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The 150th anniversary of Johan Hjort's birth was celebrated by a symposium held in Bergen on 12–14 June 2019 to take a broad perspective on the origins of, and developments in, fisheries science and thereby examine current issues in fisheries science from different perspectives. To establish this type of non-traditional forum, historians of marine science and marine researchers from around the world met to explore potential new directions. The many transdisciplinary panel discussions, especially on subjects such as "the making of fisheries scientists", revealed the pervading influence of family, educators, role models, and social circumstances. The 11 articles included in this symposium issue present a series of advancements in modern fisheries science, highlighting the contributions of Hjort and his contemporaries, Fyodor Baranov and Harald Dannevig. As expected, the effects of changing ocean climate were a dominant theme, which connected this symposium, and complemented, the 2014 symposium in honour of Johan Hjort's influential treatise released in 1914. Although no ground-breaking paradigms were presented, several new research directions were proposed in a creative atmosphere generated by participants. The social context of science had a key influence in Hjort's day and continues to do so today and into the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article offers information on the psychosocial evolution of women in surgery, along with crude tools and operative techniques used in the surgery. It discusses the efforts for advancing the presence of women in the operating arena. It mentions the role of women in early medical practice varied by the culture towards women.

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KAREN ZEY @zippyzey At sixty, I joined Twitter as an emergent writer. My early efforts were couched in humor, but my #cnftweets soon shifted to more nuanced observations of both self and others - an ongoing effort to seek understanding and contentment at this stage of life. The Tiny Truths micro-essay seemed a good fit for my twinges of aging angst. [Extracted from the article]

The article presents a study that determines the effect of the bacteria Lactobacillus acidophilus on necrotizing fasciitis (NF) in diabetic patient. It highlights the case of a 59-year-old female with a medical history of diabetes mellitus type II, presented with abdominal pain along with other complaints. It offers explanation of the effects of Lactobacillus acidophilus and suggests that patients with NF should be treated aggressively to avoid mortality.

BACKGROUND: Fibroadenomas are benign breast tumors; however, more aggressive lesions may mimic or arise within fibroadenomas. We sought to define criteria identifying patients who should undergo surgical excision. METHODS: Patients with a preoperative diagnosis of fibroadenoma, who underwent surgical excision between 2002 and 2011, were retrospectively reviewed. Patients with final pathologic diagnosis of fibroadenoma were compared with those with non-fibroadenoma pathology. RESULTS: Of the 723 patients, 681 (94%) had fibroadenomas on final pathology. The incidence of non-fibroadenoma pathology was 6% (42 patients) and included benign phylloides (23), malignant phylloides (2), atypical ductal hyperplasia (1), intraductal papilloma (5), and other benign pathology (11). No cases of adenocarcinoma were identified. Non-fibroadenoma pathology was associated with age >35, immobile or poorly circumscribed mass, size >2.5 cm, and biopsy not definitive for fibroadenoma. CONCLUSION: Patients with age >35 years, immobile or poorly circumscribed mass, size >2.5 cm, or biopsy not definitive for fibroadenoma should undergo surgical excision. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

More than 50 years ago, two investigators described a rare case of multiple esophageal diverticula, which they named esophageal intramural pseudodiverticulosis (EIPD). To this day, the pathogenesis of this condition remains obscure. Several coexisting conditions, such as strictures, esophageal dysmotility, or infection, require medical treatment. We present two typical cases of EIPD and one case of a rare single esophageal intramural diverticulum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preweaning mortality is a widespread problem in laboratory mouse breeding, particularly in the case of fragile mouse models. While numerous studies explore alternative care methods to increase the survivability of common mouse strains, there remains a paucity of research into the care of mice with fragile health conditions that result from induced or natural genetic mutations. In this study, standard husbandry practices were enhanced by the addition of a softened diet, a nutritionally fortified dietary supplement, soft bedding, gentle handling techniques, decreased handling, lengthened weaning age, and dam productivity tracking. This alternative care plan was shown to increase the survival of a fragile recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa mouse model, and some aspects could be used in developing a care plan for other fragile mouse strains.

Exposure of sentinel mice to dirty bedding is commonly used in health monitoring programs to screen colonies for clinical and subclinical disease. Despite the potential stressors present in dirty bedding, including but not limited to microorganisms, pheromones, and ammonia, it is unknown whether sentinel mice exposed to soiled bedding experience stress. In this study, select behavioral and physiologic changes associated with stress were assessed in female ICR mice exposed to dirty bedding. Behavioral parameters included evaluation in the home cage and selected behavioral tests; physiologic measurements included neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio and weight. Mice in the acute group were exposed for 24 h whereas mice in the chronic group were exposed for 4 wk. Mice in the chronic group exposed to dirty bedding weighed less at days 21 and 28 than did control mice. Chronic mice exposed to dirty bedding also exhibited decreased net weight gain over the entire study period as compared with control mice. No significant differences were detected in the other behavioral and physiologic parameters measured. These results indicate that dirty bedding exposure may affect sentinel mice, but further investigation is needed to determine the specific mechanism(s) behind the weight difference.

Due to potential adverse effects on animal wellbeing, the use of nonpharmaceutical-grade substances in animal research must be scientifically justified in cases where a pharmaceutical-grade version of the substance exists. This requirement applies to all substances, including vehicles used to solubilize experimental drugs. To date, no studies have evaluated the direct effect of the pharmaceutical classification of a compound on animal wellbeing. In this study, we evaluated intraperitoneal administration of pharmaceutical-grade corn oil, nonpharmaceutical-grade corn oil, and saline in female C57BL/6J mice. Compounds were administered every 48 h for a total of 4 injections. Mice were evaluated clinically by using body weight, body condition score, visual assessment score, CBC, and serum chemistries. Animals were euthanized at 24 h and 14 d after the final injection. Inflammation of the peritoneal wall and mesenteric fat was assessed microscopically by using a semiquantitative scoring system. Saline-dosed groups had lower pathology scores at both time points. At day 21, pharmaceutical-grade corn oil had a significantly higher pathology score compared with nonpharmaceutical-grade corn oil. No other significant differences between the corn oil groups were observed. The use of nonpharmaceutical grade corn oil did not result in adverse clinical consequences and is presumed safe to use for intraperitoneal injection in mice. Differences in inflammation between the 2 groups suggest that the use of either pharmaceutical-grade or nonpharmaceutical-grade corn oil should be consistent within a study.

Background: There are several methods for apnea testing for the evaluation of neurological death, including oxygen via T-piece, oxygen cannula inserted into the endotracheal tube, and continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). Lung suitability for transplantation is determined in part by the partial pressure of arterial oxygen (PaO 2 ) to fraction of inspired oxygen (FiO 2 ; P:F) ratio. We hypothesized that delivery of CPAP during apnea testing using a novel method would improve post-test P:F ratios., Methods: A retrospective review was performed at a level I trauma center for all patients undergoing apnea testing from 2010 to 2016. The CPAP system used a flow-inflating bag and was made available in 2012. It was used at the discretion of the clinician. Patients were classified as having an apnea test by CPAP or by non-CPAP method (T-piece, oxygen cannula in endotracheal tube, etc). The two groups were compared for baseline characteristics and the primary outcome of postapnea test P:F ratio., Results: During the study period, 145 patients underwent apnea testing; 67 patients by the CPAP method and 78 by non-CPAP method. There were no significant differences in demographics, mechanism of brain injury, pneumonia rate, smoking status, or antibiotic usage between the two groups. The pretest P:F ratio was similar between groups, but the CPAP group had significantly higher post-test P:F ratio (304 vs 250, p=0.02). There were no reported complications arising from CPAP use., Conclusions: We describe a novel method of delivering CPAP by a flow-inflating bag during examination for brain death. This method led to improved oxygenation, P:F ratios, and may decrease barotrauma. The flow-inflating bag was inexpensive, easily implemented, and without adverse effects. Multicentered, prospective trials are needed to elicit significant benefit in lung donation and transplantation., Level of Evidence: Level IV, diagnostic tests., Competing Interests: Competing interests: None declared.