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Hydropower emerged as the predominant renewable source, constituting 83.3 % of the overall renewable electricity generated and contributing to 15.9 % of the total electricity output in Malaysia. The adverse effects of climate change, including extreme temperature and precipitation events, pose challenges to the performance and infrastructure of the hydropower plant. The main objective of this research is to investigate the potential ramifications of climate change on hydropower generation in Malaysia, with a particular emphasis on the projected impacts of temperature and precipitation changes. Data from ClimateAP software using global climate models are used to estimate the percentage changes in annual average temperature by 2070 under high emissions scenarios in comparison to baseline data from the end of the 20th century. The heat map was used to show the projected maximum temperature and precipitation across Malaysia under the Radiative Concentration Pathways 8.5 scenario. The hydraulic power generated formula was modified to determine the relationship between climate change and power generation. The findings reveal that an increase in temperature reduces power generation while an increase in precipitation increases energy production. Enhancements, additional analysis, and validation of these findings would help mitigate climate change and provide valuable insight into hydropower systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Industrial Symbiosis (IS) and Process Integration (PI) are important activities with the potential to save resource intake and environmental footprints. Process Integration has been done theoretically and in practice for several decades but is still missing an efficient tool for multi-actor documentation and information preservation. The current paper sets out to develop data structures and tool prototypes for data preservation and transaction recording in process designs and Industrial Symbiosis (IS) to support the advancement of decentralised information tracking. The blockchain concept is utilised in this paper, where the information on the key properties of the streams and process stages can be stored in a secured block, and the transaction of resources can be dealt with using the information from the chain of blocks. Each block can represent the actors of the process in the IS, and an actor can request to join the blockchain by mining the blocks and going through the Proof-of-Work (PoW) verification of the new block. This paper introduces several terms to formulate a proper blockchain to store the information and showcase a simple simulation of adding/removing blocks for an IS system. The illustrative case study demonstrates that the method can evaluate Industrial Symbiosis and Process Integration solutions and track the key properties of the streams and process stages, costs, revenues, and environmental footprints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Production of refined sugar generates a significant amount of mud cake waste which has traditionally been managed through disposal in landfills. Such practice is not sustainable and can have negative environmental impacts. While previous research has primarily focused on evaluating the environmental and economic impacts of bagasse, less attention has been given to mud cake waste. By applying the waste-to-wealth concept and promoting a circular economy, this study aims to evaluate the potential economic benefits of using mud cake waste as an alternative raw material in cement production. To assess the potential economic benefits, the study employs an agent-based modelling analysis that simulates the actions and interactions of multiple agents. The results of the analysis demonstrate the potential economic benefits of mud cake waste exchange for both sugar producers and cement manufacturers. The concept of a win-win scenario is emphasized, where both parties share an equal amount of exchange costs and reap mutual benefits in cost savings, improved resource efficiency, and reduced environmental impacts by reducing the amount of waste being disposed of to the landfill. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Single traditional multi-criteria decision-making (STMCDM) methods are weak in evaluating consistent criteria weights for industrial site selection. As a result, unfavourable industrial locations could not attract new industries, giving rise to brownfields with high carbon emissions. To solve the constraints of STMCDM, integrated multicriteria decision-making (IMCDM) method was developed. The interaction of the analytic network process (ANP) and the triangular fuzzy numbers of the fuzzy-analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) were integrated to create the Network Fuzzy-hierarchy Analytic Process (NFh-AP). Tanjung Langsat Industrial Area spatial criterion data for 2009 and 2019 were collected using GIS to test for the weighting consistency of the ANP, F-AHP, and NFh-AP. The Euclidean distance, raster layer reclassification, and land use and land cover data collected from PLANMalaysia were prepared. The weights and spatial data were submitted to weighted overlay analyses by the GIS. With the 2009 dataset, the ANP, F-AHP, and NFh-AP identified all water bodies as suitable EIP sites, highlighting the constraints of the methods with sparse criteria. The 2019 data with ANP, F-AHP, and NFh-AP identified 2 %, 3 %, and 25 % as the best sites with well-defined boundaries. Due to the poor best suitable areas produced, even with dominant criteria, single approaches have inconsistencies in criterion weighting. The NFh-AP algorithm's weighting consistency is due to networking and fuzzy logic interaction, and it is presented to assist evaluate consistent criteria weights and a simple modelling approach for brownfield-EIP (BF-EIP) site selection. Using spatial criteria for BF-EIP site selection collected elsewhere, the NFh-AP consistency can be tested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) is a proven energy-efficient technology for its ability to generate electricity and heat energies concurrently. In an industrial park, implementing the cogeneration energy system by different facilities requires a symbiosis synergy to determine the optimal design. Previous works have studied the cooperative coalition among tenants in an eco-industrial park. In this paper, the cooperative game theory explores the potential coalition between different facilities for optimal cogeneration implementation. The integrated optimisation framework is proposed to (1) minimise the overall cost and environmental emission constraints and (2) rationally allocate the investment costs and profits among the collaborating parties. The optimisation problem is solved as a mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) model by using GAMS software. The obtained optimal coalition has a TAC of RM 7.85 x 106/y and assigns the iron-fabricating facility with a heat-to-power ratio of 2 as the anchor entity. The developed framework is crucial to laying the groundwork for macrolevel cogeneration and peer-to-peer electricity trading planning in Malaysia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the subject of global warming attracts enormous attention, there is a limited number of analyses dealing with high ambient temperature impacts on energy system planning. This research aims to monitor the trend of extreme temperature and analyze its impact on solar power plants in Malaysia. Data from ClimateAP software using global climate models are used to estimate the percentage changes in annual average temperature by 2080 under high emissions scenarios in comparison to baseline data from the end of the 20th century. The heat map was used to show the projected of average temperature across Malaysia under the Radiative Concentration Pathways 8.5 scenario. Photovoltaic application is the most frequent used in solar power plant. The basic energy parameters of the solar photovoltaic module are calculated to find out the relationship between ambient temperature and power generated. It is found that the output power of the solar photovoltaic module is reduced about 0.3 to 0.5 % for every 1 °C ambient temperature increases. The temperature projection shows that all locations of solar farms showed a significant increase in temperature at above 30 °C in 2080 compared to the historical temperature. This temperature increment may risk to the solar panel degradation and reduce the efficiency of the solar module. Hence, it is important to figure out adaptation of extreme temperature for a long-term basis to maintain the efficiency of the solar module near the point of maximum power. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Countries across the world have undertaken measures to raise efficiencies of industrial operations to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. An Eco-Industrial Park (EIP) that promotes industrial symbiosis effectively cuts down on GHG emissions from industrial processes. An EIP is a complex multi-criteria spatial initiative that requires a location with the facilities and features to host clusters of industries that collaborate to synergise resources, ultimately reducing carbon emissions. To make EIP site selection optimal and precise, this study presents a hybrid fuzzy-analytic hierarchy process (F-AHP) and geographic information system (GIS) model that was tested using six criteria for EIP site selection defined by Boolean logic. The GIS was used to generate the 2019 Land Use Land Cover (LULC), Euclidean distance, and reclassified raster layers of Tanjung Langsat Industrial Area (TLIA) spatial data. The criteria weights were assessed using F-AHP (triangular fuzzy numbers), and sensitivity analysis (SA) was used to check for any weight variation. The 2 % and 3 % changes in SA are insignificant when compared to the original weight. Waterbodies, roads, residential, industries, surface temperature, and slope have weight importance of 28, 22, 15, 14, 12, and 7 %. In the northern part of TLIA, the GIS-FAHP hybrid model produced the best (dark green 5 %) suitable EIP site, the second-best (light green 45 %) and moderately-suitable (yellow 25 %) sites surround the best site, while the low (light brown 15 %) and unsuitable (red 10 %) locations are near to the coast. The designed hybrid model approach demonstrates that TLIA is suitable for EIP development. The hybrid tool was developed for the selection of greenfield sites and the conversion of brownfield industrial parks to EIP status. The economic, environmental, social, and technical status of any site evaluated and accepted for EIP development is important to reduce carbon emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Compared to the linear economy, the circular economy promotes the minimization of fresh resources through the recovery of the applicable items. The concept of the circular economy can be implemented at the industrial level through the process systems engineering approach. A single element or multiple elements nexus can be developed in order to obtain an integrated optimal network. For a tripartite energy-water-waste nexus, focusing the wastewater as the subject of study, the optimization effort may not only be limited to the economic aspect, but it may also include the need to maximize the recovery of resource and the need to reuse and reclaim the wastewater stream. This will require the multi-objective optimization approach. In this study, a multi-objective optimization exercise to develop an integrated energy-water-waste is performed based on the fuzzy optimization constraints method. Three types of objective functions are assessed, namely to maximize profit, to maximize the amount of recovered resources, and to maximize the recovery of water. The mixed-integer non-linear programming (MINLP) model is formulated for such purposes. A case study conducted provides the solution that compromises the trade-off between the objective functions. An annual profit of 1.2 M USD/y, plus the recovery of biogas, struvite, metal hydroxides, and solid sludges, as well as the reuse and reclamation of 574 m3/h of water can be achieved. The model offers a perspective on how the economics and the environmental considerations can be optimized simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rising energy demand and concern for environmental emissions have encouraged researchers to explore variety of methods for retrofit of heat exchanger networks (HEN). Current graphical and insight-based HEN retrofit methods have some common limitations. Most of the techniques may involve tedious graphical constructions, iterative calculations, or use of multiple diagrams to accomplish HEN retrofit. This paper introduces a new HEN retrofit method called the Individual Stream Heat Cascade Analysis (ISHCA) Technique. Within a single diagram called the Heat Cascade Table (HCT), ISCHA simultaneously show individual hot and cold streams heat allocation, identify the Pinch point and determine the minimum utility requirements to guide HEN retrofit that observes the Pinch design rules. Application of ISCHA technique on an illustrative case study shows reductions of 72 % hot utility and 66 % cold utility from the existing HEN. ISHCA combines numerical precision and efficiency with visualization insights to yield results that are comparable to other retrofit methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the present work is to investigate the thermal degradation behaviour of the non-catalytic and catalytic co-pyrolysis of empty fruit bunch (EFB) and high-density polyethylene (HDPE) over commercial hydrogen exchanged zeolite socony mobil five (HZSM-5) and rice husk ash (RHA) catalysts via thermogravimetric analyser (TGA). RHA catalysts were produced using the solvent-free method by converting RHA into HZSM-5. XRD characterization was conducted for the synthesized catalysts and RHA catalyst showed less amount of peaks compared to commercial HZSM-5. Non-catalytic and catalytic co-pyrolysis of EFB and HDPE over commercial HZSM-5 and RHA catalysts were conducted using TGA. A fixed EFB-toHDPE mass ratio of 1:1 and a fixed catalyst-to-feedstock mass ratio of 1:1 were used for the TGA experiments. The sample was heated up under pyrolysis conditions at a heating rate of 20 °C/min until 700 °C. The thermal degradation behaviour of EFB and HDPE did not change significantly when RHA catalysts were used, based on the TG curves. Volatilization of matter was maximum between temperatures 240 °C and 500 °C (Phase II) for all cases of the pyrolysis process, where the highest volatilized matter of 93.2 wt% was produced from the catalytic process over commercial HZSM-5, followed by the catalytic process over RHA catalysts with 92.3 wt% of volatilized matter and non-catalytic process with 83.0 wt% of volatilized matter. When using catalysts, 0.44 wt% of solid residual was left when commercial HZSM-5 was used while 0.38 wt% of solid residual was left when RHA catalyst was used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy, often referred to as clean energy is derived from natural resources and does not deplete when used. Malaysia targets to achieve 31 % renewable energy generation by 2025. The availability and reliability of renewable energy resources are highly vulnerable to climate conditions. Floods, which account for almost 40 % of natural disaster can adversely affect energy resources generation, transmission and infrastructure. Malaysia as a tropical country is especially prone to floods due to the high average rainfall it receives annually. Malaysia energy policy planning has placed more emphasis on efficiency of generation and emissions reductions. The need to adapt to flood disasters and other climatic change challenges has not been adequately addressed. Due to the flood risk in Malaysia, adaptation to climate change and disasters such as flood needs to be considered in Malaysia's energy policy planning. This paper reviews scholarly papers and news articles related to the flood phenomenon in Malaysia, and analyses the impact of flood disasters on renewable energy generation and energy policy planning in this country. The findings indicate that flood has an insignificant effect on Malaysia's renewable energy power generators as they are not located in flood-prone areas. The east coast of Peninsular Malaysia, which is exposed to flooding during the monsoon season, is the most vulnerable to flood disasters. Most renewable energy generation facilities including biomass power stations, hydropower, and solar panels are located on the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia, and in Sabah and Sarawak. The potentially high risk of flash floods and unpredictable climate conditions in Malaysia should not be underestimated and must be duly considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main objective of the current work is to investigate the influence of waste chicken eggshell (WCE) as an alternative source of calcium oxide (CaO) on Hydrogen exchanged Zeolite Socony Mobil-5 catalyst (HZSM-5). WCE as promoter was loaded at 1wt.% on HZSM-5 catalyst which act as support via incipient wetness impregnation method. The HZSM-5, commercial CaO, and WCE were individually prepared for comparison with WCE/HZSM-5. Synthesized catalysts were characterized via X-Ray Diffraction to analyse the phase purity, Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy to analyse the surface morphology, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller to analyse the surface area and pore size. The addition of WCE on HZSM-5 has significantly affected the framework structure of HZSM-5 where the crystallinity percentage and average crystal size of HZSM-5 drastically dropped to 44.97 % and 45.00 nm. The original cubic-like structure in HZSM-5 has significantly altered into a netlike structure after the impregnation of WCE. A similar effect of alteration was observed on BET surface area dropped from 365.81 m2 /g (HZSM-5) to 292.14 m2 /g (WCE/HZSM-5). Interestingly, the pore diameter of WCE/HZSM-5, WCE, and HZSM-5 catalysts was similar at 3.88 nm, 3.87 nm, and 3.87 nm respectively. WCE and commercial CaO almost share similar textural properties. Hence, the addition of WCE as an alternative source of calcium oxide into HZSM-5 can provide a high catalytic reaction and stable surface in catalytic cracking of heavy hydrocarbons into small hydrocarbons with longer catalyst lifetimes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Treated industrial wastewater from different industries can be used for non-potable applications while also reducing conventional water pressures. In recent studies, the penalty for the concentration fluctuation in the centralised reused water system has not been studied. This paper introduces the concentration fluctuation penalty model to identify the effects of penalty on the centralised system’s profit using the mathematical modelling method. The General Algebraic Modeling System (GAMS) software is used to solve the nonlinear programming (NLP) model. The penalty is charged based on the treatment cost if the wastewater concentration from the supplier side suddenly exceeds the baseline concentration without prior notice as it would affect the total operating and treatment costs, thereby threatening the profit of the centralised system. Based on the results of the case study, as the wastewater concentration increases, the treatment cost also increases. The profit percentage changes showed that the centralised system could recover the costs by applying the penalty. Without penalty, the centralised system’s profit faced losses of more than 15 % in some cases compared to the baseline profit. As a result, it is possible to conclude that penalty is necessary to ensure the participating plants take the responsibility for sudden fluctuations and that the centralised system remains profitable throughout the year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reasonable water pricing is essential for long-term sustainability and financing. The selling prices of reused/regenerated water should enable the generation of revenue that could cover the production costs. In this work, reused/regenerated water prices at different qualities are determined based on the total annualised cost of the centralised system with and without subsidy, quality factor, and profit factor. This paper presents a mathematical programming formulation that aims to maximise the centralised system’s profit in the industrial site considering multiple qualities of reused/regenerated water. A case study of numerous scenarios, each with various numbers of water headers and different water prices, is used to test the model. The results obtained show that as the total annualised cost increases, the selling prices of reused/regenerated water increase, the centralised system’s profit also increases, and there is a possibility to surpass the freshwater price. For scenarios with subsidy and low total annualised cost, there is an opportunity to increase the centralised system’s profit by increasing the profit factor in determining the reused/regenerated water price without exceeding the freshwater price. Based on the case study, Scenario 7 with the highest number of water headers is chosen as it has the highest freshwater reduction, which is 70 %, low total annualised cost, a comparable profit with a profit margin of more than 15 % and the highest profit factor can be applied compared to the other scenarios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cogeneration or combined heat and power (CHP) energy system could concurrently produce electrical and heat energies. Nonetheless, its integration in energy planning would need to consider interactions with other energy carriers, energy storages, and transmission networks. Previous works have used energy hub (EH) modelling to optimise the energy flow in a CHP energy system with predetermined energy components. In this paper, an Optimal Cogeneration Model (OCM) is proposed to consider the EH design which (1) enables the flexible selection between different energy transformation technologies, then (2) minimises the cost and environmental emission constraints concerning the technical characteristics and operating conditions of the selected EH components. Mixed-integer linear programming (MILP) has been used to model the optimisation problem in GAMS software. Based on the case study, an EH with CHP and energy storage system (ESS) has been developed with the minimised total annual cost (TAC) of 27.02 x 106 MYR/y for a pharmaceutical facility. The research output - the developed OCM serves as an integrated analysis tool for potential cogenerators to plan and determine the economic feasibility of CHP implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inconsistencies of the single multi-criteria decision making (SMCD) methods in criteria weight assessment make them unreliable and have led to the wrong siting of industrial parks, which are often abandoned as brownfields that emit GHG. Eco-industrial parks (EIPs) are replacing brownfields but require robust decision-making tools to weigh and rank suitable locations for industry clusters' synergies. Integrated multi-criteria decision making (IMCDM) to address the weaknesses and strengthen the advantages of SMCDM methods, and a model to overlay criteria weights and spatial data easily and accurately were developed. The spatial criteria data for 2009 and 2019 from Tanjung Langsat Industrial Area were collected and prepared by GIS to test the SMCDM and IMCMD consistency weighting and the model resilience. The SMCDM (AHP, ANP and F-AHP) and the IMCDM weights with the 2009 criteria data identified the entire water bodies around the brownfield as suitable sites, making them inconsistent. The 2019 data with the SMCDM weights identified tiny sites as best, also making them inconsistent. The integrated hierarchy network fuzzy analytic process (HN-FAP) and the hierarchy network analytic process (HNAP) with the 2019 criteria data identified part of the water bodies as suitable making it inconsistent. The hierarchy fuzzy analytic process (H-FAP) and the network fuzzy hierarchy analytic process (NFh-AP) identified larger suitable sites without overlaps making them consistent algorithms. The H-FAP and NFh-AP procedures eliminate the weaknesses and consolidate the strengths, giving optimally consistent criteria weights. The two algorithms' consistency and the model efficiency can use different criteria weights and spatial data inputs from elsewhere for 4IR-driven EIP modelling to help brownfield-EIP stakeholders. Future research would address the reverse ranking of MCDM methods when alternatives are added or removed. • Single choice-making criteria assessment inconsistency led to wrong industrial site. • Unfavourable industrial sites have been abandoned to brownfields that emit GHG. • EIP is replacing brownfields for industry clusters, synergy and cleaner production. • Combined decision-making consistent tools and an overlay analysis model are created. • The integrated tools show clear suitable EIP sites using concentrated spatial data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Process Integration (PI) for resource conservation has become an increasingly popular topic of research in line with growing emphasis toward circular economy and rising concern on environmental protection. PI for resource conservation in continuous processes has been relatively well-established as compared to PI developments for batch processes that have lagged behind and are gradually getting attention. This paper presents a comprehensive and up-to-date review on the development and future research direction of batch process integration (BPI) methodologies for resource conservation covering energy, water and other types of industrial resources. The BPI methodologies are categorized according to batch process scheduling flexibility. The first category is the fixed, or pre-specified schedule BPI methodologies whereby time is treated as a parameter. The second category is the flexible or variable-schedule BPI methodologies that considers time as a variable. The fixed and flexible-schedule batch processes are further sub-divided and analyzed as graphical and mathematical programming-based BPI tools. Covering literature from 2000 to 2021 that comprises more than 160 publications in over twenty years period on BPIRC progress, trends and direction, the review highlights the significant role of BPI in driving small to medium scale industries toward cleaner production and circular economy. Review on twenty year progress, direction and impact of batch process integration related to conservation of energy, water and other resources that contributes toward cleaner production and circular economy. [Display omitted] • Lack of review on batch process integration (BPI) for resource conservation. • BPI contributes toward cleaner production and circular economy. • Review classified based on resource type, schedule flexibility and type of BPI tools. • Six key areas of development covering energy, water and other materials. • Twenty year progress, direction and impact of BPI on small to medium scale industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globally, most industrial parks that have not gone through a proper site selection process have been neglected or underutilised and such active sites tend to burn a lot of fuels and generate greenhouse gases. Technology must be used to conduct on-site investigations of the spatial and non-spatial factors of industrial parks, especially the emerging Eco-Industrial Park (EIP). The paper seeks to appraise the global application, capability and acceptability of Geographic Information System (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) tools in the EIP sites selection and planning. Also, to identify the benefits of mixing MCDM tools when integrating with GIS. There have been some reviews on the use of GIS and MCDM methods, but so far, there is none on the role of GIS and MCDM methods in EIP site selection. Geospatial and MCDM tools can be used to carefully select EIP sites, where materials and energy can be shared to achieve cleaner production, reduce environmental pollution and promote sustainable development. To understand the usage of these tools and their role in the EIP site selection process, a critical review of twenty-two papers published from 2007 to 2020 indexed by Google Scholar, Springer, IEEE Xplore and Web of Science have been developed for the first time. The articles are classified based on country/region, journal of publication, year and citations of publication, the authors and technologies applied. The results show that most studies on EIP site selection come from Iran and China. The Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment has the highest number of articles published at 28%. The highest number of articles was published in 2014 with 312 citations. GIS and Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) topped the technologies used, accounting for 42% and 24% respectively, and hybrid tools 34%. As categorised by criteria content, there was an overlap of criteria in most journals. Though, water bodies, utilities, infrastructure, and natural characteristics were prominent. Renewable energy resources were not given attention by most researchers, and risk assessment was absent from the site selection literature. A blend of traditional MCDM tools constitutes the state-of-the-art tools, and when these are combined with GIS in EIP site surveys, they execute to obtain actual results. Future EIP site selection that is integrated with risk assessment is envisioned to be industry 4.0 (4IR)-driven through a combination of GIS and artificial intelligence, and the recently developed MCDM hybrid modules. [Display omitted] • Poor site selection has led to industrial park being neglected or underutilised. • Abandoned/underutilised active industrial parks can burn fuels to cause GHG. • First time of critical review of role of GIS and MCDM tools in EIP site selection. • GIS and AHP currently mainly used for large-scale EIP site criteria selection. • EIP site choice risk study using GIS, AI and MCDM hybrid can sustain industry 4.0 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]