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Long- or short-term exposure to air pollution would distort human's cognitive function which has aroused widespread concern in interdisciplinary fields. It furtherly seems rational to assume that air pollution may affect energy use in public buildings. However, the overlooks of the potential impacts of air pollution on energy use would result in substantially higher energy saving cost. By matching the real-time energy consumption of public buildings to indoor and outdoor PM 2.5 , we construct a panel containing 193,226 data items. Based on this, we conduct the first preliminary exploration to try to reveal the impact of PM 2.5 on energy use at the building-hourly level. Results show that the increase of energy intensity caused by PM 2.5 is subtle, it indeed exists significantly. When indoor PM 2.5 is 1 μ g / m 3 , the marginal effect is minimum. After indoor PM 2.5 exceeding 1 μ g / m 3 , the marginal effect began to increase and the maximum is 0.3224 when PM 2.5 is 1114 μ g / m 3. However, given the sorting and contrast effect, the practical relationship between indoor PM 2.5 and energy use is possible inverted-U shaped. Furtherly, we find long term exposure to outdoor PM 2.5 would not make people adapt to air pollution and instead cumulative the impact on energy use. Besides, centralized office could be an economical and feasible measure to achieve energy saving goal. Finally, we propose that it is promising for achieving the synergy between air pollution control and energy consumption reduction. • The relationship between indoor PM 2.5 and energy use is possible inverted-U shaped. • Long term exposure to outdoor PM 2.5 would not make people adapt to air pollution. • Centralized office is an economical and feasible measure to achieve energy saving. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contributions of different end-use activities to carbon intensity changes in global commercial building operations in (a) 2000–2010 and (c) 2010–2019; (b) impacts of different end-use activities on decarbonizing the operational carbon intensity across different countries in 2000–2019. [Display omitted] • The carbon intensity of commercial building operations in 16 economies declined 1.9 % yr−1 in 2000–2019. • Emission factors and industrial structure were the key to decarbonizing the building operations. • Energy intensity (e.g., heating: −14.3 kgCO 2 /m2/yr) has pushed global decarbonization since the 2010 s. • Decarbonization level in 16 economies was 230.3 MtCO 2 /yr with a decarbonization efficiency of 10.1%; • Electricity decarbonization will be critical to achieving global carbon neutrality in commercial buildings. Building operations will be the most critical step in completing the "last mile" of global carbon neutrality. To seek the best practical path to decarbonize commercial building operations, this study assesses the decarbonization progress of commercial building operations in 16 countries over the last two decades considering socioeconomic, technical, climatic and end-use factors through the decomposing structural decomposition method. The results reveal that (1) the average carbon intensity of commercial building operations in 16 countries has maintained an annual decline of 1.94% throughout the period 2000–2019, and emission factors and industrial structures were generally the key to decarbonizing commercial building operations; (2) energy intensity effects have started to promote global decarbonization in commercial building operations since 2010, with contributions from space heating [-14.33 kg of carbon dioxide per square meter per year (kgCO 2 /m2/yr)], service lighting (-5.29 kgCO 2 /m2/yr), appliances and others (-2.85 kgCO 2 /m2/yr), and space cooling (-1.24 kgCO 2 /m2/yr); and (3) the total decarbonization of commercial building operations worldwide was 230.28 mega-tons of carbon dioxide per yr, with a decarbonization efficiency of 10.05% in 2001–2019. Moreover, the robustness of this decarbonization assessment is tested using the typical index decomposition analysis and the decarbonization strategies of global commercial building operations are reviewed. Overall, this study assesses the global historical progress in decarbonizing commercial building operations and closes the relevant gap, and it helps plan the stepwise carbon neutral pathway of future global buildings by the mid-century. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(a–f) Changes of carbon reductions of commercial building operations at the provincial level and (g) the difference with the nation-based results (2001–2016). [Display omitted] • Provincial carbon intensity of commercial building operations grew 2.88 % yr−1 in 2001–2016. • Northeast and north China mitigated the most in carbon intensity and emissions, respectively. • Southwest China showed the highest ratio of carbon reductions to carbon emissions at 29.53%. • The total reduction of China's commercial building operation was 1.38 GtCO 2 in 2001–2016. • Annual provincial reductions peaked in 2013, one year earlier than the national result. The growing energy consumption in commercial building operations has slowed the pace of carbon reduction in the building sector, which has hindered China's movement towards peaking emissions by 2030 and carbon neutrality by mid-century. Considering the technical, socio-economic, climatic, and behavioral factors, this study evaluates the carbon reduction changes of commercial building operations in China's 30 provinces during the period 2001–2016. An assessment framework of the reduction intensity, amount, and efficiency has been built by carbon intensity decomposition. It shows that (1) the average provincial carbon intensity of commercial building operations kept rising by 2.88% per year from 2000 to 2016; (2) provinces of northeast and north China, respectively, took the lead in reduction intensity and amount at 17.09 kg of carbon dioxide per square meter and 73.79 megatonnes of carbon dioxide (MtCO 2) from 2001 to 2016. Meanwhile, the greatest efficiency of carbon reduction was seen in provinces of southwest China with the highest reductions-emissions ratio being 29.53%; (3) compared to the national level results, the annual carbon reductions based on provincial units hit their peak one year earlier at 167.35 MtCO 2 in 2013, although similar emission drivers have been observed. Moreover, effective practices by local governments have been summarized for energy efficiency promotion in commercial building operations. Overall, this study makes a reference for other economies to assess the historical carbon reduction in the building operation, which provides policymakers with insights into balanced and targeted emission reduction strategies towards a low-carbon transition in commercial building sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]