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In this study, complete phytochemical analyses of the component composition of Petrosimonia sibirica was conducted for the first time. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of a variety of primary and secondary metabolites. The data for quantitative determination of biologically active compounds were presented. The qualitative composition of amino, fatty acids of the plant Petrosimonia sibirica has been studied by using the method of paper chromatography (PC) and thin-layer chromatography (TLC), their quantitative composition of amino, fatty acids have been identified by gas chromatography. The composition of 20 amino, 8 fatty acids of Petrosimonia sibirica, family Chenopodiaceae have been established. The major amino acids in studied plant were glutamic acid (2.440%), alanine (0.618%), aspartic acid (1.254%), arginine (0.405%), tyrosine (0.340%), and proline (0.306%). The dominant fatty acids in plant with respect to quantity were oleic (48.3%) and linoleic (26.7%) acids. In order to optimize the extraction process technological parameters (extracting solvent, a ratio between solvent and solid plant material and process temperature) were selected. The most suitable solvent is 70% ethyl alcohol, solid - solvent ratio (1: 6-8), extraction time (3 days), and extraction temperature (20-25 oC). In addition, Kazakh species of Petrosimonia sibirica plant are valued as a rich source of saponins and flavonoids. Quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (isoquercitrin) was isolated from Petrosimonia sibirica. Flavonoid glycoside was identified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS, and compared with the data in the literature. The results revealed the presence of medicinally important constituents in the studied plant. Therefore, extracts from these plants could be seen as a good source for useful drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) are among the most toxic heavy metals affecting human health and crop yield. Suaeda maritima (L.) Dumort is an obligate halophyte that is well adapted to saline soil. The inbuilt salinity tolerance mechanisms of halophytes help them to survive in heavy metal-contaminated rhizospheric soil. In the present study, growth and ionomic responses, reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation, modulations of phytochelatins, antioxidative defense, and metabolomic responses were studied in S. maritima imposed to Cd and Pb stresses with an aim to elucidate Cd and Pb tolerance mechanisms and phytoremediation potential of this halophyte. Our results showed a reduction of biomass in S. maritima, which may serve as an energy conservation strategy for survival under heavy metal stress. The increased accumulation of ROS with concomitant higher expression of various antioxidative enzymes suggests the efficient scavenging of ROS. The metabolite profiling revealed significant up-regulation of sugars, sugar alcohols, amino acids, polyphenols, and organic acids under Cd and Pb stresses suggesting their possible role in osmotic balance, ionic homeostasis, ROS scavenging, and signal transduction for stress tolerance. In S. maritima, the translocation factors (Tf) are <1 in both Cd and Pb treatments, which indicates that this halophyte has high phytostabilization potential for Cd and Pb in roots and through restricted translocation of heavy metal ions to the aboveground part. The findings of this study offer comprehensive information on Cd and Pb tolerance mechanisms in S. maritima and suggest that this halophyte can detoxify the HMs through physiological, ionic, antioxidative, and metabolic regulations., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Plant polysaccharides are highly potent bioactive molecules. Clarifying the structural composition and bioactivities of plant polysaccharides will provide insights into their structure-activity relationships. Therefore, herein, we identified a polysaccharide produced by Salicornia bigelovii Torr. and analyzed the structure and anti-tumor activity of its component, SabPS-1. SabPS-1 was 3.24 × 10 4  Da, primarily composed of arabinose (24.96 %), galactose (30.39 %), and galacturonic acid (23.20 %), rhamnose (6.21 %), xylose (4.99 %), glucuronic acid (3.12 %), mannuronic acid (1.75 %), mannose (1.69 %), glucose (1.54 %), fucose (1.12 %), and guluronic acid (1.03 %). The backbone of SabPS-1 was a → 4)-β-D-GalpA-(1→, →5)-α-L-Araf-(1→, and→4)-β-D-Galp-(1 → molecule with a branched chain of α-L-Araf-(1 → connected to sugar residues of →3,6)-β-D-Galp-(1 → in the O-3 position. SabPS-1 induced apoptosis and inhibited the growth of HepG-2 cells, with viability of 47.90 ± 4.14 (400 μg/mL), indicating anti-tumor activity. Apoptosis induced by SabPS-1 may be associated with the differential regulation of caspase 3, caspase 8, Bax, and Bcl-2. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate the principal structures and anti-tumor biological activities of SabPS-1. Our findings demonstrated the excellent anti-tumor properties of SabPS-1, which will aid in the development of anti-tumor drugs utilizing Salicornia bigelovii Torr., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

A novel endophytic Streptomyces griseorubens CIBA-NS1 was isolated from a salt marsh plant Salicornia sp. The antagonistic effect of S. griseorubens against Vibrio campbellii, was studied both in vitro and in vivo. The strain was validated for its endophytic nature and characterized through scanning electron microscopy, morphological and biochemical studies and 16SrDNA sequencing. The salinity tolerance experiment has shown that highest antibacterial activity was at 40‰ (16 ± 1.4 mm) and lowest was at 10 ‰ salinity (6.94 ± 0.51 mm). In vivo exclusion of Vibrio by S. griseorubens CIBA-NS1 was studied in Penaeus indicus post larvae and evaluated for its ability to improve growth and survival of P. indicus. After 20 days administration of S. griseorubens CIBA-NS1, shrimps were challenged with V. campbellii. The S. griseorubens CIBA-NS1 reduced Vibrio population in test group when compared to control, improved survival (60.5 ± 6.4%) and growth, as indicated by weight gain (1.8 ± 0.05g). In control group survival and growth were 48.4 ± 3.5% and 1.4 ± 0.03 g respectively. On challenge with V. campbellii, the S. griseorubens CIBA-NS1 administered group showed better survival (85.6 ± 10%) than positive control (64.3 ± 10%). The results suggested that S. griseorubens CIBA-NS1 is antagonistic to V. campbellii, reduce Vibrio population in the culture system and improve growth and survival. This is the first report on antagonistic activity of S. griseorubens isolated from salt marsh plant Salicornia sp, as a probiotic candidate to prevent V. campbellii infection in shrimps., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The heat stress is a significant environmental challenge and impede the plant growth, development and productivity. The characterization and utilization of novel genes for improving stress tolerance represents a paramount approach in crop breeding. In the present study, we report on cloning of a novel heat-induced chaperonin 10-like gene (SbCPN10L) from Salicornia brachiata and elucidation of its in-planta role in conferring the heat stress endurance. The transgenic tobacco over-expressing SbCPN10L gene exhibited enhanced growth attributes such as higher rate of seed germination, germination and vigor index at elevated (35 ± 1 °C) temperature (eT). The SbCPN10L tobacco exhibited greenish and healthy seedling growth under stress. Compared with control tobacco at eT, the transgenic tobacco had higher water contents, membrane stability index, stress tolerance index and photosynthetic pigments. Lower electrolyte leakage and less accumulation of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species indicated better heat stress tolerance in transgenic tobacco over-expressing SbCPN10L gene. Transgenic tobacco accumulated higher contents of sugars, starch, amino acids and polyphenols at eT. The negative solute potential observed in transgenic tobacco contributed to maintain water content and support improved growth under stress. The up-regulation of NtAPX, NtPOX and NtSOD in transgenic tobacco under stress indicated higher ROS scavenging ability and better physiological conditioning. The results recommend the SbCPN10L gene as a potential candidate gene with an ability to confer heat stress tolerance for climate resilient crops., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The uptake and distribution of copper, zinc, arsenic, and lead was examined in two rare Australian saltmarsh species, Tecticornia pergranulata and Wilsonia backhousei. The bioconcentration factors and translocation factors were generally much lower than one, except for the Zn translocation factors for T. pergranulata. When compared to other Australian saltmarsh taxa, these species generally accumulated the lowest levels observed among taxa, especially in terms of their BCFs. Essential metals tended to be regulated, while non-essential metals increased in concentration with dose during transport among compartments, a pattern not previously observed in Australian saltmarsh taxa. The uptake of metals into roots was mainly explained by total sediment metal loads as well as more acidic pH, increased soil organic matter, and decreased salinity. The low uptake and limited translocation observed in these rare taxa may offer a competitive advantage for their establishment and survival in the last urbanised populations, where legacy metal contamination acts as a selective pressure., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

With the increasing industrialization and urbanization, the ecological environment is suffering from severe deterioration in Liaohe coastal wetland, and petroleum spill is one of the pollution sources. Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall (S. salsa), one of the predominant plants in Liaohe coastal wetland, is facing the increasing degradation. Terpenes are a class of inherent compounds in plants, and play key role in maintain the growth of plants. However, the environmental stress on the terpene metabolism remained unclear in the plants. In the present study, the influence of petroleum spill on terpene metabolism in S. salsa was systematically investigated by analysis of concentrations, compositions and stable carbon isotope. Under the stress of petroleum spill, terpene concentrations showed the decreasing trend, indicating the inhibition effect of petroleum spill on terpene synthesis in S. salsa. The proportions of Sabinene and A-humulene showed the obviously increased with the influence of petroleum spill, implying that these congeners were more sensitive to petroleum spills. The significant changes in stable carbon isotope compositions were observed for Borneol, Dl-menthol, A-humulene and (-) -@-bisabolol, with the enrichment in heavier isotopes in residual fractions. This result indicated that the heavier 13 C was preferentially fixed on terpene by S. salsa under the petroleum stress. The similar change trends along the incubation time was observed for A-humulene and (-) - trans caryophyllene, which might imply that A-humulene was one of the products of (-) - trans caryophyllene in S. salsa. Overall, the findings of present study verified the influence of petroleum spill on terpene metabolism in S. salsa, and were meaningful for protecting the plants in the petroleum-pollution wetlands., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) plays a crucial role in the initial carbon fixation process in C 4 plants. However, its nonphotosynthetic functions in Haloxylon ammodendron, a C 4 perennial xerohalophytic shrub, are still poorly understood. Previous studies have reported the involvement of PEPC in plant responses to abiotic stresses such as drought and salt stress. However, the underlying mechanism of PEPC tolerance to drought stress has not been determined. In this study, we cloned the C 4 -type PEPC gene HaPEPC1 from H. ammodendron and investigated its biological function by generating transgenic Arabidopsis plants with ectopic expression of HaPEPC1. Our results showed that, compared with WT (wild-type) plants, ectopic expression of HaPEPC1 plants exhibited significantly greater germination rates and chlorophyll contents. Furthermore, under drought stress, the transgenic plants presented increased root length, fresh weight, photosynthetic capacity, and antioxidant enzyme activities, particularly ascorbate peroxidase and peroxidase. Additionally, the transgenic plants exhibited reduced levels of malondialdehyde, H 2 O 2 (hydrogen peroxide), and O 2 - (superoxide radical). Transcriptome analysis indicated that ectopic expression of HaPEPC1 primarily regulated the expression of genes associated with the stress defence response, glutathione metabolism, and abscisic acid (ABA) synthesis and signalling pathways in response to drought stress. Taken together, these findings suggest that the ectopic expression of HaPEPC1 enhances the reduction of H 2 O 2 and O 2 - in transgenic plants, thereby improving reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging capacity and enhancing drought tolerance. Therefore, the HaPEPC1 gene holds promise as a candidate gene for crop selection aimed at enhancing drought tolerance., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no competing interest or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Background: Orenburg Region is located in the South Urals, mostly in the steppe zone and is characterised by various landscapes suitable for many Chenopodiaceae. The species of Chenopodiaceae are present in all major plant communities (saline vegetation, steppes, on limestone, chalk and sand, and as degraded or ruderal communities). In the steppe zone, many native subshrubby species (Atriplex cana, Caroxylon laricinum, Suaeda physophora) playing a crucial role in semi-deserts (known as southern steppes in the recent Russian literature) located southwards of Orenburg Region are locally found, and several annuals (Salicornia perennans, Suaeda spp.) are most common dominants in plant communities. Some typical semi-desert species (Kalidium foliatum, Bassia hyssopifolia, Soda foliosa, Spirobassia hirsuta) are found in the easternmost part of the region. New information: We compiled a checklist of Chenopodiaceae in Orenburg Region, with two new records ( Chenopodium virgatum, Corispermum laxiflorum), based on our critical revision, comprehensive inventory of herbarium specimens and documented observations and field research. In total, we report 76 species in the Region, which is the third-highest number of the Chenopodiaceae species compared with other administrative territories of European Russia, North Caucasus and West Siberia. Alien and native taxa are distinguished. Zonal patterns of species distributions are confirmed. A preliminary conservation status is proposed for each native species. Three species are recommended for exclusion from the Red Data Book of Orenburg Region: Petrosimonia triandra (because of its extensive distribution), Kalidium foliatum and Anabasis salsa (because of the lack of actual threat to their populations). Arthrophytum lehmannianum and Salsola rosacea are considered threatened (Vulnerable) because of their restricted occurrence and population size and because their localities are under anthropogenic pressure. Atriplex hortensis, Atriplex rosea, Chenopodium acuminatum, C. karoi, C. praetericola, C. vulvaria, Climacoptera affinis, C. crassa, Halimocnemis karelinii, Salsola paulsenii and Xylosalsola arbuscula are excluded from the checklist, based on various reasons as discussed in the paper. Point distribution maps are provided for each species. Agriophyllum pungens (Vahl) Link is accepted as the correct authorship instead of "M.Bieb. ex C.A.Mey." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The digitization of herbarium collections is an important process that allows access to sometimes huge amounts of data that can be used in various natural sciences. In recent years, the collections of one of the thirty oldest herbariums in the world—the herbarium of the Jagiellonian University—have been digitized. This paper presents the resources of the economically very important Amaranthaceae family, which include 8801 herbarium sheets. They were analyzed in taxonomic, geographical, historical, and functional terms. Herbaria constitute a form of documentation, store and secure comparative material, as well as constitute an extra original gene bank. They are an invaluable database among others for the biological, ethnobotanical and agricultural sciences. The digitization of herbarium collections significantly facilitates access to archival materials; however, searching them is still time-consuming. Therefore, our work aims to analyze the herbarium collection of 8801 sheets for specimens representing the economically important family Amaranthaceae (Chenopodiaceae-Amaranthaceae clade) deposited the oldest herbarium in Poland, the herbarium of the Jagiellonian University (KRA). These specimens have been collected from almost all the continents in dozens of countries for over 200 years. The analyses conducted, including the taxonomic coverage, geographical characteristics and origin, temporal coverage and utility importance of representative species, present the discussed resources in a more accessible way and may become a more attractive form for scientists potentially interested in more advanced research work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global deltaic marshes are currently facing a multitude of pressures, including insufficient sediment supply, rising sea levels, and habitat loss. Consequently, unraveling the internal regulatory mechanisms within deltaic marshes is of paramount importance. Here, we harness years of observational data and high-resolution numerical models to uncover depositional dynamics and vegetation succession in self-organizing processes of deltaic marshes. Our findings indicate that the colonization of salt marsh vegetation triggered a robust phase of growth in the initial stages of river deltas formation. However, as vertical accretion intensifies and inundation decreases, the delta is driven towards a state of critical slowing down due to insufficient sediment supply. We have captured a pivotal turning point in the evolution of deltaic marshes. In accordance with the critical submergence threshold we have established, when the inundation time of deltaic marshes exceeds 0.97 h/d, these salt marsh platforms sustain a higher annual growth rate. Conversely, when the inundation time of deltaic marshes falls below 0.97 h/d, the interannual accretion rate continues to decrease. Our research reveals that, in the absence of human disturbances, the deposition rate in deltaic marshes transitions from growth to decline. During this period, the delta undergoes an interesting succession of pioneer salt marshes (Suaeda salsa) and high-elevation salt marshes (Phragmites australis). Even without reductions in sediment input due to human activities, the vertical deposition rate within deltaic marshes will still shift from acceleration to deceleration under the influence of this internal negative feedback regulation. This adaptive capacity of marshes may foreshadow that when observing a slowdown in vertical accretion on deltaic marsh platforms, it cannot be solely attributed to reductions in sediment input caused by human activities., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier B.V.)

The coastal salt marsh wetland is mainly located in the tidal area where sea and land are intertwined, which has the functions of promoting silt and consolidating beach, wave reduction and disaster reduction, and is an ecological barrier against erosion in the coastal zone, which has important ecological value. Nevertheless, owing to the intricate nature of wetland species formation mechanisms and community distribution patterns, the impact of coastal squeeze on Suaeda salsa wetlands loss may not exhibit a linear relationship, necessitating further elucidation of the specific processes involved. Precisely understanding the extent to which coastal squeeze affects the threshold of loss in the Suaeda salsa wetland holds immense importance in safeguarding the distinctive red beach landscape. Furthermore, it represents a pivotal scientific challenge that necessitates resolution in the management of coastal wetlands for their protection and restoration. Hence, drawing upon the theoretical framework concerning the impact of coastal squeeze on the degradation of coastal Suaeda salsa wetland, this study employs the representative silty coastal region of China's northern Liaodong Bay as a case study to conduct empirical investigation. The research integrates Landsat imagery and digital elevation data, and incorporates spatial autocorrelation, elastic coefficient analysis, and barycenter model analysis to examine the threshold of degradation and spatial variations of Suaeda salsa wetland in response to coastal squeeze. The results show that: (1) The risk intensity of coastal squeeze in the study area exhibited a pattern of initial decline followed by an increase from 1995 to 2020, with the highest risk areas predominantly located in the development zone on the eastern bank of the Liao River Estuary. (2) There was a positive correlation between the growth of the coastal squeeze index and the loss of the Suaeda salsa wetland. When the proportion of area in which the coastal squeeze deteriorates reached 43.9%, the Suaeda salsa wetland lose resilience against the impact of coastal squeeze, leading to an intensified rate of loss. (3) Compared with the west side of the Liao River, the critical area of coastal squeeze and the loss barycenter of the Suaeda salsa wetland on the east side of the Liao River have a greater range of changes. The planning and management of coastal ecological restoration necessitates considering the occurrence conditions of the coastal squeeze impact threshold on the loss threshold of wetland and the migration characteristics of the wetland loss area. This approach enables the timely control of coastal squeeze risk intensity in the area and the preservation of wetlands' resistance to external disturbances. Consequently, it holds immense importance for the sustainable development of coastal wetlands., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Improving salt-affected soil health using different strategies is of great significance for Sustainable Development Goals. The effects of biochar as a sustainable carbon negative soil amendment on phosphorous (P) pools in the degraded salt-affected soils of the of coastal wetlands (as one of the primary blue carbon ecosystems) with halophyte litter input under different water conditions (the two intrinsic characteristics of coastal wetlands) are poorly understood. Thus, a corn straw derived biochar (CBC) was added into a coastal salt-affected soil collected from the Yellow River Delta to investigate its effect on P fractions and availability under the input of three different local halophyte litters (i.e., Suaeda salsa, Imperata cylindrica and Phragmites australis) and under the unflooded and flooded water conditions. The results showed that the individual input of Suaeda salsa increased soil P availability by 28.2-40.9 %, but Imperata cylindrica and Phragmites australis had little effect on P availability. CBC individual amendment more efficiently enhanced P availability in the unflooded soil than the flooded soil. However, the co-amendment of CBC with litters showed little synergistic effect on P availability. CBC sharply increased the proportion of Ca-bound labile P fraction, but moderately lifted the proportion of Al/Fe-bound mediumly labile P fraction. CBC-enhanced P availability and altered inorganic P fractions were mainly resulted from the provision of labile inherent P by biochar, improved soil properties (i.e., increased CEC), and altered bacterial community composition (i.e., elevated abundance of P-solubilizing and phosphate-accumulating bacteria). These findings give new insights into understanding P biogeochemical cycling in the coastal salt-affected soils amended with biochars, and will be helpful to develop biochar-based technologies for enhancing P pools and improving soil health of the blue carbon ecosystems., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

It focused on heavy metal pollution of green vegetation in Tuokexun County, Xinjiang Northwest China's suburban industrial area, using inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer to analyze the samples for Mn, Ni, Zn, Cd, Hg, Pb, As, Cu, and Cr contents. The soil's heavy metal content in the study area indicated a minor level of pollution overall (P = 1.77), with the most severe contamination being Hg, which is more likely to be caused by human activities. Heavy metal elements in trees have the most stable composition in comparison to grass and shrubs, with varying concentrations across different vegetation. The concentrations of Mn, Cd and Hg were highest in the Haloxylon ammodendron, Ni in Morus alba, Pb, As and Cu in Nitraria tangutorums, and Cr in Phragmites australis. Heavy metal restoration is most effectively performed by shrubs, and there are disparities in heavy metal enrichment among various vegetation. No significant difference was found in heavy metal enrichment between the aboveground and underground parts of vegetation. Based on the average of the membership function, Tamarix exhibits the strongest ability to enrich heavy metals, while Nitraria tangutorum comes in second, and Cynanchum chinense R.Br. is the least effective among all plant species. Morus alba is recommended as the primary planting species in the area. Nitraria tangutorum and Haloxylon ammodendron have good potential for Cd and As restoration and can be used as supporting vegetation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have app eared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Exotic species Spartina alterniflora (S. alterniflora) are widely invaded in the coastal zones of China and threaten the native ecosystem functions. In this study, phosphorus-magnesium modified BC (P-Mg modified BC) included PA-Mg-BC and DAP-Mg-BC derived from S. alterniflora were successfully prepared by co-pyrolysis of biomass and diammonium phosphate (DAP) or phosphoric acid (PA) and magnesium oxide (MgO). The preparation process markedly improved the surface morphologies, P loading amount, and P-containing functional groups of modified BC. The characterization results indicated that stable and low-solubility Mg-P complex formed on the surface of PA-Mg-BC and DAP-Mg-BC, which delayed the rapid release of P. Moreover, the MgO improved the buffering capacity of PA-Mg-BC and DAP-Mg-BC to competitive anions (SO 4 2- and CO 3 2- ) during P release. Meanwhile, pot experiment showed that the suitable applications of PA-Mg-BC and DAP-Mg-BC could improve soil quality and fertility by enhancing SOC, DOC, TN, TP and AP contents, as well as β-glucosidase activities. The amended soil pH and salinity compared to the original soil also declined through precipitation and acid-base neutralization. In addition, P-Mg modified BC could improve bacterial community structure and promote the growth and biomass of Suaeda salsa (S. salsa). This study could provide a feasible method for realizing ecological restoration of coastal wetland and resource utilization of S. alterniflora., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Liaohe coastal wetland has experienced severe degradation of Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall (S. salsa) in recent years. However, the impact of exogenous betaine (GB) on S. salsa growth remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted a natural simulated cultivation in soils of coastal wetland to investigate the effects of GB on S. salsa growth. The results showed that GB increased the height and weight of S. salsa, and meanwhile stimulated the synthesis of endogenous betaine and amino acids, increased soluble sugars and elevated the activity of Na + , K + -ATPase (enhancing osmotic stability). In addition, the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and catalase (CAT) increased, and malondialdehyde (MDA) and H 2 O 2 decreased correspondingly, thereby improving the antioxidant capacity. Overall, GB application significantly alleviated salt stress and effectively promoted S. salsa growth. This study first indicated the important role of GB in influencing S. salsa growth, offering potential strategies for remediation in coastal wetlands., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

The increasing frequency of drought and decline in groundwater levels are causing ecophysiological changes in woody plants, particularly in desert ecosystems in arid regions. However, the combined effects of meteorological and hydrological droughts on perennial desert plants, especially phreatophytes, remain poorly understood. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a 5-year precipitation exclusion experiment at two sites with contrasting groundwater depths in the Gurbantunggut Desert located in northwest China. Our study aimed to investigate the impacts of precipitation exclusion and groundwater depth decline on multiple traits of H. ammodendron. We found that long-term precipitation exclusion enhanced midday leaf water potential, stomatal conductance, chlorophyll content, root nonstructural carbohydrates concentration, leaf starch concentration, but decreased water use efficiency. Groundwater drawdown decreased predawn and midday leaf water potentials, maximum net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, Huber value, stem water δ 18 O, but enhanced water use efficiency and branch nonstructural carbohydrates concentration. A combination of precipitation exclusion and groundwater depth decline reduced Huber value, but did not show exacerbated effects. The findings demonstrate that hydrological drought induced by groundwater depth decline poses a greater threat to the survival of H. ammodendron than future changes in precipitation., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Halophytes can be used to screen genes for breeding salt-tolerant crops and are of great value in the restoration of salinized or contaminated soils. However, the potential of halophytes in improving saline soils remains limited. In this paper, based on the latest research progress, we use Suaeda salsa L. as an example to evaluate the value of halophytes in developing saline agriculture including: 1) some defined salt-resistance genes and high-affinity nitrate transporter genes in the species for breeding salt-tolerance and nitrogen efficiency crops; 2) the value of S. salsa and microorganisms from S. salsa in remediation of heavy metal contaminated and organic polluted saline soils; and 3) the capacity to remove salts from soils and the application of the species. In conclusion, S. salsa has high value as a candidate to explore the theoretical base and practical application for utilizing halophytes to improve salinized soils from genes to ecosystem., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Canopy interception loss affects the local water budget by removing a non-negligible proportion of rainfall from the terrestrial surface. Thus, quantifying interception loss is essential for thoroughly understanding the role of vegetation in the local hydrological cycle, especially in dryland ecosystems. However, sparse shrubs in dryland ecosystems have not been sufficiently studied, owing to time- and labor-intensive field experiments and challenging model parameterization. In this work, 4-year growing season field experiments on rainfall partitioning were conducted for three dominant shrub species (Haloxylon ammodendron, Nitraria sphaerocarpa, and Calligonum mongolicum) in an oasis-desert ecotone in northwestern China. The revised Gash analytical model was well parameterized, which reliably simulated the cumulative interception loss for sparse shrubs, and the validated model performed better for H. ammodendron, followed by C. mongolicum and N. sphaerocarpa, with relative errors of 8.4%, 15.4%, and 23.9%, respectively. The mean individual interception loss percentage for H. ammodendron (28.4%) was significantly higher than that for C. mongolicum (11.0%) and N. sphaerocarpa (10.9%) (p < 0.05), which could be ascribed to the higher canopy storage capacity and wet-canopy evaporation rate of H. ammodendron. For all shrub species, the majority proportion of interception loss occurred during canopy saturation and drying-out periods, accounting for approximately 79-85% of the cumulative interception loss. Overall, the mean local interception loss of three dominant shrub species in the ecotone removed nearly 17% of the corresponding cumulative rainfall during the growing season. These results not only provide methodological references for estimating the interception loss of sparse vegetation in dryland ecosystems, but also provide scientific insights for water resource management and ecosystem restoration in water-limited regions similar to the experimental site., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Halophytes are potential future crops with a valuable nutritional profile. Produced in indoor farming, they are considered to contribute to sustainable and resilient food systems. Indoor farms operate using artificial light. In this context narrowband and low dose UVB radiation can be used to increase plant secondary metabolites, such as carotenoids, and provide an improved nutritional profile for a human diet. UVB radiation can cause eustress or distress in the plant depending on the lighting situation. The aim of this study was to identify the doses of UVB that lead to either eustress or distress and to analyze these responses in Salicornia europaea. Therefore, S. europaea plants were exposed to different UVB radiation levels, low, medium and high, and analyzed for reactive oxygen species (ROS), plant hormones, amino acids, and photosynthetic pigments. High UVB treatment was found to affect phenotype and growth, and the metabolite profile was affected in a UVB dose-dependent manner. Specifically, medium UVB radiation resulted in an increase in carotenoids, whereas high UVB resulted in a decrease. We also observed an altered oxidative stress status and increased SA and decreased ABA contents in response to UVB treatment. This was supported by the results of menadione treatment that induces oxidative stress in plants, which also indicated an altered oxidative stress status in combination with altered carotenoid content. Thus, we show that a moderate dose of UVB can increase the carotenoid content of S. europaea. Furthermore, the UVB stress-dependent response led to a better understanding of carotenoid accumulation upon UVB exposure, which can be used to improve lighting systems and in turn the nutritional profile of future crops in indoor farming., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier GmbH.. All rights reserved.)

This paper presents new data on the salt tolerance and avoidance mechanisms among various groups of halophytes in India. The halophytic flora in general has positive effect of high saline environments on growth and physiology. The coastal area of the Kachchh district in Gujarat includes about 350 km of shoreline along the Gulf of Kachchh. This study presents data on the elemental accumulation mechanisms in soil and halophytic flora (succulent and non-succulents). The halophytes were divided into two groups namely succulent with thick and fleshy leaves and stems as well as non-succulents with thin leaves and stem. The succulent halophytes included species such as Salicornia brachiata, Suaeda fruticosa and Suaeda nudiflora. The non-succulent halophytes include Aeluropus lagopoides and Urochondra setulosa. Plant parts namely leaves (Phylloclade for Salicornia), stems and roots were analyzed during the monsoon season. The results of soil and plant mineral ion contents differed widely across the intertidal zones in the same habitat. Likewise, the intra species have varied in all nutrient levels and salt concentration. The accumulation of elemental concentration was high during the monsoon season in the succulent Salicornia brachiata, especially in leaves that showed Na + reaching high up to 7.6 meq g -1 , whereas Cl - was noted to be 4.34 meq g -1 . In the non-succulent halophytes, the accumulation of mineral ion concentration was lower when compared to succulent plants., (© 2023. Springer Nature Limited.)

The enhancement of cadmium (Cd) extraction by plants from contaminated soils associated with phosphate-solubilizing bacteria (PSB) has been widely reported, but the underlying mechanism remains scarcely, especially in Cd-contaminated saline soils. In this study, a green fluorescent protein-labeled PSB, the strain E. coli-10527, was observed to be abundantly colonized in the rhizosphere soils and roots of halophyte Suaeda salsa after inoculation in saline soil pot tests. Cd extraction by plants was significantly promoted. The enhanced Cd phytoextraction by E. coli-10527 was not solely dependent on bacterial efficient colonization, but more significantly, relied on the remodeling of rhizosphere microbiota, as confirmed by soil sterilization test. Taxonomic distribution and co-occurrence network analyses suggested that E. coli-10527 strengthened the interactive effects of keystone taxa in the rhizosphere soils, and enriched the key functional bacteria that involved in plant growth promotion and soil Cd mobilization. Seven enriched rhizospheric taxa (Phyllobacterium, Bacillus, Streptomyces mirabilis, Pseudomonas mirabilis, Rhodospirillale, Clostridium, and Agrobacterium) were obtained from 213 isolated strains, and were verified to produce phytohormone and promote soil Cd mobilization. E. coli-10527 and those enriched taxa could assemble as a simplified synthetic community to strengthen Cd phytoextraction through their synergistic interactions. Therefore, the specific microbiota in rhizosphere soils enriched by the inoculated PSB were also the key to intensifying Cd phytoextraction., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The bioavailability of metals (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co and Ni) in sediment cores (K-1, K-2, K-3 and K-4) and bioaccumulation in edible bivalves were studied to determine the toxicity of metals in the Kali Estuary, India. Enrichment Factor (EF) construed anthropogenic sources of Zn, Co and Ni, while Geo-accumulation Index (Igeo) revealed pollution of Zn and Ni based on total metal analysis. The Pollution Load Index (PLI >1) supported anthropogenic origin of metals in estuary. Metal speciation study indicated bioavailability of metals in sediments. The bioavailable Mn and Co equalled/exceeded the Apparent Effect Threshold (AET) limit (cores K-1, K-3 and K-4) and indicated toxicity to estuarine biota. The metals in Metetrix casta (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and Ni), Saccostrea cucullata (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co and Ni) and Villorita cyprinoides (Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Co and Ni) exceeded the permissible bioaccumulation limit. Thus, revealed metal toxicity to bivalves and labelled them un-safe for human consumption. Translocation Factor (TF > 1) indicated the use of Kandelia candel in phyto-remediation of Fe, Zn, Cu, Co and Ni at station K-3, and Sonnaretia caseoloris in phyto-remediation of Fe, Zn and Ni at station K-4., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Coastal wetlands are being greatly affected by global climate change, and understanding how tides influence plant connectivity can provide a basis for plant conservation and wetland restoration decisions in degraded and at-risk areas. In our study, we quantified the structural and functional connectivity of Suaeda salsa in the Yellow River Delta and explored the impact of tidal action on connectivity. The results showed that plant structural connectivity increased with distance inland from the sea. Similarly, seed connectivity was enhanced but gene connectivity was diminished when moving inland. An increase in the tidal channel branching rate was associated with a significant reduction in plant structural connectivity, and tidal inundation frequency significantly promoted gene connectivity. Tidal action was found to reduce seed circulation and germination, but this effect was not significant. Overall, it was established that plant structural connectivity is not equivalent to functional connectivity and that the effects of tides on structural and functional connectivity are inconsistent. In terms of achieving effective plant connectivity, tides can promote connectivity. In addition, when studying plant connectivity, temporal and spatial scales should be considered. This study provides a more comprehensive and insightful understanding tidal drivers of plant connectivity., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Suaeda salsa is remarkable for its high oil content and abundant unsaturated fatty acids. In this study, the regulatory networks on fatty acid and lipid metabolism were constructed by combining the de novo transcriptome and lipidome data. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with lipids biosynthesis pathways were identified in the S. salsa transcriptome. DEGs involved in fatty acid and glycerolipids were generally up-regulated in leaf tissues. DEGs for TAG assembly were enriched in developing seeds, while DEGs in phospholipid metabolic pathways were enriched in root tissues. Polar lipids were extracted from S. salsa tissues and analyzed by lipidomics. The proportion of galactolipid MGDG was the highest in S. salsa leaves. The molar percentage of PG was high in the developing seeds, and the other main phospholipids had higher molar percentage in roots of S. salsa. The predominant C36:6 molecular species indicates that S. salsa is a typical 18:3 plant. The combined transcriptomic and lipidomic data revealed that different tissues of S. salsa were featured with DEGs associated with specific lipid metabolic pathways, therefore, represented unique lipid profiles. This study will be helpful on understanding lipid metabolism pathway and exploring the key genes involved in lipid synthesis in S. salsa., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The ability to retain anthropogenic marine litter by a halo-psammophilous plant formation dominated by a single prostrate species (Salsola kali) on a Sardinian beach was measured. We hypothesized that the anthropogenic litter (i) is trapped by plants to a greater extent than in control areas, and (ii) has more elongated size, mimicking the organic Posidonia wrack, largely occurring locally as 'banquettes'. Salsola kali patches show an apparently higher anthropogenic litter density than control sites without vegetation. Salsola kali plants trap litter items significantly longer and a larger number of size length categories than control plots. These effects may be due to the prostrate structure of the plant with small thorns at the apex. Also, litter entrapped by plants can interfere with the mechanisms of dune deposition and structuration, in turn affecting food chains by decreasing the availability of organic material for pedofauna., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated saline-alkali soil is commonly salinized and hardened, which leads to low self-purification efficiency, making it difficult to reuse and remediate. In this study, pot experiments were conducted to investigate remediation of PAH contaminated saline-alkali soil using biochar-immobilized Martelella sp. AD-3, and Suaeda salsa L (S. salsa). Reduction in phenanthrene concentration, PAH degradation functional genes, and the microbial community in the soil were analyzed. The soil properties and plant growth parameters were also analyzed. After a 40-day remediation, the removal rate of phenanthrene by biochar-immobilized bacteria combined with S. salsa (MBP group) was 91.67 %. Additionally, soil pH and electrical conductivity (EC) reduced by 0.15 and 1.78 ds/m, respectively. The fresh weight and leaf pigment contents increased by 1.30 and 1.35 times, respectively, which effectively alleviated the growth pressure on S. salsa in PAH-contaminated saline-alkali soil. Furthermore, this remediation resulted in abundance of PAH degradation functional genes in the soil, with a value of 2.01 × 10 3 copies/g. The abundance of other PAH degraders such as Halomonas, Marinobacter, and Methylophaga in soil also increased. Furthermore, the highest abundance of Martelella genus was observed after the MBP treatment, indicating that strain AD-3 has a higher survival ability in the rhizosphere of S. salsa under the protection of biochar. This study provides a green, low-cost technique for remediation of PAH-contaminated saline-alkali soils., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The anticipated rise in the length, frequency, and intensity of heatwaves (HW) in the Mediterranean region poses a danger to the crops, as these brief but high-intensity thermal stress events halt plant productivity. This arises the need to develop new eco-friendly sustainable strategies to overcome food demand. Halophytes such as Salicornia ramosissima appear as cash crop candidates, alongside with new biofertilization approaches using Plant Growth Promoting Bacteria (PGPB). In the present work, S. ramosissima plants exposed to heatwave (HW) treatments with and without marine PGPB inoculation is studied to evaluate the physiological responses behind eventual thermal adaptation conditions. Plants exposed to HW inoculated with ACC deaminase and IAA-producing PGPB showed a 50% reduction in the photochemical energy dissipation, when compared to their non-inoculated counterparts, indicating higher light-use efficiency. The observed concomitant increase (76-234%) in several pigments indicates improved inoculated HW-exposed individuals' light harvesting and photoprotection under stressful conditions. This reduction of the physiological stress levels in inoculated plants was also evident by the significant reduction of several antioxidant enzymes as well as of membrane lipid peroxidation products. Additionally, improved membrane stability could also be observed, through the regulation of fatty acid unsaturation levels, decreasing the excessive fluidity imposed by HW treatment. All these improved physiological traits associated with specific PGP traits highlight a key potential of the use of these PGPB consortiums as biofertilizers for S. ramosissima cash crop production in the Mediterranean, where increasing frequency in HW-events is a major drawback to plant production, even to warm-climate plants., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

Suaeda salsa L. (Chenopodiaceae) is a wild vegetable distributed along the northern coast of China. Searching for potential agents with health benefits from S. salsa L. led to the identification of 14 flavonoids (1-14), eight phenolic acids (15-22), one coumarin (23), one benzoquinone (24), two sesquiterpenes (25, 26), and three lignins (27-29) from an aqueous ethanol (EtOH) extract of the above-ground whole plant using various column chromatographic methods. High-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (HRESIMS) analyses and nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H and 13 C NMR) spectroscopy were adopted to examine the structural properties of the compounds. To date, our study is the first to identify 20 compounds from this genus. Some compounds exhibited significant health benefits in zebrafish models. Compounds 2, 4, 23, and 28 significantly improved oxidative damage, while compounds 1-5, 7, 11, 13, 18, 19, and 23 significantly improved zebrafish lateral line neuromast inflammation. Additionally, compounds 1, 4, 8, 13, and 16 significantly promoted zebrafish angiogenesis, while compounds 3-5 and 18 significantly improved zebrafish arrhythmia. Furthermore, a flavonoid-targeted metabolomics study revealed that flavanone was the precursor of all of the flavonoids and had its highest accumulation in August, while the others showed their highest accumulation in September. Thus, the best time to harvest most of the bioactive polyphenols is during September. The present study revealed that the wild vegetable S. salsa L. might be developed as a potential cardioprotective functional food., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Abscisic acid (ABA), stress, and ripening-induced proteins (ASR), which belong to the ABA/WDS domain superfamily, are involved in the plant response to abiotic stresses. Haloxylon ammodendron is a succulent xerohalophyte species that exhibits strong resistance to abiotic stress. In this study, we isolated HaASR2 from H. ammodendron and demonstrated its detailed molecular function for drought and salt stress tolerance. HaASR2 interacted with the HaNHX1 protein, and its expression was significantly up-regulated under osmotic stress. Overexpression of HaASR2 improved drought and salt tolerance by enhancing water use efficiency and photosynthetic capacity in Arabidopsis thaliana. Overexpression of HaASR2 maintained the homeostasis of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and decreased sensitivity to exogenous ABA and endogenous ABA levels by down-regulating ABA biosynthesis genes under drought stress. Furthermore, a transcriptomic comparison between wild-type and HaASR2 transgenic Arabidopsis plants indicated that HaASR2 significantly induced the expression of 896 genes in roots and 406 genes in shoots under osmotic stress. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showed that those DEGs were mainly involved in ROS scavenging, metal ion homeostasis, response to hormone stimulus, etc. The results demonstrated that HaASR2 from the desert shrub, H. ammodendron, plays a critical role in plant adaptation to drought and salt stress and could be a promising gene for the genetic improvement of crop abiotic stress tolerance., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Chromium (Cr) is a highly toxic element adversely affecting the environment, cultivable lands, and human populations. The present study investigated the effects of Cr (VI) (100-400 μM) on plant morphology and growth, photosynthetic pigments, organic osmolytes, ionomics, and metabolomic dynamics of the halophyte Suaeda maritima to decipher the Cr tolerance mechanisms. Cr exposure reduced the growth and biomass in S. maritima. The photosynthetic pigments content significantly declined at higher Cr concentrations (400 μM). However, at lower Cr concentrations (100-300 μM), the photosynthetic pigments remained unaffected or increased. The results suggest that a high concentration of Cr exposure might have adverse effects on PS II in S. maritima. The enhanced uptake of Na + in S. maritima imposed to Cr stress indicates that Na +  might have a pivotal role in osmotic adjustment, thereby maintaining water status under Cr stress. The proline content was significantly upregulated in Cr-treated plants suggesting its role in maintaining osmotic balance and scavenging ROS. The metabolomic analysis of control and 400 μM Cr treated plants led to the identification of 62 metabolites. The fold chain analysis indicated the upregulation of several metabolites, including phytohormones (SA and GA 3 ), polyphenols (cinnamic acid, sinapic acid, coumaric acid, vanillic acid, and syringic acid), and amino acids (alanine, leucine, proline, methionine, and cysteine) under Cr stress. The upregulation of these metabolites suggests the enhanced metal chelation and sequestration in vacuoles, reducing oxidative stress by scavenging ROS and promoting photosynthesis by maintaining the chloroplast membrane structure and photosynthetic pigments. Furthermore, in S. maritima, Cr tolerance index (T i ) was more than 60% in all the treatments, and Cr bio-concentration factor (BCF) and translocation factor (T f ) values were all greater than 1.0, which clearly indicates the Cr-hyperaccumulator characteristics of this halophyte., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Bioaccumulation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) by plants has been widely studied, but how root exudates influence their bioavailability to plants is poorly understood. Here, we examined whether root exudates could promote desorption of OPEs, thereby enhancing bioavailability and subsequent accumulation potential. Root exudate components exert great influences on the sorption/desorption isotherms of OPEs in soils, resulting in activating OPEs and enhanced bioavailability. Among root exudate components, citric acid was confirmed to play a crucial role in driving OPEs, with 77.7-90.3 % attribution. Citric acid at rhizosphere levels (0.01-0.4 mM) can successfully reduce OPEs sorption to soils by decreasing electrostatic interaction, ligand exchange, and hydrophobic force. Pot experiments indicated that the addition of citric acid can significantly increase OPEs dissolution and bioaccumulation from the rhizosphere soil to Suaeda salsa. A higher level of citric acid in rhizosphere soil resulted in a higher accumulation of OPEs in Suaeda salsa, which was partly attributed to the enhanced OPEs mobility, and the increased root lengths (13.4-29.0 %) and tip numbers (60.2-120 %), promoting OPEs uptake by roots. Our findings suggest the activation process of OPEs in soils by citric acid at rhizosphere levels and provide insights into designing LMWOAs-enhanced phytoremediation techniques in natural environment., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

The impact of hazardous materials, such as Hg, on life is far from being understood and due to the high number of polluted sites it has generated great concern. A biochemical and lipidomic approach was used to assess the effects of Hg on the saltmarsh halophyte Halimione portulacoides. Plants were collected at two sites of a Hg contaminated saltmarsh. Hg accumulation and distribution in the plant, biochemical parameters (antioxidant and metabolic) and lipid profiles were determined and compared between plant organs and sites (s1 and s2). Hg did not induce antioxidant enzyme activity. Lipid profiles changed under Hg exposure, especially in leaves, decreasing the unsaturation level, the membrane fluidity and stability, and evidencing that membrane lipid remodeling influences plant tolerance to Hg. This knowledge can help select the most appropriate methodologies for the restoration of Hg polluted hotspots, curtailing a serious environmental problem threatening saltmarshes., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Haloxylon ammodendron, a xero-halophytic shrub of Chenopodiaceae, is a dominant species in deserts, which has a strong drought and salt tolerance and plays an important role in sand fixation. However, the codon usage bias (CUB) in H. ammodendron is still unclear at present. In this study, the codon usage patterns of 38,657 coding sequences (CDSs) in the newly released whole-genome sequence data of H. ammodendron and 3,948 CDSs in the previously obtained transcriptome sequencing data were compared and analyzed. The results showed that the CDSs with the total guanineandcytosine(GC)content in the range of 40-45 % was the most in the genome and transcriptome. Among which, the GC1, GC2, and GC3 contents of genomic CDSs were 50.83 %, 40.56 %, and 40.23 %, respectively, and those of CDSs in the transcriptome were 47.16 %, 39.02 %, and 39.59 %, respectively. Therefore, the bases in H. ammodendron were rich in adenine and thymine, and the overallcodonusage was biasedtoward A- and U-ending codons. The analysis of neutrality plot, effective number of codon (ENC) plot, and parity rule 2 (PR2) bias plot showed that both natural selection and mutation pressure had great influences on the CUB of H. ammodendron, but natural selection was the most important determinant. Besides, gene expression level and the function and protein length of some specific genes also had influences on the codon usage pattern. Finally, a total of 25 common optimal codons were found in the genomic and transcriptomic data, and AU/GC-ending codons ratio was 24:1. It should be noted that the salt-tolerant unigenes had similar codon usage, and the highly expressed genes had higher usage frequency of optimal codons and lower GC content than the lowly expressed genes. In addition, there was no difference in the ENC values of salt-tolerant unigenes in H. ammodendron, and the expression level of the genes had no correlation with CAI. This study will help to elucidate the formation mechanism of H. ammodendron codon usage bias, and make contributions to the identification of new genes and the genetic engineering study on H. ammodendron., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Elucidating bottlenecks at critical life stages and quantifying associated resilience (including resistance and recovery) to physical processes are central in inform restoration and attain sustainable development of coastal biogeomorphic ecosystems. Seedling establishment is a key life stage determines saltmarsh restoration potentials. However, the resilience of these recruits, especially through recovery, remains poorly understood. Here, two contrasting globally occurring saltmarsh species, namely Salicornia europaea and Spartina anglica, were employed to generate insights in i) seedling resistance against dislodgement, and ii) seedling recovery potential after dislodgement. Regarding resistance, we found that 1) root-shoot antagonism characterizes the growth rate of seedling resistance to dislodgement through hydraulic disturbance, 2) the root length determines seedling resistance to dislodgement through sheet erosion; 3) a 5 mm sedimentary setting amplifies seedling resistance without inhibiting their morphological evolution. Regarding recovery, we found that 4) dislodged seedlings have a high probability for achieving long-distance dispersal; 5) seedling age and the inundation-free period regulate the re-establishment potential of dislodged seedlings. Overall, S. anglica showed stronger resilience than S. europaea, characterized by stronger seedling resistance against dislodgement and higher re-establishment potential. Our results on seedling resilience suggest that seedling dislodgement is not an end-of-life cycle but a new spin on the "Wheel of Recruitment", a proposed short-term cyclic behavior with alternating phases of seedling dislodgement, dispersal, and (re-)establishment. The Wheel of Recruitment concept is important for forecasting resilience and persistence of biogeomorphic systems such as salt marshes under global change and for guiding life cycle informed restoration., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Salt marshes gather a high diversity of prokaryotes across their environmental gradients. Most of this diversity and the factors determining their community assemblage are unknown. We massively sequenced a portion of the 16S gene to characterize the diversity of prokaryotes in soils from a salt marsh in Río Piedras, Southern Spain. We sampled in the four seasons, and in five plots dominated by a different halophyte (Spartina maritima, S. densiflora, Salicornia ramosissima, Arthrocaulon macrostachyum and Atriplex portulacoides) growing under different environmental conditions and representing different stages in the marsh ecological succession. Soil was sampled in their rhizosphere and adjacent bulk soil. We report the effects of different factors explaining prokaryotic beta diversity in the marsh: zonation (50 %), seasonality (14 %), and halophyte rhizosphere (7 %). Proteobacteria and Bacteroidota were the most abundant phyla. Firmicutes had a peak in winter and Desulfobacterota with other bacteria involved in sulfur cycling were abundant in the low marsh plots from S. maritima. Alpha diversity was highest in spring and decreased in winter. We detected a marked phylogenetic turnover between seasons and in rhizospheric soil respect to adjacent bulk soil for most pairwise comparisons. The effect of halophyte on its rhizosphere was species-specific, being S. maritima the species with more differentiated taxa between rhizosphere versus surrounding bulk soil. Our work highlights how the complex interaction between marsh zonation, seasonality and rhizosphere, onsets processes structuring bacterial community assemblage in salt marsh soils., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Studies of litter decomposition in salt marshes have been mainly focused on the measurement of decomposition rates, being litter quality, the type of microbial decomposers and their extracellular enzyme activity, rarely considered. Moreover, most of these studies have been conducted in Poaceae and Cyperaceae species, being scarce the literature on Chenopodiaceae species, which are abundant in Mediterranean salt marshes. Here we analyse the litter decomposition process of two Chenopodiaceae (Sarcocornia fruticosa and Halimione portulacoides) and one Poaceae (Elytrigia atherica) species, belonging S. fruticosa to a halophilous scrub habitat and the other two to a salt meadow habitat of a Mediterranean salt marsh. For each species, we analysed litter decomposition rates, litter quality, fungal and bacterial biomass and potential extracellular enzymes activities. In order to embrace the spatial heterogeneity, two zones were considered within each habitat. Litter of E. atherica decomposed 7- and 13-fold slower than those of S. fruticosa and H. portulacoides, respectively, suggesting that this species is the one that would favour most the carbon sequestration into the soil. The different decomposition rates would be explained by the higher initial lignin and cellulose content of E. atherica rather than by the initial carbon and nitrogen content and C/N ratio. Moreover, enzyme efficiency, compared to enzyme activity, better contributes to explain the different decomposition rates observed. Bacteria dominated throughout the litter decomposition process regardless the species, but fungi increased their relevance in the later stages, when the relative lignin litter content increased. Litter decomposition was affected by microhabitat spatial differences, although the responses depended on the species. Hence, flooding (in the habitat of S. fruticosa) or soil texture (in the habitat of E. atherica and H. portulacoides) might have modulated the decomposition process, being H. portulacoides the most sensitive species to the spatial differences of the salt meadow habitat., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have not competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Multifunctional hydrogels with excellent comprehensive performance are essential prerequisite for the implementation of effective water resources technology with high efficiency and low energy consumption. Inspired by the water purification and self-healing properties of natural plants, and based on the synergy of photothermal and biological effects, high photothermal Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles and natural polyhydroxy oligomeric proanthocyanidin (OPC) are introduced into a water-active polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) hydrogel. Two new bio-hydrogels of PVA/Fe 3 O 4 /graphite and PVA/OPC with self-healing and stretchable properties are proposed and designed. The obtained hydrogels exhibit reversible covalent cross-linked water-promoted healing (chemically) and photothermal melting/recrystallization healing (physically). The double-layered hydrogel composite demonstrates a dual response function (sunlight and near-infrared light), along with water purification properties. It is prepared through a water spray triggered self-healing process. The ultimate fracture strain of the photothermal layer and purification layer hydrogel was more than 1000% and 400% respectively after self-healing.After 48 h of hydrogel composite adsorption, the color of a methylene blue solution faded, and the absorption peak at 664 nm decreased. In addition, this research adopts a phased evaporation method to concentrate local energy and provide power for seawater evaporation. The evaporation efficiency of seawater induced by near-infrared (NIR) light was up to 3.15 kg m -2  h -1 , whereas that under sunlight was 1.25 kg m -2  h -1 . Selection of the evaporation excitation light source allowed control of the evaporation efficiency. The proposed technology is expected to be widely applicable to the staged evaporation of seawater as well as water purification., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

More than 100 species of annual herb genus Suaeda widely distribute (Asia, North America, northern Africa and Europe), are rich in resources (about hundreds of millions of tons/Y) and have a long historical application. Most of them are mainly used for traditional food, feed and medicine. Recently, they have been employed to repair saline-alkali land and beautify the environment. So far, only 27 species have been reported on the bioactivity diversity, broad spectrum and effectiveness in clinical practice. Therefore, the in-depth and extensive research of Suaeda has become a research hotspot around the world. However, only one review summarized the nutritional, chemical and biological values of Suaeda. By searching the international authoritative databases (ACS Publications, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Springer, web of Science and Bing International etc.) and collecting 103 literatures closely related to Suaeda (1895-2021), herewith a comprehensive and systematic review was conducted on the phytology, chemistry, pharmacology and clinical application, enveloping the classification evolution between Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae, distribution and common botanical characteristics; involving 9 chemical categories of 163 derivatives covering 14 new and 6 first-isolated ones, and appraising the content determination of 6 categories of components; mainly including the pharmacology of 13 species in vivo and vitro; estimating the clinical application of 16 species cured the related diseases of eight human physiological system except for the motor system. It is expected that this paper will provide forward-looking scientific ideas and literature support for the further modern research, development and utilization of the genus., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In this paper, we studied the changes of Hg and MeHg contents in Liaohe estuarine Suaeda salsa soils under anaerobic conditions by simulated indoor incubation at constant temperature and whether the changes of salinity (CK, 0.5%, 1.0%, 1.5%, 2.0%) affected SRB and dominated the formation of MeHg. The lowest Hg content is found in the subsurface Suaeda salsa soils at 2.0% salinity. The MeHg content in the soil also showed a general trend of increasing and then decreasing with increasing flooding salinity, and the MeHg content was higher at 0.5-1.0% flooding salinity. SRB was present in the soil under all salinity conditions and reached the maximum value at 15 days of incubation. The SRB content was higher under CK, S1 and S2 conditions, and the soil MeHg content showed a significant positive correlation with the number of SRB bacteria, indicating that the formation of MeHg was related to SRB which is of great significance to the study of estuarine wetlands., (© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Nature B.V.)

Lyophilization is the "gold standard" for drying plant extracts, which is important in preserving their quality and extending their shelf-life. Compared to other methods of drying plant extracts, lyophilization is costlier due to equipment, material and operational expenses. An alternative method is post-extraction oven-drying, but the effects of this process on extract quality are unknown. In this study, crude extracts from Arthrocnemum macrostachyum shoots were compared using three post-extraction drying methods (lyophilization and oven drying at 40 and 60 °C) and two extraction solvents (water and aqueous 50% ethanol). Untargeted metabolomics coupled with chemometrics analysis revealed that post extraction oven-drying resulted in the loss of up to 27% of molecular features when compared to lyophilization in water extracts only. In contrast, only 3% of molecular features were lost in aqueous 50% ethanol extracts when subjected to oven drying. That is to say, ethanol used as a solvent has a stabilizing effect on metabolites and enhances their resistance to thermal transformation in the oven. Collectively, oven-drying of extracts was as effective as lyophilization in preserving metabolites in extracts only when 50% ethanol was used as a solvent. The results presented in this paper demonstrate the value of selecting solvent-appropriate post-extraction drying methods., (© 2021. The Author(s).)

Biochar has the potential to improve soil properties and increase plant productivity. However, due to the different types of soil, plants, and environmental factors, the impact of biochar is likely to vary. We explored the impacts of biochar prepared from an invasive plant Spartina alterniflora on plant performance and soil characteristics in a simulated coastal wetland ecosystem. We investigated the impact of three application ratios (control, 1%, and 5%; weight ratio) of biochar on the germination and growth of a native plant Suaeda salsa, the nutrient content and microbial community characteristics of the rhizosphere soil under three flooding treatments (no flooding, episodic flooding, and continuous flooding). Biochar application had no impact on seed germination of S. salsa, but promoted its seedling growth (biomass, height, root length) and nitrogen content. Biochar application also enhanced soil nutrient content and affected soil microbial community characteristics. Seed germination and seedling growth of S. salsa were sensitive to flooding and were the best under episodic flooding. Notably, flooding inhibited the impact of biochar on S. salsa and rhizosphere soil. In conclusion, biochar can positively affect the growth of S. salsa and improve the quality of rhizosphere soil, especially under no flooding. Our findings highlight the possibility of applying biochar for the restoration of S. salsa in coastal wetlands., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have influenced the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Tailings are among the most challenging mined substrates for plant re-establishment, in particular because of a lack of soil-like structure and nitrogen. Potential pioneer plants are sometimes found in such disturbed and infertile sites. We present a group of pioneer species from the genus Maireana (Chenopodiaceae) that are promising candidates for the restoration of magnetite tailings. We found that these Maireana species did not rely on biologically fixed N from the atmosphere, but exhibited an exceptionally high leaf N-resorption efficiency (about 95%) during leaf senescence, at the same time effectively scavenging trace amount of N from the substrate, in part through rapid transpiration., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Wetlands have attracted much attention due to releases of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and other emerging contaminants into this particular environment. Here, Suaeda salsa plants and wetland soils collected from Laizhou Bay, North China, were analyzed to investigate the levels, distribution, and soil-plant transfer of OPEs in these ecosystems. The Σ 18 OPEs concentrations ranged from 137 to 386 ng/g dry weight (dw), whereas in rhizosphere the concentrations were between 99.8 and 198 ng/g dw. Suaeda salsa rhizosphere could promote the absorption of OPEs in wetlands, and Suaeda salsa root presents a greater rate of absorption. The Σ 18 OPEs concentrations ranged from 32.9 to 56.8 ng/g dw in roots, 3.93 to 7.51 ng/g dw in stems, and 2.79 to 4.06 ng/g dw in leaves. Log RCFs, log TF r-s and log TF s-l showed no significant correlations with their log K OW , indicating the complexity of uptake and translocation in the natural environment. Predictive model for the OPEs availability to Suaeda salsa was established from the experimental data. The field-based BCFs of all OPEs were dependent on K OW , decreased with increasing K OW . This study provides important insights into the phytoremediation potential of OPEs using Suaeda salsa as an effective strategy and their role in environmental risk assessment of OPEs in wetlands., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

In this work, eight plants of Juncus sp. and ten of Salicornia europaea were used for an uptake assay of pharmaceuticals (flumequine, cirpofloxacin, enrofloxacin, carbamazepine, diclofenac and ibuprofen) by irrigation at three concentration levels: 10 ng mL -1 (low level); 700 ng mL -1 (medium level) and 10 μg mL -1 (high level). Two plants irrigated with pharmaceutical-free water were set up as controls. For each level, two plants were watered every day with 50 mL (Juncus sp.) and every two days with 20 mL (Salicornia europaea) of aqueous solutions containing all the analytes at the described concentrations. Plants irrigated at 10 μg mL -1 were significantly the most affected, whereas the rest of the plants remained, in general, largely displayed no apparent physiological effects throughout the 30 days (Juncus sp.) and 21 days (Salicornia europaea) assays. Leaves and stems were cut every seven days and roots were collected at the end of the assay. The samples were lyophilized, submitted to a microwave assisted extraction using 5 mL of acetonitrile:water mixture (1:1, v/v) and they were analyzed (in triplicate) in a liquid chromatography-quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry instrument. Most of the analytes were quantified in many of the samples corresponding to the three exposure levels with the highest concentrations obtained at high exposure levels. Ibuprofen was not detected in any sample and enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin and diclofenac were not detected in the samples from Salicornia europaea., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Halimione portulacoides plants were exposed to dissolved cerium (Ce) in a hydroponic medium for five days. Ce accumulation in plants followed the metal's increase in the medium although with a very low translocation factor (TF < 0.01) between roots and shoots. Ce median concentrations in roots were 586, 988 and 1103 μg/g (dry wt.), while in shoots the median values reached 1.9, 3.5 and 10.0 μg/g (dry wt.), for plants exposed to 300, 600 and 1200 μg/L of Ce, respectively. No significant differences occurred in the length of roots and shoots among treatment groups, albeit plants exposed to the highest Ce concentration showed a clear loss of turgor pressure on the fifth day. An increase of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde levels were observed in the plant shoots at 1200 μg/L of Ce. The highest concentration also triggered an answer by the shoots' antioxidant enzymes with a decrease in the activity of superoxide dismutase and an increase in peroxidase. However, no significant change in catalase activity was observed, compared to the control group, which may indicate that peroxidase played a more crucial role against the oxidative stress than catalase. Combined results indicate that H. portulacoides was actively responding to a toxic effect imposed by this higher Ce concentration. Nevertheless, changes in normal environmental conditions, may increase the bioavailability of Ce, while in areas where acid mine drainage may occur, the highest Ce concentration tested in this study may be largely exceeded, placing the sustainability of halophytes and estuarine marshes at risk., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Coastal wetlands are ecologically and economically important; however, they are currently faced with fragmentation and loss. Plants are a fundamental element of wetlands and previous researches have focused on wetland plant connectivity; however, these researches have been conducted at the landscape but not species level. Here, given that tidal flats are important areas in coastal wetlands, we investigated the connectivity characteristics of typical plant species and environmental factors in different wetland regions influenced by various tidal conditions to reveal vegetation connectivity and its relationship with environmental factors on a small-patch scale. We found that tides negatively affect plant connectivity because both the Tamarix chinensis and Suaeda salsa have the highest connectivity on river banks, which are not influenced by tides. Of two tidal regions, different tides conditions have different influence on two plant species. T. chinensis had higher connectivity in the supratidal zone, whereas S. salsa had higher connectivity in the intertidal zone. Besides, the soil water content and soil salinity were significantly different in the three regions, but the soil total nitrogen and phosphorous were not. Soil water content and soil salinity were two factors that significantly affected plant connectivity. Specifically, soil water content positively affected the connectivity of T. chinensis and S. salsa, whereas soil salinity negatively affected the connectivity of T. chinensis. Taken together, these results indicate that tidal conditions affect plant connectivity on a small-patch scale. River banks and supratidal zone are beneficial for the recovery and growth of T. chinensis, intertidal zone and river banks are more conducive to the recovery and growth of S. salsa. Based on the above research, this study provides insights that could be applied to vegetation restoration in coastal wetlands., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The consumption of halophytes as healthy gourmet food has increased considerably in the past few years. However, knowledge on the nutritional profile of domesticated halophytes is scarce and little is known on which cultivation conditions can produce plants with the best nutritional and functional properties. In this context, Salicornia ramosissima J. Woods was cultivated in six different salt concentrations, ranging from 35 to 465 mM of NaCl. Both the nutritional profile, the antioxidant capacity, and microbial quality of the produced plants were evaluated including minerals and vitamins. Salt has a marked effect on growth, which decreases for salinities higher than 110 mM. Nonetheless, plants cultivated with intermediate levels of salinity (110 and 200 mM) revealed better antioxidant status with higher amounts of phenolic compounds. Overall, results from this paper indicated that soilless culture systems using low-intermediate salinities produces S. ramosissima plants fit for commercialization and human consumption., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are the ubiquitous contaminants in the coastal wetlands, with high persistence and toxicity. Environmental behaviors of PBDEs in sediment-plant system is a hot research area, where much uncertainties still occurred in field environment. In this study, the sediments and Suaeda heteroptera were synchronously collected to investigate the bioaccumulation and translocation of PBDEs in Liaohe coastal wetland. Mean concentrations of PBDEs in sediments, roots, stems and leaves were 8.37, 6.64, 2.42 and 1.40 ng/g d.w., respectively. Tissue-specific accumulation of PBDEs were detected in Suaeda heteroptera, with predominant accumulation in roots. Congener patterns of PBDEs were similar between sediments and roots, demonstrating root uptake as the key pathway of PBDE bioaccumulation. The proportions of lower brominated congeners increased from roots to leaves, implying the congener-specific translocation. Meanwhile, the lower brominated congeners exhibited higher sediment-tissue bioaccumulation (AFs) and translocation factors (TFs) compared to higher brominated congeners in Suaeda heteroptera, further verifying their preferential translocation. AFs and TFs of PBDEs were both not correlated with their log K ow , which was inconsistent with those of laboratory studies, reflecting the complicated behaviors of PBDEs in field environment. This is the first comprehensive report on bioaccumulation and translocation of PBDEs within Suaeda heteroptera in Liaohe coastal wetland., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Estuarine wetland is the transitional interface linking terrestrial with marine ecosystems, and wetland microbes are crucial to the biogeochemical cycles of nutrients. The soil samples were collected in four seasons (spring, S1; summer, S2; autumn, S3; and winter, S4) from Suaeda wetland of Shuangtaizi River estuary, Northeast China, and the variations of bacterial community were evaluated by high-throughput sequencing. Soil properties presented a significant seasonal change, including pH, carbon (C) and total nitrogen (TN), and the microbial diversity, richness and structure also differed with seasons. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) and Mantel tests implied that soil pH, C and TN were the key factors structuring the microbial community. Gillisia (belonging to Bacteroidetes) and Woeseia (affiliating with Gammaproteobacteria) were the two primary components in the rhizosphere soils, displaying opposite variations with seasons. Based on PICRUSt (Phylogenetic Investigation of Communities by Reconstruction of Unobserved States) prediction, the xenobiotics biodegradation related genes exhibited a seasonal decline, while the majority of biomarker genes involved in nitrogen cycle showed an ascending trend. These findings could advance the understanding of rhizosphere microbiota of Suaeda in estuarine wetland., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020. Published by Elsevier B.V.)