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304 stainless steel demonstrates a low thermal conductivity and work hardening characteristics, resulting in its processing, and will adhere to the tip of the tool; as well as the phenomenon of chipping, shortening the life of the tool. AlTiN coatings are representative of coatings applied to carbide tools. In this paper, AlTiN coatings with different arc current processes were deposited on carbide milling inserts using arc ion plating. The microstructure, mechanical properties, and milling properties of the coatings were investigated by using the SEM, EDS, XRD, scratch meter, friction and wear meter, and vertical machining center. The findings revealed that all coatings displayed columnar crystal growth, free from cracks and voids. With an increasing arc current, there was a notable increase in surface droplets, pits, and coating thickness. The coating deposited at a 140 A arc current showed a pronounced (200) orientation preference. The adhesion force peaked at 56.0 N with a subsequent decline, and the friction coefficient hit its lowest point of 0.429 at 140 A, contrasting with its highest value of 0.55 at 160 A. After 39 min of dry milling, the tool with a 140 A AlTiN coating exhibited minimal wear of 0.196 mm, just below the 0.2 mm failure threshold, indicating superior performance at this arc current setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With global warming intensifying, weather patterns become more volatile and extremes more common. Tornadoes are the most destructive natural disasters causing significant damage to infrastructure. Meanwhile, high-speed railways now face greater risks from tornado events as the national railway network and mass transit trains expand. Thus, studying the tornado flow characteristics and associated effects on high-speed trains is necessary. A study is presented regarding the wind-loading characteristics of a high-speed train running over a railway bridge induced by a tornado belonging to the future railway network. The wind-loading characteristics analyses are performed using the improved delayed detached eddy simulation method. After verifying the numerical approach and mesh strategy, computational studies are conducted to produce a tornado-like vortex and investigate the tornado-induced wind-loading characteristics of a high-speed train running on the bridge by combining a tornado simulation with a moving mesh technique. For the wind-loading parameters studied herein, the selected train's velocity range is between 50 and 350 km/h, the typical operation speed of either regular or high-speed trains. The numerical results show that the time histories of aerodynamic forces on the train revealed a pattern in tornadic flow variability, the time evolutions of the wind loads on the train were affected by train speeds, and the fluctuation was the greatest when the train ran at 50 km/h. Moreover, the train is subjected to larger aerodynamic forces and moments when it operates along with the rotating vortex flow, especially in the core region, and the train is more dangerous when it runs at a lower speed. The results in this study provide references for assessing operation safety, while a train running on the bridge encounters tornadoes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of high-speed railway networks and the increased running speeds of high-speed trains (HSTs) have made the aerodynamic interference between HSTs and their surrounding environments increasingly important. Compared with a traditional wind tunnel test, systematically understanding the aerodynamic characteristics of HSTs involves relatively more stringent requirements, highlighting the need to develop experimental methods and technologies with enhanced dynamic performance. Central South University (CSU) developed a wireless data acquisition system, named as the in-model sensory and wireless data acquisition — remote control and processing system (ISWDA-RCPS), which can operate onboard a novel moving train and infrastructure rig. The system was developed to meet current wind tunnel data collection needs, and it avoids the physical cables used in conventional devices, which are extremely susceptible to induced noise. The system accepts inputs from various sensors and transfers the data wirelessly to an access point outside a wind tunnel’s test section. To analyze the feasibility of the ISWDA-RCPS concerning its sensing capabilities and wireless communications, we conduct experiments in multiple operating conditions. Finally, pressure measurements are acquired from a moving Fuxing HST model at different points and used to analyze the aerodynamic behavior of the model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To better understand the aerodynamic characteristics of a train-bridge system under crosswind, an in-house experimental apparatus was developed in a wind tunnel at Central South University (CSU). The new facility consists of trains, a bridge, U-shaped slide rails, and positioning systems with winches. A wireless data acquisition system for pressure measurements was mounted within the train carriage to avoid any potential aerodynamic interference. A 1:25 scaled model of CRH2 running over a simply supported girder bridge was tested in a wind tunnel. The aerodynamic characteristics of the train-bridge system under various combinations of crosswind speed, train speed, and vehicle location on the bridge were identified. The experimental results reveal that the cosine law for surface wind pressure on a train under crosswind is no longer valid when the train runs on the bridge. The moving model method can better capture the more practical aerodynamic characteristics and the impact of train movement on the bridge. The present study indicates that the wind tunnel experiments using the stationary model cannot fully reveal the aerodynamic characteristics of both the train and bridge during crossing. The results captured using this unique approach provide insight into the aerodynamic characteristics of trains and bridges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A running train induces a slipstream around it, which is closely related to its aerodynamic features and crucial for the safety of people and structures near the track. However, the effect of crosswinds is almost inevitable when the train runs on a bridge. In this work, an experimental study using moving model testing technology was conducted to investigate the effects of wind speeds, train speeds, and yaw angles on the aerodynamic performance of a Fuxing Hao high-speed train running on a bridge under the influence of crosswind. The results show that, for the crosswind cases, the slipstream velocities on the leeward side of the train are generally higher than those in the no-crosswind cases. Moreover, the results were compared for the cases with the same effective yaw angle of 21.8° but different wind speeds (6 m/s, 8 m/s) and train speeds (15 m/s, 20 m/s), which suggests the method of the resultant wind's yaw angle is no longer valid when the train runs on a bridge due to the aerodynamic interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

High-speed trains (HSTs) are being buffeted by accelerating running speed, and with that comes the aerodynamic issues. The slipstream is related to the train aerodynamic characteristics and of importance to the safety of surrounding people and structures. In this study, the ensemble-averaged and instantaneous characteristics of the slipstream of a simplistic high-speed train model with a square-back were experimentally investigated using a novel moving model rig. The present investigation indicates that the double-line substructure causes obvious asymmetry in the slipstream even at locations apart from the bridge surface with a large distance. The square-back of the HST attenuates its slipstream significantly relative to that with a streamlined tail. Besides, the decaying rate of the slipstream is higher in the wake of a square-back HST. The presents results suggest that the trailing vortices downstream of the square-back HST are substantially suppressed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

CO2 and CO, the by-products of fossil fuels; one of them is a major cause of global warming and the other endangers the nervous and cardiovascular systems of humans. Therefore, real-time monitoring towards those harmful gases is of practical significance. Nano-structured materials have attracted the attention of scholars for their enormous potential for harmful gas detection. In this work, the adsorption and sensing behavior of C3B and Al-doped C3B monolayers for these two typical hazardous gases were investigated theoretically. The most stable doping model was obtained, and the adsorption process for CO and CO2 was simulated based on this model. The adsorption system shows that the gas molecules are all deformed and that the charge transfer and adsorption energy are significantly increased. Moreover, the adsorption mechanism was investigated by analyzing the electronic behavior of the adsorbent, and the physical adsorption between the hazardous gas and the adsorbent was more favorable for desorption. The good adsorption performance and sensing mechanism suggest that the CO/CO2 sensor prepared using Al–C3B has great potential for application. Our work may provide some guidance for the application of toxic gas monitoring and adsorption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On account of its superior insulating performance and low global warming potential (GWP), C4F7N has been the focus of replacing SF6. Based on density functional theory, the adsorption mechanism and electrical characteristics of GeSe monolayer towards C4F7N decomposition species (COF2, CF4, CF3CN and C2F5CN) are explored to investigate the feasibility of GeSe gas sensors. Compared with other decomposition products, GeSe monolayers are more capable of capturing for C2F5CN, as evidenced by the smallest band gap (0.781 eV) and the highest adsorption energy (−0.427 eV). The adsorption behaviors lead to a larger GeSe band gap and thus a decrease in the conductivity of the adsorption system. The adsorption types of GeSe for four gases are all physical adsorption and can have good desorption properties at room temperature (298 K) with the adsorption capabilities: C2F5CN>CF3CN>COF2>CF4. Theoretically, GeSe monolayers can be used to create a novel gas sensor for and industrial application, which can be utilized to monitor and diagnose high-voltage insulated equipment in real time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multifunctional flexible electronics have been a hot spot in scientific research and technology development. From the view of practical application, high-performance flexible heating devices with the capability to respond to commands are an urgent need for thermal management. Herein, we propose a strategy for multifunctional integration by assembling two pieces of laser-scribed Nomex paper, thus enabling the combination of heating and sensing modules. On account of the good electrothermal and piezoresistive properties of laser-induced graphene, the device can generate high steady-state temperature with a low voltage excitation and recognize valid commands from users finger to switch between operating states. Besides, the fast and efficient fabrication method entirely based on direct laser writing technology is another unique advantage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time and accurate detection of H2S has been an urgent problem in industry and human health. In view of practical problems of the existing nano sensors such as poor selectivity, low sensitivity, strong or weak adsorption capacity, H2S sensors based on metal oxide nanoparticles (XO, X = Cu, Zn, Ni) doped GeSe monolayer are proposed. Compared with pure system, the improvement of the adsorption distance of doped systems proves the obvious interaction between the activated atoms and H2S. The excellent sensitivity ensures the detection effect of H2S at low concentration. The ideal adsorption energy makes doped systems have attractive adsorption and desorption properties. In addition, the excellent water resistance, high thermal stability and fascinating selectivity to H2S of doped systems verify the feasibility in practical application. This study lays a theoretical foundation for the development of new generation of wearable gas sensor for health and industrial monitoring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Visual optical information encryption–decryption and anti‐counterfeiting (IEDAC) technology play a vital role in the field of information security. Recent luminescent information encryption technologies face the disadvantages of depending on external large‐scale stimulus decryption equipment, inability to read out repeatedly, and information leakage, impeding the practical applications of luminescence encryption. Here, an integrated luminescent IEDAC chip is proposed, which provides a convenient approach to store and decipher pre‐patterned luminescence information based on laser engraved template and film heater. The luminescent encryption chip contains a double‐layer structure made up of long persistent phosphors based on SrCaGa4O8 host and a laser induced graphene heater, which makes it possible to decrypt information on a single chip. This design enables dual‐mode (photoluminescence/long persistent luminescence), dual‐color (blue/yellow‐green), and multi‐level IEDAC function, providing a novel insight and integrated strategy for implementing advanced IEDAC technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on micro-nano sensing technology, the structural and electronic characteristics of metal-doped boron nitride monolayer are investigated by first principles. The existing nano sensors have practical problems, such as no selectivity, too strong adsorption capacity to be recycled, too weak adsorption capacity to obtain sufficient response. We explore the use of a highly sensitive recyclable nano sensor that is best suited for sensing function. Gas adsorption properties for the toxic decomposition gases of C4F7 N are further developed. We select the N-vacancy with the highest binding energies, which are −6.34 eV when doped by Co atom. The strong interaction and suitable adsorption energy between the activated atoms of adsorbent and gases prove their unique adsorption properties. Since no new chemical bonds are formed, it is obvious that systems are in the form of physical adsorption, which proves their ideal desorption properties. In addition, the conductivity increases to different degrees due to the redistribution of electrons, which proves excellent selectivity. Hence, we propose the use of Co-BNN nanomaterial for the detection of C4F7N toxic decomposition gases. Results would serve as instructive reference for the investigation of resistive gas-sensitive sensors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have studied the effects of gamma radiation on flexible superconducting microstrip transmission line structures, to explore their suitability for use in harsh environments where they may be subjected to radiation. In this work, we used two conductor variants: one with only Nb and another with a conductor stack of Al/Nb/Al. Spin-on polyimide HD-4110 was used as the dielectric substrate and both the variants were encapsulated with a layer of HD-4110 to increase the robustness of the structure by protecting the superconducting trace from potential mechanical damage. The resonators were irradiated at room temperature in a vacuum sealed chamber at a pressure of 1E-6 Torr using cobalt-60 as a source of gamma radiation. Samples were exposed to doses up to 60.8 Mrad (608 kGy). Quality factors of the resonators were extracted in the frequency range from 2 to 20 GHz, at various cryogenic temperatures between 1.2 K and 4.2 K, using a closed-cycle cryostat. We observed a small increase in microwave loss for higher temperature ranges, which points to a small change in the superconducting properties of the conductors. The results of this work show that low mass, flexible superconducting cables may be suitable alternatives to bulky coaxial cables for signal transmission at cryogenic temperatures in extreme (radiation) environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Real-time monitoring of SF6 status is of exceptional importance to ensure stable operation of the power system, to promptly diagnose whether an insulation failure has occurred and to assess the severity. Considering the excellent physicochemical properties and insulation defects of hexagonal boron nitride, the strategy of surface modification, namely, hydrogenation, fluorination, and combinations of the two ways, is proposed to improve its chemical activity, and the gas-sensing potential of the most effective one is investigated using density functional theory. The typical adsorption models of SF6 decomposition component gases on the surface of F-BN-H are constructed, and the most stable adsorption structures with their density of states, molecular orbitals, and sensing responses are analyzed. The results show that F-BN-H has good sensitivity to decomposition components of SF6. To be specific, SO2 and SOF2 have good adsorption properties, prominent charge transfer, and distinct change in electronic properties. The response of gas adsorption can be detected timely by the change in conductivity, and, additionally, the adsorbent has fast desorption capacity at room temperature. These results indicate that the F-BN-H-based gas sensor is a qualified potential candidate with dependable application and recoverability for detecting SF6 decomposition in high-voltage insulated equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the increase of the running speed of the high-speed train (HST), aerodynamic interference between the HST and surrounding structures becomes more and more important. Traditional wind tunnel experiments using the stationary model can not fully reveal the pulsing behavior of the aerodynamic forces on both the HST and surrounding structures. This paper numerically investigates the aerodynamic characteristics of an HST running on a bridge in cross-wind. The simulation results reveal that when there is no wind barrier, the stationary model case with the yaw angle identical to the moving model case can roughly reproduce the main flow structures around the train. However, once the train runs downstream a wind barrier, the stationary model cannot reveal its aerodynamic characteristics regardless of the yaw angle adopted. The moving model scenario successfully captures the pulsing behavior of the forces on both the train and wind barrier, which is concealed in the cases with a stationary model. The present results indicate that only the moving model method can fully reveal the aerodynamic characteristics and interactions between the train and surrounding structures, especially in evaluating their dynamic response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the design, fabrication procedure, and measurement results of Nb superconducting microstrip transmission line resonators fabricated using thin-film polyimide HD-4110, including both nonembedded and embedded versions. These resonators were used to characterize the microwave dielectric loss tangent of 20  $\mu$m thick polyimide HD-4110 at deep cryogenic temperatures. We observed high-quality factors (Q) up to 21 040 at 1.2 K in the frequency range of 2–21 GHz for nonembedded resonators, indicating that the dielectric loss tangent can be less than 5 $\times$10−5. Embedded resonators with an additional 20 $\mu$m thick encapsulation layer also exhibited Q values as high as $\sim 19$ 200. Dielectric and conductor (quasiparticle) loss have been compared between the two types of resonators. This study provides information applicable to the design of future high-density, flexible, multilayer superconducting cables, which are of great interest for potential applications in cryogenic electronics systems, including quantum computers. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

[Display omitted] • A more economical utilization mode of K 2 FeO 4 pretreatment was explored. • Alkaline K 2 FeO 4 pretreatment can effectively increase SCFAs yield. • Effect of pH regulated K 2 FeO 4 pretreatment on phosphorous leaching was analyzed. • A recovery strategy of carbon and phosphorus in sludge was put forward. To improve the dose efficiency of K 2 FeO 4 in waste activated sludge (WAS) treatment, pH regulation on K 2 FeO 4 pretreatment and acidogenic fermentation was investigated. Four pretreatments were compared, i.e. pH3 + 50 g/kg-TS, pH10 + 50 g/kg-TS, neutral pH + 50 g/kg-TS and neutral pH + 100 g/kg-TS (without pH adjustment). The higher short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) yield and phosphorous dissolution rate was found under the condition of pH 10.0. In pH10 + 50 g/kg-TS, the maximum concentration of SCFAs was 5591 mg-COD/L, which yield was 22.6 times higher than that of the neutral pH + 50 g/kg-TS (237 mg COD/L). The acidogenic fermentation period could be shortened to 5 days and acetic acid accounted for 70 % of SCFAs. Furthermore, PO 4 3--P in the hydrolysate (346.5 mg/L) accounted for 47.59 % of TP, which is easier to be recovered by chemical precipitation. Therefore, a more economical and feasible utilization mode of potassium ferrate was proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Motivated by the inevitable trend of the Internet of Everything, human-machine interaction technology has gradually been permeated into people's daily life. Receptive devices that capture human behaviors and responsive devices that provide machine feedback are key components of human-machine interface. While it is a great challenge to integrate receptive and responsive devices in a well-organized way due to the limitations of material properties and device structures. In this work, we investigate the formation of laser-induced graphene on Nomex paper and propose an efficient interactive strategy based on its piezoresistive and thermoacoustic effects. Functional integration of receiving instructions (pressure-sensing capability) and providing feedback (sound-emitting capability) can be achieved by simply assembling three layers of Nomex paper that have been laser-customized on both sides. The integrated device not only has a sensitive response (∼12 relative current change and ∼50 ms response time) to the pressure similar to a gentle finger press (∼10 kPa), but also can emit a high-quality sound signal with larger sound pressure levels (∼70 dB at 1 W/cm2 power density). Furthermore, two proof-of-concept demonstrations, a press-to-audio pad and a command-responding thermo-earphone, are presented to substantiate the feasibility in information exchange activities. [Display omitted] • Laser-induced graphene layers with favorable electrical conductivity are formed on Nomex paper. • Different conductive properties between double-sided laser-induced graphene across Nomex substrate are obtained by regulating laser power. • Pressure-sensing and sound-emitting capabilities are realized taking advantage of piezoresistive and thermoacoustic effects of laser-induced graphene. • Multifunctional integration is implemented by assembling three-layer Nomex paper that feature double-sided laser-induced graphene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cardiac autonomic function predicts cardiovascular disease risk. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between sensitization to dust allergens and cardiac autonomic dysfunction in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and to provide new ideas for the prevention of cardiovascular complications in these patients., Methods: Immunoassays for sensitization to cats/dogs, cockroaches and dust mites were performed in 840 patients with COPD. Indicators of heart rate variability in these patients were used to assess cardiac autonomic function, including standard deviation of normal-to-normal intervals (SDNN), root-mean square of successive differences between normal-to-normal intervals (RMSSD), low-frequency power (LF), high-frequency power (HF), and LF/HF ratios, which were obtained based on ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring data. The relationship between sensitization to these dust allergens and heart rate variability was explored using multivariate logistic regression., Findings: The multivariate analyses showed that sensitization to total allergens was associated with reduced levels of SDNN, RMSSD, LF and HF and with increased levels of the LF/HF ratio in the patients with COPD ( p < .05)., Conclusion: Dust allergen sensitization may be associated with cardiac autonomic dysfunction in patients with COPD. Whether desensitization can prevent cardiovascular complications in these patients should be further explored., Competing Interests: Declaration of conflicting interestsThe author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

CO 2 and CO, the by-products of fossil fuels; one of them is a major cause of global warming and the other endangers the nervous and cardiovascular systems of humans. Therefore, real-time monitoring towards those harmful gases is of practical significance. Nano-structured materials have attracted the attention of scholars for their enormous potential for harmful gas detection. In this work, the adsorption and sensing behavior of C 3 B and Al-doped C 3 B monolayers for these two typical hazardous gases were investigated theoretically. The most stable doping model was obtained, and the adsorption process for CO and CO 2 was simulated based on this model. The adsorption system shows that the gas molecules are all deformed and that the charge transfer and adsorption energy are significantly increased. Moreover, the adsorption mechanism was investigated by analyzing the electronic behavior of the adsorbent, and the physical adsorption between the hazardous gas and the adsorbent was more favorable for desorption. The good adsorption performance and sensing mechanism suggest that the CO/CO 2 sensor prepared using Al-C 3 B has great potential for application. Our work may provide some guidance for the application of toxic gas monitoring and adsorption.

Background: Corticostriatal circuits, particularly the dorsomedial striatum (DMS) and lateral orbitofrontal cortex, are critical for navigating reversal learning under probabilistic uncertainty. These same areas are implicated in the reversal learning impairments observed in individuals with psychosis as well as their psychotic symptoms, suggesting that they may share a common neurobiological substrate. To address this question, we used psychostimulant exposure and specific activation of the DMS during reversal learning in mice to assess corticostriatal activity., Methods: We used amphetamine treatment to induce psychosis-relevant neurobiology in male mice during reversal learning and to examine pathway-specific corticostriatal activation. To determine the causal role of DMS activity, we used chemogenetics to drive midbrain inputs during a range of probabilistic contingencies., Results: Mice treated with amphetamine showed altered punishment learning, which was associated with decreased shifting after losses and increased perseverative errors after reversals. Reversal learning performance and strategies were dependent on increased activity in lateral orbitofrontal cortex to DMS circuits as well as in the DMS itself. Specific activation of midbrain to DMS circuits also decreased shifting after losses and reversal learning performance. However, these alterations were dependent on the probabilistic contingency., Conclusions: Our work suggests that the DMS plays a multifaceted role in reversal learning. Increasing DMS activity impairs multiple reversal learning processes dependent on the level of uncertainty, confirming its role in the maintenance and selection of incoming cortical inputs. Together, these outcomes suggest that elevated dopamine levels in the DMS could contribute to decision-making impairments in individuals with psychosis., (© 2022 The Authors.)