to place the drawings in acid-free passe-partout and boxes.

Paper is a material we know from our day-to-day lives because it is used in newspapers, tissues, packaging, etc. Its web-like structure consists of wood fibres and can be visualised by comparing it to the cooking of a portion of spaghetti that is later served onto a plate. Paper is often associated with traditional materials and production technologies. Brought to life in the second century AD, paper has had a significant role in the history of civilisations, from the Chinese empire through the Guttenberg era up to the current ‘digital age’. It has primarily been used as an information carrier and packaging material. However, the architectural applications of paper have been known since the eighth century AD. Although production technologies and the finish of paper have changed and improved over the years, paper has in fact remained remarkably the same through the centuries. It still has the same composition: cellulose fibres bonded in a wet environment, then pressed and dried. Recently, not only the paper-making industry has undergone change, but other industries, like architecture, electronics, the automotive industry and others, are also receptive to the innovative qualities of paper. Growing awareness of the scarceness of fossil fuels and natural resources, the need to curb CO2 emissions and the necessity of reducing the ecological burden caused by the use of materials such as plastics, foam, concrete or steel is encouraging people to find more environmentally friendly solutions, including the circular economy. Paper and its derivatives can satisfy these needs, although it seems that the golden age of paper is coming to an end. Electronic devices such as smartphones, tablets and e-readers, as well as the growing popularity of electronic media, have taken the place of traditional print media, which has resulted in the paper industry’s decline as the producer of information carriers. However, the paper industry can develop in other directions, e.g. smart packaging, the provision of energy and construction materials, where this renewable and cheap material can make a new start, using and being used along with new technologies and innovations. Sustainable development was first described in the Agenda21 document in 1992 and its appendices, which state that the most important challenges for global policy are improving people’s lives and conserving our natural resources in a world that is growing in population, with ever-increasing demands for food, water, shelter, sanitation, energy, health services and economic security. Moreover, the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union ordered in Directive 2008/98/EC that by 2020, the weight amount of recycled or re-used construction waste must be increased to a minimum of 70%. These challenges can be addressed by renewable resources – reusable, recyclable, available and affordable materials, among other things. One of these renewable resources is paper.

Paper base products such as corrugated cardboard, paper tubes, honeycomb panels and strong papers like Kraft and Washi can be successfully used for the production of interior design, products for everyday use, furniture, indoor partitions, pavilions and bigger architectural structures. Paper and its derivatives are often used for other purposes such as educational (origami) or social and artistic events. Moreover, paper and cardboard are cheap and eco-friendly materials. Therefore, are they fit to be used in spatial structures for a limited lifespan. Fairs, exhibitions, major sporting events and other short-term events cost an enormous amount of money, and in many cases leave behind an ecological burden in the form of construction waste. In 2008, under the EU’s revised Waste Framework Directive, a new target for recycling rates was established. By the year 2020 50% of municipal waste, including at least 50% of paper, metal, plastics and glass, will have to be recyclable, as well as 70% of demolition waste. The projects presented in this chapter are characterised by different size, geometry, materials and properties, as well as by different connections between these aspects. The projects were created by various designers, including the author of this thesis. In this chapter, the typology of paper and cardboard in design and architecture is described and depicted by means of realised examples. Smaller projects of the first two types are described below, in this chapter. For their part, more complicated structures, such as large pavilions, houses and public buildings, will be described in Chapter 4. Emergency and relief projects will be presented in Chapter 5.

The examples of paper architecture presented in this chapter show the wide variety of materials and compositions used. The chosen examples are divided into two sections. The first section, entitled ‘The History of Paper in Architecture,’ embraces the projects realised from the late nineteenth century to the late 1980s. The examples provided in the ‘Case Studies’ section were assessed more thoroughly for their function, structural system, usable area, used material, connections and details of the structure (foundation, walls, roof), impregnation and lifespan. The chosen projects represent the most interesting solutions as far as structure and use of materials are concerned. Each of the examples described in this section presented an element of novelty in the world of paper architecture.

Guaranteeing the survival of cultural heritage, increasing its accessibility, both physical and intellectual, and the creation of countless benefits for different categories of stakeholders depends both on a perfect comprehension of the interests and abilities of users to take advantage of what is offered and, above all, on identifying and analysing the various types of value that can be attributed to it. According to Montella, there are three types of value that may be analysed for this purpose: a presentation value, informative in nature and inherent in the historical, cultural and possibly artistic value implicit in the heritage; a landscape value, extended to the context, inherent in the factual information services aimed at supporting policies of preventive and programmed conservation: and a production value, commercial in nature, which concerns the external effects generated by cultural heritage management to qualify the products and the images themselves of the businesses in order to make them stand out from the competition. The aim of this article is to inquire into whether, in what way and to what extent the communication of the Paper and Watermark Museum in Faabriano and the Ascoli Piceno Papal Paper Mill Museum in Ascoli Piceno creates presentation value and therefore leads the public to understand how far paper production has influenced the economic and socio-cultural history of the area in which they are located.

This part of the dissertation is dedicated to the practical approach to cardboard as a building material through prototyping. Taking a practical approach here means conducting research by design and prototyping architectural structures in which paper and its derivatives are used as the main structural material. The theoretical research and knowledge presented in the previous chapters of the dissertation will be now used as input. The research by design and the realised prototypes will guide us to the solution that answers the question to what extent cardboard can be used as a suitable building material for emergency architecture. The research and development of cardboard architecture used as input for this dissertation were derived from research previously conducted at TU Delft’s Faculty of Architecture. The Cardboard in Architecture research group, which was set up in the department of Building Technology in 2003 and ceased to exist in 2008 due to the great fire that destroyed the building of TU Delft’s Faculty of Architecture (13 May 2008), made a great contribution to this research. The fundamental and technical research was included in the previous chapters. The designs and development of products in the form of prototypes of cardboard structures are presented in this chapter.

Cardboard is generally regarded as an eco-friendly or ‘green’ material. The sustainability of cardboard as a building material can be researched from different points of view, and different aspects should be taken into account. To answer the question as to whether cardboard is a ‘green’ or sustainable material for building applications, we must first define the meaning of these words. Next we need to research the various types of impact cardboard used as a building material may have on the environment. The word ‘green’, in relation to buildings, is open to many interpretations. In many cases the word ‘green’ is used for marketing purposes. Cardboard products, in particular, can easily be called green because of their eco-friendly appearance. Take, for example, furniture made out of cardboard, which is often described as sustainable. Generally speaking, this type of furniture is very expensive, which means that only wealthy people will be able to afford it, which is in contradiction with one of the main tenets of sustainable development. As Robert and Brenda Vale, quoted by Wooly et al., stated: ‘[a] green approach to the built environment involves a holistic approach to the design of buildings; that all the resources that go into a building, be they materials, fuels or the contribution of the users, need to be considered if a sustainable architecture is to be produced.’ The phrase ‘sustainable development’ has a much broader interpretation. The author of this dissertation adheres to the narrower definition. Sustainable development in general means that current development meets the present needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Sustainable development has two highlighted concepts: the concept of the essential needs of the world’s poor, which should be fulfilled as a matter of priority, and the idea of limitations imposed by the state of technology and social organisations on the environment’s ability to meet present and future needs. Sustainable construction improves the life cycle of building by lengthening the lifespan of building components, increasing the flexibility of the functional and spatial layout of buildings and their potential changes, and promoting the recycling of materials and products after a building has been demolished. The life cycle of a building consists of four stages: pre-construction (Stage I); construction (Stage II); post-construction (stage III) and demolition (stage IV). It follows that the entire cycle of materials consists of the following stages: production, construction, usage, demolition, recycling, reusing processes or final disposal. The total life-cycle energy use of building includes both operating energy and embodied energy. [3] Operating energy includes the energy used to maintain the inside environment through processes like heating, cooling, lighting and operating appliances. With regard to operating energy, materials can be rendered more sustainable by ensuring they have a higher thermal insulation value or greater thermal mass. But the most important factor with regard to operating energy is that the project take into account the local natural conditions and adapt to them. Higher sustainability can be achieved by reducing the use of raw materials and reducing the loss of resources during the production and construction processes and throughout the life of the building. It can be also improved by recycling of the used materials, in such a way that recycled materials can be used again at their original level of quality. Life Cycle Assessment is a method used to measure and evaluate the environmental impact of product systems or activities by describing and assessing the energy and materials used and released into the environment over the course of a building’s life cycle, from cradle to grave. The assessment of the environmental performance of cardboard as a building material is based on the following environmental categories proposed by M. Vaccari in her dissertation. Resources: extraction of raw materials, water and minerals Recyclability of the material Energy use in production, embodied energy and operating energy Durability and maintenance Global warming, climate change and emissions to soil, air and water.

Paper is a fascinating material that we encounter every day in different variants: tissues, paper towels, packaging material, wall paper or even fillers of doors. Despite radical changes in production technology, the material, which has been known to mankind for almost two thousand years, still has a natural composition, being made up of fibres of plant origin (particularly wood fibres). Thanks to its unique properties, relatively high compression strength and bending stiffness, low production costs and ease of recycling, paper is becoming more and more popular in many types of industry. Mass-produced paper products such as special paper, paperboard, corrugated cardboard, honeycomb panels, tubes and L- and U-shapes are suitable for use as a building material in the broad sense of these words – i.e., in design and architecture. Objects for everyday use, furniture, interior design elements and partitions are just a few examples of things in which paper can be employed. Temporary events such as festivals, exhibitions or sporting events like the Olympics require structures that only need to last for a limited period of time. When they are demolished after a few days or months, their leftovers can have a significant impact on the local environment. In the context of growing awareness of environmental threats and the efforts undertaken by local and international organisations and governments to counter these threats, the use of natural materials that can be recycled after their lifespan is becoming increasingly widespread. Paper and its derivatives fascinate designers and architects, who are always looking for new challenges and trying to meet the market’s demands for innovative and proecological solutions. Being a low-cost and readily available material, paper is suited to the production of emergency shelters for victims of natural and man-made disasters, as well as homeless persons. In order to gain a better understanding of paper’s potential in terms of architecture, its material properties were researched on a micro, meso and macro level. This research of the possible applications of paper in architecture was informed by two main research questions: What is paper and to what extent can it be used in architecture? What is the most suitable way to use paper in emergency architecture? To answer the first research question, fundamental and material research on paper and paper products had to be conducted. The composition of the material, production methods and properties of paper were researched. Then paper products with the potential to be used in architecture were examined. The history of the development of paper and its influence on civilisation helped the author gain a better understanding of the nature of this material, which we encounter in our lives every day. Research on objects for everyday use, furniture, pavilions and architecture realised in the last 150 years allowed the author to distinguish various types of paper design and paper architecture. Analysis of realised buildings in which paper products were used as structural elements and parts of the building envelope resulted in a wide array of possible solutions. Structural systems, types of connections between the various elements, impregnation methods and the functionalities and lifespan of different types of buildings were systematised. The knowledge thus collected allowed the author to conduct a further exploration of paper architecture in the form of designs and prototypes. To answer the second research question, the analysed case studies were translated into designs and prototypes of emergency shelters. During the research-by-design, engineering and prototyping phases, more than a dozen prototypes were built. The prototypes differed in terms of structural systems, used materials, connections between structural elements, impregnation methods, functionality and types of building. The three versions of the Transportable Emergency Cardboard House project presented in the final chapter form the author’s final answer to the second research question. Paper will never replace traditional building materials such as timber, concrete, steel, glass or plastic. It can, however, complement them to a significant degree.

Teatros de papel 1765-1860. ¿construcción de un modelo “a la francesa”?ResumenDesde mediados del siglo XVIII, la arquitectura teatral fue objeto de múltiples debates por cuanto ya no satisfacía las exigencias de la puesta en escena, ni del público que demandaba cada vez más comodidades. Las reflexiones teóricas se orientaron, entonces, hacia la búsqueda de una arquitectura para el espectáculo, adaptada a los hábitos y las prácticas de la sociedad francesa. En el presente artículo se propone analizar –—a partir del estudio de una serie de escritos publicados entre finales del siglo XVIII y mediados del siglo XIX—, los diferentes modelos teóricos que alimentaron la conceptualización de la arquitectura teatral, los cuales resultaron tan diversos como lo eran los perfiles y las trayectorias de sus autores. Las propuestas teóricas ofrecieron una amplia variedad de modelos que no convergen hacia una solución única; de la misma forma, fue posible encontrar entre aquellos teatros construidos, la coexistencia de numerosas variantes tipológicas.Palabras clave: arquitectura francesa, diseño arquitectónico, teoría arquitectónica, tipología arquitectónica, salas de espectáculos.Paper theaters 1765-1860. Building a «French» model?AbstractSince the mid-eighteenth century theater architecture was much debated because it no longer met the requirements of staging and the public was demanding more and more amenities. The theoretical reflections were then directed towards the searching for architecture for the show, adapted to the habits and practices of French society. In this article we propose to analyze, from study of a series of papers published between the late eighteenth century and the middle of the nineteenth century, the various theoretical models that fueled the conceptualization of theater architecture, which were as diverse as were the profiles and trajectories of their authors. The theoretical proposals offered a wide variety of models that do not converge into a single solution and in the same way, it was possible to find among those built theaters, the coexistence of numerous typological variations.Key words: French architecture, architectural design, architectural theory, architectural style, theaters.Théâtres de papier 1765-1860. Construction d’un modèle « à la française »?RésuméDès le milieu du XVIIIe siècle, l’architecture théâtrale a fait l’objet de multiples débats car elle ne satisfaisait plus les exigences de la mise en scène théâtrale, et elle n’offrait pas aux spectateurs le niveau de confort qu’ils demandaient. Les réflexions théoriques se sont alors orientées vers la recherche d’une architecture pour le spectacle, plus adaptée aux mœurs et pratiques de la société française. Cet article se propose d’analyser -à travers l’étude d’une série de publications parues entre la fin du XVIIIe siècle et le milieu du XIXe-, les différents modèles théoriques ayant alimenté la conceptualisation de l’architecture théâtrale, lesquels ont résulté aussi divers que les profils et parcours de leurs auteurs. Les propositions théoriques ont généré un vaste échantillon de modèles qui ne convergeaient pas vers une solution unique ; et il était également possible de trouver parmi les théâtres bâtis, la coexistence de nombreuses variantes typologiques.Mots clés : Architecture française, conception architecturale, théorie architecturale, typologie architecturale, salles de spectacle. Recibido: septiembre 07/2014Evaluado: febrero 23/2015Aceptado: marzo 25/2015Publicación: 30 de junio de 2015 Actualización: 30 de junio de 2015

Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) have been particularly challenged by the COVID pandemic, the climate crisis, war and political tensions including the fuel price crisis. Strategic responses to crisis including cost-cutting as retrenchment in the short run, debt financing to preserve the status quo and exit. However, perhaps the most positive is to innovate for renewal. The paper considers how working with an approach to futures and foresight learning, three different SMEs during the COVID pandemic and beyond formed action learning groups and were able to find future opportunities from which innovation ideas for action in the present could be undertaken. The paper considers the meaning of innovation including what Revans saw as an 'Innovation Paradox' as a gap between invention and innovation. In SMEs, the importance of informal innovation and an innovation orientation are identified. The meaning futures and foresight learning is considered and the focus on the identification of new opportunities for products and services, delivered by a process of action learning. Findings from three SMEs are presented from meetings that took place during 2021 to 2022, when COVID restrictions were partly in place. They show how each programme begins with opportunity questions for the future which then lead to ideas after a consideration of trends and patterns. Further methods of futures thinking are presented which allow further ideas to be developed for innovation. In each case, ideas are selected for business planning after approval. Discussion of the findings considers the importance of futures and foresight learning combined with action learning for SMEs to become more strategic, future-oriented and creative in seeking opportunities for innovation.

This paper discusses the duality between global perspectives and local realities that have influenced the design of the school architecture by examining and comparing state school projects in two geographically distant countries: Chile and Portugal. The proposals and experiences of the "Society for the Construction of Educational Facilities" (1937-1987) in Chile and the "Board of Constructions for Technical and Secondary Education" (1934-1969) in Portugal are analysed. Established in the 1930s, these centralised bodies managed, organised, and controlled state school building projects in such a way as to achieve uniformity in design, creating architectural identities that embodied both the educational values and the representative character of the State. These bodies were influenced by similar global circumstances, and their activities were guided by the recommendations issued by intergovernmental organisations of the time. Such a situation brought their projects closer together in terms of their functional, aesthetic, technical-constructive characteristics. After examining and identifying the international influences which brought them closer in terms of the educational meanings and values associated with school architecture, the paper identifies the local circumstances that guided the design and construction processes of schools in both countries, bringing fresh geographical insights to school architecture discussion. At the same time, possible global readings of strategies, influences and results are explored, enabling us to understand school architecture as part of a nation's cultural values and as a material expression of the social model of modernity, which will continue to meet the challenges that schools face in twenty-first-century society.

Decisions about design are invariably decisions about materials (Temple, 2011,p 50).Design education seeks to mimic the design process in landscape architectural practice. Yet the educational process is fundamentally different because design ideas are rarely tested through building. Student learning, therefore, remains in the realm of abstraction: the representation of a design idea without translation into the actual material these ideas are intended to shape. Thinking through ideas at full scale off ers an alternative way to explore design learning so students understand the spatial, social and material consequences of their ideas. Working at the 1:1 scale gives them an insight into the implications of their design decisions and experience in working directly with the materials of their concern. It also off ers an opportunity to work one to one with each other and clients.

With the latest development in information technology, smart campuses have become a topic that attracts attention in the world of education, especially in higher education. The smart campus has the potential to change the way of managing, accessing facil- ities, and teaching and learning process. The smart campus can collaborate various latest technologies such as edge computing, blockchain, deep learning, virtual reality, and other trend recent technologies. Therefore, this research is a guideline for developing an effective and efficient smart campus system with the latest information and communication technology. This paper explains smart campus technology, features, architecture that have been implemented in real life. Thirty-two papers will be analyzed using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method. Hopefully, this guideline can be a valuable reference for smart campus designers, researchers, and practitioners interested in developing innovative and efficient smart campus systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Around 1526, Emperor Charles V decided to build a new Renaissance palace in addition to the Nasrid palaces in the Alhambra of Granada, a monumental site currently included in the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) World Heritage List. In that period, a large floor plan, which is preserved today at the Library of the Royal Palace of Madrid, was drawn to represent the building and its surroundings. Although this anonymous drawing has attracted considerable historiographic interest, a study of the graphical aspects analysed here, namely, paper assemblage, drawing technique, representation system, metrology, graphical scale, dimensioning, and labelling, is lacking. To accomplish this analysis, the original document was carefully examined and digitalised with high definition. This process allowed a comprehensive graphic analysis, utilising other drawings from the same period as a comparative reference and studying for the first time the major characteristics of one of the most relevant architectural drawings of the 16th century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]