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Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influences of coating colours and their contents on the fundamental properties of base papers and also evaluate these results in terms of mechanical and wood-free papers. Design/methodology/approach: A design research approach has been based on the application of various coating colours and analysis of mechanical and optical tests results of the coated mechanical and wood-free base papers. Findings: This study is confirmed that the coating colours can be easily applied to the surface of the papers. The experimental data have revealed that significant improvements exist in the values of tear resistance (strength), brightness and opacity of the mechanical base papers, especially by the application of the coating colours including kaolin pigment. The results show that mechanical papers can also be used in areas with high brightness expectations by applying coating colour. Originality/value: The originality of this work is based on understanding and comparing the effects of applying similar coating formulations on mechanical and wood-free base papers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influences of fibre lengths and a given range of paper grammages on the fundamental properties of unprinted and printed papers by using mineral oil-based offset printing inks and also evaluate these results in terms of printing and tensile characteristics. Design/methodology/approach: A design research approach has been based on the production of various laboratory handmade papers and their printing process with mineral oil-based offset printing inks. The analysis of mechanical and structural tests results of the unprinted and the printed papers have been evaluated. Findings: This study is confirmed that the mineral oil-based offset printing inks can be easily applied to the surface of papers having different grammages and pulp contents. An increase was observed in the tensile index values of the papers with the printing process, and these increases were more evident (about 80%) particularly in low grammage papers having high short fibre content. Originality/value: The originality of this work is based on understanding and comparing the effects of grammage and the effect of pulp contents (having long and short fibre) on tensile characteristics of printed and unprinted handsheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After hundreds of years of changes, due to the development of chemistry, the development of human life has undergone tremendous changes. People have used chemical science to manufacture many supplies, such as various medicines and various types of cosmetics. In recent decades, electronic components and computer software technology have developed rapidly, and the fourth round of technological revolution is underway, which has a favorable impact on the development of various industries. Traditional paper-cut and cosmetic bag design methods should also take into account the advantages of wireless communication and artificial intelligence technology and combine other types of traditional industries to carry out technological reforms to help traditional craftsmanship pass down. In modern life, due to the vigorous promotion of cosmetics, there are more and more cosmetics on the market, and the traditional paper-cut art itself is an artistic design method similar to cosmetic design. Both industries will grow rapidly after the use of artificial intelligence and wireless communication technology for the update of both industries. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to combine wireless communication technology with artificial intelligence technology to transform the traditional paper-cut art and cosmetic packaging design. After consulting the reasons for the decline of the traditional handicraft industry and the reasons for the turmoil caused by modern technology, this paper conducts a combined design of artificial intelligence technology, wireless communication technology, and cosmetic packaging and then performs wireless communication and artificial intelligence on the cutting of traditional paper design elements. The design of the technical matching system is also designed for traditional paper-cut art and cosmetic packaging. And find professional practitioners for research and discussion and multiple transformations and obtain experimental analysis results data. After many experiments, it can be seen that the combination of wireless communication and artificial intelligence technology can transform the traditional paper-cut art and cosmetic packaging design, improve their relevance, continue the inheritance of paper-cut art, and possibly improve the efficacy of cosmetics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to investigate the influences of fines and precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) pigment and their contents on the fundamental properties of handsheets and also evaluate these results in terms of mechanical and chemical data. Design/methodology/approach: A design research approach has been based on the production of various laboratory handmade papers. Any of the paper additives were not added to the paper web to compare the results of the effects of fines and PCC pigment in a literal way. For this purpose, the target grammages of handsheets and the production variables such as pulp consistency, temperature and other variables of formation, pressing and drying processes were kept constant and studied meticulously. Findings: This study is confirmed that with the addition of fines to the pulp of the control handsheets, an increase of up to 125% has been observed in the tensile index values, while a decrease of up to 30% has been observed with the addition of PCC pigment as filler. The tensile results have been changed depending on the pulp content and hence chemical bonds formed in the paper web. These mechanical changes have been explained by correlating with the data of FT-IR spectrums. Especially, the variations have been seen at 950–1150 cm−1, which referring to C-OH and C-O-C stretching vibrations. Originality/value: The originality of this work is based on understanding and comparing the effects of fines and the effect of PCC pigment as a paper filler on the structural and chemical characteristics of laboratory-made handsheets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using design thinking for business model innovation. However, few studies have explored the application, potential and challenges of design thinking from a comprehensive perspective. In order to better understand how design thinking can contribute to business model innovation, this paper regards business model innovation as a subject of design research and provides a critical review of researchers' explorations of how to apply design thinking for business model innovation. In light of the literature review, this paper distils seven key design research themes: (1) design thinking as a mindset and a methodology; (2) designers of business models; (3) design activities for business model innovation; (4) design tools for business model innovation; (5) design approaches for business model innovation; (6) co-creation of new products, services and business models, and (7) evaluating and measuring the impact of design thinking. The themes not only highlight the potential of applying design thinking as a necessary mindset and methodology to business model innovation, but also emphasise the nature of designing as a social process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Emerging digital technologies offer a transformative potential to redefine learning tasks and many examples of this potential are now available. The scaling of the innovative pedagogies emerging from the research into widespread and sustainable practice, however, remains problematic. This paper addresses the issue of scaling by using Design Based Research (DBR), also known as Educational Design Research, within teacher professional development to reposition teachers' thinking about the place of digital tools in their teaching. Using a project seeking to support the use of new digital technologies to develop children's spatial reasoning as a 'worked example', this paper highlights how the bringing together of the knowledge of educational research and knowledge of teaching practice in DBR can provide a catalyst for epistemic change. The paper will argue that DBR positions the knowledge and practice objects of both research and teaching as 'epistemic' or 'not yet known' objects and, therefore, the legitimate focus of experimentation and reflection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The paper presents the process of testing pro-innovative service Monitor of Innovative Organization Development (MIOD) tailored for enterprises of material processing industry. Design/methodology/approach: In the process of new service testing practical verification of the concept were used. Created service prototype were realized fully in four enterprises. In the process of designing service an eclectic approach were used – various methods were implemented, corresponding to design research approach (Faste&Faste, 2012). The paper contributes to area of service design, service management and innovation management because the the main purpose of the service is to support innovation in enterprises. Findings: In the paper two important findings were presented: the roadmap of pro-innovative service commercialization and the results of the MIOD service testing. Research limitations/implications: The designed pro-innovative service is devoted to enterprises od materials processing industry only. The testing process was limited to only four enterprises of this sector operating in śląskie region, Poland. However the service could be adopted to be delivered to the enterprises of other sectors. General observations could be expanded to other business services. Practical implications: The verified prototype of pro-innovative service is the main results of the project entitled A Network of Regional Specialist Observatories in the Process of Entrepreneurial Discovery in Śląskie Voivodeship (SO RIS II). The service could be used by regional business environment institutions. Originality/value: The approach to service design is new in the paper. Moreover the observation form testing the service prototype are quite valuable. Presented knowledge could be interesting for service designers (practitioners) as well as scientists exploring and evaluating services [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rising waves of Industry 4.0, Sustainable Development Goals and COVID-19 have resulted in repercussions that have challenged the status quo. In preparation, Action Design Research (ADR) was used in Engineering Education as an adaptive mechanism. This research paper follows a 5-year development journey of a Business Engineering course at a South African university. The paper discusses the adaptations and refinements in response to the waves above and how they were integrated in the content, presentation and assessments of the course. Furthermore, this paper extracts generalizable findings for Engineering Education and reflects on the design of the next cycle of the course in anticipation of further waves. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assumptions play a fundamental role in disciplinary mathematical practice, especially concerning the relativity of truth. However, much is still unclear about ways to help students recognize key aspects of this role. In this paper, we propose a set of principles for task design to introduce students to the role of assumptions in mathematical activity, with particular attention to the following two learning goals: recognize that (1) a conclusion depends on the assumption(s) underlying the argument that led to it; and (2) making the underlying assumption(s) explicit is crucial to reaching consensus on the conclusion. In the context of a 3-year design research study, we first used existing literature to construct an initial version of task design principles which we then empirically tested and refined by designing and implementing two tasks in Japanese school classrooms. One of the tasks was in the area of functions at the secondary level and the other in the area of geometry at the elementary level. We analyze two classroom episodes to discuss the promise and evolution of our proposed task design principles. In addition, our analysis sheds light on the role of the teacher's instructional moves and the students' mathematical knowledge during the implementation of the designed tasks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following trends are not limited to the fashion and beauty industry. Many researchers in papers, master's degree thesis, and PhD dissertations prefer to solve domain questions or problems with research methodologies previously used by others in the field, mainly, case study research in operations management and technology management studies. This paper is about to stress on adding design research methodology (DRM) as a very useful and practical methodology in management studies that can meet the main aim and concern facing researchers in management studies: produce and develop practical domain knowledge which meets the rigor and relevance functions of the research. This study unlocks all the aspects of DRM and represents a methodological perspective, and sheds light on the reasoning behind why and how DRM should be used more as a methodology in management studies in general, and operations and technology management specifically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reports on an investigation into how to improve problem formulation and ideation in design science research (DSR) within the mHealth domain. A systematic literature review of problem formulation in published mHealth DSR papers found that problem formulation is often only weakly performed, with shortcomings in stakeholder analysis, patient-centricity, clinical input, use of kernel theory, and problem analysis. The study proposes using coloured cognitive mapping for DSR (CCM4DSR) as a tool to improve problem formulation in mHealth DSR. A case study using CCM4DSR found that using CCM4DSR provided a more comprehensive problem formulation and analysis, highlighting aspects that, until CCM4DSR was used, weren't apparent to the research team and which served as a better basis for mHealth feature ideation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Project complexity has been researched much. The majority of publication is searching for law-like relations or development of descriptive frameworks. More prescriptive knowledge is needed to guide the project managers in navigating the project complexity in project managers' pursuit of success. Identifying the complexities of a given project is a real-world problem for project managers (Mikkelsen et al., 2021). The purpose of the paper is to investigate the research of prescriptive knowledge on the management of project complexity. Design/methodology/approach: Based on a longitudinally case study, this paper uses Action Design Research (Sein et al., 2011) (ADR) to research the management of project stakeholder complexity. ADR is a variation of action research (AR) with inspiration from design science (Hevner et al., 2004) where an artifact is designed to solve a real-world problem. In this case study, an information system was configured in collaboration with the project managers of the recipient organization. Findings: The findings from the research project are presented using the affordance theory (Gibson, 1977) as a framing concept and give special attention the affordance perception (Pozzi et al., 2014). Among the project managers, who were very engaged in the co-design, the majority refrained from activating the information system and got the outside view from the stakeholders. Interviews afterward identified "fear of bad project ratings from the stakeholder" as the main course of resistance to deploy the surveying information system. Originality/value: The paper contributes on two levels. The paper presents a novel approach to researching project complexity based on engaging the stakeholder in generating a common perception of the ongoing state of the projects. The paper also contributes insights into reasons for reluctance on the part of the participants (the project managers) of the recipient organization and hereby adds to the understanding of the organizational change aspect of AR in the research of project management. The paper concludes with the identified benefits of using ADR in research on project complexity management and gives recommendations for future research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development challenges in the domain of superconducting magnets are concentrated on technical problems in the current literature. Organizational, domain-specific challenges are often seen as secondary but must be considered with new holistic development approaches like Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE) becoming more popular. This work quantifies the domain challenges and gives the foundation to derive success criteria for design support in the future. A systematic literature review has been conducted to identify the overall domain challenges, and extensive interviews in the CERN technology department have been carried out to identify the development challenges on a practical level. Problems in knowledge management have been identified as a major challenge in the development process and the general literature. The paper concludes by picking up the most important challenges from the interviews and literature and puts them into the context of the authors' knowledge of electrical magnet design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Boundary objects can add value for innovative design and implementation research in health care through their organizational focus and the dynamic structure between ill-structured and tailored use. However, when innovation is approached as a boundary object, more attention will need to be paid to the preimplementation phase. Research and design thinking pay attention to the preimplementation stage but do not have a social or organizational focus per se. The integration of boundary objects in design methodologies can provide a more social and organizational focus in innovative design projects by mapping out the mechanisms that occur at boundaries during design. Four dialogical learning mechanisms that can be triggered at boundaries have been described in the literature: identification, coordination, reflection, and transformation. These mechanisms seem suitable for integration in innovative design research on health. Objective: Focusing on innovation in health, this study aims to find out whether the different learning mechanisms can be linked to studies on health innovation that mention boundary objects as a concept and assess whether the related mechanisms provide insight into the stage of the design and implementation or change process. Methods: The following 6 databases were searched for relevant abstracts: PubMed, Scopus, Education Resources Information Center, PsycINFO, Information Science and Technology Abstracts, and Embase. These databases cover a wide range of published studies in the field of health. Results: Our initial search yielded 3102 records; after removing the duplicates, 2186 (70.47%) records were screened on the title and abstract, and 25 (0.81%) papers were included; of the 13 papers where we identified 1 mechanism, 5 (38%) described an innovation or innovative project, and of the 12 papers where we identified more mechanisms, 9 (75%) described the development or implementation of an innovation. The reflective mechanism was not identified solely but was present in papers describing a more successful development or implementation project of innovation. In these papers, the predetermined goals were achieved, and the process of integration was relatively smoother. Conclusions: The concept of boundary objects has found its way into health care. Although the idea of a boundary object was introduced to describe how specific artifacts can fulfill a bridging function between different sociocultural sites and thus have a social focus, the focus in the included papers was often on the boundary object itself rather than the social effect. The reflection and transformation mechanisms were underrepresented in the included studies but based on the findings in this review, pursuing to trigger the reflective mechanism in design, development, and implementation projects can lead to a more fluid and smooth integration of innovation into practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we explore measurements of design creativity through metrics related to the processes used in designing and relate them to the metrics used in psychology for idea creativity, ie, novelty and fluency. Our goal was to test the reliability of psychometric measures of creativity to assess creativity in team design. We studied 19 teams of 3 professional engineers that engaged in a one hour-long design task. Design tasks have a greater ecological validity than single repetitive tasks like the AUT and the RAT. Engaging in a design task involves a wide range of cognitive activities, which contribute to creative ideation and to expanding the design space. This study focused on the relationship between the teams' design idea creativity and design behaviors during the task. We explored to what extent design collaboration between teammates, design evaluation and the co-evolution of the problem-solution space relate to the psychometric measures of idea creativity. Results suggest no specific trend in the correlation between collaboration and idea creativity as measured by the metrics used in psychology, while more cognitive focus on problem-solution co-evolution negatively correlates with these measures of idea creativity. The paper concludes with potential explanations for this lack of correlation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The term Design Intelligence System, Methodology, and Strategy indicates a new digital modality of architecturally constructed and visualized diagrammatic research framework and environment. Aiming to facilitate, articulate, and support any kind of documentary, scientific, and creative investigative practice with large amounts of data in a formalized way, DI system, methodology, and strategy have been proposed for consideration to be included into the fields of Design Research and Design Science. It has been argued that they can offer a specific response to various research requirements and make a contribution at the level of methodology, instrumentation, and research strategy. Beside the control and guidance of data-operations in line with research subjects and questions, the system preserves design research procedures and dynamics of problem-solving and decision-making as formal inscription, or information-architecture, enabling one to visualize maps and lines of inference and connectivity between different information and arguments, and to acknowledge main issues in delivering a proof and carrying out valid reasoning. Regarding the fact that, alongside extensive use as a means of artistic exploration, this kind of digital framework, formalization, and system has not been substantially questioned as a means of reliable and functional scientific research in the targeted Design Research and Design Science fields, the paper will address these issues through comments on the system's attributes, arguments, relevance, and contributions, and analysis of the performed test-studies, their development stages, and the system's determinants, which have led to its final eleven criteria-form. The field of Diagrammatics has been proposed as a broader context due to the Design Intelligence System's central diagrammatic properties and modes of operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design-based research methodology has been gaining significance, in recent years, in the field of educational research. Several authors have pointed out the potential of this methodology to support the development of research processes with strong practical applicability. Its iterative nature allows researchers to organize their studies into iterative research cycles that allow them to improve products, processes, and test new resources and educational approaches. This study aimed to develop knowledge about how this methodology has been used in K-12 educational settings and in initial and continuing teacher education. Thus, a systematic literature review was carried out based on 163 selected papers, published between 2013 and 2020 and gathered from SCOPUS and ISI Web of Science Databases. The results highlighted the characterization data of DBR studies, the research contexts and settings, the DBR approaches, and the contribution for the educational field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design and Future Studies are intrinsically related fields. Both fields pursue the goal to introduce potential visions of the future to achieve a sustainable future for humanity. However, future challenges are becoming more evident with the increasing ubiquity of socio-technological advancements. Over the past three decades, several movements have emerged with the shared objective of being critical of design (Mazé, 2019); these movements are attempting to operate outside the external borders of market-driven enquiry (Malpass, 2017). These practices require a critical examination of the possibilities to achieve change that mitigate unfavourable consequences. This paper reflects on the way that the Research through Design approach can affect these practices through the activities and devices we have developed and refer to as the Critical Catalyst (CC). We applied this approach to MSc students in Integrated Product Design at the Design School at the Politecnico di Milano. The results of this experience are condensed into nine provo-types (provocative prototypes) presented at the end of the course. This paper examines the CC design future process and reflects upon the experience and tools by analysing the critical choices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this research paper is to present a pragmatic and systematic approach to conduct and document Design Science Research (DSR) activities with Focus Groups (FGs), exploring its continuous usage and providing traceability between problem, requirements, solutions and artefacts. Design/methodology/approach: The approach is to conduct the research and produce the meta-model for DSR with FG, a DSR approach was adopted using a conceptual model for Action Design Research already available. The artefact is the result from a specific literature review to define requirements, a careful design and a refinement stage where it was widely used and tested in real IS implementation projects. Findings: Rigorous and committed stakeholder engagement is a critical success factor in complex projects. The main outcome of this research is a specific meta-model for DSR with FG that delivers new insights and practical guidelines for academics and professionals conducting and documenting real-world research and development initiatives deep-rooted in stakeholders' participation. Research limitations/implications: The meta-model has been endorsed as a practical and useful artefact by the stakeholders participating in the IS projects where it was adopted. However, to fully demonstrate its capabilities and to become more robust, the model has to be further used and tested in other application situations and environments. Originality/value: The usage of FGs in DSR has already been proposed as an effective way, either to study artefacts, to propose improvements in its design or to acknowledge the utility of those artefacts in field use. The paper provides a sound contribution to this line of research by presenting a meta-model that integrates process and data, as well as a set of practical templates and forms that may be used by researchers and practitioners to conduct their projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this paper is to establish a set of guidelines for student designers and design researchers when working with vulnerable participants or/and on sensitive topics. This paper explores several case studies of design research projects where vulnerable participants have been involved at various stages and to varying degrees. The case study analyses key questions such as when is it/ not appropriate to involve participants? What are the most useful methods to work with participants? When are alternative methods of research and testing sufficient? How can expectations be managed? And what is the payback for people to participate? The paper concludes by collating the key lessons into a ‘living’ guide to which design practitioners, design educators and researchers can refer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The engineering design research community is engaged in a long-standing and lively debate about what defines design as a unique field of research. This includes a discourse on a rigorous way of conducting research through various academic outlets germane to the community. This paper explores the current state of rigour in reporting engineering design research by analysing the proceedings of two recent ICED conferences and comparing the results with those of an identical analysis of an equivalent set of ICED proceedings published exactly 20 years earlier. A lack of such rigour ultimately permits lower quality work to prevail as it sets poor examples for young researchers and affects credibility and trustworthiness of the field. The data shows the significant improvements made and identifies potential areas to address. By establishing the current state of rigour in reporting considered acceptable in the community for one of its main conferences and how this has evolved, the paper allows us to infer trajectory and formulate concrete recommendations for further improvement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Addressing urban health through the built environment requires cross-disciplinary approaches, where design plays a crucial role. Gaining insights from a design-led research perspective to find situated solutions for promoting healthy behaviours is a requirement that must be clarified. Therefore, we ask the following question: what kind of design research instruments may help in applying the urban health approach from a design-led perspective? With this research question, and to contribute to the mentioned issues to be clarified, this paper presents the application of a framework adopted in a local action research project, namely the Healthy Neighbourhoods Hub (HNH) research project. The HNH framework was used as a design research toolkit for collecting contextual data and identifying insights to build scenarios and strategies for all the involved design disciplines. Around 169 participants among local stakeholders and citizens in two case studies in the city of Florence (Italy) were involved in semi-structured interviews, Healthy Labs, and Open Space Lab. As a result, the participatory activities provided a wide variety of qualitative data, such as themes related to user needs (n = 15), critical issues and points of weakness (n = 32), potentialities and points of strength (n = 27), strategies (n = 38), design insights (n = 30), and a collection of 40 local projects (40 in 5 themes), that contributed to the subsequent co-design activities of the project. This richness suggests the potential of using the adopted resources to build the HNH Toolkit as a design research instrument for addressing urban health and gaining design knowledge for the promotion of healthy behaviours through the design of the built environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today's complex problems call for multidisciplinary analytics teams comprising of both analytics and non-technical domain (i.e. subject matter) experts. Recognizing the difference between data visualisaion (DV) (i.e. static visual outputs) and visual analytics (VA) (i.e. a process of interactive visual data exploration, guided by user's domain and contextual knowledge), this paper focuses on VA for non-technical domain experts. By seeking to understand knowledge sharing from VA experts to non-technical users of VA in a multidisciplinary team, we aim to explore how these domain experts learn to use VA as a thinking tool, guided by their knowing-in-practice. The research described in this paper was conducted in the context of a long-term industry-wide research project called the 'Visual Historical Atlas of the Australian Co-operatives', led by a multidisciplinary VA team who faced the challenge tackled by this research. Using Action Design Research (ADR) and the combined theoretical lens of boundary objects and secondary design, the paper theorises a three-phase method for knowledge transfer, translation and transformation from VA experts to domain experts using different types of VA-related boundary objects. Together with the proposed set of design principles, the three-phase model advances the well-established stream of research on organizational use of analytics, extending it to the emerging area of visual analytics for non-technical decision makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After conducting presentations and workshops about research methodologies with design doctoral students from different countries and universities over the last three years, the authors have noticed that students are usually eager to learn more about how to design a strong and coherent methodical research plan matching their research questions, and they favor (1) the organization of theoretical concepts into an easy to understand model, and (2) the exemplification of the model application through practical cases. Aiming to benefit an enlarged audience of PhD students, this paper summarizes the contents of one of those workshops, which took place in Lisbon, in November 2019. The paper starts by presenting the four-category design research classification model developed by the authors, which is designed to be open and flexible enough to potentially accommodate any kind of design research. Then, the role of ontological and epistemological assumptions underlying the research is discussed through an abbreviated description of four research paradigms. Following that, five examples of design research are presented and readers are challenged to reflect, by themselves, how these fit into the theoretical concepts presented before. Finally, the challenge’s answers are provided and discussed, showing how to distinguish and select between different methodological approaches suitable for academic design research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Collaborative research projects are great opportunities for the involved design professionals to learn. Many design professionals join in such collaborations to contribute with their existing professional expertise, but also to further develop and extend that expertise. However, learning by individuals is usually not the main aim, and we lack insight in the learning opportunities through collaboration in such projects. We propose that we need to understand this learning process better in order to make this happen more often and more effectively. This paper presents how four design professionals who each participated in different collaborative research projects look back on their learning processes. We interviewed each participant and drew a process map with them. The results show that these projects offer multifaceted learning opportunities and outcomes of important value for the professionals.The paper shows that their learning a) is not always easily recognised by the professionals themselves, b) benefits from their active engagement as learners, and c) requires supportive conditions in project arrangements. The paper provides guidelines for lead researchers, design professionals, as well as funding agencies to recognise and value this learning, to support explicit reflection and articulation, and to facilitate supportive learning conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Comparative housing studies traditionally focus on housing systems and social or economic policy, only rarely considering design issues. Through an examination of subsidized housing and its design in 20 countries, this paper explores how design research can benefit cross-national housing studies. Subsidized housing is essential to delivering decent and affordable homes, underpinning the right to housing. To relate design dimensions to housing systems, the analytical focus is on regulatory instruments, technical standards, and socio-spatial practices as well as housing providers, tenures, and target groups. Design research benefits the contextualization of housing systems and design outcomes in several ways. It reveals the contextual and contingent nature of regulatory cultures and instruments, socio-technical norms and standards, and socio-cultural expectations and practices that shape housing solutions. The paper concludes by considering productive ways architectural design research might contribute to an interdisciplinary housing research agenda by offering new means of theorization and analysis beyond traditional housing system typologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on mathematical equivalence, and to some extent, on number structure in early grade mathematics, has shown that most students at primary and secondary levels understand these concepts instrumentally rather than relationally. The study reported in this paper uses a design research approach to explore both mathematical equivalence and number structure in a primary pre-service teacher education programme at a university in South Africa and reports on an intervention strategy intended to culminate in developing design principles comprising guidelines for the effective teaching of number structure and mathematics equivalence in primary pre-service teacher education programmes. The mixed method study comprises 70 first-year primary pre-service teachers (PSTs) and a teacher educator. The PSTs wrote pre- and post-tests, and were interviewed following the pre-test. Skemp's notion of relational and instrumental understanding guided the design of the intervention and the analysis of the data. The results from the study indicates that PSTs' understanding of the notion of equivalence is similar to what has been reported for students in schools, and that there were some learning gains in the post-test results. Based on the findings from the study in general, some emergent design principles are proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on an ethnographic study on studio teaching at five leading European architecture schools, the paper at hand identifies three repeatedly occurring deficiencies (as well as one related problem) in the teaching of architectural design. Drawing on empirical data, the paper describes how 'epistemic positions' are shifted without reflection, that serious efforts at translating tacit into propositional knowledge are (too) scarce, and how procedures are not rigorously linked to the respective objects of study. In addition to tackling these three deficiencies, the paper calls for developing corresponding ways of critique assessment that reflect the aspired improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Matériaux et Techniques is the property of EDP Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Mastery of a musical instrument, including an ability to reach virtuosity in expression and performance, is commonly achieved through a lifelong commitment to practise. The specific instrument played has a crucial role in this journey. This paper reports on design research that aimed to determine the potential for redesigning the classical guitar, whether iteratively or radically, from the perspective of key stakeholder groups: luthiers, composers, and performers. A total of 25 interviews were conducted and analysed to identify shared and unique concerns amongst the stakeholder groups. The findings are used to conceive and develop a new design-related musical term 'performability', which builds upon the established term 'playability' but has much stronger interactional and experiential dimensions. Furthermore, the paper provides insights into ways in which an industrial designer can contribute to classical guitar design as a fourth stakeholder. Industrial design expertise is proposed to provide a mediating and catalysing role for democratic (i.e. multi-stakeholder, multi-perspective) instrument design or redesign. The paper concludes with a proposal for a 'design for performability' framework suited to co-design sessions aiming to achieve a highly performable classical guitar. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

INTRODUCTION: eHealth systems in a modern hospital and clinic require stringent measures to coordinate the operations of doctors, nurses, pharmacies for improved health care delivery. OBJECTIVES: The primary objective is to perform a comparative analysis to devise a novel approach to address the needs of a hospital information management system. This has triggered an urgent response to develop Optical Clinic Management System (OCMS) to address the limitation of the existing system. This intervention would promote the good health and wellbeing of humankind to meet the Sustainable Development Goals 3 (SDGs 3). METHODS: The study proposed a Design Science Research Methodology (DSRM) approach in Software Engineering as a catalyst to design OCMS to capture patients' up-to-date records for medical diagnosis. The system is to assist Clinicians to prescribe medications based on a patient's medical history by clicking a computer button. RESULTS: The limitations discovered during systems analysis and design of the existing systems were addressed during system evaluation and testing. It was observed that the proposed optical clinic management systems received a 98% acceptance for the implementation. CONCLUSION: This study explores the problem facing clinic and hospital administration and established major factors affecting the existing systems. It was discovered that the paper-based management systems used to keep patients' medical records were found to be unreliable and therefore unsafe to be used as the basis to prescribe medication for patients, hence the need for this comprehensive system to address the problem for effective health care delivery. The situation in the existing system incidentally led to misplaced and unstructured handling of patient clinical records that may inadvertently make the clinicians administer medications with no reference to the patient's previous diagnosis due to the lost file. Hence, the aftermath of the Covid-19 pandemic and its global destruction of human lives should motivate African leaders to invest adequate resources in the development of information technology applications for robust health information systems to improve health care delivery in Africa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While function modeling has been around in engineering design research since the 1960s, there have been no systematic, comparative studies devoted to assessing the adequacy of function modeling frameworks in light of engineering design objectives. This systematic assessment and comparison – called benchmarking – is now recognized as a central research issue in current function modeling research, but insight into how this benchmarking can be done is at present limited. In this paper, we attempt to improve our insight into how benchmarking can be done for a specific but important engineering context: function optimization of reverse-engineered systems. We argue that the capacity to produce technical advantage predictions, viz. predictions concerning the improved functional performance of a redesigned technical system, is an important benchmark criterion in this context. We subsequently illustrate the utility of the criterion by assessing two prominent function modeling frameworks in terms of it. Throughout the paper, we use a case study of the design of an electric wok to clarify and illustrate our ideas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research demonstrates the development of a tectonic approach to architecture through an experimental, iterative methodology. It is a synthetic approach where tectonics and form are engaged in a non-hierarchical negotiation. An architecture where expression, ornament, structure and their spatial consequences are intertwined and inseparable. The design research posited here has been conducted over the past nine years through the sustained development of a series of architectural tectonic experiments called the agentBody Prototypes. These prototypes reify an ambition to compress surface, structure and ornament into a single irreducible assemblage. The agentBody Prototypes are a series of fourteen proto-architectural projects, or fragments, with lead design by Roland Snooks, and research, development and fabrication by the RMIT Architecture | Tectonic Formation Lab. The paper describes the wider context of this work and includes a brief chronological overview of this trajectory, followed by a series of observations drawn from critical reflection. This paper attempts to draw out the architectural design implications that have emerged through a specific interaction of algorithmic design, and robotic fabrication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design research topics attract exponentially more attention and consideration among researchers. This study is the first research article that endeavors to analyze selected design research publications using an advanced approach called "text mining". This approach speculates its results depending on the existence of a research term (i.e., keywords), which can be more robust than other methods/approaches that rely on contextual data or authors' perspectives. The main aim of this research paper is to expand knowledge and familiarity with design research and explore future research directions by addressing the gaps in the literature; relying on the literature review, it can be stated that the research area in the design domain still not built-up a theory, which can unify the field. In general, text mining with these features allows increased validity and generalization as compared to other approaches in the literature. We used a text mining technique to collect data and analyzed 3553 articles collected in 10 journals using 17,487 keywords. New topics were investigated in the domain of design concepts, which included attracting researchers, practitioners, and journal editorial boards. Such issues as co-innovation, ethical design, social practice design, conceptual thinking, collaborative design, creativity, and generative methods and tools were subject to additional research. On the other hand, researchers pursued topics such as collaborative design, human-centered design, interdisciplinary design, design education, participatory design, design practice, collaborative design, design development, collaboration, design theories, design administration, and service/product design areas. The key categories investigated and reported in this paper helped in determining what fields are flourishing and what fields are eroding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past decade, engineering design research has seen a significant surge of the discussion of empathy. As such, design researchers have been devoted in devising and assessing empathic design activities. While prior research has examined the utility of empathic design experiences on driving creative concept generation, little is known about the role of a designer's empathic tendencies in driving creative concept generation and selection in an engineering design project. Without this knowledge, we cannot be sure if, when, or how empathy influences the design process. Thus, the main goal of this paper was to identify the role of trait empathy in creative concept generation and selection in an engineering design student project. In order to achieve this objective, a study was conducted with 103 first-year engineering students during two design stages of an 8-week design project (concept generation and concept selection). The main findings from this paper highlighted that empathic concern tendencies positively impacted the generation of more ideas while personal distress tendencies negatively impacted the generation of more ideas. During concept selection, perspective-taking tendencies positively impacted participants' propensity for selecting elegant ideas. This research took the first step in encouraging empirical investigations aimed at understanding the role of trait empathy across different stages of the design process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to present an investigation on flight quality analysis and design of tilt-rotor aircraft combined with corresponding flight quality specifications. Design/methodology/approach: From the perspective of modal characteristics of tilt-rotor aircraft, it focuses on the analysis of the change rules of the longitudinal short-term motion mode, lateral roll convergence mode, spiral mode and Dutch roll mode. Then, the flight quality design research is carried out using the explicit model tracking control method. The quantitative relationship between flight quality requirements and explicit model is established. Accordingly, the closed-loop flight quality of XV-15 tilt-rotor aircraft is evaluated. Findings: The stability of spiral mode is the result of the interaction of various aerodynamic derivatives and spiral instability occurs in helicopter mode. The other motion modes are stable in full flight mode and meet the requirements of level 1 specified in ADS-33E-PRF and MIL-F-8785C flight quality specifications. There is a quantitative relationship between flight quality requirements and explicit model, and the flight quality of tilt-rotor aircraft is improved through the explicit model tracking control method. Practical implications: The presented analysis results showed the influence of motion modes and flight quality and the effectiveness of explicit model tracking control method in flight quality improvement, which could be considered as new information for further flight quality design of tilt-rotor aircraft. Originality/value: The originality of the paper lies in the proposed design and analysis method of the flight quality of tilt-rotor aircraft from the direction of the influence of its aerodynamic derivatives and motion modes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Engaging students in processes of mathematizing and active knowledge organization (instead of telling and rehearsing ready-made mathematics) is a key demand for high quality mathematics instruction. Although many mathematically rich context problems have been designed and published in textbooks, their impact on regular mathematics classrooms remains limited, as teachers face challenges in shaping and enacting the important phase of knowledge organization. The 15-year project KOSIMA presented in this paper was aimed at supporting teachers in really enhancing these processes by means of a textbook for Grades 5–10. The paper provides an overview of different studies conducted during the project in order to show how the project developed a research base for the support of teachers. The paper also shows that different research approaches need to be combined to establish an appropriate research base: In iterative design research cycles of topic-specific didactical design research, learning environments were designed and investigated with the aim of understanding the obstacles encountered in implementing the desired processes. In this paper, we focus on an example of one particular obstacle, namely, teachers' need of support in engaging students in processes of active knowledge organization. This obstacle was overcome by developing new types of tasks for active knowledge organization. The theoretical outcome of the design research resulted in two hypotheses for improving relevant features of the design of these tasks, which were tested in two controlled trials. Finally, a longitudinal field study of 312 students gave first indications that the classes that worked with the textbook had significantly higher learning gains than classes using other textbooks. In sum, we can show that textbooks can support changes in classroom practices when the obstacles that occur for both teachers and students are carefully investigated and treated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Definitions play a significant role in mathematical activities such as proving a conjecture, extending a concept, and so forth. However, there is an issue that definitions are presented with authority in school mathematics textbooks. We address this issue by focusing on a mathematical activity, defining that students construct and revise definitions by themselves. The purpose of this study is to design a task that fosters students' defining in proofs and refutations. The research was conducted based on the design research methodology. We first explained a normative model of generation of mathematical knowledge through proofs and refutations. We used this model to design a task that considers a definition of polygon in proving a statement. To investigate the effect of this task, we analyzed classroom lessons involving public secondary school students. Our analysis showed that students noticed the existence of counterexamples which invalid the given statement and modified their proof, statement, and definition. Even if students revised their zero-definition to a monster-barring definition at first, they could refine it to a proof-generated definition by receiving the teacher's support. This paper highlights the importance of how to revise definitions based on ideas of proof, and a continuous task design to encourage students' learning through mathematical activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Robust optimization design (ROD) is playing an increasingly significant role in aerodynamic shape optimization and aircraft design. However, an efficient ROD framework that couples uncertainty quantification (UQ) and a powerful optimization algorithm for three-dimensional configurations is lacking. In addition, it is very important to reveal the maintenance mechanism of aerodynamic robustness from the design viewpoint. This paper first combines gradient-based optimization using the discrete adjoint-based approach with the polynomial chaos expansion (PCE) method to establish the ROD framework. A flying-wing configuration is optimized using deterministic optimization and ROD methods, respectively. The uncertainty parameters are Mach and the angle of attack. The ROD framework with the mean as an objective achieves better robustness with a lower mean (6.7% reduction) and standard derivation (Std, 18.92% reduction) compared to deterministic results. Moreover, we only sacrifice a minor amount of the aerodynamic performance (an increment of 0.64 counts in the drag coefficient). In comparison, the ROD with Std as an objective obtains a very different result, achieving the lowest Std and largest mean The far-field drag decomposition method is applied to compute the statistical moment variation of drag components and reveal how the ROD framework adjusts the drag component to realize better aerodynamic robustness. The ROD with the mean as the objective decreases the statistical moment of each drag component to improve aerodynamic robustness. In contrast, the ROD with Std as an objective reduces Std significantly by maintaining the inverse correlation relationship between the induced drag and viscous drag with an uncertainty parameter, respectively. The established ROD framework can be applied to future engineering applications that consider uncertainties. The unveiled mechanism for maintaining aerodynamic robustness will help designers understand ROD results more deeply, enabling them to reasonably construct ROD optimization problems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Theory of Change was created as a logic planning model to explore and represent a potential change in a way that reflects a complex and systemic understanding of development. Even though it is a familiar tool in the context of community initiatives and philanthropic projects, Theory of Change is under‐applied in design as a problem‐solving practice and underexplored within design research. Design projects that are looking for more comprehensive ways of negotiating change can greatly benefit from it to inform a deep understanding of the dynamics of change. This paper focuses on how a designerly approach to Theory of Change can support participatory visual mapping, thus creating some enabling conditions towards transformation in cities, namely: facilitating more granular communication, suggesting a multifaceted and systemic perspective, helping to navigate complexity by creating shared mental models among stakeholders, fostering thinking through different temporalities, and boosting creativity. The paper will examine a case of an urban transformation project that involves six European cities under regeneration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: While obesity prevention represents an established field of research, the inclusion of young people, who are regularly cited as an important priority group, are rarely actioned in long‐term studies. This paper focuses on the development of a dialogue tool intended to tackle this issue, engaging, and eliciting insights on the theme of obesity prevention, by young people and for young people. As part of the CO‐CREATE project, this tool was co‐developed by designers, public health, and youth participation experts, researchers, and young people. Co‐creation is a key methodology in the design of the dialogue tool, as young people were involved in all stages of the development process. This paper elaborates on the process of co‐designing a dialogue tool that helps explore obesity prevention policy ideas from multiple perspectives, and describes the design principles that informed the process and the final versions of the tool. The purpose of the Dialogue Forum tool is for youth to engage policymakers and other relevant stakeholders to discuss and refine co‐created and youth‐initiated ideas for healthier food and physical activity environments. We analyze how specific design principles were integrated into different prototypes and the value of this within the project and the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this paper is to investigate newly developed spatial monitoring and analysis systems—the emergent area of location intelligence (LI) in relation to geographic information systems (GIS)—from the perspective of the design research strategic modification. It has been argued that this perspective implies corrective attributes and criteria that can advance the existing spatial research models and platforms by proposing a designerly enhanced intelligence research framework and technical solution while also integrating the external transformative issues that have posed a demand for spatial research systems rethinking and redefinition, too. These issues have been centered around the several notions—(1) the extension of the spatial research scale and domain marked by the move from geo-determinants to cosmo-determinants alongside locational or place-based specification, (2) the articulation of dynamic properties and complexity, and (3) the new forms and techniques of reasoning and representation in spatial sciences advanced by digital information technologies, the space-information integration, the use of large data-systems and their control. They have been thoroughly explained alongside different effects they produce, while terminological and technical refinements have been proposed in their regard, as well. The important scientific and theoretical research areas have been addressed for solid framing of such thematic and disciplinary convergence. Their synthesis has indicated the major objective of the paper—the construction of the new common ground for all spatial sciences in the form of the digital research and representation system, strategy and methodology based on design intelligence attributes and modes of operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This technical note provides the mathematical demonstration for obtaining the optimal aspect ratio for a rectangular storage area with a lateral receive/ship dock, representing the standard configuration of modern distribution centers and logistic warehouses. The proposed aspect ratio is the one that minimizes the travel times of operators, keeping the common assumption of a storage area having a uniform access probability. Design/methodology/approach: To obtain the optimal aspect ratio of the storage area, the entry point of the uniformly distributed dock is modeled with a random variable, with a continuous uniform distribution, and the average travel path of the operator is consequently assessed as a function of the latter. Successively, the average roundtrip length of the operator is evaluated and minimized, leading to the optimal aspect ratio of the storage area. Findings: It is found that the optimal aspect ratio between the warehouse width (U) and length (V) equals 1.5. The obtained result - which is novel for the warehouse design research since no other contribution discussed it - shows that the operators' travel times are minimized with a storage area where 1 = 1.5V. Research limitations/implications: Warehouses with a dock on one side now represent the standard configuration of modern distribution centers'. However, no optimal aspect ratio for the storage area has been discussed. For this reason, the paper fills this lack of scientific literature in the warehouse optimization research by providing indications on how to design this class of warehouses. Practical implications: Distribution managers find here guidance for defining a proper design of logistics centers and evaluating the operators' 'travel times to perform a roundtrip within the storage area. Indeed, the found aspect ratio indicates the optimal design for a storage area with the abovementioned assumptions. Originality/value: Traditional warehouse shape optimization models assume a single input/output point to the storage area. To our knowledge, no formal demonstration has been proposed for a warehouse with a dock on one entire side. Hence, the added value and novelty of this contribution are given by the possibility to adopt the optimal aspect ratio to perform an adequate design of distribution centers and warehouses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Being an informal caregiver to a loved one with an illness, disease, or chronic disability is a rewarding but frequently stressful experience. In this design research project, caregivers participated in a half-day workshop to (1) share their caregiving experience, (2) reflect on the potential of a mobile smartphone 'app' for carers and (3) co-design this app, as well as in-depth interviews. Our design research process used multiple arts-based methods, including visual experience mapping tools, storytelling, photo-elicitation, documentary photography, cartoons, drawing, and research poetry, to provide rich and empathic insight into daily life as a caregiver and illuminate the potential of technology. Workshop activities included creating a visual collage of lived experience, annotated visual maps illustrating the reality and misconceptions of caregiving, pathways of care, and mapping a day in their life using the visual metaphor of a clock. Carers then trialled and provided feedback on a prototype app, creating a collective map of desired features. This co-design feedback informed the final app design, which was formally launched at a public exhibition showcasing stories collected from our arts and design-led processes. This paper outlines the value of arts and design methods in the design of future health technologies, which provide a critical space for an informed, reflexive, and empathic dialogue about illness and caregiving, resulting in designs that truly met consumer's needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the paper is to comment on some of the issues that continue to be debated about design research, such as its methodological rigour and the lack of a theoretical framework.. To show that design research over the last decade has established itself as a form of educational research, highlighting the consensus reached in defining its characteristics and epistemic commitments. I show the similarities with the articles published in this journal. It will also describe the main criticisms of design research and the prospects for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]