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Age estimation has become inordinately significant for human beings for many reasons, such as detecting legal and criminal responsibility and other social events like a marriage license, birth certificate, etc. This paper aims to decide on the most desirable machine learning algorithm (from conventional machine learning algorithms to deep learning) for dental age estimation based on buccal bone level. The database consisted of 150 CBCT images (73 males and 77 females) from an existing base of the Faculty of Dental Medicine with Clinics, University of Sarajevo, aged 20-69. Results were obtained using the Waikato Environment for Knowledge Analysis (Weka), machine learning software in Java. Left and Right Buccal Alveolar Bone Levels are increasing with age, so they showed to be the most important attributes, especially the latter. Random Forest classifier provided the greatest result with the correlation coefficient of 0.803 and the mean absolute error of 6.022. We have also shown that considering sinus-related features can be a significant addition to the databases. Our paper is probably one of the first studies where regression algorithms based on the Support Vector Machines and Random Forest were utilized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• FCS is proposed as a complementary step for principal component analysis. • PCA-FCS identifies the most relevant components based on their level of contribution. • PCA-FCS simultaneously performs dimension reduction and component selection. • PCA-FCS has substantially improved the accuracy of the random forest algorithm. Principal component analysis (PCA) is one the most effective and widely used dimensionality-reduction techniques which aggregates the maximal variance in the first few components. In many applications, the first few components of PCA are used in place of the original variables in statistical and machine learning models; nevertheless, such use does not guarantee the selection of the most relevant components to the target variable. This paper presents an efficient approach in which all components, rather than simply the first few, are considered as input for the random forest (RF) model, and a feature selection algorithm is integrated with the RF to select the most relevant components, hence called fully component selection (FCS). The proposed method was evaluated on spectroscopic data comprising 70 soil samples with 2050 spectral bands to estimate soil organic carbon (SOC). The FCS approach was compared to the RF model once considering the original features, then again using only the first few components, and again using all components without feature selection. The results showed that RF-FCS substantially outperformed other approaches, such that the R2 was increased between 25.2% and 55.5%. Furthermore, the findings indicated that the most relevant principal components (PCs) to the target variable were not the first few, but PC6, PC7, PC8, PC15, and PC43. Using the FCS approach increased model performance substantively, and coupling it with machine learning and statistical models is strongly recommended for high dimensional data applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A machine learning network traffic analysis system has been designed. • Experiments of our proposed machine learning classifiers on a real-world P2P network traffic classification problem. • P2P network traffic classification using various machine learning techniques. • Comparison Performance of all Ensemble and Single models was performed using VPN netoworks. Network traffic classification is a significant and problematic aspect of network resource management arising from an investigation of network developments, planning, and design for 5G and beyond. Recently, traffic investigation systems for network monitoring and user access restrictions to Virtual Private Networks (VPN) and non-Virtual Private Networks (non-VPN) have gained widespread attention. In this paper, different algorithms for classifying and detecting VPN traffic are considered. A few existing machine learning procedures were tested concerning their performance in network traffic classification and security. The purpose is to improve Precision, Recall, and F1-score in VPN Network Traffic using Ensemble Classifiers. Therefore, the parameters of the ensemble classifier were changed to obtain high Precision, Recall, and F1-score. Bagging Decision Tree and Gradient Boosting algorithms were used for classification which produced promising results when compared to single classifiers like k -Nearest Neighbors (kNN), Multilayer Perceptron (MLP), and Decision Tree. The proposed classifier demonstrates recognition accuracy on a test sample of up to 93.80 % which outperforms all other single algorithms used in previous work. The MLP, Random Forest (RF), and Gradient Boosting (GB) algorithms had almost identical performance in all experiments. Furthermore, the proposed classifiers are found to perform better when the network traffic flows are generated using different values of time parameters (timeout). Our results show that the ensemble algorithms (Random Forest and the Gradient Boosting) outperform the single machine learning classifier previously used by other researchers, and we achieved the highest accuracy with the random forest classifier with better results while using non-VPN traffic and VPN traffic. The novelty lies in the application of an ensemble algorithm to secure a network traffic classification performed in comparison with single classifiers to determine Accuracy, Precision, and F1-score of a given dataset, contrary to the known process of selection of features and generation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]