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During the socialization process in family and school contexts, children display a wide variety of social behaviors with parents and peers. Yet the developmental trajectory, the predictors and outcomes, and the neural basis of those social behaviors are largely under-investigated. To address these problems, we invited experts in the field to submit their latest findings to tell this story. The current Special Issue is a collection of papers highlighting the complexity for various social behaviors, with a focus on the complex mechanisms that link social behaviors to child socio-emotional adjustment and mediating/moderating factors among the associations. Thirteen papers illustrate empirical work in the field, two papers present new methodological concerns, and one paper that provides a comprehensive review of the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Often deemed a 'black box' resistant to scientific examination, the human mind challenges empirical inquiry--particularly in subjective experiences like dreams. However, objective empirical measures can indeed be applied to such phenomena. While there has been notable progress in understanding human dreams, the domain of sleep and dreams in non-human animals remains less explored. This review paper addresses whether animals experience dreams and, if so, the nature of these dreams. To this end, it evaluates various research methodologies, including monitoring neural activity, replaying new memories, and analyzing dream-like behaviors. It also identifies crucial sleep patterns, such as Rapid Eye Movement (REM), Slow-wave (SW) sleep, and unihemispheric sleep, that play significant roles in dreaming. Furthermore, this study proposes a novel approach for deciphering animal dream content, specifically by investigating dreaming in octopuses. The paper concludes by examining atypical sleep patterns and deviations from everyday dream experiences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In a huge collaborative effort, millions of cells in the mouse brain have been mapped in detail. Two scientists examine the resulting wealth of insights into gene regulation in brain cells, neuronal connections and how our own brains evolved.Transcriptomic and epigenomic data from millions of mouse brain cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Circadian rhythms are important for all aspects of biology; virtually every aspect of biological function varies according to time of day. Although this is well known, variation across the day is also often ignored in the design and reporting of research. For this review, we analyzed the top 50 cited papers across 10 major domains of the biological sciences in the calendar year 2015. We repeated this analysis for the year 2019, hypothesizing that the awarding of a Nobel Prize in 2017 for achievements in the field of circadian biology would highlight the importance of circadian rhythms for scientists across many disciplines, and improve time-of-day reporting. Results: Our analyses of these 1000 empirical papers, however, revealed that most failed to include sufficient temporal details when describing experimental methods and that few systematic differences in time-of-day reporting existed between 2015 and 2019. Overall, only 6.1% of reports included time-of-day information about experimental measures and manipulations sufficient to permit replication. Conclusions: Circadian rhythms are a defining feature of biological systems, and knowing when in the circadian day these systems are evaluated is fundamentally important information. Failing to account for time of day hampers reproducibility across laboratories, complicates interpretation of results, and reduces the value of data based predominantly on nocturnal animals when extrapolating to diurnal humans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents arguments and evidence from psychology and neuroscience supporting Lipton's 2004 claim that scientists create knowledge through an abductive process that he calls "Inference to the Best Explanation". The paper develops two conclusions. Conclusion 1 is that without conscious effort on our part, our brains use a process very similar to abduction as a powerful way of interpreting sensory information. To support Conclusion 1, evidence from psychology and neuroscience is presented that suggests that what we humans perceive through our senses is not reality, but rather, our 'brain's "best guess" of the causes of its sensory input. The implication of this best guessing is that our brains use a process very similar to abduction throughout our lives to inform us of what is happening in the world around us. In addition, an argument based on Darwinian evolution is presented claiming that our brains do an excellent job of interpreting sensory information from the outside world. (If they did not, we, as a species, could hardly have survived.) Combining these two claims leads to Conclusion 1. Building on Conclusion 1, Conclusion 2 is that Lipton and others are correct in claiming that scientists use abduction when creating scientific theories. Abduction must be strong, because Nature chose abduction for its own sensemaking purposes. This paper's contribution to knowledge is in pointing out that recent psychological and neuroscientific research has major implications for the philosophical world's confidence in the probable validity of abductive inference. The punchline is simple: Nature chose abduction! [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Superficial temporal artery (STA) to middle cerebral artery (MCA) bypass, also referred to as STA-MCA bypass, is a direct revascularisation treatment for moyamoya disease. Moyamoya disease is a rare cerebrovascular condition characterised by progressive narrowing of the distal segments of the internal carotid arteries. Untreated, this may cause varied and progressive symptoms for patients, with a significantly increased risk of stroke annually. STA-MCA bypass is performed several times a year at Royal North Shore Hospital by specialist cerebrovascular neurosurgeons. This is a quaternary service with patient referrals received from throughout Australia. This paper will provide an overview of moyamoya, the surgical treatment and nursing care. The pre- and post-procedure nursing care for these patients is paramount, including perioperative blood pressure management, neurological assessment and wound care. The paper will also explore a case study of a patient who underwent a STA-MCA bypass, highlighting the value of specialised neuroscience nursing care, and additional considerations when managing patients living at a distance from the local health district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The purpose of this paper is to explore the prospect of using neurophenomenology to understand, design and test phygital consumer experiences. It aims to clarify interpretivist approaches to consumer neuroscience, wherein theoretical models of individual phenomenology can be combined with modern neuroimaging techniques to detect and interpret the first-person accounts of phygital experiences. Design/methodology/approach: The argument is conceptual in nature, building its position through synthesizing insights from phenomenology, phygital marketing, theoretical neuroscience and other related fields. Findings: Ultimately, the paper presents the argument that interpretivist neuroscience in general, and neurophenomenology specifically, provides a valuable new perspective on phygital marketing experiences. In particular, we argue that the approach to studying first-personal experiences within the phygital domain can be significantly refined by adopting this perspective. Research limitations/implications: One of the primary goals of this paper is to stimulate a novel approach to interpretivist phygital research, and in doing so, provide a foundation by which the impact of phygital interventions can be empirically tested through neuroscience, and through which future research into this topic can be developed. As such, the success of such an approach is yet untested. Originality/value: Phygital marketing is distinguished by its focus on the quality of subjective first-personal consumer experiences, but few papers to date have explored how neuroscience can be used as a tool for exploring these inner landscapes. This paper addresses this lacuna by providing a novel perspective on "interpretivist neuroscience" and proposes ways that current neuroscientific models can be used as a practical methodology for addressing these questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Face recognition is a crucial cognitive skill in social interactions, ensuring individuals' safety and well-being. This paper examines how our proficiency in human face recognition evolves throughout various stages of development. A comprehensive literature review explores the changes and advancements in facial recognition abilities from infancy to adulthood. The findings reveal that newborns possess rudimentary face recognition capabilities, which subsequently undergo refinement and enhancement, leading to improved facial recognition skills. The paper highlights various cues such as inner vs. outer face cues, configural changes, movement, color, species discrimination, gender differentiation, race differentiation, age categorization, and holistic processing that contribute to this developmental progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Complex networks on the Internet of Things (IoT) and brain communication are themain focus of this paper. The benefits of complex networks may be applicable in the future research directions of 6G, photonic, IoT, brain, etc., communication technologies. Heavy data traffic, huge capacity, minimal level of dynamic latency, etc. are some of the future requirements in 5G+ and 6G communication systems. In emerging communication, technologies such as 5G+/6G-based photonic sensor communication and complex networks play an important role in improving future requirements of IoT and brain communication. In this paper, the state of the complex system considered as a complex network (the connection between the brain cells, neurons, etc.) needs measurement for analyzing the functions of the neurons during brain communication. Here, we measure the state of the complex system through observability. Using 5G+/6G-based photonic sensor nodes, finding observability influenced by the concept of contraction provides the stability of neurons. When IoT or any sensors fail to measure the state of the connectivity in the 5G+ or 6G communication due to external noise and attacks, some information about the sensor nodes during the communication will be lost. Similarly, neurons considered sing the complex networks concept neuron sensors in the brain lose communication and connections. Therefore, affected sensor nodes in a contraction are equivalent to compensate for maintaining stability conditions. In this compensation, loss of observability depends on the contraction size which is a key factor for employing a complex network. To analyze the observability recovery, we can use a contraction detection algorithm with complex network properties. Our survey paper shows that contraction size will allow us to improve the performance of brain communication, stability of neurons, etc., through the clustering coefficient considered in the contraction detection algorithm. In addition, we discuss the scalability of IoT communication using 5G+/6G-based photonic technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we investigated the integration between neuroscience and entrepreneurship. First, we explored the concept of neuroentrepreneurship and the investigation of neuroentrepreneurship using scientific research methods. Second, we constructed a road map for entrepreneurial researchers interested in conducting neuroentrepreneurship-related research. This is an emerging research area; therefore, to more clearly analyze the dynamics of the research trends, we used a bibliometric method to capture patterns in current publications on subjects related to neuroentrepreneurship, examining papers published between 1999 and 2021 using the keywords "neuroscience" and "entrepreneurship" or "neuroentrepreneurship." To identify the keywords, we used two academic databases—the Social Science Citation Index and Science Citation Index—accessed through the Web of Science website. The three keywords were identified from studies integrating neuroscience with entrepreneurship. After carefully reviewing the research papers, we identified neuroentrepreneurship as a novel research area. The outcomes of this study provide a guide for describing the theoretical connection between neuroscience and entrepreneurship. In the future, this field of study should be empirically investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Near-death experiences (NDEs) and psychedelic drug experiences (YDEs) enable access to dimensions of non-ordinary sensation, perception, and insight beyond typical day-to-day phenomenology. Both are associated with a dissolution of conventional spatio-temporal conceptual distinctions, and a corresponding sense of connectedness and unity. Moreover, NDEs and YDEs have shown a remarkable ability to reduce the anxiety that people associate with death. In two recent papers, we showed that multi-person virtual reality experiences (VREs) designed within the 'numadelic' aesthetic (where bodies are represented as light energy rather than material objects) can elicit psychometric results comparable to YDEs. It nevertheless remains an open question why numadelic aesthetics achieve the observed results, especially given that the vast majority of VREs represent bodies as typically perceived in the 'real-world'. This article describes the origins of the numadelic aesthetic from subjective accounts of NDE phenomenology, and attempts to unravel mechanistic aspects of the numadelic aesthetic by embedding it within a more general theoretical framework. Specifically, we elaborate a 2-axis schematic grounded in predictive coding models of cognition and matter-energy ideas from physics. One axis tracks 'structural specificity', and the other tracks 'symbolic rigidity'. The majority of VREs, which emphasize photorealistic fidelity to content derived from 'day-to-day' phenomenology, are characterized by high structural specificity and high symbolic rigidity. Such approaches collapse imaginative potential into a limited low-entropy space of 'exogenous' possibility, unlike the high-entropy brain states associated with YDEs. In contrast, aesthetic domains characterized by low structural specificity and low symbolic rigidity are less concerned with fidelity to phenomenological priors, offering an expansive, 'uncollapsed' high-entropy possibility space into which participants can project meaning and corresponding endogenous insights can arise (e.g., as occurs in NDEs and YDEs). Situated within this theoretical framing, the numadelic aesthetic emerges as a practical example of an un-collapsed approach to representation, helping to explain the experimental observations within previous papers. Moreover, the theoretical framing suggests various experimental tests, and lays the groundwork for applying numadelic aesthetics to model NDEs, to help address the anxiety often associated with death. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural language processing (NLP) is rapidly becoming an important topic in the medical community. The ability to automatically analyze any type of medical document could be the key factor to fully exploit the data it contains. Cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) architectures, particularly machine learning and deep learning, have begun to be applied to this topic and have yielded promising results. We conducted a literature search for 1,024 papers that used NLP technology in neuroscience and psychiatry from 2010 to early 2022. After a selection process, 115 papers were evaluated. Each publication was classified into one of three categories: information extraction, classification, and data inference. Automated understanding of clinical reports in electronic health records has the potential to improve healthcare delivery. Overall, the performance of NLP applications is high, with an average F1-score and AUC above 85%. We also derived a composite measure in the form of Z-scores to better compare the performance of NLP models and their different classes as a whole. No statistical differences were found in the unbiased comparison. Strong asymmetry between English and non-English models, difficulty in obtaining high-quality annotated data, and train biases causing low generalizability are the main limitations. This review suggests that NLP could be an effective tool to help clinicians gain insights from medical reports, clinical research forms, and more, making NLP an effective tool to improve the quality of healthcare services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organizations that embrace innovative business strategies position themselves well for success. In this evolving technological landscape, businesses are increasingly focused on understanding consumer behaviors and preferences to tailor their products and services effectively. Notably, integrating neuroscience has become pivotal in achieving these goals, requiring its incorporation throughout various business processes. This comprehensive research review conducts a meta-analysis, synthesizing findings from numerous studies on applying neuroscience across diverse business domains. The primary objective is to identify innovative neuroscience approaches that can significantly revolutionize businesses. Through a meticulous literature exploration using PRISMA analysis, we discerned broad themes and further refined them into critical sub-themes. This thematic categorization enables a focused examination of each area of business research. The findings in this study uncovered vital intersections between neuroscience and business, offering valuable insights for corporations and researchers. In essence, the integration of neuroscientific techniques and artificial intelligence (AI)-based softwares into business practices is no longer optional, but a necessity for businesses to stay competitive in today's fast-paced world. This study, therefore, plays a crucial role in connecting the state-of-the-art tools and techniques in neuroscience and traditional business practices. It paves the way for a new era of business operations, where science and technology work hand in hand with commerce to create a more prosperous and sustainable future. In conclusion, the paper emphasizes the importance of incorporating neuroscience techniques and newly developed AI-based softwares into business practices. This integration can yield precise and favorable outcomes, offering businesses the tools to thrive in an ever-changing market environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyses the development of UNESCO's Mahatma Gandhi Institute on Education for Peace and Sustainable Development (MGIEP), examining its record from global, national and institutional perspectives. The global perspective encompasses challenges to UNESCO's attempts to articulate a distinctive, humanistic vision in competition with other multilateral bodies. The national perspective relates to India, which hosts MGIEP, provides the bulk of its funding and exerts significant influence over its governance. Consideration is also given to the relationship between MGIEP's work and Mahatma Gandhi's ideas. Finally, the institutional perspective relates both to the author's own experience with MGIEP, and to information gained through interviews with others involved with the institute. It is argued that MGIEP's story illuminates challenges to attempts, within India and internationally, to sustain a humanistic vision of education in the face of powerful countervailing interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent decades, the debate on consciousness has been conditioned by the idea of bottom-up emergence, which has influenced scientific research and raised a few obstacles to any attempt to bridge the explanatory gap. The analysis and explanation of vision conducted according to the accredited methodologies of scientific research in terms of physical stimuli, objectivity, methods, and explanation has encountered the resistance of subjective experience. Moreover, original Gestalt research into vision has generally been merged with cognitive neuroscience. Experimental phenomenology, building on the legacy of Gestalt psychology, has obtained new results in the fields of amodal contours and color stratifications, light perception, figurality, space, so-called perceptual illusions, and subjective space and time. Notwithstanding the outcomes and the impulse given to neuroscientific analyses, the research carried out around these phenomena has never directly confronted the issue of what it means to be conscious or, in other words, the nature of consciousness as self-referentiality. Research has tended to focus on the percept. Therefore, explaining the non-detachability of parts in subjective experience risks becoming a sort of impossible achievement, similar to that of Baron Munchausen, who succeeds in escaping unharmed from this quicksand by pulling himself out by his hair. This paper addresses how to analyze seeing as an undivided whole by discussing several basic dimensions of phenomenal consciousness on an experimental basis and suggesting an alternative way of escaping this quicksand. This mind-set reversal also sheds light on the organization and dependence relationships between phenomenology, psychophysics, and neuroscience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The web was conceived in 1997 with the goal of universal accessibility. However, it still presents obstacles for users with diverse abilities. Although interactions in digital environments have improved the quality of life for many people, they remain a source of limitations and frustrations, up to twice as much for users with total visual impairment, which is commonly known as blindness. This article emphasizes the need to provide designers and developers with methodologies and tools that consider users with different abilities in all stages and from the beginning of the design, redesign, and development of digital products and services on the web, collecting their needs and goals and delving into their reactions and emotions. While an approach based on persona archetypes can optimally represent each group of users with disabilities throughout website design processes, serving as a communication and empathy tool for development teams and stakeholders, it is essential that this tool considers all dimensions involved in the experiences of people with disabilities. This conceptual paper develops a methodology that provides designers with a persona tool that effectively captures the goals and emotions of these users in their interaction with the web. This methodology proposal is multidimensional and holistic. It addresses conscious and subconscious dimensions, combines traditional user experience and neuroscientific techniques, focuses on total visual impairment, the most challenging in digital environments, and makes it adaptable to other disabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brain tumors are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Different types of brain tumors are known, so the choice of treatment depends directly on the type of tumor. The classification of brain tumors is very important as a complex and challenging problem in the field of image processing. Today, deep learning methods are used to classify brain tumors. In addition to being able to detect and automatically classify all types of brain tumors, these methods significantly reduce the diagnosis time and increase accuracy. In this paper, a deep learning-based model is proposed to classify brain tumors into three classes: glioma, meningioma, and pituitary tumor. In the first phase, the pre-trained network ResNet50 is used to extract features from MRI images. In the second phase, by proposing two attention mechanisms (depth-separable convolution-based channel attention mechanism and an innovative multi-head-attention mechanism), the most effective spatial and channel features are extracted and integrated. Finally, the classification phase is performed. Evaluations on the Figshare dataset showed an accuracy of 99.32%, which performs better than existing models. Therefore, the proposed model can accurately classify brain tumors and help neurologists and physicians make accurate diagnostic decisions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immersive Virtual Reality (I-VR) is becoming increasingly prevalent in today's society and is a technology that is being used more and more in educational contexts and whose potential for learning has been widely discussed. Taking into account the latest research in neuroscience, we want to explore the potential of using immersive virtual environments to facilitate deep learning in educational contexts that invoke the value of experience, imitation and repetition. Neurodidactics seems to offer the most interesting insights into how participation in a virtual reality session can positively affect learning processes: this suggests that it is worth focusing on the learning processes that can be generated by this emerging technology. The paper concludes with some practical suggestions for design, addressing both the didactic experience and the learning objects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current set of papers in this special issue capture the range of viewpoints, scientific approaches, and populations needed to illuminate and tackle the issues of school achievement among vulnerable learners. This includes providing a framework for researchers to work from relevant policy findings, and literature reviews to small scale studies. The manuscripts also traverse different aspects of scientific inquiry – from data reported by federal and state programs, thus providing a "bird's eye view" of findings, to more granular neurobiological approaches. Across all papers is the clear theme of needing to shift from where we have been in order to establish a path forward for where we need to go to account for learners that have been relatively neglected in scientific studies. To break down barriers of inequity and increase our understanding of causes and consequences of vulnerable learners, there is a need to re‐think how we establish policies and allocate funds, as well as broadening our lens as we conduct scientific studies. Each piece in this special issue calls for the need to better understand these issues that vulnerable learners face to address inequities in our educational ecosystems. Together they provide a rich set of insights that have significant implications for science and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of transmedia storytelling (TST) experiences is increasingly common in today's media ecology. Mediated by participatory culture, the role of the prosumer, and competency processes that connect with the reality of learners, the incorporation of storytelling motivates and deploys diverse didactic strategies. Considering the engagement generated by these strategies, and the need to promote literacies to provide competences to a plural society, a systematic review of the literature on transmedia storytelling experiences from the perspective of universal design for learning (UD-L) using PRISMA is carried out: a priori, we start from the idea that, if UD-L is based on the principles of educational neuroscience and TST, in turn, concretizes some of the guidelines of UD-L, TST can naturally result in a didactic approach that capitalizes on educational neuroscientific knowledge in a harmonious way with the digital context in which we live. The review analyzes a total of 50 articles from four databases: ERIC, Scopus, Web of Science, and Dialnet. The results show a low development of the checkpoints of the UD-L guides, and it is concluded that the most worked checkpoints are those closest to the definition of transmedia storytelling, followed by the foundational aspects of UD-L and, finally, aspects of access. Engagement is reflected in the experiences, but scaffolding is required to consolidate learning. In addition to this is the need to guarantee a true participatory culture, which requires the integration of more elements that incorporate accessibility into didactic strategies, offering learning possibilities for different styles and forms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: This paper discusses a paradox in mental health. It manifests as a relationship between adverse "bad" effects (suffering, clinical costs, loss of productivity) in individuals and populations and advantageous "good" aspects of mental disorders. These beneficial aspects (scientific, artistic and political accomplishments) emanate at the societal level through the frequently unprecedented creativity of people suffering from mental disorders and their relatives. Such gains can contribute to societal innovation and problem-solving. Especially in times of accelerated social-ecological change, approaches are needed that facilitate best-possible mental health care but also recognize creative ideas conducive to beneficial clinical and social-ecological innovations as soon as possible. Discussion: This paper emphasizes the need to account for creativity as a crucial component in evolving mental health systems and societies. It highlights the need for wide-ranging approaches and discusses how research targeting multiple facets (e.g., brain level, cognitive neuroscience, psychiatry, neurology, socio-cultural, economic and other factors) might further our understanding of the creativity-mental disorder link and its importance for innovating mental health systems and societies. Conclusion: Our discussion clarifies that considerable research will be needed to obtain a better understanding of how creativity associated with mental disorders may help to create more sustainable societies on a fast-changing planet through innovative ideas. Given the current-state-of-the-art of research and healthcare management, our discussion is currently speculative. However, it provides a basis for how pros and cons might be studied in the future through transdisciplinary research and collaborations across sectors of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A neuromyth is a commonly accepted but unscientific claim about brain function. Many researchers have claimed Howard Gardner’s multiple intelligences (MI) theory is a neuromyth because they have seen no evidence supporting his proposal for independent brain-based intelligences for different types of cognitive abilities. Although Gardner has made claims that there are dedicated neural networks or modules for each of the intelligences, nonetheless Gardner has stated his theory could not be a neuromyth because he never claimed it was a neurological theory. This paper explains the lack of evidence to support MI theory. Most important, no researcher has directly looked for a brain basis for the intelligences. Moreover, factor studies have not shown the intelligences to be independent, and studies of MI teaching effects have not explored alternate causes for positive effects and have not been conducted by standard scientific methods. Gardner’s MI theory was not a neuromyth initially because it was based on theories of the 1980s of brain modularity for cognition, and few researchers then were concerned by the lack of validating brain studies. However, in the past 40 years neuroscience research has shown that the brain is not organized in separate modules dedicated to specific forms of cognition. Despite the lack of empirical support for Gardner’s theory, MI teaching strategies are widely used in classrooms all over the world. Crucially, belief in MI and use of MI in the classroom limit the effort to find evidence-based teaching methods. Studies of possible interventions to try to change student and teacher belief in neuromyths are currently being undertaken. Intervention results are variable: One research group found that teachers who knew more about the brain still believed education neuromyths. Teachers need to learn to detect and reject neuromyths. Widespread belief in a neuromyth does not make a theory legitimate. Theories must be based on sound empirical evidence. It is now time for MI theory to be rejected, once and for all, and for educators to turn to evidence-based teaching strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Special Issue of Human Brain Mapping is dedicated to a 10‐year anniversary of the Enhancing NeuroImaging Genetics through Meta‐Analysis (ENIGMA) Consortium. It reports updates from a broad range of international neuroimaging projects that pool data from around the world to answer fundamental questions in neuroscience. Since ENIGMA was formed in December 2009, the initiative grew into a worldwide effort with over 2,000 participating scientists from 45 countries, and over 50 working groups leading large‐scale studies of human brain disorders. Over the last decade, many lessons were learned on how best to pool brain data from diverse sources. Working groups were created to develop methods to analyze worldwide data from anatomical and diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), resting state and task‐based functional MRI, electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). The quest to understand genetic effects on human brain development and disease also led to analyses of brain scans on an unprecedented scale. Genetic roadmaps of the human cortex were created by researchers worldwide who collaborated to perform statistically well‐powered analyses of common and rare genetic variants on brain measures and rates of brain development and aging. Here, we summarize the 31 papers in this Special Issue, covering: (a) technical approaches to harmonize analysis of different types of brain imaging data, (b) reviews of the last decade of work by several of ENIGMA's clinical and technical working groups, and (c) new empirical papers reporting large‐scale international brain mapping analyses in patients with substance use disorders, schizophrenia, bipolar disorders, major depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, epilepsy, and stroke. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The neuroscience of creativity is built on a tacit and near universal assumption that is false. Paradoxically, this is not contentious; once made explicit, the assumption is readily conceded as false. Psychology regards creativity as made up of many complex, multifaceted, and varied cognitive and emotional processes deployed across many different domains. But we instead think of, and treat, creativity as if it were a single, separate, cohesive, and discrete thing--as in, Einstein had it. In a straightforward extension of this fallacy, cognitive neuroscientists have looked for uniquely creative cognition that (1) is distinct from all other kinds of cognition and (2) has a proprietary neural substrate. In other words, a standalone and monolithic creativity faculty in the brain that manages only creativity and all creativity. First, this paper brings into sharp focus the nature and ubiquity of this fallacy. It then outlines the alternative theoretical position that is (1) based on fundamental neural principles and (2) predicated on taking seriously the concept of creativity as complex and diverse. Like morality or secretiveness, it holds that creativity does not exist as its own, specialized entity in the brain. Instead, its neurocognitive mechanisms are distributed, embedded, and varied; that is, creativity is everywhere and multiply realizable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an enhanced version of our previously developed bio-optical transceiver, presenting a significant advancement in nanosensor technology. Using self-assembled polymers, this nanodevice is capable of electron detection while maintaining biocompatibility, an essential feature for in vivo medical biosensors. This enhancement finds significance in the field of infectious disease control, particularly in the early detection of respiratory viruses, including high-threat pathogens such as SARS-CoV-2. The proposed system harnesses bioluminescence by converting electric signaling to visible blue light, effectively opening the path of linking nano-sized mechanisms to larger-scale systems, thereby pushing the boundaries of in vivo biomedical sensing. The performance evaluation of our technology is analytical and is based on the use of Markov chains, through which we assess the bit error probability. The calculated improvements indicate that this technology qualifies as a forerunner in terms of supporting the communication needs of smaller, safer, and more efficient manufactured sensor technologies for in vivo medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of bioluminescence as a reporter for physiology in neuroscience is as old as the discovery of the calcium-dependent photon emission of aequorin. Over the years, luciferases have been largely replaced by fluorescent reporters, but recently, the field has seen a renaissance of bioluminescent probes, catalyzed by unique developments in imaging technology, bioengineering, and biochemistry to produce luciferases with previously unseen colors and intensity. This is not surprising as the advantages of bioluminescence make luciferases very attractive for noninvasive, longitudinal in vivo observations without the need of an excitation light source. Here, we review how the development of dedicated and specific sensor-luciferases afforded, among others, transcranial imaging of calcium and neurotransmitters, or cellular metabolites and physical quantities such as forces and membrane voltage. Further, the increased versatility and light output of luciferases have paved the way for a new field of functional bioluminescence optogenetics, in which the photon emission of the luciferase is coupled to the gating of a photosensor, e.g., a channelrhodopsin and we review how they have been successfully used to engineer synthetic neuronal connections. Finally, we provide a primer to consider important factors in setting up functional bioluminescence experiments, with a particular focus on the genetic model Caenorhabditis elegans, and discuss the leading challenges that the field needs to overcome to regain a competitive advantage over fluorescence modalities. Together, our paper caters to experienced users of bioluminescence as well as novices who would like to experience the advantages of luciferases in their own hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The academic discourse surrounding tourism's interdisciplinary approach has long piqued the interest of the scholarly community. More recently, attention has pivoted towards the intersection of neuroscience and neuromarketing within the realm of tourism, giving rise to the concept of "neurotourism". This emergence requires a comprehensive elucidation of the relevance of neuromarketing and neuroscience to the field of tourism, thereby addressing the imperative to bridge existing knowledge gaps. In light of this, the present paper endeavours to fulfil this objective by synthesizing global research in this domain. The study adopts an interdisciplinary approach, employing a hybrid systematic review methodology that encompasses a literature review encompassing nine key indicators and a bibliometric analysis through co-word analysis of author keywords. In total, our investigation unearthed 45 papers from Scopus, each exploring the application of neuroscience and neuromarketing theories and methods within the context of tourism. Among these, three papers delve into the concept of neurotourism. In this paper, we underscore the deep connection between neuroscience, neuroscientific methodologies, and neuromarketing within the realm of tourism research. The outcomes of this research significantly enhance our comprehension of the current state of neurotourism research, revealing both existing voids and emerging areas of interest. Furthermore, this study introduces a pioneering methodological approach, fusing Scival topic prominence and hybrid systematic review techniques into bibliometric analysis. Ultimately, our findings illuminate a notable research lacuna, presenting a fertile terrain for prospective investigations. Additionally, we deliberate on current trends and propose directions for future research within the neurotourism landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, findings from research in neuroscience of morality will be reviewed to consider the purposes of moral education. Particularly, I will focus on two main themes in neuroscience, novel neuroimaging and experimental investigations, and Bayesian learning mechanism. First, I will examine how neuroimaging and experimental studies contributed to our understanding of psychological mechanisms associated with moral functioning while addressing methodological concerns. Second, Bayesian learning mechanism will be introduced to acquire insights about how moral learning occurs in human brains. Based on the reviewed neuroscientific research on morality, I will examine how evidence can support the model of moral education proposed by virtue ethics, Neo-Aristotelian moral philosophy in particular. Particularly, two main aims of virtue ethics-based moral education, the habituation of virtues and the cultivation of phronesis, will be discussed as the important purposes of moral education based on neuroscientific evidence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deep learning is a popular topic among machine learning researchers nowadays, with great strides being made in recent years to develop robust artificial neural networks for faster convergence to a reasonable accuracy. Network architecture and hyperparameters of the model are fundamental aspects of model convergence. One such important parameter is the initial values of weights, also known as weight initialization. In this paper, we perform two research tasks concerned with the weights of neural networks. First, we develop three novel weight initialization algorithms inspired by the neuroscientific construction of the mammalian brains and then test them on benchmark datasets against other algorithms to compare and assess their performance. We call these algorithms the lognormal weight initialization, modified lognormal weight initialization, and skewed weight initialization. We observe from our results that these initialization algorithms provide state-of-the-art results on all of the benchmark datasets. Second, we analyze the influence of training an artificial neural network on its weight distribution by measuring the correlation between the quantitative metrics of skewness and kurtosis against the model accuracy using linear regression for different weight initializations. Results indicate a positive correlation between network accuracy and skewness of the weight distribution but no affirmative relation between accuracy and kurtosis. This analysis provides further insight into understanding the inner mechanism of neural network training using the shape of weight distribution. Overall, the works in this paper are the first of their kind in incorporating neuroscientific knowledge into the domain of artificial neural network weights. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three studies of the human dopamine transporter reveal how it binds to molecules such as dopamine and cocaine. Dopamine imbalances underlie some brain conditions and these data will aid targeted drug design.Insights into how molecules bind to the human dopamine transporter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

At present, the research of safety science discipline is limited to the level of describing psychology and behaviors, because the cognitive neural mechanisms behind them are unknown. This paper introduces an emerging interdiscipline, namely neuro-safety science, which uses the neuroscientific methods to investigate the neural systems behind safely relevant behaviors. Qualitative methods such as literature review method and theoretical model construction method were adopted for this study. Based on the background of neuro-safety science, the definition of neuro-safety science was defined, its connotation was analyzed, and the research contents from two aspects of theoretical research and practical application research were proposed. Methodology system including research principles, research routes, research procedure and research methods, and the paradigm system of neuro-safety science were put forward. At last, the application research on neuro-safety science was forecasted. This paper opens up a new research perspective for the research of safety science, and provide guidance and reference to develop neuro-safety science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article introduces neuroscience methods in HRD through a study that highlights the role of reflection in developing leaders. Despite increased attention on neuroscience discoveries and its methodologies in the social sciences, there is limited research among HRD scholars that incorporates neuroscience approaches. Relatedly, HRD practitioners and scholars often view reflection as a critical element for developing human resources and leaders. Yet, there is a dearth of research that focuses on the impact of reflection in the brain and the underlying neurocognitive mechanisms that support it. The purpose of this paper is to neurobiologically examine how individual or collective reflection impacts leaders' frontal lobe brain activities during challenging situations, incorporating electroencephalography (EEG) as a method. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research and practical implications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educate the head only, you are likely to end up with characters who will preoccupy their minds with the annihilation of the entire human race. Educate the heart only and you will end up with individuals who cannot take decisions dispassionately or without sentiments and who may be lacking in critical thinking abilities. Educate the hands only and there is no telling what it could be up to. We would be creating robots, who as is the current fear with robots, may decide to exterminate the human race because they consider humans unnecessary for their existence. Education has got to be holistic. All three dimensions of the individual, the head, the heart and the hands must be functionally educated. That is why the ancient Philosopher Aristotle noted that "Educating the mind without Educating the heart is no education at all." This paper makes a case for the education of the head, the heart and the hands, proposing an adoption of Social and emotional learning theory in the Nigerian educational system, drawing from the position of neuroscience and applying the tool of psychology. Some tips for the application of social emotional learning in the classroom are given and suggestions for learning outlined at the end of the paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Naturalistic understandings that frame human experiences and differences as biological dysfunctions have been identified as a key source of epistemic injustice. Critics argue that those understandings are epistemically harmful because they obscure social factors that might be involved in people’s suffering; therefore, naturalistic understandings should be undermined. But those critics have overlooked the epistemic benefits such understandings can offer marginalised individuals. In this paper, I argue that the capacity of naturalistic understandings to obscure social factors does not necessarily cause epistemic injustice and can even help people to avoid some epistemic injustice. I do this by considering how some individuals with bipolar disorder deploy the neurobiological understanding of their disorder, highlighting three functions it fills for them: explanation, disclamation, and decontestation. In performing these functions, the neurobiological understanding does marginalise alternative, social perspectives on bipolar disorder. However, this can be understood as a feature rather than a bug. By marginalising alternative explanations, the neurobiological understanding can help individuals with bipolar disorder resist epistemic injustice, including, for example, the trivialisation of their experiences. Given this, critics seeking to undermine naturalistic understandings of mental disorder and other experiences in the pursuit of epistemic justice themselves risk exacerbating epistemic injustice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the domain of radiological diagnostics, accurately detecting and classifying brain tumors from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans presents significant challenges, primarily due to the complex and diverse manifestations of tumors in these scans. In this paper, a convolutional-block-based architecture has been proposed for the detection of multiclass brain tumors using MRI scans. Leveraging the strengths of CNNs, our proposed framework demonstrates robustness and efficiency in distinguishing between different tumor types. Extensive evaluations on three diverse datasets underscore the model's exceptional diagnostic accuracy, with an average accuracy rate of 97.52%, precision of 97.63%, recall of 97.18%, specificity of 98.32%, and F1-score of 97.36%. These results outperform contemporary methods, including state-of-the-art (SOTA) models such as VGG16, VGG19, MobileNet, EfficientNet, ResNet50, Xception, and DenseNet121. Furthermore, its adaptability across different MRI modalities underlines its potential for broad clinical application, offering a significant advancement in the field of radiological diagnostics and brain tumor detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper we situate the act of listening in the context of children's rights whilst highlighting the benefits of this practice on the psychological and neurological development of children. After unpacking the concept of listening and the role it plays in adult-child communication, we share the results of a scoping review where we examined neuroscientific studies pointing to the benefits of listening and what relevance such evidence has for children's rights implementation. As such, this paper shows that when adults listen to children in the context of safe, nurturing, and empathic interactions, children draw tangible benefits to many areas of their development. We conclude proposing enhancing adults' capacity for listening as a strategy to contribute to the fulfillment of the rights of children of all ages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]