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Musculoskeletal conditions affect an estimated 1.7 billion people worldwide, causing intense pain and disability. These conditions lead to 30 million emergency room visits yearly, and the numbers are only increasing. However, diagnosing musculoskeletal issues can be challenging, especially in emergencies where quick decisions are necessary. Deep learning (DL) has shown promise in various medical applications. However, previous methods had poor performance and a lack of transparency in detecting shoulder abnormalities on X-ray images due to a lack of training data and better representation of features. This often resulted in overfitting, poor generalisation, and potential bias in decision-making. To address these issues, a new trustworthy DL framework has been proposed to detect shoulder abnormalities (such as fractures, deformities, and arthritis) using X-ray images. The framework consists of two parts: same-domain transfer learning (TL) to mitigate imageNet mismatch and feature fusion to reduce error rates and improve trust in the final result. Same-domain TL involves training pre-trained models on a large number of labelled X-ray images from various body parts and fine-tuning them on the target dataset of shoulder X-ray images. Feature fusion combines the extracted features with seven DL models to train several ML classifiers. The proposed framework achieved an excellent accuracy rate of 99.2%, F1Score of 99.2%, and Cohen's kappa of 98.5%. Furthermore, the accuracy of the results was validated using three visualisation tools, including gradient-based class activation heat map (Grad CAM), activation visualisation, and locally interpretable model-independent explanations (LIME). The proposed framework outperformed previous DL methods and three orthopaedic surgeons invited to classify the test set, who obtained an average accuracy of 79.1%. The proposed framework has proven effective and robust, improving generalisation and increasing trust in the final results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physics-informed neural network (PINN) has recently gained increasing interest in computational mechanics. This work extends the PINN to computational solid mechanics problems. Our focus will be on the investigation of various formulation and programming techniques, when governing equations of solid mechanics are implemented. Two prevailingly used physics-informed loss functions for PINN-based computational solid mechanics are implemented and examined. Numerical examples ranging from 1D to 3D solid problems are presented to show the performance of PINN-based computational solid mechanics. The programs are built via Python with TensorFlow library with step-by-step explanations and can be extended for more challenging applications. This work aims to help the researchers who are interested in the PINN-based solid mechanics solver to have a clear insight into this emerging area. The programs for all the numerical examples presented in this work are available at https://github.com/JinshuaiBai/PINN_Comp_Mech. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given the tremendous potential and influence of artificial intelligence (AI) and algorithmic decision-making (DM), these systems have found wide-ranging applications across diverse fields, including education, business, healthcare industries, government, and justice sectors. While AI and DM offer significant benefits, they also carry the risk of unfavourable outcomes for users and society. As a result, ensuring the safety, reliability, and trustworthiness of these systems becomes crucial. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the synergy between AI and DM, focussing on the importance of trustworthiness. The review addresses the following four key questions, guiding readers towards a deeper understanding of this topic: (i) why do we need trustworthy AI? (ii) what are the requirements for trustworthy AI? In line with this second question, the key requirements that establish the trustworthiness of these systems have been explained, including explainability, accountability, robustness, fairness, acceptance of AI, privacy, accuracy, reproducibility, and human agency, and oversight. (iii) how can we have trustworthy data? and (iv) what are the priorities in terms of trustworthy requirements for challenging applications? Regarding this last question, six different applications have been discussed, including trustworthy AI in education, environmental science, 5G-based IoT networks, robotics for architecture, engineering and construction, financial technology, and healthcare. The review emphasises the need to address trustworthiness in AI systems before their deployment in order to achieve the AI goal for good. An example is provided that demonstrates how trustworthy AI can be employed to eliminate bias in human resources management systems. The insights and recommendations presented in this paper will serve as a valuable guide for AI researchers seeking to achieve trustworthiness in their applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manipulation of interlayer interaction in nanoscale can effectively modulate the electronic and optical properties of layered materials, which can find photovoltaic applications when it is coupled with the in-plane or out-of-plan polarization. Here, based on in-plane ferroelectric 2D GeSe/SnS heterobilayer, we found that the optoelectronic properties can be well modulated by the interlayer stacking patterns from the density functional theory (DFT) simulations, where the ferroelectric ground states, electronic bandgaps and optical adsorptions are highly dependent on the relative interlayer configurations. Comparing with the homogeneous counterparts, the modulations are more significant due to the presence of vertical polarization. As a result, the power conversion efficiency of the heterobilayer increases from 13.4% to 22.8% by interlayer sliding. These findings provide feasible strategies to optimize the photovoltaic performance of 2D nanomaterial-based solar cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]